DAMAK CAMPUS JOURNAL
Vol.1 Number 1 December 2011
Advisors:
Suresh Subba Tulasi Prasad Bhattarai, Ph.D. Pro. Tanka Prasad Neupane, Ph.D.
Chief Editor:
Mohan Prasad Bhandari
Managing Editors:
Uttam Prasad Bhattarai Indiraj Paudyal
Editors:
Bishwaraj Adhikari Kul Prasad Siwakoti Leknath Luitel Ram Prasad Bhandari
Publication Cell
Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa Tel.No. 023-580132, 023-581232
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 1
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bds SofDk; clxn] #! jif{sf] o'jf pd]/df lxFl8/x]sf] 5 . oxfF cfOk'Ubf;Dd lzIffIf]qdf o;n] h'g e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 :yfgLo kl/j]zsf nflu of] lgSs} 7"nf] pknlAw xf] . cfkm\gf] #! jif{sf] z}lIfs ofqfdf o;n] ljleGg ;+sfo / txdf u/L bz xhf/eGbf a9L ljBfyL{nfO{ cf‛cfkm\gf txaf6 pQL0f{ u/fO ;s]sf] 5 / oxfFaf6 cfkm\gf] tx pQL0f{ u/]sf clwsf+z ljBfyL{x¿ s'g} g s'g} ;+:yfdf cfkm\gf] txut of]Uotf cg';f/sf sfddf lgk"0f blvPsf 5g\ . o;sf] z}lIfs :t/Lotf / ;fdflhs ;+nUgtfnfO{ b]v]/ g} ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] :yfgLo hg;xeflutfaf6 ;~rflnt d'n'ssf tLg;oeGbf a9L ;fd'bflos SofDk;x¿dWo] bf];|f] pRr lzIff kl/of]hgfsf nflu 5flgPsf ( j6f SofDk;leq o;nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . pQm kl/of]hgf cGtu{t lgwf{l/t cfjZos dfkb08 k"/f u/L clxn] QAA (Quality Assurance and Accreditation) k|fKt ug]{ cj:yfsf] clGtd r/0f;Dd k'lu;s]sf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ cfzf / e/f];f klg 5 ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] o;sf] plrt d"Nof+sg u/L oyflz3| o;nfO{ :t/Lotfsf] k|df0f‛kq lbg]5 .
:t/Lotfsf] tfTko{ cfkm\gf] :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/ ;j{tf]d'vL prfOsf] lbzflt/ pGd'v x'g' xf] . ;Dej eP;Dd tbf?stfsf ;fy bds SofDk;n] Tof] pGd'vtf b]vfpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] lgoldt z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf :yfgLo ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;flxlTos / cGo ultljlwx¿df k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kaf6 o;n] b]vfPsf ?lr / ;+nUgtfn] o;sf] prfOsf] cled'vtflt/ nlIot ub{5 . t/ olt x'Fbf‛x'Fb} klg of] kof{Kt 5}g eGg] xfdLn] /fd|/L a'em]sf 5f}+ . o; prfOnfO{ cem} dflyNnf] lzv/;Dd k'¥ofpg xfdLn] cem} 7f]; c7f]6 / k|lta4tfsf;fy nflukg'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To; pRr z}lIfs uGtJosf nflu ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] xfdLnfO{ cfjZos dfu{bz{g ul//x]sf] 5 . To;} ljZjf; / e/f];fsf ;fy xfd|f cjsf kfOnfx¿ dfgs ljZjljBfnosf] tx;Dd k'Ugsf nflu rflng'kg]{ 5 eGg] s'/fdf bds SofDk; ;+oGq k|lta4 5 .
