Chad 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 3 Chad 4 Africa 5 Chapter 2 7 Political Overview 7 History 8 Political Conditions 14 Political Risk Index 41 Political Stability 55 Freedom Rankings 71 Human Rights 82 Government Functions 86 Government Structure 88 Principal Government Officials 91 Leader Biography 93 Leader Biography 93 Foreign Relations 94 National Security 109 Defense Forces 116 Chapter 3 118 Economic Overview 118 Economic Overview 119 Nominal GDP and Components 121 Population and GDP Per Capita 123 Real GDP and Inflation 124 Government Spending and Taxation 125 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 126 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 127 Data in US Dollars 128 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 129 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 130 World Energy Price Summary 131 CO2 Emissions 132 Agriculture Consumption and Production 133 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 135 Metals Consumption and Production 136 World Metals Pricing Summary 138 Economic Performance Index 139 Chapter 4 151 Investment Overview 151 Foreign Investment Climate 152 Foreign Investment Index 154 Corruption Perceptions Index 167 Competitiveness Ranking 178 Taxation 187 Stock Market 188 Partner Links 188 Chapter 5 189 Social Overview 189 People 190 Human Development Index 192 Life Satisfaction Index 196 Happy Planet Index 207 Status of Women 216 Global Gender Gap Index 219 Culture and Arts 228 Etiquette 228 Travel Information 229 Diseases/Health Data 238 Chapter 6 244 Environmental Overview 244 Environmental Issues 245 Environmental Policy 246 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 247 Global Environmental Snapshot 258 Global Environmental Concepts 269 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 283 Appendices 307 Bibliography 308 Chad Chapter 1 Country Overview Chad Review 2016 Page 1 of 320 pages Chad Country Overview CHAD Following independence from France in 1960, Chad has endured instability, three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya before peace was restored in 1990. However, the political situation has remained unstable and volatile. President Idriss Deby came to power in a coup d'etat in 1990; he was since elected and repeatedly re-elected in 1996, 2001, 2006, and most recently in 2011. Throughout his tenure, he had been faced with armed rebellions by several groups and incursions from neighboring Sudan. He survived attacks on the capital from rebels in the eastern part of the country, believed to be supported by Sudan, in 2006 and 2008. Tensions between Chad and Sudan were eased in 2010, effectively assuaging that security challenge. Deby's government foiled an attempted coup d'etat in 2013, indicating ongoing turbulence in Chad. It should be noted that Chad has become a major participant in the effort to rid Islamic militants from northern Mali. As well, fro 2014 and into 2015, Chad has become engaged in the regional fight against the Nigeria-based Islamist terror group, Boko Haram. A semi-desert country in Central Africa, Chad is rich in gold and uranium and stands to benefit from its recently-acquired status as an oil-exporting state. However, Chad’s economic development has long suffered from its landlocked position, inadequate infrastructure, weak governance, and political instability. The country is among the poorest and least developed in the world, and is highly dependent on foreign assistance. Despite the recent development of its petroleum sector, agriculture remains the backbone of the economy, with more than 80 percent of the population dependent on subsistence farming, herding and fishing for their livelihood. Chad Review 2016 Page 2 of 320 pages Chad Key Data Key Data Region: Africa Population: 11631456 Climate: Tropical in south, desert in north French (official) Arabic (official) Languages: Sara and Sango (in south) More than 100 different languages and dialects Currency: 1 CFAF = 100 centimes Independence Day is 11 August (1960), Republic Day is 28 November, Holiday: Africa Day is 25 May Area Total: 1284000 Area Land: 1259200 Coast Line: 0 Chad Review 2016 Page 3 of 320 pages Chad Chad Country Map Chad Review 2016 Page 4 of 320 pages Chad Africa Regional Map Chad Review 2016 Page 5 of 320 pages Chad Chad Review 2016 Page 6 of 320 pages Chad Chapter 2 Political Overview Chad Review 2016 Page 7 of 320 pages Chad History Early History According to archaeological research, the oldest humanoid skull yet found in Chad (Borkou) is more than one million years old. Because in ancient times the Saharan area was not totally arid, it is believed that Chad's population was more evenly distributed than it is today. For example, 7,000 years ago, the north central basin, now in the Sahara, was still filled with water, and people lived and farmed around its shores. The cliff paintings in Borkou and Ennedi depict elephants, rhinoceri, giraffes, cattle and camels; only camels survive today. The region was known to traders and geographers from the late Middle Ages. Since then, Chad has served as a crossroads for the Muslim