DOCSLIB.ORG

Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa Public Disclosure Authorized a Reference Guide for Practitioners

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa Public Disclosure Authorized a Reference Guide for Practitioners Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa Public Disclosure Authorized A Reference Guide for Practitioners January 2017 By Pietro Guj, Stephanie Martin, Bryan Maybee, Frederick Cawood, Boubacar Bocoum, Nishana Gosai and Steef Huibregtse Public Disclosure Authorized 1705352-Transfer_Pricing_In_Mining_CVR 3 1/25/17 11:09 AM Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa A Reference Guide for Practitioners Pietro Guj Stephanie Martin Bryan Maybee Frederick Cawood Boubacar Bocoum Nishana Gosai Steef Huibregtse January 2017 NOTES: 1—The interests of the International Mining for Development Centre (IM4DC) have since its closure being repre- sented by the Mineral and Energy for Development Alliance (MEfDA) between the two original IM4DC partners, namely the University of Western Australia and the University of Queensland. 2—The jacket map locating the main mineral deposits in Africa was provided by MinEx Consulting. 1705352-Transfer_Pricing_In_Mining_FM,PARTA.indd 1 1/25/17 11:24 AM Pietro Guj, Research Professor (corresponding author), The Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET), E-mail: pietro.guj@uwa .edu.au. Stephanie Martin, Consultant, previously Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, Australian Tax Office. Bryan Maybee, Research Professor, The Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET) and Senior Lecturer, Department of Mineral & Energy Eco- nomics, Graduate School of Business, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. Frederick Cawood, Professor and Head of the School of Mining Engineering, The University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Boubacar Bocoum, Lead Mining Specialist, World Bank Group’s Sustainable Energy, Oil, Gas and Mining Unit (SEGOM), Washington, D.C. Nishana Gosai, Manager Transfer Pricing (Large Business Centre), South African Revenue Services, Johannesburg, South Africa. Steef Huibregtse, Chief Executive Officer, Transfer Pricing Associates (Global) Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1705352-Transfer_Pricing_In_Mining_FM,PARTA.indd 2 1/18/17 7:33 AM Contents Prologue ....................................................................................... ix Foreword ...................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................. xii Disclaimer ..................................................................................... xiii Précis.......................................................................................... xiv 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Needs Identification .............................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives and Nature of the Current Study ......................................... 3 1.3 Structure of This Guidebook ....................................................... 4 1.4 Outline of Transfer Pricing Principles and Methods ................................... 6 1.5 Transfer Pricing Is Only One Aspect of a Multifaceted Problem......................... 9 PART A THE MINING INDUSTRY AND TRANSFER PRICING 2. The Mining Value Chain ............................................................. 13 2.1 Mining Value Chain Analysis ...................................................... 13 2.1.1 Stages of the mining cycle and degree of vertical integration and implications for transfer pricing ..................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Transfer pricing as a management accounting method for intra- and inter-group customer-supplier transactions.................................................. 15 2.2 Typical Functions of the Mining Cycle .............................................. 16 2.2.1 General classification of related-party transactions in mining.......................... 16 2.2.2 Specific functions/activities involved at various stages of the mining value chain .......... 16 2.2.2.1 Acquisition and exploration stage................................................ 17 2.2.2.2 Mine construction and development stage ........................................ 18 2.2.2.3 Mining operations and concentration stage ....................................... 19 2.2.2.4 Transportation stage: Trucking/railing, port and shipping .......................... 19 2.2.2.5 Smelting and refining stage ..................................................... 20 2.2.2.6 Trading, marketing and sales functions ........................................... 21 3. Typical Mining Industry Transactions Potentially Involving Transfer Pricing .............. 22 3.1 Primary and Secondary Functions in a Fully Vertically Integrated Base/Precious Metals Producer ........................................................................ 22 3.2 Assets Utilized and Created in Various Mining Functions.............................. 24 3.3 Project, Market and Other Business Risks Typical of the Mining Industry ................ 