Rahman Et Al.Pdf

Research Paper

Identification of fishing technologies and their probable impacts on fish folk diversity in the Bishkhali River of Jhalakathi District in Bangladesh

Accepted 12th January, 2015

ABSTRACT

The Bishkhali River, situated at Jhalakathi district under Barisal division of Bangladesh has immense importance as it supports lifeline of thousands of people. Different types of gears are used in the river to harvest fish species. Therefore, an attempt was undertaken to know the existing fishing gears and their impacts on fish fauna for a period of 10 months from January, 2015 to October, 2015. Results of the study revealed that a total of 18 fishing gears belong to 7 major groups. In total, 51 species under 11 orders, 27 families and 42 genera were identified in the catches of different gears. Among the different orders, Perciformes formed the largest dominant order contributing 16 species (32%) followed by Siluriformes Rahman M B1*, Sazedul Hoque1, Mizanur having 13 species (24.49%). A total of 1,4579 individuals of fishes were caught of Rahman1 which abundant species was Corica soborna, having 1,944 individuals (13.33%). 1Department of Fisheries Technology, Out of 51 species, 16 species were identified as threatened. The species diversity Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science was analyzed using the following diversity indices: Shannon-Weiner index (H); and Technology University, Dumki, Gibson’s evenness (E); Simpson dominance index (D); Simpson index of diversity Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh. 2Department of Fisheries Management, (1-D) and Margalef’s index. Shannon-Weiner index (H); Gibson’s evenness (E) and Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science Margalef’s index showed higher values at sampling sites S1. The ecology of the and Technology University, Dumki, Bishkhali river is in great threat due to excess fishing pressure by illegal fishing Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh. gears, pollution and siltation. Therefore, scientific based study is prerequisite to

*Corresponding author e-mail: protect the fish fauna from extinction. [email protected] Tel: +8801710450610. Key words: Bishkhali river, conservation, fish fauna, fishing gears, impacts.

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh is utterly inventive with extremely rich and Fish is deliberated as one of the most significant food extensive inland, coastal and marine water resources which items from the very beginning of human civilization (Akter mainly consists of floodplains, haors, baors, beels, rivers, et al., 2012). It is one of the major important elements in estuaries, coastal belt and seashore which all together offer the aquatic habitat and plays a key role in economy of many tremendous opportunities for fisheries development and nations as they have been a stable item in the diet of many livelihood support of the people living around these inland people (Kouamelan et al., 2003). Again, Fisheries is a sub- water bodies. Along with potential water resources, sector of Agriculture, having significant role and main Bangladesh is also rich in the diversity of various fish source of animal protein, employment opportunities, food species and other important aquatic biota. Hence, it is security, foreign incomes and socio-economic improvement ranked fourth (DoF, 2015) in fish biodiversity in Asia (Siddiq et al., 2013). This sector contributes 3.69% to GDP behind China, India and Thailand, with approximately 800 and 22.76% to agricultural GDP. Fish supplements to about species of fish from fresh, brackish and marine water 60% of our daily animal protein intake (DoF, 2015) to meet (Hussain and Mazid, 2001). the country’s health demand and thereby helps to reduce Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 073

Figure 1. Geographical location of study area; (a) map of Bangladesh and (b) map of Bishkhali River with four sampling stations (S1, S2, S3 and S4 manifested as red rounded).