peoples of the desert and savanna regions and the animist Bantu tribes of the tropical forests. Sao people lived along the Chari River for thousands of years, but the powerful chiefs of what were to become the kingdoms of Kanem-Bornu and Baguirmi overtook their relatively weak chiefdoms. At their peak, these two kingdoms and the kingdom of Ouaddai controlled a sizeable part of present-day Chad, as well as parts of Nigeria and Sudan. From 1500 to 1900, Arab slave raids were widespread. Colonialism The French first penetrated Chad in 1891, establishing their authority through military expeditions primarily against the Muslim kingdoms. The first major colonial battle for Chad was fought in 1900 between the French Major Lamy and the African leader Rabah, both of whom were killed in the battle. Although the French won that battle, they did not declare the territory pacified until 1911; armed clashes between colonial troops and local bands continued for many years thereafter. In 1905, administrative responsibility for Chad was placed under a governor general stationed at Brazzaville in what is now Congo. Although Chad joined the French colonies of Gabon, Oubangui- Charo and Moyen Congo to form the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (AEF) in 1910, it did not have colonial status until 1920. The French occupied the northern region of Chad in 1914. Chad Review 2016 Page 8 of 320 pages Chad In 1959, the territory of French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, and four states, Gabon, the Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville) and Chad, became autonomous members of the French Community. In 1960 Chad became an independent nation under its first president, Francois Tombalbaye. Post-Independence While Tombalbaye, a southerner, came to power in a popular election, immediately following his rise to power he dissolved all political parties but his own Chad Progressive Party. He then took moves towards centralizing his authority and creating a dictatorship. In reaction Tombalbaye's increasing grip on power, northern Muslims sought assistance from Sudan with which they founded the "Chad National Liberation Front" (Frolinat). It quickly took over the northern BET region. This region encompassed the arid northern third of the country, as only six percent of the population lives there it did not provide the Frolinat the support it needed. The civil war escalated with a tax revolt in 1965. Even with the help of French combat forces, the Tombalbaye government was never able to quell the insurgency. Libyan President Qadhafi offered to intervene. This early intervention has set an important precedent over the years. Tombalbaye began a policy of reconciliation, attempting to appease opposition forces. Yet even as his regime became more inclusive, Tombalbaye's rule became more irrational and brutal. Ultimately, support was eroded and he was ousted by a military coup in 1975. This coup brought Gen. Felix Malloum, also a southerner, to power. Malloum brought three important changes to Chad. First, the north managed to establish itself as the capital. This led to Hissene Habre, a Toubu of the north, establishing himself as prime minister. Second, the nature of conflict began transitioning from ideology and ethnicity to personality disputes. Third, Libyan intervention in Chad grew as Qadhafi began supporting northern rebels against the Malloum government. In response, Malloum complained, in vain, to the United Nations Security Council. By 1979 the civil war became so widespread that regional governments decided there was no effective central government and stepped in. A series of four international conferences held first, under Nigerian and then, under Organization of African Unity (OAU) sponsorship attempted to bring the Chadian factions together. At the fourth conference, held in Lagos, Nigeria, in August 1979, the Lagos Accord was signed. This accord established a transitional government pending national elections. In November 1979, the National Union Transition Government (GUNT) was created with a mandate to govern for 18 months. Goukouni Oueddei, a northerner, was named president; Col. Kamougue, a southerner, vice president; and Habre, minister of defense. Chad Review 2016 Page 9 of 320 pages Chad This coalition proved fragile; in March 1980, fighting broke out again between Goukouni's and Habre's forces. The war dragged on inconclusively until Goukouni sought and obtained Libyan intervention. More than 7,000 Libyan troops entered Chad. Although Goukouni requested complete withdrawal of external forces in October 1981, the Libyans pulled back only to the Aozou Strip in northern Chad. An organization of African Unity (OAU) peacekeeping force of 3,500 troops replaced the Libyan forces in the remainder of Chad. The force, consisting of troops from Nigeria, Senegal and Zaire, received funding from the United States. A special summit of the OAU ad hoc committee on the Chad/Libya dispute in February 1982 called for reconciliation among all the factions, particularly those led by Goukouni and Habre, who had resumed fighting in eastern Chad.