Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt
Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Master Degree of Science in Geology
By
Abdullah Muhammad Attiah Aly (B.Sc. Geology) The Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority
Geology Department Faculty of Science Zagazig University
2013
Geology Department
Faculty of Science Zagazig University
Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast - Egypt
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Master Degree of Science in Geology
By
Abdullah Muhammad Attiah Aly (B.Sc. Geology) The Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority
Under the supervision of:
Prof. Dr. Fikry M. Abu El-Enain Professor of Sedimentology - Faculty of Science, Zagazig University
Prof. Dr. Abdelbaset S.M. El-Sorogy Professor of Paleontology - Faculty of Science, Zagazig University
Prof. Dr. Abdel Fattah I. Helal The Former Vice Chairman of Atomic Energy Authority
2013
Acknowledgment
Praise is to ALLAH, Lord of the worlds, the beneficent and merciful, who helped me without virtue or force of me.
For the Soul of Prof. Dr.\ Nagwa F. Zahran Atomic Energy Authority
Prof. Dr.\ Fikry M. Abu El-Enain Professor of Sedimentology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University For his supervision, cooperation and assistance.
My special gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr.\ Abd El-Baset S.M. El-Sorogy Professor of Paleontology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University For his supervision, cooperation and assistance.
I wish to express my deep appreciation to Prof. Dr.\ Abd El-Fattah I. Helal The Former Vice Chairman of Atomic Energy Authority For his support and encouragement.
My deep thanks and appreciation to Dr.\ Nader S., Dr.\ Abd El-Wahab Abd El-Hady, Dr.\ M. Gad and Dr.\ Ahmed El-Nagar For helping me in the field- work.
My Sincere appreciation and thanks to all members of the Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, For helping me in the practical work.
A ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
This study is titled “Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast, Egypt”. The environmental assessment can be defined here as the process of assessing the potential impacts (positive or negative) of the presence of certain influential on a particular ecosystem.
Samples were collected from Abu Khashaba beach area, Rosetta on the Mediterranean Sea coast. Samples of the beach sediments, sea-water and the scattered shells in this coastal region were collected. Sediments in this region are characterized by its large content of heavy metals, which added to these sediments its black color. It is known that these black sands occurred along the Mediterranean Sea coast from Alexandria to Rafah. The advantage of these black sand deposits is their contents from multiple economic metals which have important industrial uses, such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, monazite, zircon, garnet and other important minerals.
Ten sampling profiles spaced in-between by about 600m distance, and extending into the land from the shoreline for about 50m or less. Along each profile, three sediment samples were collected; the first sample from the surface at the beach line, the second sample from the end of the foreshore area at a depth of about 50cm and the third sample was taken from the backshore area at a depth of about 1m. Extending from each profile into the sea, marine-water samples were taken at a distance of about 3 m from the beach line, and from a depth of about 1m below the sea surface. The shells samples were collected from the scattered shells on the beach. By examination of these samples a 15 different shells types were defined. B ABSTRACT
An elemental analysis was performed to the different collected samples. A graphical representation of the obtained results was made.
Twenty sediments samples were used for separation of the heavy minerals. Concentrations of twenty five elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Ce, Co, Cd, As, Pb, Hf and U) in the collected sediment samples were determined.
Twenty elements were analyzed in the collected sea-water samples. These elements are Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U.
Fifteen elements were analyzed in the collected shells samples which are Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al, Fe, Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni and Ce. I CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Title Pages
CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. General Outlines. 1 1.2. Location of the Study Area. 2 1.3. Sampling Location. 3 1.4. Aim and Plan of the Study. 4 1.5. Geology of the Study Area. 4
CHAPTER (2) PREVIOUS WORK 12
CHAPTER (3) METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK 26 3.1. Sampling. 26 3.2. Samples Preparation. 25 3.3. Analyses and Instruments. 27 Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach 3.4. 28 sediments 3.5. Golden Software – Surfer 8. 39
CHAPTER (4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32 4.1. Beach Sediments. 32 4.1.1. Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach sediments. 32 4.1.2. Sediments samples analyses 33 4.1.3. Distribution of elements through the collected sediment samples. 37 4.1.3.1. Major Elements 37 4.1.3.2. Trace Elements 42 4.2. Marine-water Samples. 49 4.3. Shells Samples. 52 4.3.1. Distribution of elements in the analyzed shells 59 4.4. Conclusion. 63
ENGLISH SUMMARY 65 REFERENCES 68 ARABIC SUMMARY
II LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
(4-1) Average contents of some heavy minerals in some shore-sediments from Abu Khashaba beach area. 33
(4-2) Concentrations of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P and Mn (in %) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 34
(4-3) Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr and Zn (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 35
(4-4) Concentrations of Cu, Ce, Co, As, Pb, Hf and U (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS. 36
(4-5) Concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr and Ni (in ppm) in the sea-water samples. 50
(4-6) Concentrations of Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U (in ppm) in the sea-water samples. 50
(4-7) Average mean composition of seawater (Karl K.T., 1968). 51
(4-8) Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al and Fe (in %) in the shells samples. 53
(4-9) Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni and Ce (in ppm) in the shells samples. 53
III LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
Figure Title Page
(1-1) Location map of the study area. 2
(1-2) Location of sampling site. 3
(1-3) Generalized map showing the geomorphology of the Nile Delta (El Raey, 1997). 5
Field-photo shows the costal flat plain in Abu (1-4) Khashaba beach area 7
(3-1) Locations of the 10 sampling profiles in Abu Khashaba beach area. 27
(3-2) Flow-chart shows the sequential steps of the used open-vessel acid digestion process. 28
(3-3) Schematic diagram of ICP-MS main processes. 29
(4-1) Distribution of Silicon. 37
(4-2) Distribution of Aluminum. 37
(4-3) Distribution of Iron. 38
(4-4) Distribution of Calcium. 38
(4-5) Distribution of Sodium. 39
(4-6) Distribution of Potassium. 39 IV LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
Figure Title Page
(4-7) Distribution of Magnesium. 40
(4-8) Distribution of Titanium. 40
(4-9) Distribution of Phosphorus. 41
(4-10) Distribution of Manganese. 41
(4-11) Distribution of Vanadium. 42
(4-12) Distribution of Chromium. 42
(4-13) Distribution of Nickel. 43
(4-14) Distribution of Barium. 43
(4-15) Distribution of Strontium. 44
(4-16) Distribution of Zircon. 44
(4-17) Distribution of Zinc. 45
(4-18) Distribution of Copper. 45
(4-19) Distribution of Cerium. 46
(4-20) Distribution of Cobalt. 46
(4-21) Distribution of Cadmium. 47
(4-22) Distribution of Arsenic. 47
(4-23) Distribution of Lead. 48 V LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
Figure Title Page
(4-24) Distribution of Hafnium. 48
(4-25) Distribution of Uranium. 49
Plate (4-1) Types of the collected shells samples. 54
CHAPTER (1) 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Outlines:
The Egyptian Mediterranean coast extends from El-Sallum on the western frontier to Rafah on the eastern frontier between longitudes 25º 12' and 34º 10'E. This part of the Mediterranean coast reaches about 900 km in length.
Hilmy (1951) divided the Egyptian Mediterranean coast into three sectors based mainly on the general difference in topography and lithology. These stretches are:
a- The western part to the west of Rosetta.
b- The middle part between Rosetta and Damietta outpourings.
c- The eastern part to the east of Damietta.
The present Nile Delta covers an onshore area of about 25,000 km2 and about an equal amount of offshore to the 200 m isobaths. It is situated between longitudes 30º 19' E and 31º 50' E and between latitudes 30º 11' N and 31º 36' N.
North of Cairo, the River Nile is divided into two main branches, each of which meanders separately through the delta basin until it reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The western branch (Rosetta branch) has a length of about 239km, debouches into the Mediterranean Sea at Rosetta, while the eastern branch (Damietta branch) has a length of about 245 km which ends in Damietta. About more than half of the Nile Delta area is being cultivated. The remainder which includes the northern lowland is covered mainly by four lagoons, which have a total area of about 2200 km2. They are surrounded by some salty marches due to their low level and closeness to the sea.
CHAPTER (1) 2 INTRODUCTION
1.2. Location of the Study Area.
The study area is located in the north-west of the Nile delta on the coast of the Mediterranean as a part of Rosetta (Rashid) city which is a port city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, in Al-Buhayrah Governorate (Fig. 1-1). It is located northeast of Abu Khashaba Village, east of Rosetta. It is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea shoreline from the north, Zaghloul drain that extends from the south for about 7 km. This area is located between Latitudes 31º 26‾ N and 31º 29‾ N and Longitudes 30º 21‾ E and 30º 28‾ E. This area was chosen to be the study area because it has the major occurrences of the black sand deposits and to commensurate with the aim of the work.
Figure (1-1): Location map of the study area.
CHAPTER (1) 3 INTRODUCTION
1.3. Sampling Location:
Samples were collected from Abu-Khashaba beach area, Mediterranean Sea coast. This location is an open area occupied mainly by sabkha. There is a little human activity because it is considered a military zone. It is nearly flat and very gently sloping to the north (Fig. 1-2).
Fig. (1-2): Location of sampling site.
The samples were collected include the beach sediments, marine-water and the Recent shells present on the beach. Thirty samples of beach sediments, 10 samples of marine-water and 15 different shells samples were collected from the study area.
CHAPTER (1) 4 INTRODUCTION
1.4. Aim and Plan of the Study:
The present work is an attempt for the environmental assessment of Rosetta area, Mediterranean Sea coast (Fig. 1-2). To achieve this goal, the following steps have been carried out: 1- Compilation and review of previous studies. 2- Mapping of the study area. 3- Collection of sediment, marine water and shell samples from the study area. 4- Preparation of the collected samples for analysis. 5- Chemical analyses of the different collected samples by using the JMS-PLASMAX2 High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). 6- Tabulating of the obtained results of analyses. 7- Graphical representation of the obtained results. 8- Discussion of the obtained results.
1.5. Geology of the Study Area
The study area is characterized by a low relief mainly below 2m above sea level, and slope gently from south to north (Fig. 1-3). Geomorphologically, it represents a flat coastal plain dissected by some hummocky sand dunes in the south. The beach face slope increases from zero near Rosetta mouth and becomes relatively steeper eastwards where it reaches about 15° at a distance of about 20km from the mouth (Wassef, 1973). In the study area, the beach deposits are composed of loose fine-grained sands with a considerable amount of heavy minerals.
CHAPTER (1) 5 INTRODUCTION
Figure (1-3): Generalized map showing the geomorphology of the Nile Delta (El Raey, 1997).
The geology of the beach sands along the Mediterranean coast is directly related to the development of the Nile Delta and its past branches. The Nile first poured its sediments in a bay at its divergent point north of Cairo, while, the sand and coarser particles were deposited on the bottom of the bay, and the fine ones remained in suspension for a distance inversely proportional to its size. The successive deposition of these sediments resulted in filling the bay and shores with the sediments. The coastline advanced to the north gradually by the successive addition of the Nile materials. The successive deposition of these sediments resulted in filling the bay with the sediments outcropping on the surface and the Nile was accordingly divided into two branches. Each of the two branches behaved in a similar way and diverged into two branches. The resultant branches were either filled with sediments and blocked or deepened their
CHAPTER (1) 6 INTRODUCTION
channels. The numerous branches of the Nile in old times were attributed to this mechanism (Toussoun, 1925).
The middle part of the Nile Delta between Rosetta and Damietta outpouring is an undulating line that bears the feature of an advancing delta. The middle part of the Nile Delta could be divided into six geomorphic units which are the two headlands at Rosetta and Damietta outpourings, the shoreline, the coastal flat, the sand bars separating El-Burullus lagoon from the sea, the sand dunes, and El-Burullus lagoon (Dabbour, 1980).
The coastline from Rosetta outpouring to Damietta estuary is bounded by two heads at its east and west extremities and is divided into two bays by means of a protruding head at Baltim, a place that represents the most northern point in Egypt. The shoreline in the area between Rosetta and Damietta has approximately the flattened W-shaped. The segment from Abu Khashaba beach westwards till Rosetta outpouring has a northwards direction while the stretch from Abu Khashaba beach eastwards until the Burullus outlet has an east- northeast trend. The coastal flat from Rosetta to the Burullus outlet is a broad coast reaching in some places to about 5km occupied mainly by sabkha (Fig. 1- 4).
The Rashid headland extends in the sea for about 7.5 km with NNW trend, where the mouth (about 75 m wide) of Rashid branch deposits in the sea. Its width now is about 15 km, with gentle bend, and curvature. The waves are very active at its both sides and lead to effective erosion of the beach. Before 1960, this head was extended 6 km eastward from the recent Rashid outlet. It is suffered from extensive erosion during the last 30 years. Now, it is protected by a sea wall, located at nearly 20 to 35 meters inside the sea.
