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Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt

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Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Master Degree of Science in Geology By Abdullah Muhammad Attiah Aly (B.Sc. Geology) The Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority Geology Department Faculty of Science Zagazig University 2013 Geology Department Faculty of Science Zagazig University Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Master Degree of Science in Geology By Abdullah Muhammad Attiah Aly (B.Sc. Geology) The Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority Under the supervision of: Prof. Dr. Fikry M. Abu El-Enain Professor of Sedimentology - Faculty of Science, Zagazig University Prof. Dr. Abdelbaset S.M. El-Sorogy Professor of Paleontology - Faculty of Science, Zagazig University Prof. Dr. Abdel Fattah I. Helal The Former Vice Chairman of Atomic Energy Authority 2013 Acknowledgment Praise is to ALLAH, Lord of the worlds, the beneficent and merciful, who helped me without virtue or force of me. For the Soul of Prof. Dr.\ Nagwa F. Zahran Atomic Energy Authority Prof. Dr.\ Fikry M. Abu El-Enain Professor of Sedimentology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University For his supervision, cooperation and assistance. My special gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr.\ Abd El-Baset S.M. El-Sorogy Professor of Paleontology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University For his supervision, cooperation and assistance. I wish to express my deep appreciation to Prof. Dr.\ Abd El-Fattah I. Helal The Former Vice Chairman of Atomic Energy Authority For his support and encouragement. My deep thanks and appreciation to Dr.\ Nader S., Dr.\ Abd El-Wahab Abd El-Hady, Dr.\ M. Gad and Dr.\ Ahmed El-Nagar For helping me in the field- work. My Sincere appreciation and thanks to all members of the Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, For helping me in the practical work. A ABSTRACT ABSTRACT This study is titled “Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast, Egypt”. The environmental assessment can be defined here as the process of assessing the potential impacts (positive or negative) of the presence of certain influential on a particular ecosystem. Samples were collected from Abu Khashaba beach area, Rosetta on the Mediterranean Sea coast. Samples of the beach sediments, sea-water and the scattered shells in this coastal region were collected. Sediments in this region are characterized by its large content of heavy metals, which added to these sediments its black color. It is known that these black sands occurred along the Mediterranean Sea coast from Alexandria to Rafah. The advantage of these black sand deposits is their contents from multiple economic metals which have important industrial uses, such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, monazite, zircon, garnet and other important minerals. Ten sampling profiles spaced in-between by about 600m distance, and extending into the land from the shoreline for about 50m or less. Along each profile, three sediment samples were collected; the first sample from the surface at the beach line, the second sample from the end of the foreshore area at a depth of about 50cm and the third sample was taken from the backshore area at a depth of about 1m. Extending from each profile into the sea, marine-water samples were taken at a distance of about 3 m from the beach line, and from a depth of about 1m below the sea surface. The shells samples were collected from the scattered shells on the beach. By examination of these samples a 15 different shells types were defined. B ABSTRACT An elemental analysis was performed to the different collected samples. A graphical representation of the obtained results was made. Twenty sediments samples were used for separation of the heavy minerals. Concentrations of twenty five elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Ce, Co, Cd, As, Pb, Hf and U) in the collected sediment samples were determined. Twenty elements were analyzed in the collected sea-water samples. These elements are Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U. Fifteen elements were analyzed in the collected shells samples which are Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al, Fe, Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni and Ce. I CONTENTS CONTENTS Title Pages CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. General Outlines. 1 1.2. Location of the Study Area. 2 1.3. Sampling Location. 3 1.4. Aim and Plan of the Study. 4 1.5. Geology of the Study Area. 4 CHAPTER (2) PREVIOUS WORK 12 CHAPTER (3) METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK 26 3.1. Sampling. 