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Participation of Social Movements in Gay and Lesbian Health

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Participation of Social Movements in Gay and Lesbian Health DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021266.21972019 2291 Participação dos movimentos sociais na saúde de gays e lésbicas TEM A S LIV Participation of social movements in gay and lesbian health R ES F R EE THEMES Romeu Gomes (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3100-8091) 1 Abstract Since the beginning of the 20th centu- Resumo Desde o início do século XX, os mo- ry, social movements have developed isolated or vimentos sociais desenvolvem ações isoladas ou aligned actions to promote the right of gays and alinhadas para promover o direito de gays e lés- lesbians to health. This article explores the par- bicas à saúde. Este artigo explora a participação ticipation of social movements in gay and lesbi- de movimentos sociais na saúde de gays e lésbi- an health from the framing perspective on social cas a partir da perspectiva de enquadramento dos movements. A literature search was performed movimentos sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa and a frame analysis was conducted of the dis- bibliográfica, bem como uma análise de quadros cussions found in the selected articles. This article das discussões encontradas nos artigos seleciona- therefore constitutes a bibliographic essay. With dos, logo constitui um ensaio bibliográfico. Com respect to outcomes, the literature reveals align- relação aos resultados, a literatura revela alinha- ment between social rights and Aids activism, res- mento entre direitos sociais e ativismo contra a onating in improved access to healthcare for gays Aids, com ressonâncias na melhoria do acesso à and lesbians. We conclude that, although the par- saúde de gays e lésbicas. Conclui-se que, embora a ticipation of social movements in the struggle for participação dos movimentos sociais na luta pelo the right of gays and lesbians to health started at direito de gays e lésbicas à saúde tenha começado the beginning of the last century, it cannot be said, no início do século passado, não se pode dizer, ago- now at the end of the second decade of the 21st ra no final da segunda década do século XXI, que century, that the outcomes were entirely solid. In os resultados foram inteiramente sólidos. Em sín- short, we highlight that: (1) in some societies, the tese, destaca-se que: (1) em algumas sociedades, claims of social movements have been transformed as reivindicações dos movimentos sociais foram into political agendas, while in others precarious transformadas em agendas políticas, enquanto concessions have been made in relation to gay and em outras foram feitas concessões precárias em lesbian rights; and (2) non-acceptance of the right relação aos direitos de gays e lésbicas; e (2) ainda of gays and lesbians to sexuality still exists. não existe a aceitação do direito de gays e lésbicas 1 Departamento de Ensino, Key words Social movements, Activism, Health, à sexualidade. Instituto Fernandes Gays and lesbians Palavras-chave Movimentos sociais, Ativismo, Figueiras, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Rui saúde, Gays Barbosa 716 4º andar, Flamengo. 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. [email protected] 2292 Gomes R Gomes Introdução e ideologias dessas organizações sejam congruen- tes e complementares. Assim, o engajamento de Os movimentos sociais (MS) são entendidos potenciais aderentes e a manutenção de militan- como ações sociopolíticas construídas por ato- tes por parte dos movimentos sociais ocorrem por res coletivos de diferentes classes e estratos sociais meio da convergência entre as molduras interpre- (p.251)1. Ancorados, mas não limitados às asso- tativas dos indivíduos e as desenvolvidas e veicu- ciações, visam promover a mobilização em lar- ladas pelas organizações de movimentos sociais ga escala2. Assim, transferindo um problema do (p. 150)5. Quatro processos - relacionados, mas nível pessoal para o coletivo, o “associativismo” não idênticos - podem integrar o alinhamen- pode desempenhar um papel importante no de- to: o estabelecimento de pontes entre molduras sencadeamento de movimentos sociais2. (conexão entre as interpretações do movimento A concepção de Goffman sobre quadro ou e as interpretações socialmente estabelecidas se- moldura (frame) da experiência social serviu melhantes); amplificação de molduras (destaque de fonte para vários estudos sobre MS. Para esse de determinada categorização socialmente dis- teórico, quadro se refere aos princípios de orga- ponível que seja favorável ao movimento); ex- nização que governam os acontecimentos - pelo tensão de molduras (extensão dos interesses dos menos os sociais - e nosso envolvimento subjetivo movimentos sociais para incluir outras questões neles...