CHAPTER (1) 7 INTRODUCTION
Fig. (1-4): Field-photo shows the costal flat plain in Abu Khashaba area.
The coastal plain between Rashid and El-Burullus is very wide, but becomes very narrow at Burg El-Burullus Village and reaches about 10m due to the sand dune which is located at the end of the shoreline. This plain is elevated less than one meter from the sea at Rashid, Abu Khashaba, Mastro, and other areas near El Burg. However, it becomes of high reach up to 10-25m.
The beach deposits are detrital sediments composed of particles of varying grain density. The sand particles are composed of quartz, feldspars and mafic minerals with specific gravities between 2.65, and more than 5 gm/cm3. The heavy minerals of the black sands are ilmenite, magnetite, zircon, garnet, rutile, and monazite. The black sands are also containing traces of gold, cassiterite, beryl, chromite, corundum, apatite, collophane, uranothorite and gangue minerals. The latter includes hornblende, actinolite, augite, hedenbergite, hyperthene, enstatite and minor amounts of biotite, epidote, staurolite, sphene, tourmaline, sillimanite and olivine (Hammoud, 1966).
CHAPTER (1) 8 INTRODUCTION
The beach deposits at Abu Khashaba area are essentially composed of loose fine quartz sands with a considerable content of heavy minerals. The distribution of these sands is controlled mainly by the geomorphological conditions that vary from west to east of the area. Accordingly, Sadek etal. (1988) identified three lithological units in Abu Khashaba beach as follows:
a) The western part: at the mouth of Rosetta branch, is characterized by the occurrence of shallow lagoons separated from the sea by sand bars. b) The middle part: is a wide flat terrain of sand deposits derived by the wave action. Lenses having increasing concentrations of black sands as well as sabkha formation frequently occur within the flat deposits. These deposits are underlain by a plastic clay layer at depth ranging from 8 to 20 m. c) The eastern part: especially in the vicinity of El-Burullus lagoon, is characterized by the occurrence of eolian sand dunes accumulated over the flat surface. Two kinds of sand dunes are observed; low relief small rounded hills of fine sand accumulations close to the shore, and belts of relatively higher relief duns at the southern border of the beach.
The shoreline in the area between Rosetta and Damietta has approximately flattened W-shaped. The segment from Abu Khashaba beach westwards till Rosetta outpouring has a northwards direction while the stretch from Abu Khashaba beach eastwards until the Burullus outlet has an east- northeast trend. The Baltim shoreline has a concave side towards the sea then it straightens in a southeast direction till Gamasa. The eastern portion from Gamasa to Ras El-Barr has a shoreline extending in the northeast direction. The depositional dip varies from 2º east of Gamasa to 8º west of Gamasa till Rosetta (Said, 1958).
CHAPTER (1) 9 INTRODUCTION
The coastal plains separating El-Burullus lagoon from the Mediterranean Sea are different in shape and nature. The eastern one has a triangle shape with nearly equal edges. It is covered with sand dunes and may represent the eastern bank of the old Sebennytic branch. The western coastal plain is a narrow strip of land and increases gradually in breadth westwards (Said, 1958).
The coastal flat in the middle area between Rosetta and Damietta could also be divided into two main parts. The eastern part east of the Burullus outlet till Ras El Barr, and the western part west of the Burullus outlet to Rosetta promontory. The eastern part is characterized by coarse-grained sand and high depositional dip in its western portion while the eastern portion has fine-grained sand and small depositional dip. The breadth of the coastal flat in this area varies from Baltim eastwards and it includes the Baltim, Gamasa and Ras El-Barr summer resorts. The western part is a broad coast reaching in some places to about 5km and converges to the east and west. This coast is bordered from the south by El-Burullus lagoon and is free from proper sand dunes except the hummocky sand dunes and a number of old sand dunes called "Kom". These old dunes are Kom Mashaal, Kom Mastarouh, Kom El-Maksaba, Kiman El Saiar and Kiman El Maklouba.
The sand dune belt to the east of El-Burullus lagoon outlet extends eastwards and their trend coincides with the prevailing wind. They are either recent movable or old indurated dunes.
El-Burullus lagoon is the last geomorphic unit in this area. It is wide with a clear surface. This lagoon existed in Roman times and may only have suffered from minor subsidence since then creating the marsh-lands to the south. The island in the central and western parts of the lagoon appears to be old river embankments, and those islands of the eastern part are flat and muddy. The
CHAPTER (1) 10 INTRODUCTION
seaward barrier of the lagoon has migrated 0.5 km southward since 1942. El- Burullus lagoon is connected to the sea by the Burullus outlet which occupies the mouth of the old extinct Sebennytic branch (Ball, 1942).
El Kassas (1972) stated that, the history of the Nile Delta is closely related to land/sea relative level. Ball (1939) determined the relative Mediterranean levels and distances of coast from Cairo. He inferred that at the beginning of the Pleistocene (1000,000 years ago) the sea level was 100m higher than its present level. The Mediterranean and Red seas were connected by a wide strip. The sea level dropped by successive stages until the middle Mousterian (30-40 thousand years ago) when the sea level reached about 12m below its present level and the delta extended to about 90 km north of the latitude of Cairo. The sea level rose again reaching 16m above the present level in the Late Mousterian. This was followed by level drop reaching to about 43 m below the present level in Late Sebilian (10,000 years ago), at that time the coastline advanced to about 11km beyond the present position.
Later Historians described seven branches of the Nile in Lower Egypt and introduced the same names or other names and the courses of these branches may coincide or differ from one historian to another (Toussoun, 1925).
All of these branches or some of them particularly the present Rosetta and Damietta branches were participating in building the Nile Delta aided by the Mediterranean level drop. Therefore, the morphology of the coastline had different shapes in different times.
Ball (1942) described the northern part in Herodotus days and stated that, I have omitted the present day lakes of Maryut, Idku, Burullus and Manzala from the delta, because although some at least of them probably existed in Herodotus time, they did not correspond with any of the lakes mentioned by
CHAPTER (1) 11 INTRODUCTION
him, and he refers to the northern part of the delta as the marsh region. The geomorphology of the present coast of the Nile Delta is the net result of the two opposite processes; the delta advance and the Mediterranean Sea attack through marine processes.
The Rosetta promontory is protruded in the sea in a north-west direction for about 10km. This extension is the result of the annual sediment discharged by this branch in a north-west direction which interacts with the west-east littoral drift. The configuration of the beach in this part forced some of the discharged sediment to be deposited on the western bank of the estuary and in Abu Qir bay, while the bulk of the sediments were deposited on the eastern bank resulting in rapid growth of the eastern bank relative to the western one. The net result is a westward shift for a distance of about 8 km (El Shazly and Wassef, 1984).
The Damietta head was built by the same factors but all the sediments were shifted to the east and were deposited on the eastern bank. The Damietta outpouring is also shifted to the west for a distance of about 8km (Dabbour, 1973). The two heads reached their maximum magnitude of advance at the beginning of the XX century A.D. After that date erosion of the two heads gradually took place but after the erection of the Aswan high dam in May 1964, the magnitude of erosion of these two heads to be considerable due to the lack of sediment discharge.
CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK
CHAPTER (2) PREVIOUS WORK
Previous Work:
The Egyptian Mediterranean coast extends from El Sallum on the western frontier to Rafah on the eastern frontier between longitudes 25º 12' and 34º 10' E. This part of the Mediterranean coast reaches about 900 km in length.
Toussoun (1925) located the Canopic branch and followed its course using archaeological findings and discussed the possible cause of the disappearance of this branch.
Hume (1925) studied the coastal dunes formed on the coastal plains of the Mediterranean sea, and reported that sands show a steady drift from west to east under the influence of the north-west, west and south–west winds. He suggested that the sands are apparently derived from the river rather than from the sea, and being a mixture of small angular colored grains of quartz and particles of magnetite.
Ball (1939) worked on the material transport in suspension by the Nile. He mentioned that the suspended matter varies quantitatively seasonally and annually. He added that the amount of suspended matter decreases from one place to another due to the decrease in depth and to the construction of the artificial controls of the river.
Ball (1942) traced the courses of the seven extinct tributaries of the Nile described by Herodotus (450 B.C.). The northern part of the Nile Delta in Herodotus days was described as a marshy area and the shape of the shoreline was quite different from that of today. He recognized, as well, the courses of the CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK extinct branches described by Ptolemy and their outpourings in the Mediterranean Sea.
Ball (1942) and Said (1958) concluded that the retreat of the shoreline has its highest magnitude at Rosetta and Damietta promontories as well as the Burullus-Baltim shoreline. These were the most detailed and comprehensive studies dealing with the geology, geomorphology, hydrodynamics and the different factors affecting the stability of the shoreline of the middle part of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast.
Davidson (1950) described the different localities where the black sand deposits have been concentrated along the delta coast. He noticed that there are no appreciable accumulations of black sands to the east of Damietta mouth, and that most of them are located on the beach to the west not far from Rashid.
Shukri (1950) discussed the source, mineralogy, and sedimentation conditions of the beach sands.
Hilmy (1951) divided the Egyptian Mediterranean coast into three sectors based mainly on the general difference in topography and lithology according to the relative concentration of the black minerals. These sectors are the western part to the west of Rosetta, the middle part between Rosetta and Damietta outpourings and the eastern part to the east of Damietta. He concluded that the middle and the eastern parts have interesting black sand reserves.
Shukri and Philip (1955 a, b, c) studied the area of the Mediterranean coast between Rosetta and Bardia (about 25 km to the west of the Egyptian- Libyan frontiers). Their first investigation dealt with the mineralogical composition as well as the mechanical analysis of sand deposits along this stretch. Their second work dealt with the Pleistocene sediments from the geomorphological and microfacies point of view, while the third study discussed CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK the mineralogical composition of these sediments. Also, they discussed the geology, mineralogy, and mechanism of deposition of the black sands between Rashid and Damietta. They determined the relation between the development of the Nile Delta and the geological setting of the Mediterranean coast.
El Shazly (1957) stated that: “the beach placers in Egypt are mainly represented by the black sands deposited on the beaches of the Mediterranean sea on either sides of the Nile near Rashid and Damietta”.
Higazy and Naguib (1958) studied the distribution of monazite in Rashid beach area and found that the black sands of the Nile Delta occur in two types: the first is very dark in color, while the second varies from grayish yellow to dark grey color.
Nakhla (1958) investigated the mechanical analysis and mineral composition of black sands from east Rashid, he found that the concentration of rutile reaches 1.04%.
Rittman and Nakhla (1958) gave some remarks on the methods of separation and quantitative mineralogical analysis of the Egyptian black sands east of Rashid. They also denoted that the strong storms are the main factor for black sand accumulation.
Said (1958) reviewed the geomorphology of the deltaic coastal plain between Rosetta and Port-Said and reported that the mechanism of sand bar construction under water and its growth until it merges from the sea are the main controlling factors in shaping of the shoreline in this area. In addition, he concluded that, the deposition at Rashid is far greater than at Damietta. He added that the Rashid branch has greater volume and load energy, and thus can deposit coarse material. Moreover, he described the major geomorphological CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK features of the northern Nile Delta such as beaches, alluvial deposits and wind- blown deposits.
Zaghloul (1960) studied the occurrence of uranothorite and radioactive zircon in the black sands of Rashid.
Gindy (1961) reported that Rashid black-sands are fairly well sorted and contain about 70-90% by weight of heavy minerals, the average zircon and monazite contents range from 7-8% and 0.5-1% by weight respectively.
Meshref (1962) carried out mineralogical and radiometric studies on a black sand lens at Abu-Khashaba beach area and the black sands for kilometer 16 along the beach. He found notable decreasing of concentration towards the borders of the lens.
El Hinnawi (1964) described some physical properties and chemical composition of rutile from Rashid black sands. He proved that rutile is characterized by Nb content substituting Ti.
Soliman (1964) studied the primary structures of the beach sands east of Rosetta branch. He found that these structures are either depositional or deformational. The foreshore sands are regularly laminated while the backshore sands are irregular. The interchange between land and sea particularly during Winter storms and Summer small wave condition produces structures of the foreshore on the backshore.
Wassef (1964) collected 21 samples on a profile parallel to the coast between Damietta and Port Said. He showed that this part included three separate locations of high concentrations of heavy minerals.
El Shazly (1965) estimated the overall reserves in metric tons of economic heavy minerals; monazite, thorium and uranium, in the beach sands CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK from Damietta eastwards towards Port Said, and to the east and west Rashid. Also he estimated the uranium and thorium reserves in beach monazite from the Egyptian beach sands to be about 18,000 tons for uranium and 371,000 tons for thorium.
Boctor (1966) discussed the mineralogy and physical beneficiation of Egyptian beach monazite. In addition, he studied the concentration of monazite from the Egyptian black sands.
Hammoud (1966) employed the industrial techniques to concentrate monazite from the crude Egyptian black sands. The gravitative concentrators, the electrostatic and magnetic separators were used.