28 4. Mapping of the Main Risk to Government Revenue Arising from Mispricing of Transfers in the Mining Value Chain ........................................................... 32 4.1 General Considerations ........................................................... 32 4.2 Risks Arising in Mining Operations................................................. 36 iii 1705352-Transfer_Pricing_In_Mining_FM,PARTA.indd 3 1/18/17 7:33 AM iv Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa 4.2.1 General considerations for the use of hubs for the supply of goods and services ............ 36 4.2.2 Marketing hubs .............................................................. 39 4.2.2.1 General characteristics of minerals products sales.................................. 39 4.2.2.2 Transfer pricing issues relating to marketing hubs ................................. 43 4.2.3 Corporate services hub......................................................... 50 4.2.4 Engineering, science and technical hub ........................................... 54 4.2.5 Insurance hub ............................................................... 60 4.2.6 Finance hub ................................................................. 62 4.2.6.1 Thin capitalization as a mechanism for shifting profits.............................. 67 5. Location and Structuring of International Businesses and Cross-Border Trade ............. 74 5.1 Attracting Investment in Mineral Exploration and Mining through Specific Fiscal Incentives................................................... 74 5.2 Criteria for Corporate Structuring and Location of Service Hubs........................ 75 5.3 Corporate Restructuring Is a Continuous and Dynamic Process ........................ 80 5.4 Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) Issues Pertinent to Developing Countries........... 82 5.5 Treaty Shopping ................................................................. 85 PART B THE MINING INDUSTRY IN AFRICA AND TRANSFER PRICING 6. Characteristics of the African Mining Industry ......................................... 91 6.1 Economic Importance of Mining in Africa ........................................... 91 6.2 Current Status of Transfer Pricing Legislation and Administration in Africa ............. 93 6.2.1 Transfer pricing legislation . 93 6.2.2 Results of transfer pricing questionnaire .......................................... 95 6.3 Revenue and Cost Structure of African Mining Operations as a Basis for Identification of Transfer Pricing Risks .......................................................... 97 6.3.1 General considerations ........................................................ 97 6.3.2 Key commodities characteristics and their influence on cross-border transactions .......... 99 6.3.2.1 Global production and resource profiles for key commodities in Africa ............... 100 6.3.2.2 Current state of key commodity production in Africa............................... 102 6.3.2.3 Broad revenue and cost considerations ........................................... 106 6.3.3 Examples of transfer pricing issues emerging in the context of various commodities ........ 108 6.3.3.1 Precious metals: Some gold and a Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) examples .......... 109 6.3.3.2 Base metals: Copper products, pricing and case studies............................. 114 6.3.3.3 Iron ore products, pricing and case studies........................................ 122 6.3.3.4 Coal products, pricing and case studies........................................... 129 6.3.3.5 Diamonds and other gemstones ................................................. 133 PART C INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY 7. Transfer Pricing Administration, Compliance and Audits................................ 145 7.1 Compliance Process Overview ..................................................... 145 7.1.1 Phase 1—Who is of concern?—Case selection ...................................... 149 7.1.2 Phase 2—What issues do they present?—Risk assessment ............................ 152 7.1.3 Phase 3—Audit .............................................................. 153 7.1.4 Phase 4—Resolve issues ....................................................... 155 7.1.5 Process summary............................................................. 156 1705352-Transfer_Pricing_In_Mining_FM,PARTA.indd 4 1/18/17 7:33 AM Transfer Pricing in Mining with a Focus on Africa v 7.2 Availability of Transfer Pricing Analytical, Compliance and Auditing Skills and Resources ..................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zeerust Sub District of Ramotshere Moiloa Magisterial District Main