malnutrition problem. considering government rules related to aquatic The importance of fish biodiversity is always noteworthy biodiversity and conservation. Consequently, fish fauna of which can never be negligible. But freshwater fishes of the river are under threat. As a result, recording of fishing Bangladesh are the most threatened group and therefore, gears including their mesh sizes, fish diversity and their conservation is a pre-requisite to protect the fish fauna conservation status has become a central aspect to from near extinction. To commence these conservation understand the river ecosystem and conserve the fish initiatives, basic informations of fishes like breeding fauna. The information from this investigation will serve as seasons and conservation status are essential tools. Study a baseline data for carrying out further study on ecology, of fish fauna in any water body would be of great help to conservation, sustainability and management of fisheries take appropriate conservation steps in the water body. resources of this water body. Though a very few research works have been conducted on fish fauna in different water bodies of Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2015; Galib et al., 2013; Imteazzaman et al., 2013; MATERIALS AND METHODS Mohsin et al., 2009), there is no satisfactory information found in the literature regarding fish fauna and fishing Study area and duration of research gears used to capture fish of the Bishkhali River. The Bishkhali is a coastal river under Jhalakathi district of The present investigation was imposed on Bishkhali River, Bangladesh. The river is the harbor of diversified fish fauna. located at Jhalakathi district under Barisal division of Thus, the rivers influence the life style of countless people Bangladesh. Its center lies between 21.9833°N latitude living along and near the coast of the river. At the same and 89.9833°E longitude and falls into the Bay of Bengal time, it is observed that numerous non-selective and illegal (Figure 1) through the mouth of the Baleswar-Haringhata mesh size gears are used to capture fishes without at 13 km down of Patharghata. The total length of the river Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 074

is 96 km with average depth about 16 m. To execute the Analysis of findings objectives of the existing work relevant data were collected fortnightly basis, that is, twice a month for a period of 10 For the analysis of present findings statistical analyses months from January, 2015 to October, 2015. were carried out using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.00.

Measurement of fishing gears RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The fishing gears were surveyed based on participatory Fishing gears rural appraisal (PRA) such as focus groups discussion (FGD), social mapping and cross checking key informant Fishing gears are equipments used to catch aquatic biota interviews (KIA) with fisher’s community fishing in the four especially fishes. For fishing, different types of fishing gears different spots of Bishkhali River. The mesh size of the and traps were employed in Bishkhali River over a period gears was estimated using a centimeter scale (CRESCENT, of time. Table 1 represents the summary of fishing gears Made in China). The fishing gears were categorized under used in Bishkhali River. From the study, a total 18 different different major groups followed by Ahmed (1971). types of fishing gears were identified under 7 major groups such as gill nets (current jal, poma jal, ayre jal,tengra jal, punti jal, ilish jal and fash jal), cast nets (jhaki jal), push nets Fish specimen collection and identification (moia jal and thela jal), seine net (ber jal), fixed purse nets (char jal and badha jal), lift nets (dharma jal, chabi jal and Fish specimens were collected from four fishing spots (S1, ghuchoin jal ) and traps (bitte and kholsun) (Table 1). No S2, S3 and S4) of Bishkhali River. Twelve fishermen were previous study on fishing gears was available in the hired temporarily, three from S1, S2, S3 and S4 each Bishkhali River and thus comparison of present findings operating current jal, jagat ber jal and badha jal under the with previous one was not possible. However, same group of gill net, seine net and fixed purse net, respectively numbers of fishing gears were also observed from Lohalia following lunar periodicity (full moon and new moon) and (Ali et al., 2014), Meghna river (Siddique et al., 2013) and during these periods higher abundance of fishes were Tista river (Khan et al., (2013), but lower numbers of reported by the fishermen and fish vendors. Fish samples fishing gears were recorded from Dogger Beel (Siddiq et al., were also collected from the local fish landing centers and 2013) and Shitalakshya river (Miah et al., 2010). fish markets from previously contacted fishermen. Total Mesh size of the nets varied depending mostly on numbers of individual species were counted in each targeted fish species as well as, water body and seasons. sampling day from these stations. From Table 1, maximum (10 to 12 cm) and minimum (0.2 For laboratory study, 30% of the total catch was taken to 0.3 cm) mesh size was found in the case of ilish jal and from each sampling station and preserved in 10% buffered char jal under the group of gill net and fixed net. Present formalin solution in a previously leveled plastic jars findings on mesh sizes were supported by other studies (Ali according to species and size. In the laboratory, the et al., 2014; Siddiqu et al., 2013). collected specimens were identified to species level with the help of standard taxonomic keys of Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Nelson (1994), Rahman (2005) and Hossain et al. Species assemblages (2007). Fish Base software was also used as a guide. A total of 51 species belonging to 11 orders, 27 families and 42 genera were identified during the study period (Figure 2 and Table 2). Among the different orders, Perciformes Fish folk diversity status formed the largest dominant order contributing 16 species (32%) followed by Siluriformes having 13 species (24.49%) Species diversity was assessed using five different indices and lowest for five orders namely, Anguilliformes, namely, species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, Evenness Beloniformes, Myliobatiformes, Synbranchiformes and and Dominance Indices. The Shannon - Weiner index and Tetraodontiformes provided only 1 species (1.96% for Gibson’s evenness (Shannon and Weaver, 1963) was each). A total of 1,4579 individuals of fishes were caught measured to evaluate species diversity. during the study period of which abundant species was The dominance index like Simpson’s dominance index Corica soborna, having 1,944 individuals (13.33%) and sub- and Simpson’s index of diversity was measured to dominant species was Tenualosa ilisha, which encountered determine whether or not particular species dominate in a 1,890 individuals (12.96%) (Table 2). particular aquatic system. Margalef index (d) (Margalef, Out of 51 species of fin fishes, maximum 44 species were 1968) was used to measure species richness. recorded from S3 and S4 sampling stations individually, 41 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 075

