Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5999

Results of Paleozoic Bedrock Drilling Project, Northern Lake Simcoe Area, South--Central

1999

ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Open File Report 5999

Results of Paleozoic Bedrock Drilling Project, Northern Lake Simcoe Area, South--Central Ontario

by

D.K. Armstrong

1999

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Armstrong, D.K. 1999. Results of Paleozoic bedrock drilling project, northern Lake Simcoe area, south--central Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5999, 121p.

e Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1999 e Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1999. Open File Reports of the Ontario Geological Survey are available for viewing at the Mines Library in Sudbury, at the Mines and Minerals Information Centre in Toronto, and at the regional Mines and Minerals office whose district includes the area covered by the report (see below). Copies can be purchased at Publication Sales and the office whose district includes the area covered by the report. Al- though a particular report may not be in stock at locations other than the Publication Sales office in Sudbury, they can generally be obtained within 3 working days. All telephone, fax, mail and e-mail orders should be directed to the Publica- tion Sales office in Sudbury. Use of VISA or MasterCard ensures the fastest possible service. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance. Mines and Minerals Information Centre (MMIC) Tel: (416) 314-3800 Macdonald Block, Room M2-17 1-800-665-4480(toll free inside Ontario) 900 Bay St. Toronto, Ontario M7A 1C3 Mines Library Tel: (705) 670-5615 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Publication Sales Tel: (705) 670-5691(local) 933 Ramsey Lake Rd., Level A3 1-888-415-9845(toll-free) Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Fax: (705) 670-5770 E-mail: [email protected]

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This report has not received a technical edit. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Ministry of Northern Devel- opment and Mines does not assume any liability. Source referencesare included in the report and users are urged to verify critical information. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of government policy. If you wish to reproduce any of the text, tables or illustrations in this report, please write for permission to the Team Leader, Publication Services, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level B4, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5.

Cette publication est disponible en anglais seulement. Parts of this report may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference be made in the following form:

Armstrong, D.K. 1999. Results of Paleozoic bedrock drilling project, northern Lake Simcoe area, south--central Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5999, 121p.

iii

Contents

Introduction ...... 1 General Geology ...... 1 Geophysical and Geochemical Characteristics of Units...... 6 Alkali--Carbonate Reactivity ...... 7 References ...... 21 Appendix 1: Lithologic Logs ...... 22 Appendix 2: Sample Locations and Geochemical Data...... 90 Metric Conversion Table ...... 121 FIGURES 1. General bedrock geology of south--central Ontario, showing the locations of OGS drill holes...... 2 2. Bedrock geology of the northeastern Lake Simcoe area, showing locations of main quarries and OGS drill holes ...... 3 3. Lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Simcoe Group in south--central Ontario ...... 5 4. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--01...... 8 5. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--02...... 9 6. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--03...... 10 7. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--04...... 11 8. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--05...... 12 9. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--07...... 13 10. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--08...... 14 11. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--09...... 15 12. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--10...... 16 13. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--11...... 17 14. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--12...... 18 15. Stratigraphic, geophysical, and geochemical logs for drill hole OGS--93--13...... 19

16. Cross--plot of CaO/MgO values versus Al2O3 content for samples from drill hole OGS--93--08...... 20 TABLES 1. Location and elevation of drill holes...... 4 2. Abbreviations used in drill hole logs...... 7

Appendix 1: Lithologic Logs 1. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--01...... 23 2. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--02...... 31 3. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--03...... 39 4. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--04...... 47 5. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--05...... 52 6. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--07...... 56

v

7. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--08...... 59 8. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--09...... 66 9. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--10...... 69 10. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--11...... 74 11. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--12...... 80 12. Lithologic log for drill hole OGS--93--13...... 84

Appendix 2: Sample Locations and Geochemical Data 1a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--01...... 91 1b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--01...... 92 2a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--02...... 94 2b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--02...... 95 3a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--03...... 97 3b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--03...... 98 4a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--04...... 100 4b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--04...... 101 5a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--05...... 103 5b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--05...... 104 6a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--07...... 105 6b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--07...... 106 7a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--08...... 107 7b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--08...... 108 8a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--09...... 109 8b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--09...... 110 9a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--10...... 111 9b Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--10...... 112 10a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--11...... 113 10b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--11...... 114 11a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--12...... 116 11b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--12...... 117 12a. Sample descriptions for drill hole OGS--93--13...... 119 12b. Geochemical data for drill hole OGS--93--13...... 120