    # # !C # ### # !C^# #!.C# # !C # # # # # # # # # ^!C# # # # # # # # ^ # # ^ # ## # !C # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # !C # !C # # # # # # ## # # # # !C# # # # #!C# # # ## ^ ## # !C # # # # # ^ # # # # # # #!C # # # !C # # #^ # # # # # # # # #!C # # # # # # # !C # # # # # # # # !C# ## # # # # # # !C# # !C # # # #^ # # # # # # # # # # # #!C# # # # # ## # # # # # # # ##!C # # ## # # # # # # # # # # !C### # # ## # ## # # # # # ## ## # ## !C## # # # # !C # # # #!C# # # # #^ # # # ## # # !C# # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # #!C # #!C #!C# # # # # # # ^# # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # !C# ^ ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ### # ## # # !C # # #!C # # #!C # ## # !C## ## # # # # !C# # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # #!C # # ## ## # # ## # ## # # ## ## # # #^!C # # # # # # ^ # # # # # # ## ## # # ## # # # # # !C # ## # # # #!C # ### # # # ##!C # # # # !C# #!C# ## # ## # # # !C # # ## # # ## # ## # ## ## # # ## !C# # # ## # ## # # ## #!C## # # # !C # !C# #!C # # ### # # # # # ## !C## !.### # ### # # # # ## !C # # # # # ## # #### # ## # # # # ## ## #^ # # # # # ^ # # !C# ## # # # # # # # !C## # ## # # # # # # # ## # # ##!C## ##!C# # !C# # # ## # !C### # # ^ # !C #### # # !C# ^#!C # # # !C # #!C ### ## ## #!C # ## # # # # # ## ## !C# ## # # # #!C # ## # ## ## # # # # # !C # # ^ # # ## ## ## # # # # !.!C## #!C## # ### # # # # # ## # # !C # # # # !C# # # # # # # # ## !C # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # ## # # ^ # # # # # # # ## !C ## # ^ # # # !C# # # # ^ # # ## #!C # # ^
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of South Africa in 1999
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF SOUTH AFRICA By George J. Coakley Mining and downstream minerals processing remained more than $3.3 billion was committed for new projects in 2000, keystones of the economy of the Republic of South Africa in chiefly in gold and PGM, and an additional $4.9 billion was 1999. With a population of 43.4 million, South Africa had a under consideration for future investment. gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of $6,900 based on purchasing power parity estimates for 1998.1 Of total exports of Production all goods, which were valued at $28 billion, gold exports accounted for 14.1%, and other minerals and metals exports, for In 1999, South Africa was one of the largest and most diverse about an additional 28%. According to the Minerals Bureau of minerals producers in the world. As listed in table 1, changes in South Africa, the primary mining sector contributed $7.7 output levels were mixed. Gold production decreased a further billion, or 6.5%, to the GDP. Adding the multiplier effects of 3% between 1998 and 1999 as the industry continued to services and goods supplied by industries that support the rationalize production to reduce operating costs in response to mining sector would increase the contribution to GDP by the continued depressed gold price. Production of most of the another 14%. The contribution to the GDP would also be other major metals was up from 1% to 10% compared with that significantly higher if the value-added mineral-processing of 1998. Output of iron ore, lead, steel, and vanadium declined.
    [Show full text]
  • SAHRA-Annual-Report-2007.Pdf
    SAHRA Ann Rep Cover 2007 repro Monday, August 27, 2007 1:21:22 PM Table of Contents SAHRA’S VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT 2 LETTER FROM THE CHAIRPERSON 3 THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER’S FOREWORD AND MESSAGE 4 APPLICABLE ACTS AND OTHER INFORMATION 7 STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY 8 CORPORATE AFFAIRS 9 Human Resources Management 10 Information and Auxiliary Services 25 HERITAGE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 27 Head Office Units Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites Unit 28 Architectural Heritage Landscape Unit 34 Burial Grounds and Graves Unit 38 Grading and Declarations Unit 44 Heritage Objects Unit 48 Living Heritage Unit 54 Maritime Archaeology Unit 62 National Inventory Unit 72 Provincial Offices Eastern Cape 76 Free State 80 Gauteng 80 Kwa-Zulu Natal 92 Limpopo 94 Mpumalanga 98 North West 102 Northern Cape 110 Western Cape 116 LEGAL UNIT 128 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 131 SAHRA OFFICES AND STAFF 161 SAHRA’S VISION SAHRA’s vision is to provide for the identification, conservation, protection and promotion of our heritage resources for present and future generations. SAHRA’S MISSION As custodians of our national estate our mission is: ° to coordinate and monitor the identification of our national heritage resources; ° to set norms and standards and maintain the management of heritage resources nationally; ° to encourage co-operative conservation of our national estate; ° to enable and facilitate the development of provincial structures; ° to control the export and import of nationally significant heritage resources; ° to develop policy initiative for the promotion and management of our heritage; ° to nurture an holistic celebration of our history; ° to set national policy for heritage resources management, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Benefit-Based Corporate Income