Table 1. Illustration of available fishing gears with their mesh size, target fish species and catch composition documented from three stations (S1, S2, S3 and S4) of Bishkhali river.

Group name Local name Mesh Size (cm) Major species caught Current jal 7-10.1 Ilish, Ayre, Pangas Poma jal 3.8 Poma, Ramsos, Phasa. Ayre jal 6.0 Ayre, Boal, Koral, Pangus Gill net Tengra jal 0.5-2.54 Tengra, Phasa Punti jal 2.5 Punti, Bele, Gulsha, Koi, Pangas Ilish jal 10-12 Ilish Fash jal 4.5-7.0 Pangas, Poa, Hilsa, Ayre

Cast net Jhaki jal 0.2-0.5 Tengra, Punti, Chela, Potka

Moia jal 0.2-0.5 Fry and fingerling of fishes Push net Thela jal 0.3-0.5 All small species

Seine net Ber jal 0.508-1.02 Ayr, Boal, Punti

Char jal 0.2-0.3 Punti, Tengra, Dogri, Kankila, Shol, Taki, Chanda, Vheda Fixed net Badha jal 0.3-0.5 Punti,Tengra, Dogri, Shol, Taki, Chanda, Bele, Koi, Cheua

Dharma jal 0.508-1.02 Gagra, Tengra, Gulsa

Chabi jal 0.254-1.016 Punti, Tengra, Mola, Chela Lift nets Ghuchoin jal 0.508-1.02 Koi, Kholisa, Gulsa, Tengra

Bitte - Baim, Koi, Punti, Tengra Traps Kholsun - Punti, Koi, Baim, Punti, Tengra, Mola, Chanda, Khalisha

Figure. 2: Different fish orders with family, species and genera composition (%) Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 076

Table 2. Systematic position of finfish species with their common English name, Individual encountered, breeding seasons and IUCN red list status of recorded fishes from Bishkhali River during the study period.

Individual encountered Composition Breeding Family Common name Scientific name S1 S2 S3 S4 Abundance (%) seasons Order 1: Anguilliformes (1 species) Moringua Moringuidae Purple spaghetti eel 05 00 02 03 10 0.07 NK raitaborua

Order 2: Beloniformes (1 species) Belonidae Freshwater garfish Xenentodon cancila 07 11 22 25 65 0.45 April-July

Order 3: Clupeiformes (4 species) Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha 570 433 520 367 1890 12.96 Sep-Oct

