El Día Que Falló El Vicealmirante Infalible

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El Día Que Falló El Vicealmirante Infalible EL DÍA QUE FALLÓ EL VICEALMIRANTE INFALIBLE Erwin Frederick Rivadeneira* En un día soleado de junio de 1893, con visibilidad perfecta y mar calma, dos acorazados de la Flota Británica del Mediterráneo se abordaron, causando el hundimiento en menos de 15 minutos del HMS “Victoria”, buque insignia, y serios daños en el HMS “Camperdown”. Junto al Victoria, 358 hombres de su dotación, incluido el Comandante en Jefe de dicha flota, fallecieron en el hundimiento. astante se ha escrito sobre conceptos época probablemente la fuerza naval más Bde mando y ejemplos de liderazgo de poderosa de cualquier Marina, se abordaron, comandantes y almirantes, muy dignos de imitar, causando el hundimiento en menos de 15 que sirven como orientación y guía a los oficiales minutos del HMS “Victoria”, buque insignia, y más jóvenes. Sin embargo, es también muy serios daños en el HMS “Camperdown”. Junto al interesante analizar un ejemplo de lo contrario, “Victoria”, 358 hombres de su dotación, incluido lo que no se debe hacer, lo que puede ser tanto el Comandante en Jefe de dicha flota, fallecieron o más enriquecedor que los buenos ejemplos. en el hundimiento, quizás el más grave blue on En un día soleado de junio de 1893, con blue1 de la historia naval ocurrido en tiempos visibilidad perfecta y mar calma, dos acorazados de paz. ¿Cómo pudo ocurrir esta colisión en de la Flota Británica del Mediterráneo, en aquella condiciones aparentemente tan favorables? * Capitán de Corbeta. 1. “Azul sobre azul”: Ataque involuntario o por error sobre fuerzas propias. También llamado “fuego amigo”. 32 MONOGRAFÍAS Y ENSAYOS: El día que falló el vicealmirante infalible Analizaremos la historia del Vicealmirante de la inferior. Sin embargo, debido a su reputación y Marina Real Británica Sir George Tryon, un oficial a su personalidad tan fuerte y dominante, era excepcionalmente brillante, considerado infalible, igualmente admirado y respetado como temido, previo a haber cometido tal vez el único error creándose un problema ya que ninguno de sus de su carrera naval. Su complicada personalidad oficiales, por elevado que fuera su grado, se impidió que sus subordinados pudieran detener atrevía a discutir las órdenes de una persona así. la cadena de errores que terminó en la fatídica En la práctica, la mayoría de las personas colisión. pensaban que llegar a discutir con George Tryon era inútil o era arriesgarse a sufrir una El Vicealmirante Sir George Tryon humillación pública al quedar como tonto o incapaz y creían que lo mejor era simplemente A diferencia de muchos en su época, George obedecer o esperar sus órdenes con tranquilidad. Tryon no necesitó de contactos familiares ni Al mismo tiempo que Tryon intentaba probar de riqueza para iniciarse en la carrera naval. a sus oficiales, ellos se sentían atemorizados Posteriormente su dedicación, sumado a su en mostrar sus incapacidades y se limitaban extraordinaria capacidad intelectual y disciplina a esperar que Tryon dijera exactamente qué y le permitieron adquirir rápidamente los cómo se debía hacer, ya que para el almirante conocimientos necesarios para dominar muchas parecía haber una sola manera correcta de hacer materias y ascender rápidamente, sobresaliendo las cosas, la de él. de esta manera entre sus compañeros. Estuvo en diversos puestos embarcado y en tierra, tanto en Inglaterra como en el extranjero, La Flota Británica del Mediterráneo incluyendo al mando de varias unidades y la Al asumir el mando de la Flota del Mediterráneo participación en acciones bélicas durante la en septiembre del 1891, el Almirante Tryon no Guerra de Crimea. Su última destinación, con quedó totalmente conforme con el estado de el grado de vicealmirante, fue al mando de la su Flota y se dedicó a introducir nuevas ideas Flota Británica del Mediterráneo. Para él, toda y a poner a prueba los sistemas existentes. su vida era la Marina. Éstos habían funcionado hasta entonces, pero Tryon buscaba llevar a cabo su trabajo de Tryon siempre estaba disconforme e inquieto manera tan eficaz y competente como para probar y pensaba que aún se podía mejorar, por lo que cualquiera que se le pudiera comparar era que su mente estaba en permanente actividad buscando métodos para mejorar la eficiencia de sus buques y de sus hombres. El Almirante Tryon era considerado un maestro en las evoluciones tácticas de flota, a las cuales él daba gran importancia. Con su gran capacidad para intentar la innovación, George Tryon creó un sistema personal de telecomunicaciones que él llamaba “TA” (Tryon Approach). Este sistema no implicaba señales detalladas, sino la idea general de “siga a su líder”, mediante la cual debía ser posible ejecutar rápidamente maniobras complejas con unas pocas señales simples, las cuales en esos tiempos consistían solamente en banderas, destellos o semáforo, debido a que aún no se empleaba la radiotelegrafía sin hilos. El propio Tryon