    Optimal Benefit-Based Corporate Income Tax Simon M Naitram∗ Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow June 26, 2019 Abstract I derive an optimal benefit-based corporate tax rate formula as a function of the public input elasticity of profits and the (net of) tax elasticity of profits. I argue that the existence of the corporate income tax should be justified by the benefit-based view of taxation: firms should pay tax according to the benefits they receive from the use of the public input. I argue that benefit-based corporate taxation is normatively fair. Since the public input is a location-specific factor, a positive benefit-based corporate tax rate is also feasible even in a small open economy. The benefit-based view gives three clear principles of corporate tax design. First, we should tax corporate profits at source. Second, the optimal tax base is location-specific rents. Third, profit shifting is normatively wrong. An empirical application of the formula suggests the optimal benefit-based corporate tax rate on public corporations in the United States lies in the range of 35 to 52 percent. JEL: H21; H25; H32; H41 Keywords: benefit principle; optimal corporate tax; public input 1 Introduction The view that `corporations must pay their fair share' dominates public opinion. In 2017, Amer- icans' biggest complaint about the federal tax system was the feeling that some corporations do not pay their fair share of tax. Sixty-two percent of respondents said they were bothered `a lot' by corporations who did not pay their fair share (Pew Research Center, 2017a).
    [Show full text]
  • Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence∗
    Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence∗ Thomas Tørsløv (University of Copenhagen) Ludvig Wier (UC Berkeley) Gabriel Zucman (UC Berkeley and NBER) December 25, 2020 Abstract We show that the fiscal authorities of high-tax countries can lack the incentives to combat profit shifting to tax havens. Instead, they have incentives to focus their enforcement efforts on relocating profits booked by multinationals in other high-tax countries, crowding out the enforcement on transactions that shift profits to tax havens, and reducing the global tax payments of multinational companies. The predictions of our model are motivated and supported by the analysis of two new datasets: the universe of transfer price corrections conducted by the Danish tax authority, and new cross-country data on international tax enforcement. ∗Thomas Tørsløv: [email protected]; Ludvig Wier: [email protected]; Gabriel Zucman: [email protected]. We thank the Danish Tax Administration for data access and many conversations, the Editor, three referees, and numerous seminar and conference participants. Financial support from the FRIPRO program of the Research Council of Norway and from Arnold Ventures is gratefully acknowledged. The authors retain sole responsibility for the views expressed in this research. 1 Introduction Multinational firms can avoid taxes by shifting profits from high-tax to low-tax countries. A number of studies suggest that this profit shifting causes substantial losses of tax revenue (Criv- elli, de Mooij and Keen, 2015; Bolwijn et al., 2018; Clausing, 2016; Tørsløv et al., 2020). In principle, tax authorities in high-tax countries can attempt to reduce profit shifting by increas- ing the monitoring of intra-group transactions and enforcing more strongly the rules governing the pricing of these transactions.1 Why, despite the sizable revenue losses involved, does profit shifting nonetheless persist? This paper provides a novel answer to this question by studying the incentives faced by tax authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between MNE Tax Haven Use and FDI Into Developing Economies Characterized by Capital Flight
    1 The relationship between MNE tax haven use and FDI into developing economies characterized by capital flight By Ali Ahmed, Chris Jones and Yama Temouri* The use of tax havens by multinationals is a pervasive activity in international business. However, we know little about the complementary relationship between tax haven use and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the developing world. Drawing on internalization theory, we develop a conceptual framework that explores this relationship and allows us to contribute to the literature on the determinants of tax haven use by developed-country multinationals. Using a large, firm-level data set, we test the model and find a strong positive association between tax haven use and FDI into countries characterized by low economic development and extreme levels of capital flight. This paper contributes to the literature by adding an important dimension to our understanding of the motives for which MNEs invest in tax havens and has important policy implications at both the domestic and the international level. Keywords: capital flight, economic development, institutions, tax havens, wealth extraction 1. Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNEs) from the developed world own different types of subsidiaries in increasingly complex networks across the globe. Some of the foreign host locations are characterized by light-touch regulation and secrecy, as well as low tax rates on financial capital. These so-called tax havens have received widespread media attention in recent years. In this paper, we explore the relationship between tax haven use and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries, which are often characterized by weak institutions, market imperfections and a propensity for significant capital flight.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Disruption: Transfer Pricing Issues and Considerations for the Real Estate Investment Trust Industry