SofDk; egf}+ of ljZjljBfno k|fl1s ultljlwsf] s]Gb| xf] . k|fl1s pGgogsf nflu hLjg‛hut ;DaGwL ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] hfgsf/L clgjfo{ x'G5 . zf]w‛cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 ;dfhnfO{ To:tf 1fgfTds / k|of]ufTds k4ltx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' k|fl1s If]q s} bfloTj xf] . o;} p2]ZonfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ bds SofDk;n] Pp6f h/gn k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{o lnP cg';f/ 1fg‛lj1fgsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6/ of] h/gn k|sfzg ul/+b} 5 . of] bds SofD;sf] klxnf] c° ePsfn] o;df cfPsf ljifoj:t'x¿ cGtu{t ljljw If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|oTg ul//xFbf of] cGt/{;fTds ljrf/x¿sf] ;dli6ut cleJolQm aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o; ljljwtfnfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ ;dfj]z ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿ jt{dfg 1fg‛lj1fgsf] km/flsnf] bfo/fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ . olt x'Fbf‛x'Fb} klg h/gnsf nflu of] xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; ePsfn] ;fy} lgwf{l/t ;do ;Ldfleq o;n] cfkm\gf] k"0f{ sn]j/ kfO;Sg' kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf;d]t ePsfn] o;df sltko q'l6 / sdhf]/Lx¿ cfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . lj1 kf7s / ;dLIfsx¿af6 To:tf sdL‛sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ cf}+NofO{ kl5Nnf c°x¿sf lglDt pko'Qm ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}+ .
cGTodf xfdLnfO{ of] h/gn k|sfzgsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' x'g] SofDk; ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:oHo"x¿, o; sfo{df pNn]Vo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] SofDk; k|d'v ;d]t sfo{/t k|fWofksx¿, sd{rf/L ldqx¿, ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;fy} 5f]6f] ;dodf klg o;sf] 5kfOdf ldlxg]t;fy nflu kg'{ x'g] nIdL ckm;]6 k|];sf k|f]k|fO6/ efO 6+sk|;fb b'nfnk|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f}+ . c:t' .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 2
Contents
Page Author's Name Title No. df]xgk|;fb e08f/L kf}/fl0fs ldysx¿df k|of]u ePsf] lj1fg 1 OlGb/fh kf}8\ofn g/]Gb|bfO pkGof;df k|tLs ljwfg 14 ‘k|ldy;’ dxfsfJosf gf/Lkfqx¿sf] ;+lIfKt e"ldk|;fb bfxfn cWoog 27 /fdk|;fb e08f/L xf:oJoª\Uosf] ;}4flGts :j¿k 32 afnf e§/fO{ z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f, o;sf r'gf}lt / dxŒj 39 Uttam Prasad Bhattarai An Introduction to Santhali Language and 46 its Consonant Sounds Kamal Prasad Wosti Delineation of Opposite Elements in 52 'Essays on the Creation of Knowledge' Sharawan Kumar Chaudhary The Tharu Language: A Glimpse 59 Dhananjaya Banskota The Lamentations: A Diaspora in 'The 65 