Ganges river sprat Corica soborna 310 283 563 788 1944 13.33 March-Oct Clupeidae Indian river shad Gudusia chapra 143 152 130 125 550 3.77 May-Aug Gangetic hairfin Engraulidae Setipinna phasa 152 170 196 201 719 4.93 NK anchovy

Order 4: Cypriniformes (9 species) Lepidocephalichthys Cobitidae Guntea loach 22 27 42 65 156 1.07 April-July guntea Spot fin swamp barb Puntius sophore 23 22 55 87 187 1.28 April-Nov Ticto barb Puntius ticto* 63 12 26 76 177 1.21 April-Aug Olive barb Puntius sarana*** 06 05 07 07 25 0.17 April-July Finescale razorbelly Salmostoma 67 109 243 276 695 4.76 April-July minnow phulo Flying barb Esomus danricus 16 23 22 46 107 0.73 NK Aspidoparia Aspidoparia 18 16 37 48 119 0.81 NK morar

Cyprinidae Cunma osteobrama Osteobrama cotio 27 18 21 39 105 0.72 April- July Amblypharyngodon Mola carplet 143 165 329 107 744 5.10 April-Nov mola

Order 5: Myliobatiformes (1 species) Dasyatidae Bleeker's whipray Himantura bleekeri 02 00 00 00 02 0.01 NK

Order 6: Osteoglossiformes (2 species) Humped Notopterus Notopteridae 00 03 00 05 8 0.05 April-July featherback chitala** Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 077

Table 2 Contd. Systematic position of finfish species with their common English name, Individual encountered, breeding seasons and IUCN red list status of recorded fishes from Bishkhali River during the study period.

Individual encountered Composition Breeding Family Common name Scientific name S1 S2 S3 S4 Abundance (%) seasons Order 6: Osteoglossiformes (2 species)

Notopteridae Notopterus Grey featherback 02 00 00 09 11 0.8 May-July notopterus*

Order 7: Perciformes (16 species) Elongate glassy Chanda nama* 05 31 18 23 77 0.53 March-Oct perchlet Ambassidae Himalayan glassy Chanda baculis 17 16 23 66 122 0.84 NK perchlet Anabantidae Climbing perch Anabas testudineus 00 07 05 00 12 0.08 April-July Spotted snakehead Channa punctatus 56 123 168 155 502 3.34 April-July

Giant snakehaed Channa marulius** 00 07 05 12 24 0.16 April-July Channidae Snakehead murrel Channa striatus 00 00 00 12 12 0.08 April-July Tank goby Glossogobius giuris 226 252 130 259 867 5.95 June – July Apocryptes Gobi 77 173 221 401 872 5.98 NK bato Gobiidae Odontamblyop Eel goby 320 432 254 783 1789 12.27 NK us rubicundus Latidae Sea bass Lates Lalcarifer 13 00 00 19 32 0.22 Feb-June Nandidae Mottled Nandus Nandus nandus* 00 00 03 05 08 0.05 March-Oct Osphronemid Banded gourami Colisa fasciatus 24 31 49 64 168 1.15 June- Oct ae Polynemus Polynemidae Paradise threadfin 43 87 66 156 352 2.41 NK paradiseus Croakers pama Pama pama 206 180 176 162 724 4.97 NK Sciaenidae Panna Panna croaker 37 22 28 32 119 0.82 NK microdon Sillaginidae Flathead sillago Sillaginopsis panijus 237 196 224 109 766 5.25 NK

Order 8: Pleuronectiformes (2 species) Cynoglossus Bengal tongue sole 07 00 00 11 18 0.12 NK cynoglossus

Cynoglossidae Brachirus Oriental sole 28 17 06 00 51 0.35 NK orientalis Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 078

Individual encountered Composition Breeding Family Common name S1 S2 S3 S4 Abundance (%) seasons Order 9: Siluriformes (13 species)

