Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies Reconsidered José Antonio Cheibub Yale University Department of Political Science New Haven, CT 06511 United States
[email protected] and Fernando Limongi Universidade de São Paulo Departmento de Ciência Política São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
[email protected] Forthcoming in Annual Review of Political Science 2002 Acknowledgments: We thank Adam Przeworski, Tasos Kalandrakis and, especially, Argelina Cheibub Figueiredo, who has participated in many of the conversations that led to this paper. We also thank the Leitner Program in International Political Economy at Yale University for support for this research and the Fundação de Pesquisa e Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for providing the conditions for us to work on this paper together. Abstract We review arguments and empirical evidence found in the comparative literature that bear on the differences in the survival rates of parliamentary and presidential democracies. Most of these arguments focus on the fact that presidential democracies are based on the separation of executive and legislative powers, while parliamentary democracies are based on the fusion of these powers. From this basic distinction several implications are derived which would lead to radically different behavior and outcomes under each regime. We argue that this perspective is misguided and that we cannot deduce the functioning of the political system from the way governments are formed. There are other provisions, constitutional or otherwise, that also affect the way parliamentary and presidential democracies operate and that may counteract some of the tendencies that we would expect to observe if we were to derive the regime’s performance from its basic constitutional principle.