(p. 34)3. Berger4 observa que um quadro é e preocupações importantes estabelecidas social- uma metáfora para que aquilo que os sociólogos mente) e transformação de molduras (substitui- tentam expressar com palavras, tais como “pano ção de determinados significados sociais por no- de fundo”, “contexto”, ou por uma expressão “em vos entendimentos)5. Em outro trabalho, Snow e termos de” (p.18). Por meio da análise de qua- Benford7 destacam que os MS utilizam quadros dros, Goffman pode contribuir para se ampliar que atribuem significados a eventos e condições a inteligibilidade sobre os processos de interação, relevantes para que possam angariar apoio de es- significação e ação por parte de atores individuais pectadores e desmobilizar antagonistas. ou coletivos em contextos determinados (p. 146)5. Em relação ao conceito de ressonância, Ben- A expressão inglesa frame é traduzida por auto- ford e Snow8 o destacam como relevante para a res brasileiros tanto como “quadro”, tanto como eficácia ou potência de mobilização dos enqua- “moldura”. dramentos. Silva et al.5 observam que os resulta- Snow e Benford deram a principal contribui- dos dos processos interpretativos relacionam-se ção em aplicar teoria goffmaniana na análise dos diretamente a três fatores: 1) características dos MS, uma vez que desviaram o foco da atenção dos criadores e porta-vozes do movimento (credibili- frames de uma perspectiva exclusivamente cogniti- dade, carisma, orientação estratégica e papel ins- va para uma perspectiva político-cultural, de enten- titucional); 2) semelhança entre enquadramento dimento do processo de mobilização social (p.89)1. contestatório e cultura vigente (que pode gerar Benford e Snow criaram o conceito de macro- dilemas em ter uma maior aceitação com menor molduras interpretativas (master frames) ao anali- potencial contestatório ou agir voltado para a sar o fenômeno simbólico que permite que diversas transformação que pode ser recebida com menos organizações se articulem momentaneamente em simpatia por parte dos interlocutores) e 3) balan- torno de determinada interpretação compartilha- ço entre elementos ressonantes e elementos con- da (p. 152)5. testatórios (contextualização do enquadramento Além desse conceito, vários aspectos teóricos num campo de conflito para que sejam ofereci- permeiam os estudos de Benford e Snow. Para o das respostas que neutralizem as interpretações propósito deste trabalho, destacam-se dois deles: rivais). Esse terceiro fator é uma alternativa de alinhamento de enquadramento e ressonância. O minimizar a necessidade de os MS terem carac- primeiro voltado para a compreensão dos pro- terísticas iguais à cultura vigente5. cessos de formação de molduras interpretativas Embora haja críticas às concepções teóricas da ação coletiva, enquanto o segundo se relacio- de Benford e Snow - uma das quais é a ênfase na na aos resultados do enquadramento interpre- dimensão cognitiva para a interpretação da ação tativo. Em relação ao primeiro conceito, Snow coletiva - Silva et al.5 destacam a importância des- et al.6 o destacam como uma condição necessá- ses autores, uma vez que pesquisaram as variáveis ria para a participação das organizações de MS. que afetam a aceitação de quadros de ação coletiva Segundo esses autores, tal alinhamento consiste interpretativa pelo público-alvo das organizações, numa vinculação de orientações interpretativas analisando a potência mobilizadora de uma varie- para que interesses, valores e crenças individuais dade de quadros interpretativos (p. 151)5. 2293 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(6):2291-2300, 2021 26(6):2291-2300, Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência As ações dos MS podem contribuir para o de- Metodologia senvolvimento e a transformação da sociedade civil e política (p. 251)1, em diversas áreas, sejam elas Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla mais gerais, como a dos direitos civis, sejam mais que tem como objeto agendas de saúde de grupos específicas, como a educação e a saúde. de gays e lésbicas. Pesquisa apoiada pelo CNPq e Mais especificamente, movimentos sociais aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Na- ligados a direitos sociais, Aids, feminismo etc. cional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Ado- deram uma contribuição significativa ao mo- lescente Fernandes Figueira/Fundação Oswaldo vimento homossexual (MH). Esse movimento Cruz (IFF/Fiocruz). - que surgiu em alguns países no final da déca- O trabalho se caracteriza, inicialmente, como da de 1960 - tem quatro décadas de existência um estudo bibliográfico de abordagem qualitati- no Brasil9. Nos EUA é considerado inovador e o va, tendo como fonte o artigo científico. O estudo movimento brasileiro surgiu praticamente pegan- bibliográfico além de possibilitar o alcance de um do carona em precedentes internacionais (p. 49)10. amplo número de informações e dados dispersos Grandes avanços foram feitos durante esse perí- em várias publicações, também auxilia na melhor odo e enormes desafios foram enfrentados em definição do quadro conceitual
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