Striped River Mystus vittatus 00 18 16 45 79 0.54 April-July Catfish

Long- catfish Mystus aor* 27 32 18 14 91 0.62 Monsoon

Tengra catfish Mystus tengara 00 12 36 45 93 0.64 April-July Bagridae Rita Rita rita*** 00 04 03 02 09 0.06 April-July Day's mystus Mystus bleekeri 07 00 10 8 25 0.17 April-July Heteropneusti Heteropneustes Stinging catfish 00 07 04 00 11 0.08 Monsoon dae fossilis Pangasius Pangasiidae Yellowtail catfish 03 00 06 02 11 0.08 NK pangasius*** Silond catfish Silonia silondia** 02 00 05 02 09 0.06 NK Jamuna ailia Ailia punctata* 09 06 08 00 23 0.16 May-July Schilbeidae Eutropiichyhys River catfish 04 00 06 00 10 0.07 April- Aug vacha*** Freshwater Shark Wallago attu 17 23 33 19 92 0.63 May- Aug Siluridae Pabdha catfish Ompok pabda** 06 12 09 07 34 0.2 April- Aug Bagarius Sisoridae Gangetic goonch 00 02 00 00 02 0.01 April-June bagarius***

Order 10: Synbranchiformes (1 species) Synbranchidae Swamp eel Monopterus cuchia* 03 00 05 02 10 0.07 Mar- June

Order 11: Tetraodontiformes (1 species) Teraodontida Green puffer fish Tetraodon fluviatilis 07 12 09 23 51 0.35 Monsoon e Total 2957 3151 3759 4712 14579 100%

As per IUCN Bangladesh (2000) conservation status: ***Critically Endangered, **Endangered,*Vulnerable; NK= Not Know; Sep-September, Oct-October, Aug- August, Feb- February.

species from S1 and 39 fish species at sampling individuals for S3, 3,151 for S2 and rest 2,957 from Padma river (Hossain et al., 2005), but lower station S2. Highest number of individuals (4712) individuals for S1. However, higher number of number of fishes was identified from Chanda beel was encountered at station S4, followed by 3,759 species including breeding seasons was recorded (Ehshan et al., 2007). Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 079

Figure. 3: Sampling stations wise vulnerable, critically endangered and endangered fish species

Conservation status not destructive and could be used round the year to catch fishes in the river (Rahman et al., 1999). Besides, Bishkhali A total of 54 native freshwater fish species of Bangladesh River shows erosion tendency and the towns and ports, for have been declared as threatened species by IUCN, example, Betagi, Anua and Bamna are under threat to its (Bangladesh, 2000). Among them, 16 species were erosion. identified as threatened from Bishkhali River. Out of 51 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) species of fin fishes from the study area 7, 4 and 5 species constructed an embankment to prevent flood and salinity in belonged to vulnerable, endangered and critically the river. Deposition process and char (island) formation is endangered, respectively represented with different active at various parts of the river. Some of the islands are sampling spots wise (Figure 3). However, Chandra (2009) under settlement and cultivation. Two of the offshoots of identified 11 vulnerable, 26 endangered and 10 critically Bishkhali, Badankhalikone and Khakdone are about to die endangered from greater Mymensingh which was much due to lack of sufficient flow of water (Chowdhury, 2012) higher than the present finding. Galib et al. (2013) also which causes great reduction of fish species. Kalpana and recorded 10 vulnerable, 10 endangered and 6 critically Seth (2001) studied the factors encroachment, siltation, endangered species from river Choto Jamuna. weed infestation and pollution adversely affecting aquatic During questionnaire survey with fisher’s community, communities whereas; Mugetti et al. (2004) reported in most of them reported that there were plenty of different their findings that the biodiversity becomes affected by fishes available from the Bishkhali River 10 to 20 years overfishing and pollution. Hence, government as well as, back, but the diversity and overall availability of fishes are fisheries related organizations should take a conservation declining day by day from the river due to excess fishing manner to guide the fishes in the river from extinction as pressure. During fishing, different types of non-selective, conservation of fish diversity is essential to maintain irrespective and smaller mesh size gears were found as ecological/nutritional and socio-economic equilibrium major causes for reduction of fish species. Different non- (Lakra, 2010). If the fishing effort decreased, then, the stationary fishing gears especially moia jal and badha jal density of fish biodiversity and the Shannon-Weiner under the group of push nets and seine net causes much diversity index will increase. destruction of juveniles fishes. Moia jal are mostly used to capture fish fry of different species. Another non-stationary gear is char jal under the group of fixed net placed in the Biodiversity status mouth of a narrow open canal connected to the river which serves as a major route of species movement to search food Species richness, evenness, and diversity indices as in night time from where they were caught. Stationary nets Shannon-Weiner and Simpson Index and Margalef’s index like current jal, fash jal, ilish jal under the group of gill net were calculated (Table 3) to evaluate the fish species was observed as major threat for aquatic biota and diversity from the study areas. From Table 3, H values were responsible for catching breeding fish species. Cast net is found to be higher in S1 (3.16) followed by S2 (3.05), S4 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Rahman et al. 080