Zaghloul and Kamel (1966) carried out detailed mineralogical and petrographical studies on the monazite and zircon of the beach sands of Rashid.
Mikhail (1971) studied the physical properties and distribution of the beach ilmenite from west Rashid beach and grouped ilmenite alteration into three categories namely; homogeneous ilmenite, exsolved ilmenite and altered ilmenite.
Anwar and El Bousiely (1972) studied the vertical distribution of the heavy minerals in the area east and west of Rashid through ten bore holes to a depth of 20 m.
Dabbour (1973) dealt with the distribution and estimation of zircon in some areas along the Mediterranean coast and stated that “the middle part between Rosetta and Damietta has the chief black sand deposits”.
Hammoud (1973) investigated the physical and chemical properties of zircon, rutile, ilmenite and magnetite in order to beneficiate them. CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK
Kamel etal. (1973) studied the mineralogical analysis and evaluation of the Abu Khashaba black sands. They estimated the reserves of the total economic minerals using the polygon method.
El Fayoumy etal. (1974) divided the Abu Qir bay area into different geomorphic units defined as follows; Abu Qir Bay rocky, sand dune belt, the Nile flood plain, Idku lake and the southern residual sandy hillocks.
Barakat and Imam (1975) called the attention to the old indurated sand dunes on the coastal plain in Gamasa area and described them as elongated ridges parallel to the prevailing wind. These dunes differ from the recent ones by their pale brown to pale reddish brown colors, gently sloping back and their vegetative cover.
El Fishawi etal. (1975) studied the grain size distribution along the coast in the stretch extending from 4km east of Maadia outlet to Port-Said.
Frihy (1975) investigated the Quaternary deposits between Abu Qir and Rashid and described the different environments (beach, dune and coastal flat) and differentiated between them.
Hammoud (1975) discussed the chemical composition of high purified ilmenite samples by analyzing them chemically and by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
Manohar (1975 a, b) studied the beach profiles of the Nile Delta coast and revealed that the coast consists of four stretches according to whether it is an erosion or accretion stretch. These stretches are the Abu Qir bay, the 62km east of Rosetta outpouring to the Burullus outlet and Kitchner drain outlet, the Kitchner drain outlet to 3km west of Ras El Barr, and Damietta promontory till Port-Said. The other parts of the Nile Delta coast are considered as accretion or CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK stable areas. He supposes the boundaries between erosion areas have moved from year to year.
Misdorp and Sestini (1975) investigated the continental shelf of the Nile Delta. They described the topography of the continental shelf and divided it into an inner shelf to the depth of 36m, the middle shelf as far deep as 75m and the outer shelf until the continental slope. The shelf is also divided according to morphological changes in west-east direction into seven sections. Their boundaries are transitional but changes are clear and reflect genetic differences.
Quelennec and Kruk (1975) studied the product of the annual accumulation of the Nile load discharged during the flood season (July to November). This load is differentiated into bed load, representing about 1-2% of the total sediment, and the suspended load. The average percentages of sands, silt and clay in the suspension vary monthly during flood season. The sand content varies from 20-30%, the silt ranges between 35-45% while the clay varies from 30-35%.
Sestini (1975) investigated the geomorphic units of the Nile Delta coastal plain from aerial photographs, old topographic maps and field investigations. He identified four geomorphic units namely; shoreline zone, old accretion ridges, back-shore plains and coastal dunes.
Zaghloul (1975) studied the subsurface structure of the Nile Delta sediments through 22 deep wells drilled by the oil companies and stated that “the Nile Delta has a thick sedimentary succession overlying the basement with a thickness ranging from 2000 to more than 10,000m increasing northward and thinning to the east and west sides”. He also described eight sedimentary stratigraphic formations in the delta. CHAPTER(2) 21 PREVIOUS WORK
Inman etal. (1976) discussed in detail the various effects of shore processes on the Nile Delta coast and they concluded that it is presently a coast of erosion as the Aswan High Dam has entirely eliminated the Nile as the traditional source of sediment in the area.
Fayed and El Mansey (1978) investigated the grain size distribution and sorting of the beach sediments along the western Rashid promontory. They found that these clastic sediments were deposited from uniform suspension by currents having no or little contact with the bottom.
Meleik etal. (1978) carried out detailed aerial and ground radiometric surveys on the coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea, on east Damietta area. They analyzed the collected auger samples representing the upper 1 m for zircon and monazite.
Summerhayes etal. (1978) studied the continental shelf sediments of the Nile delta and stated that "…. For the past 5000 years the sea level has been stable, we recognize an evolutionary pattern that has become strongly influenced by man. It starts with a classical arcuate delta with many tributaries, characterized offshore by strong currents causing lateral dispersion of mud in coast-parallel belts at middle shelf depths, and by the development of coralline algae in clear water on the outer shelf. With time, decreases in the number of tributaries caused local coastal progradation (at Rosetta and Damietta), local seaward progradation of prodeltaic mud to the edge of the continental shelf, burying the head of Rosetta canyon, and erosion at the mouth of abandoned tributaries (Canopic and Sebennytic, for example). With complete damming of the river, in 1964, serious erosion began at the newly abandoned promontories at Rosetta and Damietta. Consequent deepening of the sea of these two promontories will lead to increased coastal erosion and their eventual disappearance. CHAPTER(2) 12 PREVIOUS WORK
Dabbour (1980) showed that the Egyptian beach deposits extend downward in some places to a depth of 20 meters, while the sedimentation conditions indicate that they may extend even deeper. Also, he studied the sedimentation of the black sands and evaluated the reserves of rutile in Rashid beach sands.
Wassef and Samuel (1980) described a new method for quantitative estimation of the economic minerals in the Egyptian black sand deposits. This method depends mainly on the discrepancies of the physical properties of the constituent heavy minerals. They also reported on the mineral analysis and reserve estimation of the economic minerals in an area of about 3.2 Km2 in Abu- Khashaba beach on a grid pattern 400 m. They proved that the heavy minerals reserves and black sands ore reserves are suitable for exploration for about 10 years.
Coleman etal. (1981) studied the morphology and dynamic sedimentation of the Nile delta using side scan sonar survey. They concluded that sand on the inner shelf is actively migrating and probably does not represent relict deposits. Unusually strong currents, capable of transporting and reworking large volume of sand are associated with an eddy trapped behind this feature.
El Shazly etal. (1981 a, b, c) carried out mineralogical studies on the grain size and physical properties of the zircon from the high grade black sands at Damietta and Rashid and constructed a distribution map for this mineral.
Aly etal. (1982) carried out chemical analysis for a number of black sand samples from east of Rashid area to determine the thorium, uranium and potassium concentrations. They mentioned that the field radioactivity is influenced mainly by the thorium tenors that mask the effect of uranium and, to higher degree, the radioactive potassium. CHAPTER(2) 12 PREVIOUS WORK
Klemas and Abdel Kader (1982) studied the geomorphic changes along the northern coast of Egypt, using Landsat imagery. They stated that the erosion has been detected along the Nile Delta coast, but Rashid and Damietta promontories seems to be the most eroded areas. They concluded that, the Nile Delta possesses significant river-produced bulges, and its shore has been smoothed into regular, rounded forms by wave activity.
Ammar etal. (1983) carried out detailed aerial and ground radiometric surveys on the coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea, on both sides of the estuary of Rashid branch. The study revealed five main zones of heavy mineral concentrations.
El Fishawi and Molnar (1983) studied the sedimentary processes of the Nile Delta coast sediments. They investigated the direction of sediment movement by using the grain size roundness, sphericity, heavy minerals and surface features of sand grains.
Anwar etal. (1984) reconstructed the sedimentary environment of Rashid and Damietta promontories. They identified five sedimentary units arranged from top to base as: fine and very fine sand, silty and muddy sand, mud deposits, muddy peat deposits and medium sand.
El Shazly and Wassef (1984) performed ground radiometric survey on the Mediterranean Sea coastal strip east of Rashid. They made a correlation between the gamma radiometric measurements and the total heavy minerals in the corresponding samples collected from the same locations. They concluded that this correlation had actually been found to be a direct positive one.
El Gemmezi (1985) reported that the economic minerals ilmenite, magnetite, zircon, garnet and rutile as well as trace amounts of cassiterite and gold are present in the beach placer deposits (black sands) that occur along CHAPTER(2) 11 PREVIOUS WORK
Egypt’s Mediterranean Sea coast from El Arish at the east to Abu Qir at the west.
El Askary and Frihy (1986) mentioned that the stratigraphic interpretations of subsurface sediments from the Rashid and Damietta promontories of the Nile Delta reveal three depositional phases, which are related to modern environments. From base to top these are transgression, regression and erosional transgression phases. Sediments of the transgression phase include Holocene medium sand-size particles, which originated from reworking of the former Nile branches, creating beach and coastal dunes. This sand was deposited under conditions of moderate to high rates of deposition associated with relatively rapidly rising sea level under stormy erosional conditions, with slowly rising sea level and high enough rates of deposition.
El Hadry (1988) studied the geology and radioactivity of Abu Khashaba beach and found that radiometric level is moderate in the whole area and increases slightly toward the water land boundary.
Frihy etal. (1988) recognized four geomorphic units along the coastal zone of the Nile Delta between Alexandria and Port Said. These are, the beach and backshore flat, the coastal dunes, the coastal ridge and coastal lakes.
Sadek etal. (1988) executed magnetic studies on east Abu Khashaba beach and found that the response of magnetic minerals in the beach sands have very short wavelength anomalies (single point anomalies), and intensive magnetic fluctuations.
El Fishawi and Badr (1989) denoted that comparison between volumetric changes during the periods of 1984-1985 and 1985-1986 indicates that the change appears to be independent of time. In general, nearshore changes follow CHAPTER(2) 11 PREVIOUS WORK a set pattern at the Rashid headland and along the western side of the Burullus coast.
Morsy et.al., (1989) presented the results of a reconnaissance ground magnetic study conducted in the eastern part of Abu-Khashaba beach. Their study represents the first step in a comprehensive exploration program as a trial to discover new reserves of the exposed and buried deposits.
Dabbour (1991) studied the relation between heavy mineral contents, and the apparent specific gravity of the Egyptian black sands. He found that the apparent specific gravity of the Egyptian black sands ranges from 1.52 to 2.87 gm/cm3, and scattered around an average value of 1.72 gm/cm3 till a certain concentration of the heavy minerals.
Dabbour (1994) estimated the reserves of the economic minerals in the Egyptian black sand, and the possible reserves of the nuclear raw materials in these black sand reserves. Also, he evaluated the geological reserves of the three minerals; Monazite, Zircon and Rutile in the beach sands at four localities along the Mediterranean coast namely; Rashid, Baltim, Damietta and north Sinai. He concluded that the four studied localities revealed about 1800 million tons of black sands which would be adequate for a profitable industrial exploitation for about 130 years using a plant capacity of 1000 m3/h dry sand and 24 working hours daily.
Ibrahim (1995) studied the physical properties of zircon and rutile of Rashid beach sand and concluded that the Egyptian beach rutile may be originally derived from different provenance.
Rabie etal. (1995) investigated the use of the geophysical techniques as exploration tools for the exploration of the heavy minerals content in the black sands with special emphasis on the subsurface concentration of heavy minerals. CHAPTER(2) 11 PREVIOUS WORK
The study revealed that the radiometric survey is a useful tool to investigate the heavy minerals concentrations in the upper meter.
Dabbour (1997) investigated mineralogically the opaque particles and secondary rutile in the Egyptian black sands and proved the presence of the magnetite-ilmenite-rutile series in the concerned deposits.
Dewedar (1997) made comparative studies on the heavy minerals in some black sands from Sinai and the eastern part of Rosetta, with emphasis on the mineralogy and economics of their garnets. He concluded that, the heavy minerals are slightly coarser in west El Arish area than in east Rashid area. The economic heavy minerals include Garnet are enriched in west El Arish area than in the eastern part of Rashid area. The total reserve of the economic heavy minerals is about 603.601 tons in west El Arish area and 372.833 tons in east Rashid area. The grain sizes of Garnet particles are suitable for the world market.
El Hadry (1998) studied the geology, mineralogy and radioactivity of the Idku sand dunes area, and evaluated the economic potentialities of the deposits bearing heavy economic minerals. This was achieved through a drilling program of 29 bore holes to 10 m depth beside the collection of 92 auger samples to one meter depth.
Dabbour etal. (1999) pointed out that the coastal sand dune belt at Baltim area contains black sand deposits. It extends for about 15 Km between El Burullus Town to the west and El Gharbyia main drain to the east. This belt is considered as one of the real black sand deposits due to many industrial advantages.
de Meijer etal. (2001) concluded that, at beaches, heavy minerals are often concentrated in rather localized spots usually in the swash zone of the CHAPTER(2) 11 PREVIOUS WORK wave run-up or at eroding cliffs. Heavy-mineral concentrations on a beach can often be recognized from their dark color (red, purple or even black). Their actual concentrations (fraction of heavy minerals per kg beach sand) and precise location may vary rapidly both in time and in location.