vii

Introduction A drilling project was undertaken in the spring of 1993 to support an on--going regional Paleozoic bedrock mapping project in the north Lake Simcoe area of southern Ontario (Armstrong and Anastas 1992, 1993; Armstrong and Rhéaume 1993a, 1993b, 1995). The bedrock north and northeast of Lake Sim- coe is a significant source of aggregate in south--central Ontario. Certain beds within this succession are alkali--carbonate reactive, and thus restrict their use as concrete aggregate. The objective of the regional mapping project is to develop a better understanding of the distribution and origin of these “alkali--carbon- ate reactive beds”. Twelve holes, located from Medonte Township, west of Orillia, to Harvey Township, northeast of Bob- caygeon (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2), were continuously cored through the Ordovician bedrock section into Precambrian basement. Ten of these holes were geophysically logged. All of the cores were lithologically logged and sampled for petrographic and geochemical analysis. Preliminary results were presented in a previous report by Armstrong (1995). This report presents detailed lithologic logs and geochemical data for all 12 holes and geophysical logs for the holes that were logged. Aggregate testing of these cores is on--going and will be the subject of a future report. General Geology The Paleozoic bedrock of south--central Ontario consists of a succession of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks that records a marine transgression over the Grenville age basement during the Ordovician (Blackriveran through to Maysvillian time). Liberty (1969) lithostratigraphically subdivided this succession into a num- ber formations which he combined into 2 groups, the Basal Group and Simcoe Group. Subsequent workers in this outcrop belt (Noor 1989; Armstrong 1997; Grimwood et al., in press) have proposed assigning all of the Ordovician strata into the Simcoe Group. The Simcoe Group thus consists of, in ascending order: the Shadow Lake, Gull River, , Verulam and Lindsay formations (Figure 3). The Shadow Lake Formation consists predominantly of transgressive red, maroon and green siliciclas- tic mudstones (shales), and poorly sorted argillaceous siltstones, sandstones and conglomerates. The Gull River Formation is subdivided into 2 informal members, lower and upper (Armstrong and Anastas 1992; Armstrong and Rhéaume 1993a). The lower member consists of a variety of mainly carbon- ate and impure carbonate rock types indicative of deposition in supratidal to shallow, but restricted, subti- dal environments (Grimwood et al. in press). The lower member is capped by a green, argillaceous and silty, dolomitic or dolostone bed that is informally called the “green marker bed”. The upper member consists mainly of very fine--grained, lime mudstones deposited in intertidal to shallow subtidal environments. Locally, the upper member contains a shaly lithofacies, consisting of argillaceous limestone or shaly partings and thin beds. The Bobcaygeon Formation is subdivided into 3 members, lower, middle and upper, which generally reflect carbonate deposition on a deepening shelf environment, with a pulse of siliciclastic sedimentation during deposition of the middle member. The lowest beds of the lower member, called the Moore Hill beds (Okulitch 1939), are transitional between the Gull River Formation and the overlying beds of the lower member, commonly consisting of interbeds with characteristics of the over-- and underlying units (Arms- trong and Anastas 1992; Armstrong and Rhéaume 1993a). The Moore Hill beds commonly contain abun- dant tetradium corals, and a more varied fauna than the Gull River Formation. The overlying beds of the lower member consist of coarser grained, fossiliferous deposited in shoals and other shallow shelf environments. The middle member is characterized by thin-- to medium--bedded, tabular limestone beds with shale interbeds and partings. This unit is interpreted to have been deposited in deeper shelf envi- ronment open to the influence of storms. The upper member of the Bobcaygeon consists of bioturbated fos- siliferous limestones with shaly partings, punctuated by coarse--grained bioclastic and intraclastic lime- stones (grainstones), the latter likely deposited by storms or in shoals in a deepening shelf setting. The Verulam Formation consists 2 members, a lower member consisting of interbedded shale and lime- stone and a thinner upper member consisting mainly of cross--bedded coarse--grained bioclastic limestone

1 2 3 4 5 (grainstone). The limestone beds of the lower unit are generally similar to those of the underlying upper Bobcaygeon. The upper member is interpreted to have been deposited in large shoals, and indicate a shal- lowing episode at the end of Verulam deposition.