Table 3. Different equation of diversity indexes used to understand species status.

Variable S1 S2 S3 S4 Taxa S 41 39 44 44 Individuals 2975 3151 3759 4712

Shannon-Wiener Index (H) 3.16 3.05 2.93 2.94

Gibson’s evenness (E) E 0.57 0.54 0.44 0.45

Simpson’s dominance index (D) 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08

Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.92

Margalef’s index (d) d= S-1/ N 5.01 4.72 5.22 5.08

Legends: N=Total number of organisms of all species found, ni=number of individuals of a particular species, i = an index number for each species present in a sample, S= the number of species of a single population and = the natural log of the number, =sum the values for each species.

(2.94) and S3 (2.93). The value of Evenness (E) varied it is recommended that like other important rivers fishing between 1 and 0. However, evenness (E) was shown as regulation should be implemented in the studied river to 0.57, 0.54, 0.44 and 0.45 for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively. protect and conserve the existing important fin fish. It is The bigger the Simpson’s dominance index (D) value observed that during data collection the local fisher’s usually ranges from 0 to 1, the smaller the biodiversity. The community did not follow any fishing regulations such as value of D was found 0.08, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.08 for S1, S2, S3 they habituated to use different smaller mesh size net like and S4, respectively. The Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) badha jaj, moia jal and punti jal etc. If the fishing regulation value also ranges between 0 and 1, the greater the value, is not implemented, the fish-fauna will decrease in the near the greater the sample diversity where the 1-D value future. Thus, for sustaining the biodiversity, fishing occurred maximum for S2 (0.93) and minimum (0.92 for regulation should be implemented in the Bishkhali River. each) for S1, S3 and S4. The Margalef’s index (d) was Government and Fisheries research institution along with maximum in S3 (5.22) followed by S4- 5.08, S1- 5.01 and different agencies must take immediate action through minimum in S2- 4.72. Shukla et al. (2013) also studied three public awareness and education to protect the ecosystem of stations of Aami River and showed Shannon-Weiner index these valuable fish species and develop more feasible (H) in site-1 was 0.0213 followed by site-2 (0.0088) and strategy as conservation measures. lowest in site-3 (0.00422). The Simpson’s dominance index (D) value was high at site-1 (.064) and site-2 (0.0280) and low at site-1 (0.0133). Simpson’s index of Diversity (1-D) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT for site 1 was 0.936, Site 2 was 0.72 and site 3 is 0.986. Galib et al. (2013) in their study also found about 63 The authors express sincere appreciation to local fishers species from Choto Jamuna river and calculated values of and Upazila Fisheries Officer for providing valuable Shannon- Weiner index (H), Margalef’s index and evenness information and the Department of Fisheries Technology, (E) were 3.717, 6.954, and 0.897, respectively. Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh for adequate laboratory facilities to complete this manuscript successfully. Conclusion

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