26 3.2. Samples Preparation. 25 3.3. Analyses and Instruments. 27 Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach 3.4. 28 sediments 3.5. Golden Software – Surfer 8. 39 CHAPTER (4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32 4.1. Beach Sediments. 32 4.1.1. Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach sediments. 32 4.1.2. Sediments samples analyses 33 4.1.3. Distribution of elements through the collected sediment samples. 37 4.1.3.1. Major Elements 37 4.1.3.2. Trace Elements 42 4.2. Marine-water Samples. 49 4.3. Shells Samples. 52 4.3.1. Distribution of elements in the analyzed shells 59 4.4. Conclusion. 63 ENGLISH SUMMARY 65 REFERENCES 68 ARABIC SUMMARY II LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page (4-1) Average contents of some heavy minerals in some shore-sediments from Abu Khashaba beach area. 33 (4-2) Concentrations of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P and Mn (in %) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 34 (4-3) Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr and Zn (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 35 (4-4) Concentrations of Cu, Ce, Co, As, Pb, Hf and U (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 36 (4-5) Concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr and Ni (in ppm) in the sea-water samples. 50 (4-6) Concentrations of Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U (in ppm) in the sea-water samples. 50 (4-7) Average mean composition of seawater (Karl K.T., 1968). 51 (4-8) Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al and Fe (in %) in the shells samples. 53 (4-9) Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni and Ce (in ppm) in the shells samples. 53 III LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES Figure Title Page (1-1) Location map of the study area. 2 (1-2) Location of sampling site. 3 (1-3) Generalized map showing the geomorphology of the Nile Delta (El Raey, 1997). 5 Field-photo shows the costal flat plain in Abu (1-4) Khashaba beach area 7 (3-1) Locations of the 10 sampling profiles in Abu Khashaba beach area. 27 (3-2) Flow-chart shows the sequential steps of the used open-vessel acid digestion process. 28 (3-3) Schematic diagram of ICP-MS main processes. 29 (4-1) Distribution of Silicon. 37 (4-2) Distribution of Aluminum. 37 (4-3) Distribution of Iron. 38 (4-4) Distribution of Calcium. 38 (4-5) Distribution of Sodium. 39 (4-6) Distribution of Potassium. 39 IV LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES Figure Title Page (4-7) Distribution of Magnesium. 40 (4-8) Distribution of Titanium. 40 (4-9) Distribution of Phosphorus. 41 (4-10) Distribution of Manganese. 41 (4-11) Distribution of Vanadium. 42 (4-12) Distribution of Chromium. 42 (4-13) Distribution of Nickel. 43 (4-14) Distribution of Barium. 43 (4-15) Distribution of Strontium. 44 (4-16) Distribution of Zircon. 44 (4-17) Distribution of Zinc. 45 (4-18) Distribution of Copper. 45 (4-19) Distribution of Cerium. 46 (4-20) Distribution of Cobalt. 46 (4-21) Distribution of Cadmium. 47 (4-22) Distribution of Arsenic. 47 (4-23) Distribution of Lead. 48 V LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES Figure Title Page (4-24) Distribution of Hafnium. 48 (4-25) Distribution of Uranium. 49 Plate (4-1) Types of the collected shells samples. 54 CHAPTER (1) 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION 1.1. General Outlines: The Egyptian Mediterranean coast extends from El-Sallum on the western frontier to Rafah on the eastern frontier between longitudes 25º 12' and 34º 10'E. This part of the Mediterranean coast reaches about 900 km in length. Hilmy (1951) divided the Egyptian Mediterranean coast into three sectors based mainly on the general difference in topography and lithology. These stretches are: a- The western part to the west of Rosetta. b- The middle part between Rosetta and Damietta outpourings. c- The eastern part to the east of Damietta. The present Nile Delta covers an onshore area of about 25,000 km2 and about an equal amount of offshore to the 200 m isobaths. It is situated between longitudes 30º 19' E and 31º 50' E and between latitudes 30º 11' N and 31º 36' N. North of Cairo, the River Nile is divided into two main branches, each of which meanders separately through the delta basin until it reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The western branch (Rosetta branch) has a length of about 239km, debouches into the Mediterranean Sea at Rosetta, while the eastern branch (Damietta branch) has a length of about 245 km which ends in Damietta. About more than half of the Nile Delta area is being cultivated.
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