Abu Diab (2001) made sedimentological studies and evaluation of the economic minerals in the coastal sand dunes belt between Geddia and Idku. The average heavy economic minerals in the studied sediment were 0.67%. The heavy economic minerals reserves in the studied dunes are about 146.000 ton. The grain size than the very coarse silt size class up to about 8.86%. The very fine, fine and very coarse sand size were missing, some particles of the granule size occur on the surface of some sand dunes on the windward side as well as on the crest of the ripple marks.
El Balakssy (2003) studied Baltim coastal sand dunes exhibit anomalous content for the total heavy minerals and consequently, they may have economic potentiality. Baltim magnetite, Ilmenite, Rutile, and Garnet have a unimodal grain size distribution with the modal class lies in the very fine sand size class. The grain size distribution of Zircon display a bimodal class lies in the size class 0.250-0.160 mm while the second modal class lies in the size class 0.125-0.100 mm.
CHAPTER (3) 26 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
CHAPTER (3) METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
3.1. Sampling:
Thirty samples of shore sediments, 10 samples of marine water and 15 different shells-type samples were collected.
Samples were collected from ten sampling profiles extending into the land from the shoreline which were denoted by symbols 1, 2 to 10 from east to west. Along each profile, three sediment samples were collected; the first sample from the surface at the beach line (denoted by A1, A2,……, and A10), the second sample from the end of the foreshore area (that area lies between the low and high tide lines) at a depth of about 50cm (denoted by A1', A2',…….., and A10'), and the third sample was taken from the backshore area at a depth of about 1m (denoted by A1'', A2'',……, and A10'') as shown in Figure (3-1). Samples were collected by a manual auger. Each sample weighted about 8kg.
Extending from each profile into the sea, a marine-water sample was taken at a distance of about 3 m from the beach line, and from a depth of about 1m below the sea surface. The marine water samples are denoted by symbols (W1, W2,………., and W10) (Fig. 3-1).
Also, shells were collected from the beach area, and 15 different types were recognized.
CHAPTER (3) 27 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
Fig. (3-1): Locations of the 10 sampling profiles in Abu Khashaba beach area.
3.2. Samples Preparation:
For elemental analysis, the collected shore sediment samples were prepared according to the following procedures: 1. The sediment samples were washed to remove the clay.
2. The organic matters were removed by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 3. The samples were dried in an oven at 115ºC, mechanically curshed, and sieved through a 200 mesh sieve. 4. The sieved portions of the samples were weighted. The required weights of the samples were transferred to beakers. 5. After the appropriate test, a sample size from each sample was obtained and so representative samples were obtained. All samples were treated by the process of an open-vessel acid digestion.The sequential steps of the used open-vessel acid digestion process are summarized in Fig. (3-2).
For the marine water samples, they were filtered and diluted. The shell samples were prepared by washing, drying and grinding (by using a stainless steel “ika werke m 20” mill), sieving through a 75 µm (200 mesh), and digestion by open digestion method. CHAPTER (3) 28 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
Preparation of samples was performed in the chemical laboratory in the Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority – Inshas.
0.1 g sample + mixture of (0.7g Li meta borate and 0.2 g Li tetra borate) in Pt crucible.
Heat in a muffle furnace at 1050⁰ C for 20 min.
Put carefully the crucible into a suitable Teflon beaker contains 2mL HF acid + 2mL Perchloric acid + deionized water.
Put the beaker on a magnetic steeter for 15 min. until complete dissolution.
Evaporate to dryness by using a hot plate (110⁰C).
Be sure that the sample seems clear, and then pour the remaining amount of the sample in a measuring flask (50mL).
Dilute the sample by deionized water to the mark of the 50 mL on the measuring flask.
Analysis by ICP-MS
Fig. (3-2): Flow-chart shows the sequential steps of the used open-vessel acid digestion process.
3.3. Analyses and Instruments.
The analyses of samples were performed in the Central Laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority – Inshas. For elemental analysis of the collected samples, the JMS- PLASMAX2 High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. CHAPTER (3) 29 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
The potential use of ICP-MS for elemental and isotopic analyses was demonstrated early in the stage of its development (Hoefs, 1987). ICP-MS is used in a wide range of fields including earth sciences, medical applications, environmental studies, and in nuclear industry. The range and combination of elements, which can be analyzed by ICP-MS, is very broad. Modern instruments provide the possibility for the simultaneous determination of most elements in the periodic table at major, trace and ultra trace levels in single or multielement determinations.
The JMS-PLASMAX2 high-resolution ICP-MS, utilizing the latest model of the reversed double-focusing mass spectrometer equipped with quadrupole focusing system is able to obtain a resolution of 12000. With this resolution, masses of the interference and element ions can easily be separated from each other. The ICP-MS is capable of performing ultratrace analysis without being disturbed by the interference ions. A laser ablation unit is attached with the system which gives a capability for direct solid probe analysis without chemical treatment. Figure (3-3) shows the main ICP-MS processes.
Fig. (3-3): Schematic diagram of ICP-MS main processes. CHAPTER (3) 30 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
3.4. Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach sediments:
Twenty samples from beach sediments samples which collected from the shoreline, were used for heavy liquid separation by using bromoform liquid to estimate their average contents of heavy minerals.
A representative 100 gm from each sample was obtained by its quartering from each sample. Each sample was weighted after the removal of slime and organic matter. The heavy minerals were separated by using bromoform (density = 2.84 g/cm3). The weight percentage of heavy fraction in the original sample was calculated. The magnetite content in each heavy fraction was separated by applying a hand magnet with a suitable strength and its percentage was calculated. The magnetite-free heavy fractions were fractionated. Each fraction was weighted and its percentage was calculated.
The weight percent of each mineral in every fraction was calculated and consequently its content in each original sample was determined. The percentages of the economic minerals in each sample were summed to represent the economic fraction. The average contents of the heavy minerals in the used samples were determined.
3.5. Golden Software – Surfer 8:
Surface Mapping System, Golden Software - Surfer Version (8.00) was used for drawing of the maps. It is a contouring and 3D surface mapping program that runs under Microsoft Windows. It is a grid-based mapping program designed to transform XYZ data into outstanding contour, 3D surface, 3D wireframe, vector, image, shaded relief, and surface maps using a variety of interpolation algorithms. Users can specify post spacings, contour intervals, CHAPTER (3) 31 METHODOLOGY AND LABORATORY WORK
labels, colors, etc. Surface plots can be created with stacked contours or mesh, with perspective or orthographic projections, rotation and tilt to any angle, and optional hidden line removal. Users can compute residuals, surface areas, volumes and cross-sections for any contour map or 3-D surface. It can import and export different types of image formats. There is a set of special symbol fonts, including mapping symbols (e.g., highway markers and North arrows).
CHAPTER (4) 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER (4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present work aims to study the environmental assessment of the Rosetta area, Mediterranean Sea coast, Egypt. To achieve this aim, samples of beach sediments, sea-water and shells are collected from the Abu Khashaba beach area, Rosetta, Mediterranean Sea coast.
Elemental analyses of the samples of the sediment, the sea water and the shells were performed by using the technique of the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Preparation processes and the elemental analyses were done in the Central laboratory for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Egypt.
4.1. Beach Sediments
Thirty samples were collected from the beach sediment of Abu Khashaba beach area as discussed before in chapter (3).
4.1.1. Separation of the heavy minerals from the beach sediments:
Twenty sediment samples were used for heavy minerals separation by using bromoform liquid to estimate their average contents of heavy minerals. The percentages of the economic minerals in each sample were summed to represent the economic fraction. The average contents of the heavy minerals in the used samples were determined as shown in table (4-1). CHAPTER (4) 22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4-1): Average contents of some heavy minerals in some shore-sediments from Abu Khashaba beach area. Mineral Percent (%) Ilmenite 3.48 Magnetite 1.27 Zircon 0.39 Rutile 0.16 Garnet 0.51 Monazite 0.05
4.1.2. Sediments samples analyses:
Concentrations of twenty five elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Ce, Co, Cd, As, Pb, Hf and U) in the collected sediment samples were determined as shown in tables (4-2), (4-3) and (4-4). The distribution of these elements through the collected samples and the sampling area are graphically represented in the figures from (4-1) to (4-25).
El-Hinnawi (1964) showed that rutile contains 98.5% TiO2, 0.10% SiO2 and 2.01% FeO. The trace elements are 10 ppm Mg, 20 ppm Cu, 1500 ppm Nb, 500 ppm V, 300 ppm Al, 100 ppm Ca, 50 ppm Pb and 150 ppm Sn. Also, he added that ThO2 content being 5.92% while the U3O5 is 0.45% in the Egyptian beach monazite, and the distribution of the rare earth elements in monazite is in the order of Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Sm, which is in accordance with the general trend in most reported chemical compositions of monazites. He gave 22.01%
Al2O3, 1.72% Fe2O3, 0.83% MnO, 14.80% MgO, 2.30% CaO in analyzed garnet and the trace elements are: 500 ppm Cr, 400 ppm Ga, 500 ppm Sc, 80 ppm V, 100 ppm Y, and 100 ppm Zn. Also, according to him, the trace elements in ilmenite as brought out by using the emission spectrographic method were found as follows: 200 ppm Co, 30 ppm Cu, 600 ppm Nb, 100 ppm Ni, 250 ppm Pb, 50 ppm Sn. CHAPTER (4) 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hammoud (1975) discussed the chemical composition of the highly purified ilmenite concentrate where it is composed of the following oxides:
18.63% Fe2O3, 31.18% FeO, 46.24% TiO2, 1.35% MnO, 0.64% MgO, 0.87%
Al2O3, 0.28% Cr2O3, 0.14% V2O5, 0.12% CaO, 0.32% SiO2, 0.04% P2O5, 0.03% S-2 and traces of Nb, Co, Ni, Zn, Mo and Zr.
Table (4-2): Concentrations of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, P and Mn (in %) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS.
Samples Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg Ti P Mn A1 17.75 1.69 91.21 7.98 4.45 0.92 5.75 0.32 9.75 0.61 A1' 31.65 2.34 8.38 16.46 4.32 1.35 5.68 0.43 9.72 0.59 A1'' 32.28 3.32 7.32 15.85 4.26 1.39 3.94 0.62 9.39 0.49 A2 11.53 1.54 91.29 6.96 4.45 0.74 5.87 0.43 9.27 0.68 A2' 28.61 2.41 8.92 14.34 4.34 1.38 5.65 0.49 9.29 0.59 A2'' 32.86 3.46 7.5 11.14 4.23 1.42 4.85 0.53 9.32 0.47 A3 16.98 1.75 91.31 11.87 4.48 0.81 5.62 0.42 9.71 0.61 A3' 24.36 2.14 5.78 12.46 4.46 1.36 5.35 0.43 9.72 0.56 A3'' 32.53 3.54 7.15 17.56 4.32 1.45 4.58 0.64 9.92 0.46 A4 24.98 1.63 98.18 9.98 4.46 1.33 5.91 0.34 3.97 0.61 A4' 31.52 2.64 5.53 14.35 4.45 1.48 5.63 0.43 9.53 0.56 A4'' 32.15 4.31 7.18 12.65 4.29 1.64 4.47 0.64 9.35 0.51 A5 15.38 1.84 91.31 7.67 4.48 0.68 5.78 0.38 2.37 0.61 A5' 25.29 2.23 8.79 11.23 4.32 1.32 5.14 0.43 9.59 0.54 A5'' 37.58 4.42 3.83 17.95 4.28 1.48 4.79 0.51 9.31 0.49 A6 19.63 1.65 91.2 12.56 4.46 1.15 5.88 0.33 9.31 0.61 A6' 27.82 2.44 1.39 17.35 4.39 1.49 5.36 0.42 9.31 0.56 A6'' 33.25 4.03 3.51 11.85 4.23 1.44 4.66 0.64 9.98 0.46 A7 18.85 1.63 91.73 9.78 4.46 1.27 5.82 0.56 9.29 0.61 A7' 24.67 2.34 5.33 18.53 4.43 1.62 5.24 0.41 9.33 0.59 A7'' 38.15 3.84 7.81 14.98 4.22 1.74 4.29 0.54 9.95 0.45 A8 12.89 1.54 91.89 8.28 4.45 1.36 5.78 0.41 9.57 0.62 A8' 27.58 2.27 8.23 15.36 4.36 1.63 5.57 0.43 9.15 0.55 A8'' 34.59 3.93 3.31 16.56 4.28 1.85 4.39 0.51 9.77 0.47 A9 18.68 1.64 91.97 9.87 4.47 1.15 5.31 0.39 9.13 0.64 A9' 22.32 2.45 8.31 15.48 4.36 1.48 5.16 0.44 9.33 0.58 A9'' 36.38 4.67 3.11 16.93 4.23 1.81 3.98 0.49 9.21 0.47 A10 15.96 1.78 91.13 10.85 4.14 0.62 5.44 0.34 3.91 0.63 A10' 22.86 2.31 5.11 15.98 4.26 1.28 4.98 0.46 9.52 0.58 A10'' 34.68 3.84 7.23 12.87 4.38 1.64 4.65 0.57 9.13 0.47 Min 11.53 1.54 4.49 6.96 4.14 0.62 3.94 0.32 1.03 0.45 Max 38.15 4.67 19.81 18.53 4.48 1.85 5.91 0.64 2.37 0.68 Average 26.13 2.65 10.96 13.19 4.36 1.34 5.18 0.47 1.54 0.56 CHAPTER (4) 27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4-3): Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr and Zn (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS.
