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Duffin-MA-1948.Pdf (14.14Mb) Thesis Approved. By or Adviser Dean SAINT GREGOR'S CAREER AS PAPAL AMBASSADOR BY SISTER MARY MERCEDES DUFFIN, O.P. A THESIS t Submitted to the Faculty of the Creighton university in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements fo r the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Classics C| / OMAHA, 1948 The author wiahes to thank Dr. Leo V. Jacks, under whose encouragement and scholarly direction this study was undertaken and brought to completion. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I . INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 1 I I . GREGORY THE GREAT............................................. 4 I I I . EFFORTS TO SECURE IMPERIAL AID FOR THE WEST......................................................................17 IV. CONDEMNATION OF BOCK OF EUTYCHIUS .... 28 V. FRIENDSHIPS...............................................................37 VI. CONCLUSION...................................................................33 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................37 CHAPTER I EmtGDUCTicn in the later stages of the Roman Empire, in view of the great importance attached to the relations between the popes and the imperial court of Constantinople, papal representatives were sent to Constantinople. They gradu­ ally took on the character of permanent legates. They were called in Greek »apocrisiarii" from the fact that it was their business to carry out the "answers" or in­ structions given them by those who sent them. The origin of "apocrisarii" is traced to the ac­ tion of Leo the Great in sending Julian, bishop of the island of Cos, to Constantinople, that he might receive from him information on the ecclesiastical affairs of the East, and that the latter might act in h is (Leo’ s) behalf with the court and Oriental bishops.1 The very office of "apocrisiarius" was one of great dignity and responsibility, as Mann remarksj "to be sent as an »apocrisiarius* to Constantinople was to graduate for the papacy.*2 It afforded a special ^H. Grisar, S.J., History of Rome and the popes in the Middle Ages (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1011), I, 56&\ 2H. K. Mann, The Lives of the popes in the Early Middle Ages (London; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1902), pT 21. 2 opportunity for a thorough understanding of the chief powers, both secular and ecclesiastical, in the East. To this office Gregory the Great was appointed by Pope Pelagius II and he served as papal "apoerisi- arius" from 579-586. The business with which he was charged, as the pope’ s representative, was the crucial temporal and spiritual interests of religion and of the wsst at that period—a period which is considered by historians as one of the most critical in the annals of italy. Since the principal duty of an ambassador, as the ch ief o f f i ­ cial representative of his own government or ruler in a foreign country, is to carry out the will of the power which sent him and to do this without arousing irrita­ tion or hostility, Gregory’ s position required much tact. I t was the more d iffic u lt due to the fa ct that he was speaking for and representing a comparatively weak force fo r he was representing the pope who had no man power behind him. Therefore Gregory was compelled to use moral persuasion in fulfilling his commission. A detailed study of Gregory’ s career as papal envoy at Constantinople, when he was brought in to in t i­ mate contact with the imperial rulers and chief eccle­ siastical figures of the day, and was obliged to nego­ tiate with them on the critical issues of the period, should be advantageous not only in throwing light upon and making intelligible his manner of dealing with the 3 East, both, state and church, when he later occupied the chair of Peter, tut it should primarily be valuable in determining Gregory’ s ability as an ambassador. The purpose, then, of this study is to in v esti­ gate certain pressing problems with which Gregory, as a representative of the pope, was obliged to treat, in or­ der to ascertain his character as an ambassador, his policy and manner of negotiation, and finally to deter­ mine what were the results of his diplomatic mission to Constantinople. In the pursuance of this study we shall examine the letters written to Gregory while he was at Constan­ tinople as well as his own subsequent correspondence with people whose acquaintance he had made during his official residence there. Among his extant letters there are some seventy addressed to these latter. CHAPTER I I GREGORY THE GREAT The history of sixth-century