Power and the Glory' Lok Narayan Chaudhary The Great Philosopher 72 Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Brief Assessment Kul Prasad Siwakoti Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants Used 75 by Dhimal Tribe of Jhapa and Morang Districts Jeevan Kumar Gurung Traditional Uses of Animals as Medicine Practiced by Dhimal People of Damak, 78 Jhapa. Dr. Ajaya Bhattarai & Importance of Research Works in Current 82 Ratna Thapa Situation Madan Bahadur Thapa Comparative Study on Different Methods 87 of Composting Basudev Kafle Vegetation Analysis of Charkoshe Jhadi of 89 Eastern Nepal Bhisma Karki Thin Solid Films and Nanomaterials for 96 Solar Energy Conversion and Energy Saving Applications. Leknath Luitel Population Census in Nepal: Past and 109 Present Radhika Subedi Gender Equality and Economic 113 Development Tej Prasad Acharya Income Tax Liability to Natural Resident 118 Person
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 3
kf}/fl0fs ldysx¿df k|of]u ePsf] lj1fg
df]xgk|;fb e08f/L g]kfnL ljefu bds ax'd'vL SofDk; bds, emfkf k|f/De
;+;f/df hab]lv dfgj hfltsf] ;[li6 eof] / cGo k|f0fLeGbf p;df lj:tf/} ljlzi6 r}tGosf] cGtk|{:km'6g x'g yfNof] To;} a]nfb]lv p;n] hLjg‛hut\sf] afÞo tyf cfGtl/s ;+/rgf ;fy} To;sf] k|lqmofut k|0ffnL / k4ltsf ljifodf uDeL/ rf;f] b]vfpg yfNof] . To;sf] ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds k4ltaf/] ulx/f] ¿lr /fVg yfNof] . ;[li6k"j{ hut\sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < hGdg'k"j{ hLjgsf] l:ylt s] lyof] < hut\ ;[hgfsf tŒjx¿sf] ;+of]ufTds / ljof]ufTds cj:yfsf] e"ldsf s;/L lqmofzLn x'G5 < hut\sf] afÞo bz{g / pkof]uaf6 dfq ;Gt'i6 geO{ cg]sf}+ cGtt{Œjx¿sf] ;+of]hg / ljof]hgsf ultrqmsf] sfn‛snfut gfkf] lng z'¿ u¥of] . hLjgsf] afÞo bz{af6 dfq lrQ ga'emfO{ :y"n, ;"Ifd / sf/0f z/L/sf cGtj{:t'x¿ / ;f}Gbof{Tds lgld{ltsf] of]hgfdf s'g tŒj slt ;lqmo 5 < To;sf] ;d]t vf]lh ug{ yfNof] . o;/L hLjg hut\sf] ;dli6ut cWoog ug]{ qmddf ltgsf cGtj{:t'x¿ vf]Hb} hfFbf lgisif{df :y"n‛;"Id‛sf/0f, hfu|t‛:jKg‛;'if'lKt, ljZj‛t}h;‛k|1f h:tf lqk'6L ljZjr}tGo cfTdf;Ddsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{df dfgj r]tgf ;+nUg /Þof] . o;/L Aofks vf]h‛cg';Gwfgaf6 e]l6Psf tYok/s, j:t'k/s / efjk/s hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ ;dli6ut ¿kaf6 zf/Ll/s dLdf+;f ul/of] . k|f/Deb]lv xfn;Dd} egf}+ dfgj r]tgfn] k|fKt u/]sf zf]w‛cg'Gwfgsf pknlAwx¿ k"j{df j]b, j]bf·, ;+lxtf, a|fÞd0f, cf/0os / pklgifb\x¿ h:tf j}lbs u|Gysf] ;fy} dxfef/t, /fdfo0f, s'/fg, Oltxf; / w]/} af}4 u|Gyx¿df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To;}u/L klZrdL k/Dk/fsf] dfgj r]tgfhGo ;'bL3{ cg';Gwfgsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ k|frLg cj]:tfb]lv xf]d/sf] Olno8 / cf]8];L x'Fb} cf]N8 6]i6fd]06 Pj+ Go" 6]i6fd]06 -afOan_ / cem} kl5;Ddsf kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx¿df ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . != ljifo k|j]z klZrddf k|frLg u|Ls ;Eotf / k"j{df ;b"/ k|frLg Cuj}lbs ;EotfeGbf lgs} cl3b]lv g} dfgj r]tgfn] hut\ pTklQ / ljsf; ;DaGwL wf/0ff l:y/ ub}{, hLjg ;fxro{sf] clgjfo{ kIf‛ vfBk]o kbfy{ ;DaGwL k/LIf0f ub}{ clg /xg‛;xg / kfl/jfl/s ;fdflhs d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ h:tf ljifosf] vf]h ub}{ tT;DaGwdf h'g ce"tk"j{ pknlAw xfl;n u¥of] To; :t/sf] 1fgfTds / k|of]ufTds pknlAw To;kl5sf lbgx¿df cfh;Ddsf] j}1flgs r/df]Tsif{df k'u]sf] o; o'un] klg
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 4
k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . oBlk ljutsf kl5Nnf s]xL ;x;|fAbLx¿df ePsf] j}1flgs vf]h‛ cg';Gwfgsf] lklklnsf ofqfn] ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] hlt b"/L to u¥of] Tof] eGbf a9\tf b'/L t jt{dfgsf] o; rfn' ztfAbLn] g} kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . tfklg o; ztfAbLn] j}1flgs zf]w‛ cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf h'g pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] b]lvG5 tL ;a} ;'b"/ ctLts} kblrGxdf 6]lsPsf gofF kfOnf dfq x'g\ . ljuts} vf]l/ofdf pAhfOPsf gofF km;n dfq x'g\ . aLhfwfg egf}+ of /f]kfO{F ctLtn] g} u/]sf] lyof] ; s]jn afnL leœofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 o; o'un] . jt{dfgdf xfdL h'g tLa| ljsf; bf}l8/x]sf] b]V5f}+ oxfF ctLtsf] 7"nf] nufgL k/]sf] 5 . jt{dfgdf b]lvg] o; ljsl;t wfjgdfu{sf] lgdf{0f ctLtn] g} ul/;s]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] ToxL wfjgdfu{df u'8]/ cfhsf] cfw'lgs lj1fgn] cg';Gwfgsf cGtl/Ifdf cg]sf}+ p8fgx¿ el//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ctLtnfO{ la;]{ jt{dfg s[t£g x'g]5, ckf· x'g]5 . /fdfo0f / dxfef/t o'uLg 1fg‛lj1fgfTds pTsif{ / eljiodf k|fKt x'g] j}1flgs c'g;Gwfgsf o:tf gjLgtd pknlAwx¿lt/ ;+s]t ub}{ uLtf eGb} lyof]‛ æcfZro{jt\ kZolt slZrb]g+ cfZro{jt\ jblt ty}jrfGoM cfZro{jRr}gdGoM>[0ff]lt >'TjfKo]g+ j]bg r}j slZrt\ .Æ -uLtf @÷@(_ hLjg hut\sf] jf:tljs cj:yfaf/] sltkon] To;nfO{ cfZro{ dfg]/ x]l//x]sf 5g\ ; sltkon] o; gjLgtd pknlAw / ;+efjgfnfO{ cfZro{do eg]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL To:tf 5Ss kbf{ 36gf / pksyfx¿ ;'g]/ dSv k5{g\ clg sf]xL b]v]/ jf ;'g]/ klg To;sf] jf:tljstf a'‰g ;St}gg\ . ;'b"/ ctLtb]lv g} dfgj dl:tisn] o:tf s}of}+ cfZrof{Tds t/ ;To‛tYo 36gfx¿sf] ;}4flGts Pj+ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f ub}{ cfof] . ltg} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gf, ltgsf] sf/0f / ltgdf cGtlg{lxt k|ljlwx¿sf] lg/Gt/ vf]h / k/LIf0fx¿sf] kl/kfs cj:yfsf] kl/0flt xf] cfhsf] j}1flgs pknlAw . tL dWo] sltko jf:tljs 36gfx¿nfO{ k|frLg kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx¿n] pRr cfn°fl/s /+u/f]ug lbP/ ljleGg ldysLo