Samples V Cr Ni Ba Sr Zr Zn A1 638.93 264.35 894.17 188.44 162.34 214.44 298.5 A1' 271.71 181.15 295.44 138.65 107.19 138.65 117.37 A1'' 115.15 131.85 197.44 119.48 82.75 112.15 56.64 A2 636.29 229.35 819.24 158.65 128.88 224.83 314.42 A2' 280.69 122.15 362.22 139.35 102.55 144.18 151.49 A2'' 191.94 175.62 210.71 116.15 94.18 112.86 61.85 A3 633.65 262.68 744.32 188.25 175.01 317.25 320.91 A3' 289.67 159.54 459.01 141.48 119.91 236.45 161.48 A3'' 168.74 118.35 363.99 119.32 86.02 124.35 64.38 A4 512.4 263.68 722.54 214.65 143.61 279.15 324.5 A4' 437.76 162.15 470.37 148.85 115.61 218.28 194.41 A4'' 212.17 119.68 318.47 119.35 93.03 114.86 63.35 A5 638.92 261.78 877.94 203.84 121.1 304.16 347.25 A5' 313.13 158.15 377.1 147.22 98.44 233.24 165.87 A5'' 156.33 113.84 113.94 117.68 90.46 128.18 66.75 A6 638.87 262.65 706.91 199.65 132.3 283.34 336.46 A6' 360.63 167.82 424.95 149.78 113.44 206.89 183.92 A6'' 204.83 121.35 306.1 118.36 93.57 134.45 58.86 A7 652.32 251.68 839.54 202.46 148.43 349.55 334.35 A7' 435.31 148.34 342.26 143.66 122.44 213.22 122.5 A7'' 213.61 118.86 190.82 119.35 89.92 104.11 63.91 A8 555.46 233.31 844.37 203.48 123.42 276.35 348.5 A8' 244.98 159.37 359.81 141.56 116.62 183.84 128.5 A8'' 125.997 104.22 263.49 119.33 98.02 108.35 69.34 A9 535.82 254.36 722.74 214.88 126.73 236.86 387.91 A9' 369.75 173.18 420.75 147.22 117.76 192.35 116.77 A9'' 183.78 114.85 308.72 118.11 94.8 109.78 53.27 A10 538.54 265.68 817.74 196.48 118.81 342.34 353.25 A10' 439.09 147.44 437.18 114.63 105.43 236.55 166.3 A10'' 247.05 117.35 213.54 118.82 98.92 164.34 63.96 Min. 115.15 104.22 113.94 114.63 82.75 104.11 53.27 Max. 652.32 265.68 894.17 214.88 175.01 349.55 387.91 Average 374.78 178.83 480.86 152.30 114.06 201.51 183.23
CHAPTER (4) 21 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4-4): Concentrations of Cu, Ce, Co, As, Pb, Hf and U (in ppm) in the sediment samples by ICP-MS.
Samples Cu Ce Co Cd As Pb Hf U A1 42.66 169.48 80.95 36.97 352.65 476.45 1.759 41.05 A1' 36.48 154.54 70.81 31.97 363.55 440.87 0.408 15.85 A1'' 21.43 136.15 56.359 24.35 268.32 433.2 0.22 8.96 A2 35.26 174.66 84.46 32.17 315.86 457.99 1.853 41.54 A2' 33.69 115.25 69.56 28.217 306.54 437.24 0.397 14.29 A2'' 18.25 139.57 56.95 22.81 271.65 434.13 0.278 9.07 A3 37.41 174.35 87.2 30.28 279.06 465.94 1.7833 42.03 A3' 30.09 156.52 68.31 24.45 249.53 435.13 0.408 17.72 A3'' 15.07 132.23 57.54 21.27 274.98 435.06 0.236 11.19 A4 35.48 167.55 88.35 36.16 325.35 471.47 1.847 47.49 A4' 24.88 152.65 69.28 30.15 308.23 455.5 0.412 20.25 A4'' 10.04 148.45 61.15 29.1 283.65 348.5 0.237 12.82 A5 33.43 172.84 88.95 29.43 299.06 388.22 1.889 40.82 A5' 19.32 153.98 63.33 23.42 215.37 376.5 0.432 23.41 A5'' 9.83 141.54 52.8 21.09 246.16 362.5 0.262 9.76 A6 25.41 175.23 89.4 29.99 234.32 338.5 1.916 43.28 A6' 24.79 151.32 67.66 26.23 221.17 330.17 0.46 20.96 A6'' 7.61 143.87 54.29 25.98 252.37 326.02 0.28 10.24 A7 37.26 169.64 87.22 35.06 309.99 460.57 1.859 45.77 A7' 24.84 156.44 69.2 31.16 340.82 409.85 0.414 25.54 A7'' 14.99 134.32 50.15 28.27 227.8 400.57 0.241 13.73 A8 33.26 168.84 82.8 34.36 376.14 378.45 2.026 46.33 A8' 23.37 157.66 64.85 29.24 390.22 373.35 0.39 16.92 A8'' 14.02 133.24 59.47 23.1 272.85 286.14 0.233 11.08 A9 31.98 172.33 87.81 36.9 399.16 364.86 1.98 46.48 A9' 23.57 156.61 63.24 32.7 357.17 318.98 0.414 18.68 A9'' 10.91 143.78 59.25 22.65 273.29 253.45 0.28 10.54 A10 33.38 169.12 86.99 36.97 344.53 368.23 1.891 47.12 A10' 19.41 152.96 61.93 28.49 322.45 298.18 0.424 20.11 A10'' 8.97 137.61 53.13 23.53 264.38 214.29 0.251 9.17 Min. 7.61 115.25 50.15 21.09 215.37 214.29 0.22 8.96 Max. 42.66 175.23 89.4 36.97 399.16 476.45 2.026 47.49 Average 24.57 153.76 69.78 28.88 298.22 384.68 0.85 24.74
CHAPTER (4) 25 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3. Distribution of elements through the collected sediment samples: 4.1.3.1. Major Elements:
4.1.3.1.1. Si Content:
In the collected sediment samples, Si shows varying concentrations, which increased far from the shoreline into the land, with minimum and maximum amounts of 11.53 % and 38.15 %, respectively, and with an average of 26.13 %. It is mainly related to quartz and silicates (Fig. 4-1).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 Shore li A3 A10'' A6 ne A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
8 4 0 6 2 8 4
0 Scale
3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 200 m Figure (4-1): Distribution of Silicon.
4.1.3.1.2. Al Content:
Al shows regular distribution among the collected sediment samples, ranging between 1.54 and 4.67 %, with an average of 2.65 %. It is mainly related to the garnet (Fig. 4-2).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
5 5 5 5
. . .
. Scale
5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 200 m Figure (4-2): Distribution of Aluminum. CHAPTER (4) 28 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.1.3. Fe content:
Iron shows higher concentrations in the collected samples from the shoreline with a general decrease backward into the land area, ranging between 19.81% and 4.49%, with an average of 10.96%. It is related to magnetite and ilmenite (Fig. 4-3).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
Scale
0 8 6 4 2
0
2 1 1 1 1 1 8 6 4 0 200 m
Figure (4-3): Distribution of Iron.
4.1.3.1.4. Ca Content:
Ca varies in concentration through the collected sediment samples, between a maximum amount of 18.53 % and a minimum amount of 6.96 % and with an average of 13.19%. It is related to garnet and also, rutile and ilmenite (Fig. 4-4).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 Scale
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 0 200 m
Figure (4-4): Distribution of Calcium. CHAPTER (4) 21 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.1.5. Na Content:
Sodium shows a nearly regular distribution among the analyzed sediment samples, ranging between 4.14 and 4.48 %, with an average of 4.36%. Sodium shows a general decrease due south far from the shoreline into the land (Fig. 4- 5).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S
A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
9 4 9 4 9 4 9
4 Scale
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
......
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 200 m
Figure (4-5): Distribution of Sodium.
4.1.3.1.6. K Content:
K shows a general trend of increasing concentrations from the shoreline backward into the land in the collected sediment samples ranging between 0.62 and 1.85%, with an average of 1.34% (Fig. 4-6). It is related to the clay minerals and silicates.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A4'' A5''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
5 5 5 5
8 6 5 3 2 0 9 7
6 Scale
......
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 200 m
Figure (4-6): Distribution of Potassium. CHAPTER (4) 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.1.7. Mg Content:
It is found that, Mg varies in concentration from 3.94 to 5.91 %, with an average of 5.18%. It shows a general decrease due south far from the shoreline into the land (Fig. 4-7). It is related to garnet and also to rutile and ilmenite minerals.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4'' Color Scale (Conc. %)
Scale
9 7 5 3 1 9 7 5 3 1 9
......
5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 200 m
Figure (4-7): Distribution of Magnesium.
4.1.3.1.8. Ti Content:
Ti ranges in concentration between 0.32 and 0.64%, with an average of 0.47%. It shows a general increase in concentration due south far from the shoreline (Fig. 4-8). It is related to rutile and ilmenite minerals.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 S A3 A10'' A6 hore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
2 8 4 6 2 8 4
6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3
3 Scale
......
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 m
Figure (4-8): Distribution of Titanium. CHAPTER (4) 39 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.1.9. P Content: A minimum concentration of 1.03% for the element P, and a maximum concentration of 2.37% are recorded in the collected sediment samples, with general trend of decrease away from the shoreline into the land, with an average of 1.54% (Fig. 4-9). It is related to monazite mineral.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 S A3 A10'' A6 hore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8
3 Scale
3 2 0 9 7 6 4 3 1 0
......
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 200 m
Figure (4-9): Distribution of Phosphorus.
4.1.3.1.10. Mn Content:
Mn shows a general decrease from the shoreline backward to the land area, ranging between 0.45 and 0.68%, with an average of 0.56% (Fig. 4-10). It is related to garnet and ilmenite minerals.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. %)
6 3 7 4 1 8 5
6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4
......
. Scale
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 m
Figure (4-10): Distribution of Manganese. CHAPTER (4) 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2. Trace Elements:
4.1.3.2.1. V Content:
V shows a general decrease in concentration in the sediment samples which collected from the shoreline backward into the land area behind, ranging between a maximum amount of 652.32 ppm and a minimum amount of 115.15 ppm, with an average of 374.78 ppm. It is related to ilmenite, rutile and garnet minerals (Fig. 4-11). N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 Scale
1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1
6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 200 m
Figure (4-11): Distribution of Vanadium.
4.1.3.2.2. Cr Content:
A general decrease in Cr concentration is noticed from the shoreline backward into the land area behind varying from 104.22 and 265.68 ppm, with an average of 178.83 ppm. It is related to ilmenite and garnet minerals (Fig. 4-12). N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
0 Scale
6 5 3 2 0 9 7 6 4 3 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 200 m Figure (4-12): Distribution of Chromium. CHAPTER (4) 32 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.3. Ni Content:
Ni shows a general decrease in concentration from the shoreline backward into the land area, ranging between 894.17 ppm and 113.94 ppm, with an average of 480.86 ppm. It may be related to ilmenite mineral (Fig. 4-13).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Scale
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 200 m
Figure (4-13): Distribution of Nickel.
4.1.3.2.4. Ba content:
Ba varies from 214.88 ppm to 114.63 ppm, with an average of 152.30 ppm; with a general decrease in content from the sediment samples which collected from the shoreline backward through the samples collected from the area behind (Fig. 4-14).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 Scale
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 200 m
Figure (4-14): Distribution of Barium. CHAPTER (4) 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.5. Sr Content:
Sr shows an irregular pattern of distribution where it varies from 175.01 ppm to 82.75 ppm, with an average of 114.06 ppm (Fig. 4-15).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 Shor A3 A10'' A6 e line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
0 Scale
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 0 200 m
Figure (4-15): Distribution of Strontium.