escribió: “es muy importante ejercitar la Flota desde el punto en que los manuales de instrucción Vicealmirante Sir George Tryon. n no dan información… sería una gran ventaja si una REVISMAR 3 /2015 33 flota pudiera ser maniobrada con rapidez sin tener constantemente, no siempre eran efectuadas que esperar una serie de repeticiones de señales.” en privado. Aunque éstas parecían excelentes ideas, no eran Nadie pareció darse cuenta de lo peligrosa que muy tranquilizadoras para sus subordinados, podría llegar a ser esta poco sana relación de que en adelante deberían enfrentar una serie mando entre el comandante en jefe y su segundo de maniobras y evoluciones de flota sorpresivas comandante para la Flota del Mediterráneo sin señales, Tryon izaría la señal “TA” en su buque Británica. insignia y el resto de la flota debía adaptarse a Dos de los buques más importantes que sus movimientos. componían esta flota, encargada de mantener En Londres, los almirantes conservadores abiertas las principales rutas marítimas entre estaban perplejos e indignados con este nuevo Gran Bretaña y la India, siempre amenazadas sistema. El famoso periódico británico The Times por la Marina francesa e italiana, eran el HMS publicó que el nuevo sistema “no era sólido en “Victoria” y el HMS “Camperdown”. teoría y era peligroso en la práctica” pero nadie se animó a decirle directamente al Almirante Tryon que podía estar equivocado. El segundo comandante de esta Flota era el Contralmirante Albert Hastings Markham. El Almirante Markham tenía una buena carrera y había servido en varias unidades, al mando de algunas de ellas y mucho tiempo en el extranjero, en donde sirvió ocho años en la estación británica en China, combatiendo piratas, además de algunos años en Australia y en la exploración del océano Ártico. Su vida no estaba limitada a la Marina, destacaba n HMS “Camperdown”, 1889. también por su espíritu de explorador, escritor y su interés en la arqueología y El HMS “Victoria”, que izaba la insignia del la observación de aves. De pensamiento científico Almirante Tryon, era un buque moderno de diseño y carácter más bien tranquilo, algunos lo describían innovador en aspectos de propulsión, protección como nervioso, complaciente y conservador, y potencia de fuego. Con un desplazamiento más bien dedicado a mantenerse ajeno a los de 11.200 toneladas, su armamento principal problemas y a no contradecir a sus superiores. era una torre doble a proa con gigantescos Sus trece meses en la Flota del Mediterráneo, con cañones de 16,25 pulgadas (413 mm), nunca Tryon como superior directo, habían resultado instalados en otras unidades previamente. Por ser prácticamente una pesadilla, manteniéndolo su aspecto y su condición de navegación en permanentemente bajo excesiva presión y stress, cualquier circunstancia de tiempo, en que se veía especialmente en las maniobras y evoluciones, aparentemente encabuzado (hundido de proa), en las cuales Markham frecuentemente no podía era conocido junto a su gemelo el HMS “Sans manejar de manera adecuada. Las constantes y Pareil”, como el “par de zapatillas”. complicadas pruebas a las que era sometido él y Por su parte el HMS “Camperdown” tenía un la flota, fallas y dificultades que Tryon le criticaba desplazamiento levemente inferior de 10.600 34 MONOGRAFÍAS Y ENSAYOS: El día que falló el vicealmirante infalible n HMS “Victoria”, 1887. toneladas, era un poco más antiguo y con un aliviado por casi todas las claraboyas y las puertas armamento más pequeño en calibre consistente abiertas que ventilaban levemente el ambiente. en dos torres dobles de 13,5 pulgadas, montadas Los once buques navegaban en dos columnas equilibradamente una proa y la otra a popa. paralelas, la división de estribor con seis unidades Es muy importante mencionar que ambos iba encabezada por el “Victoria” con el Vicealmirante acorazados contaban también con un arma Tryon a bordo y la de babor, con los otros cinco considerada obsoleta, pero que todavía se buques, era liderada por el “Camperdown” con pensaba podía llegar a ser útil en combate, el Contraalmirante Markham a bordo. el espolón. En algo poco común a su estilo, que deliberadamente evitaba dar a conocer sus La colisión intenciones por adelantado, Tryon explicó El 22 de junio de 1893, once buques de la flota, la maniobra de fondeo a su Jefe del Estado ocho acorazados y tres cruceros, zarparon de Mayor y al comandante del buque insignia. Para Beirut, Líbano, como parte de su entrenamiento conseguir el fondeo simultáneo, las unidades anual de verano y efectuaron diversos ejercicios de debían efectuar un cambio de rumbo de 180 entrenamiento, como para sacarse con un golpe grados, por lo que Tryon dispuso efectuar una fuerte y violento el relajo de varios días en puerto. caída de ambas columnas hacia el interior de la Esta navegación incluía, entre otros, ejercicios de formación, es decir, la división de Tryon a babor evoluciones y como broche de oro, al final de la y la de Markham a estribor.
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