cfj/0fdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ctLtsf sltko o:tf ldysLo 36gfx¿ ;dosf] clUgk/LIffdf vfl/O;s], slt kfls/x]sf 5g\ / sltko 36gfx¿ cem} j}1flgs zf]w cg';Gwfg / k/LIf0fsf] s;Ldf hfFlrg afFsL g} 5}g\ . To:tf cg]sf}+ kf}/fl0fs ldysLo 36gfx¿dWo] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf oxfF s]xL tYok/s 36gfx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ h;nfO{ j:t'lgi7 j}1flgstfsf] ;"Idtd s;Ldf /fv]/ ltgsf oyfy{tfsf] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 hf] zfob clxn];Dd j}1flgs cg';Gwftf / ;dfnf]rsx¿sf gh/df kg{ ;s]sf b]lvFb}gg\ . To:tf /x:odo ldysLo kf}/fl0fs 36gfx¿, hxfF sNkgf / efjgfeGbf k|r'/ dfqfdf tYok/s j}1flgstfsf] ;Bg k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf 36gfx¿sf] ;+ultk"0f{ t/Lsfaf6 tfls{s Pj+ lj1fg;Ddt JofVof ug{ ;lsg] w]/} cfwf/x¿ kfOG5g\ . !=@ uug ljxf/M
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 5
kIfLx¿ cfsfzdf p8\5g\, b[li6sf] ljifo geP klg jfo' cfsfzd} p8\5 . Tjrfn] :kz{ u/]/ afo'sf] cl:tŒj cg'ej u5{ . z"Go cfsfzdf xfjfsf] ult;Fu} afbn klg p8\5 . t/ ;fdfGo dflg;sf nflu cfsfzdf p8\g' Pp6f c;Dej pksyf of sNkgfnf]sLo kx]nL h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . kv]6f gePsf], aflx/L O~hg / OGwg klg gePsf] oqf] :y"n z/L/ lg/fwf/ cfsfzdf s;/L p8\g ;S5 < of] ts{ cfkm}df Tolt lkmtnf] 5}g t/ dg:jL / kf}/vLsf lglDt c;Dej s]xL klg x'Fb}g eGg] l;4 e};s]sf] 5 . JolQmsf] b[9 dfgl;s ;+sNkn] p;sf] nIosf lglDt ;|f]t, ;fwg / k|ljlw cfkm} lgdf{0f u5{ . /fO6 bfh'efOn] TolQs} ljdfg p8fpg yfn]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿leq zf]w‛cg';Gwfgaf6 vfl/Psf] Pp6f b[9 ;+sNk lyof] . To;} ;+sNkhGo c7f]6 / k|lta4tfsf] kl/0flt xf] ztfAbL cl3 -lj=;+= !(^)df_ cd]l/sfsf] ls6Lxs d}bfgdf klxnf]kN6 !@ ;]s08 / bf];|f]kN6 @) ;]s]08 p8]sf] jfo'ofg cfh xhf/f}+ jhg lnP/ @$ 306fdf ;+;f/ kl/qmdf u5{ . olt7"nf] ef/L jhgsf] lghL{j jfo'ofg o;/L cfsfzdf lgl:kmqmL p8\g ;S5 eg] ;hLj dfG5] lsg p8\g ;St}g < of] ts{df cem} a9L tfut 5 / ;+efjgf klg plQs} k|an 5 . t/ cfw'lgs lj1fgn] of] pl8\8og k|ljlwsf] k|of]u dfgj cflb ;hLj k|f0fLdf gu/]/ cGo ef}lts lghL{j j:t'df u¥of] . cltl/Qm O~hg h8fg u/L cltl/Qm phf{zlQmo'Qm OGwgsf ;xf/fn] jfo'ofg p8fpg cfkm\gf] j}1flgs k|ljlw, >d / ;do vr{ u¥of] . Tof] nufgL olb hLljt dfgj cflbdf u/]sf] eP ljutsf gf/bflbh:tf] cfh ;a} dflg;x¿ ;xhtfk"j{s p8\g ;Sy] eGg ufx«f] kb]{g . k'/f0fx¿df xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5f}+‛ gf/b, kj{t cflb Clifx¿, sltko oIf, uGwj{, lsGg/, jfg/, dfgj, bfgj, k/L / kml/:tfx¿ cfsfzdf :jR5Gb ljr/0f uy]{ . /fdfo0fdf xg'dfg / cGo bfgjx¿ p8]sf] hLjGt syf cfpF5 . o;/L cfsfzdf p8\g] hf] sf]xLnfO{ klg kf}/fl0fs ;flxTon] ‘vr/’ eg]sf 5g\ . o:tf vr/x¿sf] rrf{ dxfef/tdf k|;+u cg';f/ w]/} 7fpFdf cfPsf 5g\ . dxfef/t o'4df eLd;]gk'q‛36f]Tsrsf] d[To' k|;+unfO{ lnP/ Pp6f o:tf] /dfOnf] Znf]s