The youngest Ordovician unit in the Lake Simcoe area is the Lindsay Formation. It consists of a thick lower member and a thin upper member, also called the Collingwood Member (Russell and Telford 1983). The lower member occurs immediately south of the study area and was encountered in only 1 drill hole, OGS--93--03. In general, the lower Lindsay is similar to the lower member of the Verulam Formation, ex- cept that it contains less shale and appears more bioturbated. The latter character yields a nodular texture which is locally well developed in the Lindsay Formation.

Geophysical and Geochemical Characteristics of Units Most of the OGS holes were geophysically logged, with natural gamma, gamma--gamma (density), neu- tron--neutron (porosity), normal resistivity, em--conductivity (EM--39 induction log), and caliper tools. The cores were lithologically logged and representative samples of the various rock types and units were sub- mitted to the Geoscience Laboratories of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines for whole rock major element analysis by x--ray fluorescence. Selected geophysical and geochemical logs for each drill hole are presented in Figures 4 through 15. Abbreviations used in these figures and elsewhere in this report are explained in Table 2. Lithologic logs are presented in Appendix 1 and geochemical data is presented in tables in Appendix 2.

High argillaceous content, such as encountered in the siliciclastic--dominated Shadow Lake Formation, is reflected in high values of natural gamma, em--conductivity, and Al2O3 content. Conversely, carbonate-- rich intervals typically exhibit low natural gamma, em--conductivity and Al2O3 and higher resistivity and neutron--neutron log values. The plot of CaO/MgO indicates whether carbonates are limestone or dolo- stone. Lower values in this ratio, combined with low Al2O3 values, indicate dolomitic intervals such as those that are common to the lower member of the Gull River Formation. Both Al2O3 and CaO/MgO are used in determining potential alkali--carbonate reactivity. This is discussed below.

The green marker bed, marking the top of the lower member of the Gull River Formation, exhibits a distinctive positive peak in the natural gamma and em--conductivity logs and negative peaks in the neutron and resistivity logs. In a number of holes (e.g., OGS--93--08, see Figure 10), a shaly interval overlies the green marker bed. This interval is represented by moderately elevated natural gamma values and a broad shoulder on the em--conductivity peak associated with the green marker bed. Despite this increase in back- ground levels, the peaks associated with the green marker bed remain discernible.

The contact between the Gull River Formation and Bobcaygeon Formation is not as readily discerned with geophysical logs. In some holes resistivity decreases downward across this contact (e.g., OGS--93--04, Figure 7) and in others the resistivity log is “spikier” in the Gull River Formation (e.g., OGS--93--08, Figure 10). These responses are consistent with the generally thinner beds of the Gull River Formation, relative to the Bobcaygeon Formation. The Moore Hill Beds do not appear to have a unique geophysical signature. However, locally, where the thin bentonite bed is preserved in the Moore Hill beds (e.g., OGS--93--12 and OGS--93--10, figures 14 and 12), this bed exhibits a distinct positive peak in the nat- ural gamma and em--conductivity logs and in Al2O3. In most holes the bentonite bed is not indicated and was likely removed by erosion shortly after deposition.

6 Table 2: Abbreviations used in drill hole logs.

Abbreviation Explanation OB Overburden Quat Quaternary Lind Lindsay Formation uVer Verulam Formation, upper member lVer Verulam Formation, lower member uBob Bobcaygeon Formation, upper member mBob Bobcaygeon Formation, middle member lBob Bobcaygeon Formation, lower member lBobMHB Bobcaygeon Formation, lower member, Moore Hill Beds uGR Gull River Formation, upper member uGRs Gull River Formation, upper member, shaly lithofacies lGR Gull River Formation, lower member lGR (GMB) Gull River Formation, lower member, “Green Marker Bed” SL Shadow Lake Formation PC Precambrian lt light dk dark Pot.Alk.React. potentially alkali--carbonate reactive

The abrupt increase in argillaceous content at the base of the middle member of the Bobcaygeon Formation is evident in the slightly elevated natural gamma response (e.g., hole OGS--93--01, Figure 4). The higher argillaceous content is also indicated by generally higher content of Al2O3 throughout the middle member relative to that of the lower member. This contact may be correlative with that picked in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario as the contact between the Black River and Trenton groups (Kirk- field/ contact of Beards, 1967).