4.1.3.2.6. Zr Content:
Zr shows a general decrease in concentration from the shoreline backward into the land area, ranging between 104.11 and 349.55 ppm with an average of 201.51 ppm. It is related to zircon mineral (Fig. 4-16).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
5 2 0 7 5 2 0 7 5 2
0 Scale
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 200 m
Figure (4-16): Distribution of Zircon. CHAPTER (4) 37 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.7. Zn Content:
Zn content ranges from 387.91 ppm to 53.27 ppm, with an average of 183.23 ppm. The higher concentrations are recorded in the samples collected from the shoreline than those of the samples collected from the land area behind (Fig. 4-17). It may be related to ilmenite mineral.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 S A3 A10'' A6 hore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
7 5 2 0 7 5 2 0 7 5 2 0 5
0 Scale
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 5 0 200 m
Figure (4-17): Distribution of Zinc.
4.1.3.2.8. Cu Content:
It is found that Cu varies in concentration from 42.66 ppm to 7.61 ppm, with an average of 24.57 ppm. The collected sediment samples from the shoreline show higher concentrations of Cu than the collected samples behind them (Fig. 4-18). It may be related to rutile mineral.
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 S A3 A10'' A6 hore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
2 7 2 7 2 7
2 Scale
4 3 3 2 2 1 1 7 0 200 m
Figure (4-18): Distribution of Copper. CHAPTER (4) 31 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.9. Ce Content:
Ce shows a general decrease in concentration from the sediment samples which collected from the shoreline backward through the samples collected from the land area. It ranges between 175.23 ppm and 115.25 ppm, with an average of 153.76 ppm. It is related to monazite mineral (Fig. 4-19).
N W E Mediterranean Sea S
A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 S A3 A10'' A6 hore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 6 5 4 3 2
1 Scale
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 200 m
Figure (4-19): Distribution of Cerium.
4.1.3.2.10. Co Content:
Co behaves like Fe and Mn, with a general decrease in concentration from the shoreline backward into the land area, ranging between 89.40 ppm and 50.15 ppm, with an average of 69.78 ppm. It may be related to ilmenite mineral (Fig. 4-20).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
0 Scale
9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 0 200 m
Figure (4-20): Distribution of Cobalt. CHAPTER (4) 35 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.11. Cd Content:
Cd shows a nearly regular distribution with a general decrease from the collected sediment samples from the shoreline backward through the collected samples from the land area. It ranges between 36.97 ppm and 21.09 ppm; with an average of 28.88 ppm (Fig. 4-21).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
5 3 1 9 7 5 3
1 Scale
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
0 200 m
Figure (4-21): Distribution of Cadmium.
4.1.3.2.12. As Content:
As shows an irregular pattern through the collected sediment samples where it varies in concentration from 399.16 ppm to 215.37 ppm, with an average of 298.22 ppm (Fig. 4-22).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 7 5 3 1 9 7 5 3
1 Scale
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 200 m
Figure (4-22): Distribution of Arsenic.
CHAPTER (4) 38 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.13. Pb Content:
The higher concentrations of Pb are present in the sediment samples which were collected from the shoreline, with a general decrease in amount in the samples which were collected from the land area behind. Pb content ranges between 476.45 ppm and 214.29 ppm, with an average of 384.68 ppm. It may be related to rutile mineral (Fig. 4-23).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
7 5 3 1 9 7 5 3 1 9 7 5 3
1 Scale
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 200 m
Figure (4-23): Distribution of Lead.
4.1.3.2.14. Hf Content:
The higher concentrations of Hf are recorded in the sediment samples which collected from the shoreline, where it ranges between 2.03 ppm and 0.22 ppm; with an average of 0.85 ppm. It is related to zircon mineral (Fig. 4-24).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 Shor A3 A10'' A6 e line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A6'' A4'' A7'' A5''
Color Scale (Conc. ppm)
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2
......
. Scale
2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 200 m
Figure (4-24): Distribution of Hafnium. CHAPTER (4) 31 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.3.2.15. U Content:
Li content varies from 47.49 ppm and 8.96 ppm; with an average of 24.74 ppm, where the higher contents are recorded in the sediment samples which collected from the shoreline area. It is related to zircon and monazite minerals (Fig. 4-25).
N W E S Mediterranean Sea A1 A10 A2 A1' A10' A9 A2' A1'' A9' A8 A3 A10'' A6 Shore line A2'' A9'' A8' A7 A5 A4 A3' A7' A6' A4' A8'' A5' A3'' A7'' A6'' A5'' A4''
Color Scale(Conc. ppm)
4 8 2 6 0
4 Scale
4 3 3 2 2 1 8 0 200 m
Figure (4-25): Distribution of Uranium.
4.2. Marine-water Samples
Twenty elements were analyzed in the collected sea-water samples. These elements are Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U as shown in tables (4-5) and (4-6).
CHAPTER (4) 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4-5): Concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti, Mn, V, Cr and Ni (in ppm) in the sea-water samples.
Elements Al Fe Ca K Mg Ti Mn V Cr Ni W1 0.005 0.0036 541.01 412.24 1125 0.0068 0.0011 0.0018 0.0003 0.005 W2 0.005 0.0037 517.05 411.13 1465 0.0053 0.0009 0.0014 0.0003 0.005 W3 0.007 0.0034 492.68 411.28 1389 0.0062 0.0021 0.0015 0.0004 0.012 W4 0.007 0.0047 474.57 411.43 1354 0.0043 0.0008 0.0016 0.0003 0.005 W5 0.008 0.0041 468.67 411.12 1355 0.0052 0.0008 0.0013 0.0003 0.005 W6 0.007 0.0049 559.36 411.24 1026 0.0042 0.0008 0.0018 0.0003 0.005 W7 0.003 0.0036 459.54 411.16 1352 0.0039 0.0009 0.0019 0.0005 0.005 W8 0.004 0.0039 542.23 411.13 1387 0.0038 0.0011 0.0017 0.0004 0.006 W9 0.006 0.0047 606.11 411.42 1425 0.0033 0.0007 0.0018 0.0003 0.004 W10 0.001 0.0031 536.26 412.53 1324 0.0032 0.0008 0.0017 0.0004 0.006 Min 0.001 0.0031 459.54 411.12 1026 0.0032 0.0007 0.0013 0.0003 0.004 Max 0.008 0.0049 606.11 412.53 1465 0.0068 0.0021 0.0019 0.0005 0.012 Average 0.0053 0.0039 519.74 411.46 1320.2 0.0046 0.001 0.0016 0.00035 0.0058
Table (4-6): Concentrations of Ba, Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Pb and U (in ppm) in the sea-water samples.
Elements Ba Sr Zr Zn Cu Co Cd As Pb U W1 0.024 8.852 0.0002 0.0062 0.005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0036 0.00006 0.0022 W2 0.082 9.111 0.0002 0.0069 0.004 0.0006 0.0004 0.0044 0.00006 0.0018 W3 0.028 9.704 0.0004 0.0066 0.003 0.0006 0.0004 0.0042 0.00006 0.0017 W4 0.013 8.911 0.0004 0.0061 0.004 0.0005 0.0004 0.0012 0.00006 0.0015 W5 0.031 8.975 0.0003 0.0063 0.002 0.0005 0.0004 0.0046 0.00006 0.0015 W6 0.074 8.808 0.0005 0.0069 0.001 0.0005 0.0004 0.0048 0.00006 0.0014 W7 0.016 9.379 0.0004 0.0068 0.005 0.0003 0.0004 0.0033 0.00006 0.0014 W8 0.053 9.263 0.0002 0.0066 0.002 0.0005 0.0003 0.0059 0.00005 0.0013 W9 0.022 9.078 0.0003 0.0069 0.005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0049 0.00006 0.0013 W10 0.043 9.008 0.0004 0.0068 0.003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0041 0.00006 0.0013 Min 0.013 8.808 0.0002 0.0061 0.001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0012 0.00005 0.0013 Max 0.082 9.704 0.0005 0.0069 0.005 0.0006 0.0004 0.0059 0.00006 0.0022 Average 0.0386 9.109 0.00033 0.0066 0.0034 0.00048 0.00038 0.0041 0.000059 0.00154 CHAPTER (4) 79 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparing of the obtained results for the analyzed elements in the sea- water samples (Tables 4-5 and 4-6) with the mean composition of the sea-water samples (Table 4-7), revealed that there is a general increase in the average concentrations of the analyzed elements than the mean amounts for them in the sea water.
Table (4-7): Average mean composition of seawater (Karl K.T., 1968).
Element ppm Element ppm
Hydrogen H2O 110,000 Molybdenum Mo 0.01 Oxygen H2O 883,000 Ruthenium Ru 0.0000007 Sodium NaCl 10,800 Rhodium Rh -- Chlorine NaCl 19,400 Palladium Pd -- Magnesium Mg 1,290 Silver Ag 0.00028 Sulfur S 904 Cadmium Cd 0.00011 Potassium K 392 Indium In -- Calcium Ca 411 Stannum (tin) Sn 0.00081 Bromine Br 67.3 Antimony Sb 0.00033 Helium He 0.0000072 Tellurium Te -- Lithium Li 0.170 Iodine I 0.064 Beryllium Be 0.0000006 Xenon Xe 0.000047 Boron B 4.450 Cesium Cs 0.0003 Carbon C 28.0 Barium Ba 0.021 Nitrogen ion 15.5 Lanthanum La 0.0000029 Fluorine F 13 Cerium Ce 0.0000012 Neon Ne 0.00012 Praesodymium Pr 0.00000064 Aluminium Al 0.001 Neodymium Nd 0.0000028 Silicon Si 2.9 Samarium Sm 0.00000045 Phosphorus P 0.088 Europium Eu 0.0000013 Argon Ar 0.450 Gadolinium Gd 0.0000007 Scandium Sc <0.000004 Terbium Tb 0.00000014 Titanium Ti 0.001 Dysprosium Dy 0.00000091 Vanadium V 0.0019 Holmium Ho 0.00000022 Chromium Cr 0.0002 Erbium Er 0.00000087 Manganese Mn 0.0004 Thulium Tm 0.00000017 Iron Fe 0.0034 Ytterbium Yb 0.00000082 Cobalt Co 0.00039 Lutetium Lu 0.00000015 Nickel Ni 0.0066 Hafnium Hf <0.000008 Copper Cu 0.0009 Tantalum Ta <0.0000025 Zinc Zn 0.005 Tungsten W <0.000001 Gallium Ga 0.00003 Rhenium Re 0.0000084 Germanium Ge 0.00006 Osmium Os -- Arsenic As 0.0026 Iridium Ir -- Selenium Se 0.0009 Platinum Pt -- Krypton Kr 0.00021 Gold Au 0.000011 Rubidium Rb 0.120 Mercury Hg 0.00015 Strontium Sr 8.1 Thallium Tl -- Yttrium Y 0.000013 Lead Pb 0.00003 Zirconium Zr 0.000026 Bismuth Bi 0.00002 Niobium Nb 0.000015 Thorium Th 0.0000004 Uranium U 0.0033 Plutonimu Pu -- CHAPTER (4) 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3. Shells Samples:
A total of 15 mollusc shells representing 2 classes, were used in this study. The studied classes are Bivalvia and Gastropoda. They were collected and separated from the exposed modern beach sediments of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt at Abu Khashaba beach area, Rosetta. Plate (4-1) shows the different kinds of the collected shells samples. 15 elements were analyzed in the collected shells samples which are Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al, Fe, Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni and Ce as shown in tables (4-8) and (4-9).
Walsh etal. (1994) suggested that the shell may act as a toxic waste sink to facilitate the removal of potentially harmful compounds from the more metabolically active of soft tissue.
Walsh etal. (1995) recorded that gastropods have the potential to act as a useful bio-monitoring system of pollutants in the marine environment.