Italy is a story of war and turmoil, famine and misery, into this period of chaos was born one who was destined to be the central figure of the era, who was to dominate e c c le s ia s tic a l, and profoundly influence secular history, and who was to exert a momentous influence in shaping European develop­ ment. This was Gregory I, one of the greatest succes­ sors of Saint peter. Gregory was born at Rome and, although the pre­ cise date of his birth is unknown, the year 540 is gen­ erally accepted. He was a descendant of an ancient sena- * torial family. This fact is significant since at this period so many of the inhabitants of Rome were descend­ ants of slaves and captives--of foreigners. His family was also distinguished for its wealth and piety. Gregory’ s father bore the imperial name of Gordianus.1 His t it le "Regionarius** indicates that he held some o f­ fice of dignity but Gregory’ s early biographers are not clear as to the nature of this office. Of Silvia, his H. Dudden, Gregory the Great—His place in H istory and Thought (2 v o le .; London; Longmans Green and Co., 1905)’,' I,' 6. 4 5 mother, there is scanty information, we do know, how- o ever, that she became famous for her ascetic piety. The home of Gregory’ s childhood was a handsome palace on the slope of the Caelian. it stood in the cen­ ter of imperial Rome and before it were the imperial pal­ aces now deserted, mere relics of the greatness of former days. No record exists of Gregory’ s infancy, boyhood, or youth. We can only conjecture from the history of the period that his must have been a troubled childhood. During his earliest years, between 546 and 552, Rome was fir s t captured by the Goths under T otila , and then abandoned by them; next i t was garrisoned by B e li- sarius, and besieged in vain by the Goths, who took it again, however, after the recall of Belisarius, only to lose it once more to Narses. Thus until Gregory was fourteen years of age, unceasing calamity and disaster would have made his education and training both d iffi­ cult and dangerous, it is probable that during these troubles he was consigned to safe custody in the family estates in S icily.2 3 t Of Gregory’ 8 education we have no details but we know that after the triumph of Narses and the settlement of the kingdom by the establishment of the exarchate at 2T. B. Snow, saint Gregory the Great—His Work and His S p irit (London: HodgesT 1892), p. 28. 3I b id ., p . 29. 6 Ravenna« that the schools and lectures recommenced and the ordinary course of a literal education was again open to Roman youth. That Gregory availed himself of training in the arts most studied at the time there ie evidence, for Gregory of Tours, his contemporary, states "that he was so skilled in grammar, dialectics, and rhetoric, that in the City itself he was deemed inferior to none.“4 it seems certain also that he must have gone through a course of legal studies which embraced both c i v i l and canon law. The clearness with which, in his later cor­ respondence, he is accustomed to handle complicated con­ cerns, and his entire familiarity with questions of law, show his mastery of these subjects, i t may be remarked, however, that while Gregory*s education was the best which was offered m Rome at the time, still it could not be considered a first-rate education, it left him entirely unacquainted with any language but his own. a knowledge of Greek would have been a d efin ite asset to him in his later life when he was obliged to fu lfill an assignment in a world in which Greek was the official language. / Since Gregory was a man of rank, a man of wealth, and as well educated as the beet of the Romans of his day, he entered upon a public career by holding some of the lesser o ffice s at Rome. That his talents and 4Gregory of Tours, H istoria Francorum, V ol. 71 (Migne Edition; Paris; 1847), X, 1. 7 administrative ability were recognized and that success attended his endeavors is evident from the fact that in 574, the Emperor Justin II appointed him prefect of Rome.5 This office brought responsibility as well as dignity, for, besides the honor of holding the leading position among the citizen s, he wielded the chief ju d icia l au­ thority in the city. At public functions the prefecture conferred the »right to wear a robe of imperial purple and to be drawn through the streets of Rome in a fou r- horsed chariot.»6 Gregory in discharging his official duties was very successful and by his impartial justice, his winning ways, and his open-handed charity gained the hearts of the Romans. The success of his public career did not, however, satisfy Gregory.
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