A similar increase in the natural gamma ray response is observed across the Bobcaygeon--Verulam formational contact (e.g., OGS--93--03, Figure 6) and reflects the increased shale content of the latter. The carbonate--rich and shale--poor character of the upper member of the Verulam Formation is reflected in the respective low and high deflections in the natural gamma and neutron--neutron logs in hole OGS--93--03 (Figure 6), although these responses are muted by drill casing. Alkali--Carbonate Reactivity Previous studies, mainly by Ontario Ministry of Transportation researchers (e.g., Ryell et al. 1974), identi- fied the stratigraphic position of alkali--carbonate reactive beds at specific locations (e.g., the Uhthoff Quarry, northwest of Orillia; see Figure 2). Testing for alkali--carbonate reactivity traditionally involved construction of concrete prisms and measuring their expansion over a long period of time. Rogers (1985, 1986) devised a geochemical screening technique that identifies potentially alkali--carbonate reactive sam- ples. He demonstrated that such samples plot in a specific field on a graph of CaO/MgO versus some mea- sure of siliciclastic content, such as Al2O3 content. The potentially alkali--carbonate reactive field corre- sponds to dolomitic limestone and expands to include more dolomitic and calcareous compositions with increasing argillaceous content. An example of one of these plots created with data from OGS--93--08, is

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 presented in Figure 16. Using the geochemical screen, potentially alkali--carbonate reactive samples were identified and then indicated (with an asterix) on depth plots for each hole (figures 4 through 15).

In general, potentially alkali--carbonate reactive beds are restricted to the lower member of the Gull River Formation. Samples of the shaly lithofacies developed locally in the upper member of the Gull River Formation (e.g., drill hole OGS--93--08), also commonly plot in the potentially alkali--carbonate reactive field. A few samples from stratigraphically higher units also plot in this field, but these are mainly from thin, discontinuous, argillaceous beds and do not represent economically deleterious units.

Results of mortar bar and other aggregate testing being carried out at the Ontario Ministry of Trans- portation on samples from these cores will be presented in a future report.

20 References Armstrong, D.K. 1995. Paleozoic mapping and alkali--reactive aggregate studies in the Lake Simcoe area: A progress report on lithologic logging and geochemical analysis of drill cores; in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1995, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 164, p.173--176. Armstrong, D.K. 1997. The Ordovician of south--central Ontario: Highlights of Ontario Geological Survey regional mapping project. in Proceedings, Ontario Petroleum Institute, 36th Annual Conference, London, Ontario. 22p. Armstrong, D.K. and Anastas, A.S. 1992. Paleozoic mapping and alkali--reactive aggregate studies in the eastern Lake Simcoe area; in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1992, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 160, p.131--135. Armstrong, D.K. and Anastas, A.S., 1993. Paleozoic geology of the Orillia area, southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Map 222, scale 1:50 000. Armstrong, D.K. and Rhéaume, P. 1993a. Paleozoic mapping and alkali--reactive aggregate studies in the Lake Simcoe area: preliminary mapping results for the and Penetanguishene map sheets; in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1993,Ontar- io Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 162, p.149--153. Armstrong, D.K. and Rhéaume, P. 1993b. Paleozoic geology of the Fenelon Falls area, southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Map 235, scale: 1:50 000. Armstrong, D.K. and Rhéaume, P.1995. Paleozoic geology of the Penetanguishene--Elmvale area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.3339, scale: 1:50 000. Barnes, C.R., Norford, B.S., and Skevington, D. 1981. The Ordovician System in . International Union of Geological Sciences, Publication No. 8, 27p. Beards, R.J. 1967. Guide to subsurface Palaeozoic stratigraphy of southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Man- agement, Paper 67--2,19p. Grimwood, J., Coniglio, M. and Armstrong, D.K. 1997. Subsurface study of Middle Ordovician strata near Lake Simcoe: A preliminary report. in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities 1997, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 168, p.134--137. Grimwood,J.,Coniglio,M.and Armstrong,D.K. in press. Blackriveran carbonatesfrom thesubsurface ofthe LakeSimcoe area,southern Ontario: Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a low--energy carbonate ramp. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. Johnson, M.D., Russell, D.J. and Telford, P.G. 1985. Oil shale assessment project drillholes for regional correlation 1983/84. Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5565, 49p. Liberty, B.A. 1969. Paleozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe area, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 355, 201p. Melchin, M.J., Brookfield, M.E., Armstrong, D.K. and Coniglio, M. 1994. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and biostratigraphy of theOrdo- vician rocks of the Lake Simcoe area, south--central Ontario. Geological Association of Canada/Mineralogical Association of Cana- da, Joint Annual Meeting, Waterloo, Ontario. Guidebook for Field Trip A4, 101pp. Noor, I. 1989. Lithostratigraphy, environmental interpretation, and paleogeography of the Middle Ordovician Shadow Lake, Gull River, and Bobcaygeon formations in parts of southern Ontario. unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 262p. Okulitch, V.J. 1939. The Ordovician section at Coboconk, Ontario; Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Volume 22, Part 2, p.319--339. Ontario Geological Survey 1991. Bedrock geology of Ontario, southern sheet; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2544, scale 1:1 000 000. Rogers,C.A. 1985. Alkaliaggregatereactions,concreteaggregatetesting and problemaggregatesin Ontario --Areview; Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Engineering Materials Office, Report EM--31,5th Revised Edition, 41p. Rogers,C.A. 1986. Evaluation ofthe potentialfor expansion and cracking of concretecaused by the alkali--carbonatereaction; in Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, American Society for Testing and Materials, CCAGDP, v.8, n.1, p.13--23. Ryell, J., Chojnacki, B., Woda, G., and Koniuszy, Z.D. 1974. The Uhthoff Quarry alkali--carbonate rock reaction: A laboratory and field performance study; in Technical Research Record 525, Cement--Aggregate Reactions, Transportation Research Board, National Re- search Council, Washington, D.C. p.43--54. Russell, D.J. and Telford P.G. 1983. Revisions to the stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician Collingwood beds of Ontario --a potential oil shale; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.20, p.1780--1790. Winder, C.G. and Sanford, B.V. 1972. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Paleozoic rocks of southern Ontario. 24th International Geo- logical Congress Excursion A45--C45,Montreal, 74p.