cfPsf] 5‛ ævr/:o ;'t:o ;'tMvr/M, vr/L hggL g lktf vr/M vr/:o ;'t]g xtM vr/M vr/L kl//f]blt xf ! vr/Æ -dxfef/t‛b|f]0f{kj{_ vr/‛jfo', jfo'k'q eLd, pgsf] 5f]/f]‛36f]Tsh cfsfzdf p8\Yof] . vr/L‛36f]TsrsL cfdf‛ x]8Daf klg cfsfzdf p8\yL t/ afa'‛eLd;]g eg] p8\b}gy] . vr/‛;"o{sf] 5f]/f]‛s0f{n] vr/‛36f]TsrnfO{ df¥of] . o; 36gfaf6 b'Mlvt vr/L‛x]8Daf,xfo ! d]/f] 5f]/f vr/‛36f]Tsr ! eGb} ljnfk ug{ yfnL . k'/f0fx¿n] clwsf+z bfgj jf /fIf;nfO{ hGdgf vr/ b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] Clif, uGwj{, oIf, lsGg/ h:tf dfgj k|hfltnfO{ s'g} ljlzi6 k|ljlwsf dfWodåf/f lg/Gt/ cEof; / ;fwgfsf ann] p8\g ;s]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . gf/b, kj{t h:tf Clifx¿n] uug ljxf/sf nflu nfdf] ;fwgf u/]sf k|;+ux¿ cfpF5g\ . /fdfo0fdf xg'dfgnfO{ klg p8\g lgs} s7f]/ ;fwfgf ug'{k/]sf] / jfo'sf] ;xfotf / s'zn lgb]{zgaf6 dfq} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -/fdfo0f‛ lsl:sGwf sf08_ jfo' k|f0fsf] k|tLs xf] . cf}klgiflbs / kf}/fl0fs ;flxTox¿n] k|f0fjfo'nfO{ dfgjLs/0f ub}{ ‘Ho]i7 >]i7 k|hfklt’ eg]sf 5g\ . k|f0fjfo' ljgf z/L/sf] s'g} klg OlGb|o lqmofzLn x'Fb}g . k|f0fjfo'nfO{ :gfo'dfu{df ;Gt'lnt kl/rfng ug{ ;s] cyf{t\ k|f0ffofd k|lqmofåf/f dg ;d]t k|f0fnfO{
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 6
;+oldt ug{ ;s] dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s jhg cem} 36\b} hfG5 / pm xfjf;Fu} p8\g ;Sg] x'G5 . -cyj{ j]b_ k"jL{o of]u lj1fgsf cf7 c·dWo] k|f0ffofd rf}yf] r/0fdf kb{5 / of] of]u lj1fgsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 k|ljlw xf] . oBlk k|f0ffofd k|ljlw cfkm}df Jofks 5 tfklg k"/s, s'Des / /]rs u/L d'Vo ¿kn] k|f0ffofd rqmsf tLg cfofd 5g\ . :jf; gnLaf6 cfGtl/s :gfo'x¿df lj:tf/} jfo' eg]{ k|lqmofsf] gfd k"/s xf] . Pp6f lglZrt\ ;do;Dd jfo' e/]kl5 :jf;sf] ultnfO{ leq} /f]ls/fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ s'Des k|f0ffofd eGb5g\ . k"/sdf hlt ;do nfu]Yof] Tolt g} a]/ :jf; leq /f]s]kl5 la:tf/} leqsf] jfo' 5f]8\b} hfg] /]rgf k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ cEof;åf/f a9fpFb} nuftf/ tLg 306f;Dd s'Des cj:yf sfod /fVg ;s] ;fws cfkm" a;]sf] hdLg 5f]]8]/ lj:tf/} dfly p7\g yfN5 / hlt‛hlt s'Des k|0ffofdsf] cjlw a9\b} hfG5 p;sf] z/L/ a]n"g h:tf] xn'·f] eP/ Tolt g} k/;Dd cfsfzdf pl8/xg ;S5 -kft~hn of]u ;"q_ . o; cWoogaf6 of] pl8\8og k|lqmof s]jn kfgLdf kf}l/g' / 8f]/Ldf ;fOsn rnfpg' h:t} cEof;sf] ljifo xf] ; s'g} rdTsf/ of b}jL /x:o xf]Og eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g cfpF5 . k|f0ffofdsf] k"/s lqmofåf/f leq el/Psf] clS;hg s'Des k|lqmofdf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 aG5 / /]rg lqmofåf/f :gfo' zf]wg, k|f0fjfo' zf]wg / dg:zf]wg ub}{ aflx/ kf]lvG5 . tftf] kfgLn] jt{g kvfn] h:t} cfGtl/s ljs[ltx¿sf] zf]wg ePkl5 xfO8«f]hg el/P/ dg;Fu} z/L/ klg xn'·f] eO{ p8\g yfN5 . b'lgofFsf] ;jeGbf l56f] / ;jeGbf dl;gf] t/ Aofks j:t' xf] dg . dg;Fu k|f0fjfo'sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw /xG5 . kl/zf]lwt cfGtl/s k|f0fjfo'sf] ;xfotfn] dgnfO{ Psu|tf lbnfpF5 / dflg; ;z/L/ p8]/ sfxLF klg k'Ug ;S5 . k|f0ffofd k|lqmofåf/f k|f0fjfo' zf]wgsf] cEof; l;4 e};s]kl5 p;sf lglDt s'g} klg :yfg b'u{d x'g] 5}g; dg hlQs} l56f] pm hxfF klg k'Ug ;S5 . -jfo' k'/f0f_ !