Hamdy (2004) stated that, many of the recent studies on metal concentration in shells are focusing on bivalves and particularly on genus Mytilus, which is used as sentinel organism in bio-monitoring studies. However, some studies discuss the pollution on the other classes such as gastropods. Also, he stated that, elements are preferentially incorporated into the shell during the early stages of growth and the magnitude of such incorporation is sensitive to the chemical composition of the waters to which they are exposed. CHAPTER (4) 72 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (4-8): Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, Al and Fe (in %) in the shells samples. Samples Ca Mg Na K Sr Al Fe 1 43.07 0.178 0.533 0.029 0.189 1.535 0.564 2 45.78 0.234 0.555 0.012 0.139 2.392 0.839 3 49.41 0.244 0.606 0.014 0.211 1.344 0.339 4 47.75 0.322 0.637 0.024 0.242 0.342 0.971 5 45.45 0.185 0.641 0.027 0.154 5.232 0.563 6 46.32 0.242 0.731 0.015 0.214 1.351 0.423 7 46.42 0.289 0.652 0.039 0.283 3.047 0.445 8 44.67 0.338 0.546 0.014 0.139 0.496 0.975 9 48.38 0.246 0.538 0.028 0.058 0.172 0.489 10 48.62 0.222 0.563 0.022 0.225 3.189 0.631 11 43.07 0.248 0.574 0.024 0.105 2.025 0.528 12 49.56 0.307 0.623 0.016 0.209 0.087 0.247 13 47.47 0.267 0.656 0.023 0.124 1.468 0.819 14 46.71 0.342 0.668 0.013 0.219 2.251 0.878 15 44.99 0.329 0.698 0.034 0.149 1.274 0.181 Min. 43.07 0.178 0.533 0.012 0.058 0.087 0.181 Max. 49.56 0.342 0.731 0.039 0.283 5.232 0.975 Aver. 46.51 0.266 0.615 0.022 0.177 1.747 0.593
Table (4-9): Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mn, Ni, and Ce (in ppm) in the shells samples. Samples Cr Zn Zr Pb As Mn Ni Ce 1 0.152 3.078 1.628 10.922 2.496 11.619 7.752 0.034 2 0.085 3.435 1.675 8.425 1.024 8.213 6.668 0.018 3 0.321 2.451 1.538 8.458 1.243 6.118 5.085 0.015 4 0.219 1.085 0.069 7.811 0.024 0.101 1.048 0.002 5 0.499 4.117 3.363 5.506 1.253 5.145 2.673 0.011 6 0.334 2.74 2.235 6.838 0.825 3.399 2.438 0.022 7 0.244 6.982 1.615 9.246 0.591 2.439 0.455 0.051 8 0.082 3.172 0.139 5.022 0.049 5.205 0.287 0.004 9 0.165 5.043 0.035 11.065 0.012 0.051 0.159 0.001 10 0.204 2.818 1.91 15.707 0.928 17.138 8.832 0.013 11 0.049 2.084 2.236 16.867 1.242 22.162 10.473 0.019 12 0.103 3.022 0.017 8.953 0.076 16.026 8.285 0.014 13 0.114 2.778 1.263 14.736 0.563 3.045 12.242 0.016 14 0.367 1.243 1.554 6.802 1.325 13.653 0.762 0.009 15 0.276 5.365 0.296 16.646 0.184 0.435 3.579 0.042 Min. 0.049 1.085 0.017 5.022 0.012 0.051 0.159 0.001 Max. 0.499 6.982 3.363 16.867 2.496 22.162 12.242 0.051 Aver. 0.214 3.294 1.305 10.2 0.789 7.649 4.716 0.018 CHAPTER (4) 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plate (4-1): Types of the collected shells samples.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorpha
Order: Arcoida
Family: Arcidae Genus: Anadara
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Heterodonta Order: Veneroida
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalva
Order: Veneroida
Family: Mactridae
Genus: Mactra
CHAPTER (4) 77 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plate (4-1): Continued.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreoida
Suborder: Ostreina
Superfamily: Ostreoidea
Family: Ostreidae Genus: Ostrea
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
Order: Mytiloida
Family: Mytilidae
Subfamily: Mytilinae
Genus: Mytilus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Heterodonta
Order: Veneroida
Family: Dreissenidae
Genus: Dreissena Species: D. polymorpha
CHAPTER (4) 71 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plate (4-1): Continued.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Veneroida
Family: Tellinidae Genus: Tellina
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Maxillopoda
Infraclass: Cirripedia
Order: Sessilia
Family: Balanidae Genus: Balanus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda Superfamily: Stromboidea
CHAPTER (4) 75 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plate (4-1): Continued.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Buccinoidea Family: Columbellidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Cerithioidea Family: Cerithiidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Buccinoidea
Family: Nassariidae
Subfamily: Nassariinae Genus: Nassarius
CHAPTER (4) 78 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plate (4-1): Continued.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Olivoidea Family: Olivellidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Lottioidea Family: Lottiidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superfamily: Naticoidea
Family: Naticidae
Genus: Lunatia
CHAPTER (4) 71 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1. Distribution of elements in the analyzed shells:
4.3.1.1. Ca Content:
The shells of marine molluscs are composed predominantly of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite or a mixture of both polymorphs. All shell types have similar concentrations for Ca, where concentration varies between 49.56 and 43.07 (%), with an average of 46.51%. Sample no. 12 has the maximum Ca concentration, while sample no. 1 has the minimum concentration.
4.3.1.2. Mg Content:
Skeletal mineralogy is the primary factor controlling magnesium concentrations in the shells of marine molluscs (Harriss, 1965).
Mg varies in concentration from 0.178 to 0.342 ppm, with an average of 0.266 ppm. Sample no. 14 has the maximum Mg concentration, while sample no. 1 has the minimum concentration.
4.3.1.3. Na Content:
El Askary etal. (1988) stated that, Na content in the beach and bottom sediments is nearly twice that of K. They also reported that, the higher concentration of Na content in the calcareous sediments is attributed to the replacement of calcium by sodium in the calcareous shells.
Na concentration varies between 0.731%; as a maximum amount that is found in sample no. 6, and a minimum amount of 0.533%, which is found in sample no. 1, with an average of 0.565%.
4.3.1.4. K Content:
Alkali metal ions are more easily co-precipitated with aragonite than with calcite, but sodium-bearing aragonite decreases the incorporation of other alkali CHAPTER (4) 13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION metal ions (Li+, K+ and Rb+) into aragonite (Okumura and Kitono, 1986). Gordon et.al., (1970) reported that marine calcareous skeletons contain a large amount of sodium but a small amount of potassium and that the sodium content is related to the salinity of environmental waters.
The maximum concentration of (0.039%) is found in the sample no.7, while the minimum concentration of 0.012%, was recorded in the sample no. 2, with an average of 0.022%.
4.3.1.5. Sr Content:
Strontium has been the most studied trace element in the past few decades because of the importance of its geochemical cycle and above all its association with Ca, especially in marine environment (Hamdy, 2004).
The maximum Sr concentration is 0.283 %, which was recorded in sample no. 7, and the minimum is 0.058 %, which was found in sample no. 9, with an average of 0.586%.
Sr is mainly associated with aragonite in molluscan shells (Lerman, 1965). Mousa and Ergen (1993) demonstrated that, Sr is known to be originally derived in the feldspar structure, where plagioclase feldspars are commonly Sr- bearing, they also added that Sr can be subjected to redeposition in the marine environment in association with carbonates. Beltagy and D’Anglejan (1982) recorded that Sr can be introduced in the sediments by co-precipitation with
CaCO3 in skeletal material especially the aragonitic ones.
4.3.1.6. Al Content:
Al content varies greatly from a maximum amount of 5.232% and a minimum amount of 0.087 %, with an average of 1.747 %. CHAPTER (4) 19 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1.7. Fe Content:
Iron varies between a maximum amount of 0.975% and a minimum amount of 0.181%, with an average of 0.593 %.
Iron is an essential element in the marine ecosystem, where it plays the most vital role in the biogenic activities (Hamdy, 2004). The concentration of 2+ Fe in water is kept low by the formation of Fe(OH)3 except under strongly acid and reducing conditions (Faure, 1992). Beltagy and D’Anglejan (1982) stated that Mn and Fe enter the sea in different ways, such as: true solution, where Fe and Mn are soluble at low Eh and pH values; adsorbed ions on particular matter or precipitate or co-precipitate on detrital grains.
4.3.1.8. Cr Content:
Cr varies in concentration between a maximum amount of 0.499 ppm and a minimum amount of 0.049 ppm, with an average of 0.214 ppm. Sample no. 5 has the maximum Cr concentration, while sample no. 11 has the minimum Cr concentration.
4.3.1.9. Zn Content:
Zinc varies in the analyzed shells between 6.982 and 1.085 ppm, which measured in samples no. 7 and 4, respectively, with an average of 3.294 ppm. The availability of Zn is not directly related to the total concentration of the metal in the environmental compartment (Allen, 1993). The United Kingdom Food Regulations stated that the maximum permissible concentration for Zn metal is 50 mg/kg.
Nawar and Shata (1989) attributed the occurrence of Zn with Mn in the sediments to the aragonite/calcite transformation where Zn is preferentially incorporated in the crystal lattice of Mg-calcite. CHAPTER (4) 13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.3.1.10. Zr Content:
Zirconium varies in the analyzed shells between a maximum amount of 3.363 ppm and a minimum amount of 0.017 ppm, with an average of 1.305 ppm.
4.3.1.11. Pb Content:
Lead content varies from a maximum value of 16.867 ppm in sample no. 11 to a minimum value of 5.022 ppm in sample no. 8, with an average of 10.2 ppm.
4.3.1.12. As Content:
Arsenic varies in the analyzed shells from a maximum amount of 2.496 ppm and a minimum amount of 0.012 ppm, with an average of 0.789 ppm. The United Kingdom Food Regulations estimated the maximum permissible limits for As to be 1 mg/kg.
4.3.1.13. Mn Content:
Manganese varies in concentration between a maximum amount of 22.162 ppm and a minimum amount of 0.051 ppm, with an average of 7.649 ppm.
In the coastal areas, seawater Mn is controlled mainly by dissolved and particular Mn derived from the shelf sediments (Fallon etal., 2002). They added that Mn has been hypothesized to substitute for Ca in the CaCo3 lattice, but may also adsorb or occlude within aragonite as an oxide or in some aragonite phases.
The role of Mn in the environment and biological diversity of molluscan shells is not yet established, (Hamdy, 2004). However, according to Sunda and Huntsman (1988), the natural phytoplankton blooms have been shown to be associated with an increase in suspended Mn particulate. Other possible explanations are the differences in bioavailability of Mn. According to Banat CHAPTER (4) 12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and Howari (2003) the biological effects of Mn deficiency are well established in several animal species and it has no practical role in the human nutrition.
4.3.1.14. Ni Content:
The maximum concentration of Ni in the analyzed shells is 12.242 ppm in sample no. 13, while the minimum Ni concentration is 0.159 ppm in sample no. 9, with an average of 4.716 ppm.
4.3.1.15. Ce Content:
Cerium has a maximum concentration of 0.051 ppm found in sample no. 7, and a minimum concentration of 0.001 ppm in sample no. 9, with an average of 0.018 ppm.
4.4. Conclusion The black sand deposits which are generally distributed along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt are considered to contain the most durable minerals which tolerated the whole journey from their sources to their present locations under the effect of all types of weathering. If there is a mutual effect between these minerals and the seawater in contact with them, it should be just a mechanical concentration for these minerals by the wave current actions, and there is no chemical interaction between them in a manner that could produce an environmental impact between them.
The variations in the elements concentration contained in these black sand deposits are controlled by and attributed to the variations in the contents of the heavy minerals contained in these deposits of black sands.
By comparison of the obtained results for the collected sea-water samples in table (4-3) with the average composition of sea-water in table (4-4), it was found that there is a general increase in the average contents of the analyzed CHAPTER (4) 13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION elements in the collected sea-water samples. This general increase may be because the collected samples were taken not far from the shoreline, and because of the sampling area was not far away from the outlet of Rosetta mouth to avoid the great effect of the interaction between the sea water and the River Nile discharge through the Rosetta mouth.
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between the trace element contents of mollusc shells and environmental conditions (Allen, 1960; Jones, 1985; Al-Aasm and Veizer, 1986; Morrison and Brand, 1986; Wassenaar et.al., 1988; Barbin et.al., 1991). The uptake of trace elements into marine mollusc shells is dependent upon the mineralogy of the skeleton, salinity, temperature and concentrations of these elements in the seawater. In addition, the biochemistry of molluscs can be further complicated by the organisms themselves exerting a biological control. This process of biological fractionation can lead to an enrichment or depletion of a specific trace element in the shell- carbonate of marine molluscs (Lowenstam, 1961; Harris, 1965).
56 ENGLISH SUMMARY
ENGLISH SUMMARY
This study is titled with “Environmental Assessment of Rosetta Area, Mediterranean Sea Coast, Egypt”. The environmental assessment can be defined here as the process of assessing the potential impacts (positive or negative) of the presence of certain influential on a particular ecosystem. The area of Abu Khashaba beach area, Rashid was chosen to be the study area, where it is characterized by being an open coastal area and contains little human activities.
Samples were collected from the beach sediments, sea-water and the shells scattered in this coastal region.
Sediments in this region are characterized by its large content of heavy metals, which added to these sediments its black color. It is known that these black sands occurred along the Mediterranean Sea coast from Alexandria to Rafah. The advantage of these black sand deposits is their content from multiple economic metals which have important industrial uses, such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, monazite, zircon, garnet and other important minerals.
Ten sampling profiles spaced in-between by about 600m distance, and extending into the land from the beach line for about 50m or less. Along each profile, three sediment samples were collected; the first sample from the surface at the beach line, the second sample from the end of the foreshore area at a depth of about 50cm and the third sample was taken from the backshore area at a depth of about 1m.
Extending from each profile into the sea, a marine-water sample was taken at a distance of about 3 m from the beach line, and from a depth of about 1m below the sea surface. 55 ENGLISH SUMMARY
Samples were collected from the shells scattered on the beach. By examination of these samples a 15 different shells kinds were defined.