    Tax Insights from Transfer Pricing and Real Estate Business Disruption: Transfer pricing issues and considerations for the real estate investment trust industry May 5, 2020 In brief The current crisis has caused significant business disruption for almost every industry, but with particular impact on certain industries. Many real estate investment trusts (REITs) face difficulties as their tenants struggle to meet lease obligations, their real estate assets decline in value, and the ability of their employees to work remotely is challenged. Like many other businesses, REITs must adjust their operations to deal with business disruption arising from the current environment. For a REIT that has taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs), its transfer pricing policies can play a key role in its ability to respond to these challenges. This is because TRSs provide REITs with the increased operational flexibility to enter into transactions that may not be permissible for the REIT itself. However, when REITs enter into — or revise — transactions with TRSs based on changes in market conditions, careful consideration should be given to the rules governing the taxation of REITs and TRSs under Sections 856 and 857, as well as the transfer pricing rules under Section 482. Not doing so could result in unexpected excise taxes, REIT compliance concerns, and liquidity issues. The following summarizes common transactions between REITs and TRSs and key issues that should be considered from an income tax perspective. In detail Leases of property from a REIT to a TRS Leases from REITs to TRSs are prevalent where a REIT holds certain classes of property, such as hotels or assisted living facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • International Transfer Pricing and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Linked Tax-Trade Statistics in the UK
    International Transfer Pricing and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Linked Tax-Trade Statistics in the UK Li Liu, Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr, and Dongxian Guo International Monetary Fund, Federal Reserve Board, and LSE LSG (IMF, FRB&LSE) Tranfer Mispricing 1 / 23 Disclaimers This work contains statistical data from HMRC which is Crown Copyright. The research datasets used may not exactly reproduce HMRC aggregates. The use of HMRC statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of HMRC in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the information. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. Nor do the views necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Reserve System. LSG (IMF, FRB&LSE) Tranfer Mispricing 2 / 23 Introduction Profit shifting by multinational companies (MNC) is a large concern for policy makers Unilateral: implementation of various anti-avoidance rules; ”Google tax” in the UK (2015) and Australia (2016) Multilateral: the G20/OECD base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project Common strategies used by MNC to shift profits: Debt shifting Royalties and service fees Transfer mispricing Some well-known cases: Google, Apple, Starbucks, Pfizer often through intellectual property rights, licensing etc But there are also some well-known TP cases: e.g. Caterpillar LSG (IMF, FRB&LSE) Tranfer Mispricing 3 / 23 Transfer Mispricing: A Simple Example Manipulating prices of goods and services
    [Show full text]
  • Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
    Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) BEPS Action 7 Additional Guidance on the Attribution of Profits to Permanent Establishments 4 October 2017 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS AFME and UK Finance .................................................................................................................. 5 Andrew Cousins & Richard Newby ............................................................................................... 8 Andrew Hickman ............................................................................................................................ 13 ANIE (Federazione Nazionale Imprese Elettrotecniche ed Elettroniche) ....................................... 19 Association of British Insurers ....................................................................................................... 22 BDI ...... .......................................................................................................................................... 24 BDO...... .......................................................................................................................................... 26 BEPS Monitoring Group ................................................................................................................ 29 BIAC ... .......................................................................................................................................... 47 BusinessEurope .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ireland's Corporation Tax Roadmap