21 APPENDIX 1

LITHOLOGIC LOGS

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 APPENDIX 2

SAMPLE LOCATIONS

AND

GEOCHEMICAL DATA

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Metric Conversion Table

Conversion from SI to Imperial Conversion from Imperial to SI SI Unit Multiplied by Gives Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives LENGTH 1 mm 0.039 37 inches 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 cm 0.393 70 inches 1 inch 2.54 cm 1 m 3.280 84 feet 1 foot 0.304 8 m 1 m 0.049 709 chains 1 chain 20.116 8 m 1 km 0.621 371 miles (statute) 1 mile (statute) 1.609 344 km AREA 1cm@ 0.155 0 square inches 1 square inch 6.451 6 cm@ 1m@ 10.763 9 square feet 1 square foot 0.092 903 04 m@ 1km@ 0.386 10 square miles 1 square mile 2.589 988 km@ 1 ha 2.471 054 acres 1 acre 0.404 685 6 ha VOLUME 1cm# 0.061 023 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 16.387 064 cm# 1m# 35.314 7 cubic feet 1 cubic foot 0.028 316 85 m# 1m# 1.307 951 cubic yards 1 cubic yard 0.764 554 86 m# CAPACITY 1 L 1.759 755 pints 1 pint 0.568 261 L 1 L 0.879 877 quarts 1 quart 1.136 522 L 1 L 0.219 969 gallons 1 gallon 4.546 090 L MASS 1 g 0.035 273 962 ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349 523 g 1 g 0.032 150 747 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.103 476 8 g 1 kg 2.204 622 6 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 kg 1 kg 0.001 102 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.184 74 kg 1 t 1.102 311 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.907 184 74 t 1 kg 0.000 984 21 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.046 908 8 kg 1 t 0.984 206 5 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.016 046 90 t CONCENTRATION 1 g/t 0.029 166 6 ounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ 34.285 714 2 g/t ton (short) ton (short) 1 g/t 0.583 333 33 pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/ 1.714 285 7 g/t ton (short) ton (short) OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Multiplied by 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 31.103 477 grams per ton (short) 1 gram per ton (short) 0.032 151 ounces (troy) per ton (short) 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 20.0 pennyweights per ton (short) 1 pennyweight per ton (short) 0.05 ounces (troy) per ton (short)

Note: Conversion factors which arein boldtype areexact. Theconversion factorshave been taken fromor havebeen derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Industries, pub- lished by the Mining Association of Canada in co-operation with the Coal Association of Canada.

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ISSN 0826--9580 ISBN 0--7778--9131--X