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Fierce Mamas: New Maternalism, Social Surveillance, and the Politics of Solidarity

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Fierce Mamas: New Maternalism, Social Surveillance, and the Politics of Solidarity FIERCE MAMAS: NEW MATERNALISM, SOCIAL SURVEILLANCE, AND THE POLITICS OF SOLIDARITY Ashley A. Mattheis A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Communication. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Kumarini Silva Michele Tracy Berger Sarah Dempsey Lilly Nguyen Eric King Watts @2020 Ashley A. Mattheis ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Ashley A. Mattheis: Fierce Mamas: New Maternalism, Social Surveillance, and the Politics of Solidarity (Under the Direction of Kumarini Silva) This dissertation elucidates how motherhood functions as a site for both women’s agency and as a barrier to women’s solidarity within patriarchal culture. This research demonstrates that motherhood—as a set of discourses and practices—provides a mechanism for maintaining cultural hegemony and clarifies the processes through which dominant culture manufactures the consent of mothers via their quotidian experience. Constructions of motherhood, as mechanisms of cultural hegemony, work to hold tension between ‘traditional’ gendered norms and the seeming enablement of women’s ‘progress.’ It is a tension that is essential to the adaptability of systems of dominance in response to shifting socio-cultural norms and discourses because it allows for the recuperation of social hierarchies across time in new configurations. To illustrate these processes, this dissertation defines and explores the development, practice, and effects of a contemporary communicative strategy that I describe as “fierce mothering.” Fierce mothering is a gendered communicative practice whereby mothers articulate their subjectivity—speaking selves—by using fierce imagery either animal figures or as warriors (e.g., Mama Grizzlies, Moms Rising, Tiger Mothers) on behalf of their children. Fierceness, in this strategy, is used to frame a maternalist ethos such that the authority of the speaker is invoked through references to iii the instinctual, inborn expertise and knowledge that only mothers possess. This research shows that the practice of fierce mothering works as an agentic strategy enabling some mothers to negotiate for and with power, so long as they reproduce culturally hegemonic—white, Western, Christian, hetero-patriarchal—social structures. The project begins with my theoretical development of “cultural infrastructure” as a lens for exploring the longstanding, but historically contingent, utility of motherhood—as a set of social, cultural, political, and economic discourses and practices—for enabling specific groups of mothers to better navigate daily living. Following this I provide a history of the fierce mothering phenomenon and situate fierce mothering as a US political ideal. I then conduct three analyses exploring fierce mothering practices—as a strategic form of gendered communication, as an online mediated phenomenon, and through representative portrayals in popular televisual media—to critically assess their effects. Crucially, I show that utilizing fierce mothering as a strategy requires women’s assent to patriarchal structures thus also constraining the scope and effectiveness of such ‘mother power’ in line with dominant norms. The project concludes with a brief mapping of the worst implications and effects of fierce mothering, as it is currently developing, which are showcased through its adaptation for use by mothers engaged in the growing and interrelated extremist cultures of #TradWives, the Alt-Right, and the QAnon conspiracy online to promote white supremacy and racial hate. This mapping is followed by a discussion of how fierce mothering’s problematic features and role in manufacturing consent to cultural hegemony can be resisted. iv To my mom, Terry Whitfield-Mattheis, who taught me that to make change, first I must accept my part v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project represents the culmination of a long journey down an unexpected path. Along the way, many wonderful people provided support, encouragement, advice, and companionship. To my advisor Kumi Silva, my deepest gratitude for your excitement and insight about my work, and your generous guidance in developing my project. I want to thank Michele T. Berger for her unflagging mentorship and support throughout my academic journey. Many thanks to Eric K. Watts for teaching me to trust my philosophical and theoretical impulses and to Sarah E. Dempsey and Lilly Nguyen for their support of my project. A heartfelt thank you to Cori E. Dauber, Michael S. Waltman, Chandra A. Maldonado, Josh Scalzetti, Ashton Kingdon, and Sean Meehan for their support. My thanks also go the mentors who supported and guided my non-traditional collegiate journey Karen Booth, Sylvia Tomásková, Tanya Shields, Zlatko Please, Jackie Resnick, Bonnie Tilson, Elizabeth Love, and Kerry Cantwell. I am particularly grateful for friendships developed through my graduate student community for their encouragement. My special thanks to Jonathan Foland, Mary E. Domenico, Ryan Brownlow, Sherah Faulkner, Andrew G. Davis, Christopher Dahlie, Diamond Holloman, Anna Dardick, Keiko Nishimura, Meli Blake Kimathi, Lucy Burchardt, Codey Bills, and Max Plumpton. I also want to offer gratitude to B. Gail Whitfield and Rebecca C. Williams and my non-academic friends who help me see my best self and provide respite from my endeavors. Finally, my enduring thanks to Christopher Wilcox whose unfailing support anchors me through all things. vi For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house. They may allow us temporarily to beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change. And, this fact is only threatening to those women who still define the master’s house as their only source of support. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .............................................……………………………………………………..........1 INTRODUCTION: FIERCE MAMAS ……………………………………………………..........4 Situating ‘Fierce Mamas’ within Multiple Literatures: …………………………............12 On Methods and Terminology in this Project: …………………………...........…...........19 A Cultural-Infrastructural Approach to Motherhood: ……………………………...........25 The ‘Fierce Mothering’ Phenomenon: ……………………………………………..........28 Motherhood and Popular Cultural Forms: ………………………………………….......35 CHAPTER 1: INFRASTRUCTURES OF FEELING: THEORIZING MOTHERHOOD AS A CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE Introduction: ......................................................................................................................41 Using Infrastructures to Understand Cultural Phenomena: ..............................................46 Developing a Cultural-Technological View of Motherhood: ...........................................50 A Brief Sketch of US Motherhood from a Cultural-Technological Perspective: .............54 Mapping a Cultural-Technological Analytic: Infrastructural Thinking and Critical Theory: ..........................................................................................................64 Using Popular Cultural Forms to Negotiate the Motherhood Infrastructure: ...................70 CHAPTER 2: FIERCE MOTHERING: THE GROWTH OF MOTHERHOOD SUBJECTIVITIES FROM THE “SOCCER MOM” TO THE “MAMA DRAGON” Introduction: ......................................................................................................................75 Fierce Mothering Subjectivities from the ‘Soccer Mom’ to the ‘Mama Dragon’: ...........77 viii Situating Fierce Mothering within the History of US Motherhood as a Political Ideal: .............................................................................................................108 Conclusion: .....................................................................................................................112 CHAPTER 3: FIERCE MOTHERING AS A GENDERED COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY: TACTICAL SUBJECTIVITY AND CONSTITUTING DIGITAL SOCIALITY Introduction: ....................................................................................................................116 Fierce Mothering as a Strategic Response: .....................................................................118 Fierce Motherhood Subjectivities as Technologies of the Self: .....................................121 Fierce Mothering as Cultural Technology: .....................................................................131 Fierce Mothering as Digital Sociality through Intimate Publicity: .................................136 Conclusion: .....................................................................................................................148 CHAPTER 4: MOTHERHOOD IS THE MESSAGE: TECHNOLOGY, SURVEILLANCE, AND ‘GOOD’ MOTHERING Introduction: ...................................................................................................................151 Technological (Re)Configurations of Maternal Sentiment, Consumption, and Domesticity: .............................................................................................................155 Maternal Care Writ Large: Sentimental Materialism and Motherhood ‘Technologies’: ...............................................................................................................161 Caught Between Agency and Discipline: Fierce Mothering and Maternal Surveillance: ...................................................................................................................174 Conclusion: .....................................................................................................................183
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