    Ireland’s Corporation Tax Roadmap Incorporating implementation of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directives Prepared byand the recommendationsDepartment of Finance of the Coffey Review September 2018 Prepared by the Department of Finance Ireland’s Corporation Tax Roadmap Incorporating implementation of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directives and recommendations of the Coffey Review September 2018 Prepared by the Tax Policy Division, Department of Finance, Government Buildings, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin 2, D02 R583, Ireland Website: www.finance.gov.ie Contents Foreword by the Minister ........................................................................................................................ i The journey so far – international tax reform in recent years ............................................................... 1 Actions Ireland has taken on corporate tax ............................................................................................ 4 EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directives ........................................................................................................... 6 ATAD Interest Limitation ..................................................................................................................... 7 ATAD Exit Tax ...................................................................................................................................... 7 ATAD General Anti-Abuse Rule ........................................................................................................... 8 ATAD Controlled
    [Show full text]
  • Valuations for Financial Reporting and Transfer Pricing Purposes, We Have Selected a Few Areas Where We Frequently See Variations, Including
    Bridging the Divide: March 6, 2019 Valuations for Financial Reporting and Tax/Transfer Pricing Nate Levin, Managing Director, Valuation Advisory Susan Fickling-Munge, Managing Director, Transfer Pricing Simon Webber, Managing Director, Transfer Pricing DUFF & PHELPS Duff & Phelps is the global advisor that protects, restores and maximizes value for clients in the areas of valuation, corporate finance, investigations, disputes, cyber security, compliance and regulatory matters, and other governance-related issues. We work with clients across diverse sectors, mitigating risk to assets, operations and people. M O R E T H A N 6 , 5 0 0 C L I E N T S 1 5 , 0 0 0 I N C L U D I N G ENGAGEMENTS O V E R PERFORMED IN 50% O F T H E 2017 S & P 5 0 0 T H E E U R O P E A N D A S I A 3,500+ AMERICAS MIDDLE EAST PACIFIC T O T A L 2 , 0 0 0 + 1000+ 500+ PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS PROFESSIONALS GLOBALLY BRIDGING THE DIVIDE WEBCAST 2 ONE COMPANY ACROSS 28 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE E U R O P E A N D THE AMERICAS MIDDLE EAST ASIA PACIFIC Addison Grenada Princeton Abu Dhabi Dublin Munich Bangalore Melbourne Atlanta Houston Reston Agrate Brianza Frankfurt Padua Beijing Mumbai Austin Los Angeles St. Louis Amsterdam Lisbon Paris Brisbane New Delhi Bogota Mexico City San Francisco Athens London Pesaro Guangzhou Shanghai Boston Miami São Paulo Barcelona Longford Porto Hanoi Shenzhen Buenos Aires Milwaukee Seattle Berlin Luxembourg Rome Ho Chi Minh City Singapore Cayman Islands Minneapolis Secaucus Bilbao Madrid Tel Aviv* Hong Kong Sydney Chicago Morristown
    [Show full text]
  • Development Letter Draft
    Issue JAN-MAR ‘21 A periodical by Research and Policy Integration for Development (RAPID) with the support from The Asia Foundation Strengthening Localisation of SDGs: Rethinking Bangladesh’s Fiscal Year Time Frame A Model Union Approach M Abu Eusuf | Page 17 Shamsul Alam | Page 1 Combatting Transfer Mispricing: Getting Ready for LDC Graduation A New Avenue for Bangladesh Customs Abdur Razzaque | Page 3 Nipun Chakma & Mohammad Fyzur Rahman | Page 20 World Rankings of Dhaka University: Do Natural Hazards Make Farmers from Coastal How to Improve? Areas More Productive? Evidence from Bangladesh Muhammed Shah Miran | Page 6 Syed Mortuza Asif Ehsan & Md Jakariya | Page 24 Economic Governance in Bangladesh: The Need for Valuing the Socio-Cultural Aspects of Potential Roles for the Planning Commission Wetland Ecosystem Services in Bangladesh Helal Ahammad | Page 8 Alvira Farheen Ria & Raisa Bashar | Page 27 Multidimensional Poverty in Bangladesh: Plugging Bangladesh into Global COVID-19 Measurement and Implications Vaccine Supply Chain Mahfuz Kabir | Page 13 Rabiul Islam Rabi & Md Shahiduzzaman Sarkar | Page 30 © All rights reserved by Research and Policy Integration for Development (RAPID) Editorial Team Editor-In-Chief Advisory Board Abdur Razzaque, PhD Atiur Rahman, PhD Chairman, RAPID and Research Director, Policy Former Governor, Bangladesh Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh Research Institute (PRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh Ismail Hossain, PhD Managing Editor Pro Vice-Chancellor, North South University, M Abu Eusuf, PhD Dhaka, Bangladesh Professor, Department
    [Show full text]