This study was divided into four chapters which can be described as follows:
Chapter (1): Introduction: It contains a general introduction, the aims of the study and describes the study area with a general description of the geology of this area.
Chapter (2): Previous Work: This chapter contains the previous work.
Chapter (3): Methodology and Laboratory Work: This chapter illustrates the practical work including the sampling processes, preparation of samples, and analyses of samples. In addition to description of the computer programs that were used in the preparation of various maps shown in this study.
Chapter (4): Results and Discussion: This chapter shows the obtained results and deals with the explanation of these results, where the study contains three types of samples which are beach sediment samples, samples of sea-water and shells samples.
Elemental analyses of the collected samples were performed by using the High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass spectrometer, in the Central Laboratory for Elemental and isotopic Analyses, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority.
Twenty five elements were determined in the sediment samples. The determined elements are Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Co, Cu, Cd, U, Sr, Zn, As, V, 56 ENGLISH SUMMARY
Pb, Ti, Mn, Ba, Ce, Ni, P, Cr, Zr, Hf and Fe. Distribution of these elements were determined through the sampling area, and graphically represented in maps.
Twenty one elements were analyzed in the collected sea-water samples. These elements are Si, K, Ca, Cu, As, Sr, Mg, Fe, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Al, Zn, Ti, Zr, Cd, Ba, Pb and U. concentrations of these elements were compared with the average mean composition of the sea-water.
Eleven elements were analyzed in the shells samples which are Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mg, Mn, Ni, Al, Fe and Ce. The uptake of trace elements into marine mollusc shells is dependent upon the mineralogy of the skeleton, salinity, temperature and concentrations of these elements in the seawater. In addition, the biochemistry of molluscs can be further complicated by the organisms themselves exerting a biological control. This process of biological fractionation can lead to an enrichment or depletion of a specific trace element in the shell- carbonate of marine molluscs.
86 REFERENCES
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El Shazly, E.M., El Sokkary, A.A. and Dabbour, G.A. (1981a): Physical properties of beach zircon from the Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt, Part I Grain size, shape and roundness. Egypt, J. Geol., 25: 95-111.
El Shazly, E.M., El Sokkary, A.A. and Dabbour, G.A. (1981b): Distribution of beach zircon along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, J. Geol., 25: 112- 122.
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أ الملخص العربي
الملخص العربي
تحمل هذه الدراسة عنوان التقييم البيئي لمنطقة رشيد، ساحل البحر المتوسط، مصر. ويمكن
تعريفالتقييمالبيئيهناعلىأنهعمليةتقييماآلثارالمحتملة)سلبيةأمإيجابية(لوجودمؤثرمعينعلى
نظامبيئيمعين.وقدتماختيارمنطقةشاطئأبوخشبةبرشيدلتكونهىمنطقةالدراسة.
ويحظىساحلالبحرالمتوسطمنذفترةطويلةبكثيرمناالهتماموالدراسةوبخاصةمنطقةرشيد
لماتحتويةمنكمياتكبيرةمنالرمالالسوداءالتيتحتويعلىالعديدمنالمعادنالثقيلةذاتاألهمية
االقتصادية.وتمتدمنطقةالدراسةعلىساحلالبحرالمتوسطمتمثلةفيمنطقةشاطئأبوخشبةوالتي
تتبعمدينةرشيدبمحافظةالبحيرة.
اعتمدتعمليةتجميعالعيناتمنمنطقةالدراسةعلىاختيارالعيناتمنالعناصرالبيئيةفي
هذهالمنطقة.فتمتجميععيناتمنالرواسبالشاطئيةومياهالبحرواالصدافالمنتشرةفيهذهالمنطقة
الشاطئية.
تمتازالرواسبالشاطئيةفيهذهالمنطقةبمحتواهاالكبيرمنالمعادنالثقيلةوالتيأضفتعلى
هذهالرواسباللوناألسودوالذىتزدادشدتهبزيادةمحتوىهذهالرواسبمنالمعادنالثقيلةحتىأنه
يمكن توصيف هذه الرواسب على انها رمال سوداء. ومن المعروف أن هذه الرمال السوداء تتواجد
بكمياتكبيرةبطولساحلالبحرالمتوسطمناالسكندريةحتىرفح.ومنأكثرالمناطقالتيتتواجدبها
هذه الرمال السوداء بكميات كبيرة هى منطقة رشيد. وتمتاز هذه الرمال السوداء بمحتواها الكبير من
معادن اقتصادية متعددة لها استخدامات صناعية هامة مثل معادن الماجنيتيتواإللمينيتوالروتيل
والمونازيتوالزيركونوالجارنتوغيرهامنالمعادنالهامة. ب الملخص العربي
تناولتهذهالدراسةموضوعالرسالةبالتفصيلحيثتمتقسيمهاإلىأربعةأبوابيمكنوصفها
كاآلتي:
الباب األول:
تناول هذا الباب مقدمة عامةوعرض ألهداف الرسالة وتحديد منطقة الدراسة ومنطقة تجميع
العيناتووصفعاملجيولوجيةهذهالمنطقة.
الباب الثاني:
تناولهذاالبابعرضاألعمالالسابقةوالتيتناولتضمنيامنطقةالدراسةوتعرضتللرمال
السوداءتفصيالبالبحثوالدراسةوالتقييم.
الباب الثالث:
تناولهذاالبابتوضيحالجانبالعمليمنعملياتتجميعالعيناتوشرحهاثمعملياتتجهيز
العينات واعدادهاللتحليلالكيميائي.وقدتمتعملياتتجهيزالعيناتوتحليلهاكيميائيابالمعملالمركزي
للتحليلالعناصريوالنظائري–مركزالبحوثالنووية–هيئةالطاقةالذرية)أنشاص(.
تجميع العينات:
تمتجميععدد03عينةمنالرواسبالشاطئيةعلى03خطوطعموديةعلىخطالشاطئتجاه
اليابس تبتعد عنبعضها بمسافة حوالى 033 متر، حيثتم تجميع عينات سطحية من منطقة خط
الشاطئيليهامجموعةعيناتمجمعةمنآخرحدودمنطقةالمدوعلىعمقحوالي03سمثمالمجموعة
األخيرمنالعيناتوالتيتمتجميعهامنالمنطقةالجافةخلفأخرحدودمنطقةالمدعلىعمقحوالي
0متر. ج الملخص العربي
امتدادامنكلقطاعتمتجميععينةمنمياهالبحرمنمسافةحوالي0مترمنخطالشاطئ
وعلىعمقحوالي0مترمنسطحالبحر،ليتمبذلكتجميع03عيناتمنمياهالبحر.
تمتجميععيناتمناألصدافالمنتشرةعلىالشاطئوبفحصهاودراستهاتمتقسيمهاإلى00
نوعمختلف.
تجهيز العينات:
تم غسل عينات الرواسب الشاطئية بالماء الإزالةالطمي ثم إضافة هيدرجين بيروكسيد إلزالة
الموادالعضويةبهاثمتمتجفيفهاتحتدرجةحرارة000درجةسيليزية.ثمتعرضتالعيناتلعمليت
طحنثمنخلالعيناتللحصولعلىحجمmesh 200.
ثمتمتقسيمالعيناتللحصولعلىعينةممثلةلكلعينة،ومنكلعينةممثلةتمتأخذكمية
مناسبةمنكلعينةحتىيتمفتحهاوتحويلهاإلىمحلولليتمتحليلهاكيميائيا.
تمتجهيزعيناتمياهالبحرللتحليلالكيميائيعنطريقفلترتهاثمتخفيفهابمقدارمناسبحتى
يتمتحليلهاكيميائيا.
تمتجهيز عينات األصداف عن طريق غسلها ثم تجفيفهاثم طحنهاثمتحويلها كيميائيا إلى
محلولباستخدامطرقالفتحالمتبعةبالمعملالمركزي.
تم استخدام جهاز مطياف الكتلة المزود بمنبع آيوني من البالزما المستحثة لعملية التحليل
العناصريللعيناتالمجمعةمنالرواسبالشاطئيةومياهالبحرواألصداف.
تماستخدامعددخمسعيناتمنعيناتالرواسبالشاطئيةلعمليلةالفصلالمعدنيللعينات
بداية بفصل الماجنيتيت بواسطة استخدام مغناطيس يدوي صغير ثم فصل الجزء المتبقى الخالي من
الماجنيتيتباستخدامالبروموفورم)8.24جم/سم0(كسائلثقيل. د الملخص العربي
تماستخدامبرنامجGolden Software-Surfer8،لرسمالخرائطالمختلفةوالتيتمعرضها
داخلمحتوىالدراسة.
الباب الرابع:
يتناولهذاالباببالشرحوالتحليلالنتائجالمعمليةالتيتمالحصولعليهاحيثتحتوىالدراسة
عليثالثأنواعمنالعيناتوهيعيناتال رواسبشاطئيةوعيناتمياهالبحروعيناتاألصداف.
ويمكنتحديدماانتهتإليههذهالدراسةمننتائجكاآلتي:
تمتحليلعدد80عنصرفيعيناتالرواسبالشاطئيةوهم ,Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca
Co, Cu, Cd, U, Sr, Zn, As, V, Pb, Ti, Mn, Ba, Ce, Ni, P, Cr, Zr, Hf
.and Fe
تمتحليلعدد80عنصرفيعيناتمياهالبحروهم ,Si, K, Ca, Cu, As, Sr, Mg
Fe, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Al, Zn, Ti, Zr, Cd, Ba, Pb and U،.
تمتحليلعدد00عنصرفيعيناتاألصدافوهم ,Cr, Zn, Zr, Pb, As, Mg, Mn
.Ni, Al, Fe and Ce
وأظهرتالنتائجالمعمليةاآلتي:
تباينتنسبالعناصرالتيتمتحليلهافيعيناتالرواسبالشاطئيةلتعطيتصوراعنمدى
اختالفالمعادنالتيتحتويهاوالمتواجدةفيهذهالرواسبالشاطئية.وتمتمثيلتوزيعكل
عنصرعلىحدهفيهذهالعيناتوتحديدسلوكهمنحيثالزيادةوالنقصانوارتباطذلك
باالقتراباواالبتعادعنخطالشاطئ.واختلفتتركيزاتهذهالعناصركمااختلفسلوكها
العام في توزيعها فيما بينهذه العينات المجمعة كما هوموضح بالخرائط الكنتوريةالتي ه الملخص العربي
توضحتوزيعهذهالعناصر.ويرجعهذهاالختالففيسلوكهذهالعناصرإلىاالختالف
فيمحتوىهذهالرواسبالشاطئيةمنالمعادنالتيتحتويهذهالعناصر.
مقارنةنتائجتحليلمياهالبحرلبعضالعناصركماوردذكرهمبمتوسطالتركيبالعناصري
لمياهالبحرأظهرتبعضاالختالفاتفيمحتوىهذهالعناصرالتيتمتعينهابعيناتمياه
البحرعنمتوسطتركيبمياهالبحر.
تتشابهعيناتاألصداففينسببعضالعناصرالتيتحتويهاوتختلفبشكلواضحفي
محتواهالبعضالعناصراألخرى.
تمفصلبعضمنالمعادنالثقيلةعنطريقعمليةالفصلالمعدنيالتيأجريتلبعض
عيناتالرواسبالشاطئيةوهيمعادنالماجنيتيتواإللمينيتوالزيركونوالروتيلوالجارنت
والمونازيت، وحساب نسبة كل منهم، فكان متوسط الماجنيتيت 0.81%، واإللمينيت
2..0%والزيركون3.00%والروتيل3.00%والجارنت3.00%والمونازيت%3.30.
قسم الجيولوجيا
كلية العلوم
جامعة الزقازيق
التقييم البيئي لمنطقة رشيد، ساحل البحر المتوسط - مصر
رسالة مقدمة من
عبداهلل محمد عطيه على بكالوريوس العلوم – جيولوجيا المعمل المركزي للتحليل العناصري والنظائري مركز البحوث النووية – هيئة الطاقة الذرية
للحصول على درجة الماجستير في العلوم )الجيولوجيا(
تحت إشراف أ.د/ فكري محمد أبوالعينين أستاذ جيولوجيا الرسوبيات - كلية العلوم، جامعة الزقازيق.
أ.د/ عبدالباسط صبري السروجي أستاذ علم الحفريات - كلية العلوم، جامعة الزقازيق.
أ.د/ عبدالفتاح ابراهيم هالل نائب رئيس هيئة الطاقة الذرية األسبق
3102
التقييم البيئي لمنطقة رشيد، ساحل البحر المتوسط - مصر
رسالة مقدمة من
عبداهلل محمد عطيه على بكالوريوس العلوم – جيولوجيا المعمل المركزي للتحليل العناصري والنظائري مركز البحوث النووية – هيئة الطاقة الذرية
للحصول على
درجة الماجستير في العلوم )الجيولوجيا(
قسم الجيولوجيا كلية العلوم جامعة الزقازيق
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