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Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Domain

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Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Domain Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Domain NWMO-TR-2016-05 January 2016 Ihsan Al-Aasm University of Windsor Nuclear Waste Management Organization 22 St. Clair Avenue East, 6th Floor Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S3 Canada Tel: 416-934-9814 Web: www.nwmo.ca i Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Domain NWMO-TR-2016-05 January 2016 Ihsan Al-Aasm University of Windsor This report has been prepared under contract to NWMO. The report has been reviewed by NWMO, but the views and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the NWMO. All copyright and intellectual property rights belong to NWMO. ii Document History Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Title: Domain Report Number: NWMO-TR-2016-05 Revision: R000 Date: January 2016 University of Windsor Authored by: Ihsan Al-Aasm Verified by: Ihsan Al-Aasm Approved by: Ihsan Al-Aasm Nuclear Waste Management Organization Reviewed by: Richard Crowe Accepted by: Mark Jensen iii ABSTRACT Title: Dolomitization: Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in the Huron Domain Report No.: NWMO-TR-2016-05 Author(s): Ihsan Al-Aasm Company: University of Windsor Date: January 2016 Abstract A preliminary study has been completed to examine the paleogenesis of strata-bound dolomite found occurring in deep-seated Ordovician and Cambrian sediments on the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin. As part of the study seven samples were analyzed for petrographic, stable and Sr isotopic composition, and fluid inclusion microthermometry to characterise dolomitization. The samples represented a range of host rocks from dolomitized limestones, dolostones, sandy dolostones and sandstones within Ordovician Black River Group and underlying Cambrian formation. The petrographic and geochemical attributes have provided a basis to gain insight on the source fluids that modified these rocks, as well as, the possible timing of formation. Evidence indicates that the formations were subject to higher temperatures than can be explained by burial history alone. This suggests the occurrence and migration of hydrothermal fluids within the low permeability dolomite horizons, possibly during Paleozoic orogenesis. Calcite fracture infill isotopic and fluid inclusion data point to two possibly isolated diagenetic fluid systems; i) an earlier Cambrian system that is characterized by a more radiogenic, cooler and saline signature; and ii) a later Ordovician system that is characterized by hypersaline, more hydrothermal and a less radiogenic fluid system. The observation of highly discrete, strata-bound dolomites combined with only trace quantities of saddle dolomite and its associated geochemical signature suggest that diagenesis, as a result of hydrothermal fluids, was neither pervasive in volume or extent at the Bruce nuclear site. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................iii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................1 3. SAMPLES AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 2 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................6 4.1 PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CORED SAMPLES ........................................ 6 4.2 STABLE AND RADIOGENIC ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS ........................................ 23 4.3 FLUID INCLUSION THERMOMETRY ANALYSIS ............................................ 31 5. DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION ............................................................ 38 5.1 CONSTRAINTS FROM PETROGRAPHY .......................................................... 39 5.2 CONSTRAINTS FROM STABLE AND SR ISOTOPES ..................................... 40 5.3 CONSTRAINTS FROM FLUID INCLUSIONS.................................................... 42 5.4 PORE FLUID EVOLUTION ............................................................................... 43 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................... 47 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Sample Identification and Depths of Dolomite Samples ................................................ 2 Table 2: Isotopic analysis of Ordovician and Cambrian carbonates .......................................... 27 Table 3: Microthermometric results ........................................................................................... 32 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Stratigraphy at the Bruce Nuclear Site with sample location points indicated. (Adapted from AECOM, 2011) .....................................................................................5 Figure 2: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) Optical photomicrographs (PPL) showing intranodular dolomite. The surrounding matrix is micritic with scattered, euhedral microdolomite rhombs. (B) Scattered, euhedral microdolomite replacing bioturbated, silicified matrix. (C) Zoned, medium crystalline dolomite replacing micritric matrix. (D) Coarse euhedral dolomite cement occluding a pore space. Note the medium crystalline, subhedral matrix dolomite ...................................7 Figure 3: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) Optical photomicrographs (PPL) showing intranodular dolomite. The surrounding matrix is micritic with scattered, euhedral microdolomite rhombs. (B) Same sample under CL. The medium crystalline dolomite inside the nodule is showing dull to non-luminescent while the surrounding internodule matrix has red CL. (C) PPL of the matrix dolomite. (D) The same sample under CL showing the variation in CL intensity in the matrix ..................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) PPL of intranodule medium crystalline dolomite with calcite cement infilling a vug. (B) Fractures occluded by calcite cement. Note also stylolite cross cutting matrix dolomite. (C) Skeletal fragments replaced by silica. (D) Skeletal components that are silicified early in the diagenetic history .........................................................................................................9 Figure 5: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) Skeletal components showing also syntaxial overgrowth cement. (B) CL image of the same sample as in A showing the bright red CL of the cement and the dark to non-CL of the skeletal fragments. (C) Medium crystalline dolomite and micritic host rock. (D) Same rock under CL. Note the dark to non-CL of the dolomite and the bright CL of the micritic matrix. (E) Hairline fracture, host rock and dolomite matrix. (F) Same under CL. Note the varying intensity of the different components ............................................... 10 Figure 6: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) Late anhydrite cement filling a vug. Note the medium crystalline matrix dolomite. (B) PPL of medium to coarse crystalline dolomite and later vug-filling euhedral dolomite. (C) Silicified skeletal fragments in the matrix. (D) Vug-filling coarse saddle dolomite. (F) PPL of silicified skeletal components in the grainstone facies. (F) XPL of silicified skeletal components in the grainstone facies ..........................................................................11 Figure 7: Petrographic features of the Coboconk Formation. (A) PPL of silicified skeletal facies in the formation. (B) XPL of the same rock showing two generations of quartz cement in the allochem. (C) PPL of silicified facies. (D) XPL of the same section as in C showing microdolomite replacing silicified matrix ............................... 12 vii Figure 8: Petrographic features of the Gull River Formation. (A) PPL of the inter-nodule matrix and the intra-nodule fine crystalline dolomite. Note also the coarse dolomite filling fracture. (B) PPL of medium crystalline, euhedral intra-nodule dolomite. (C) Nodular facies with micritic matrix cut with stylolites. (black fractures) (D) Selective dolomitization in the matrix and associated with stylolites ........................................... 13 Figure 9: Petrographic features of the Gull River Formation. (A) PPL of the dolomitized nodular facies. (B) Same section under CL. Note the later generation of cement with bright CL occluding hairline fracture ....................................................................14 Figure 10: Petrographic features of the Gull River Formation. (A) PPL of skeletal components replaced by medium crystalline dolomite. (B) Medium crystalline matrix dolomite replacing also the fossil. The dolomite has a dark core and bright outer rim. (C) Medium and coarse crystalline matrix dolomite. (D) Medium crystalline matrix dolomite and later calcite cement in fossil chamber ....................... 15 Figure 11: Petrographic features of the Gull River Formation. (A) Stylolite post-dates cemented hairline fractures. The micritic matrix is dolomitized. (B) Stylolite postdate medium crystalline matrix dolomite. (C) Medium crystalline matrix dolomite and dolomitized fossil. Micrite infills fossil chamber. (D) Medium crystalline matrix dolomite .........................................................................................16 Figure 12: Petrographic
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