=# cGt/ ;~rf/ k|ljlwM ljgf s'g} lr¶L‛kq, ljgf va/, ljgf ;"rgf jf ljgf s'g} dfWod Ps 7fpFsf] ultljlw jf 36gfsf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L csf]{ s'g} ;'b"/jtL{ 7fpFsf] JolQmnfO{ dfgl;s ¿kaf6 ;xhtfk"j{s ePsf ldysLo k|;·x¿ xfdLn] dxfef/t / sltko k'/f0fx¿df ;'gsf] 5f}+ . To:tf] cGt/ ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cfw'lgs lj1fgn] 6]lnk]yL sldlgs];g eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; lj1fgn] cGoGo :yfgdf /x]sf dflg;x¿ h;sf] dgf];+/rgf jf ;f]Rg] z}nL k|fo Ps} lsl;dsf] x'G5, 6f9} eP/ klg, kl/lrt eP/ jf geP/} klg h;sf] ljrf/, ;f]Rg] z}nL, hLjgsf cfsf+Iff / ;d:ofx¿ k|fo ldNbfh'Nbf x'g] u5{g\, To:tf cGt;{+alGwt JolQmx¿sf dgf]bzfsf] cWoog u5{ dxfef/tdf Pp6f /f]rs k|;· cfpF5, ;of}+ sf]; k/ s'?If]qsf] d}bfgdf xF'b} u/]sf o'4sf] ljj/0f ljgf s'g} dfWod xl:tgfk'/df a;]/ w[t/fi6«nfO{ k|ToIf k|;f/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ ;~ho . em§ ;'Gbf of] kTofpg} g;lsg] s'g} :j}/sNkgf h:tf] nfU5 t/ Tof] j:t'ut tYodf cfwfl/t lgtfGt ;To 36gfsf] lrq0f lyof] . ;~honfO{ Jof;n] Tof] cGt/ ;~rf/ lj1fgsf] dl;gf] cEof; u/fPsf lyP . To; lj1fgnfO{ ToxfF lbJo b[li6 elgof] . -dxfef/t eLidkj{_ t/ Tof] cGt/ dgf]j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfaf6 vfl/Psf] k|ToIf cg'e"lthGo cGtb[{li6 lyof] . To:t} o'4sf lglDt
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 7
s'¿If]qsf] d}bfgdf e]nfePsf sf}/j / kf08j b'j} ;]gfsf aLrdf /y pEofP/ s[i0fn] ch'{gnfO{ To;} cGt/ ;~rf/ k|ljlwaf6 k|s[ltsf lj/f6¿ksf] cfkm}df bz{g u/fPsf lyP . -uLtf !! cWofo_ To;}u/L w]/} h;f] k'/f0fx¿df gf/b Clifsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ cfsl:ds pkl:yltsf] k|;· cfpF5 . ljgf ;"rgf, ljgf cfdGq0f x/]s cfjZos 7fpFdf pgL k'Ub5g\ / ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ gofF ;+efljt 36gfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ w]/}n] s'/f}6] klg eGg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 . t/ pgL tTsfnLg ;+;f/sf c;n kqsf/ lyP . s'zn kqsf/n] s'/f}6] x'g}k5{ . of] k|frLg kqsfl/tfsf] k|;f/0f s'zntf s]jn gf/b / ;~hox¿df dfq} ;Lldt g/x]/ x/]s tkf]lgi7 dxlif{x¿, hf] hLjg hut\sf] jf:tljs c'g;Gwfgdf sl6a4 eP/ nfu]sf lyP, Wofg of]uaf6 ;a}df k"j{jtL{, k/jtL{, b"/jtL{ / cGtj{tL{ jf:tljs 36gfsf cGt/ ;~rf/ af/]df -6lnk]yL_ x'g] uYof]{ . eQmn] u/]sf] cft{ k'sf/ 6]lnk]yL eP/ g} eujfg;Dd k'U5 . cflv/ Tof] s'g lj1fg xf] h;n] eQm / eujfg aLrsf] cGt;{DaGw :yflkt u5{ / b'j}nfO{ cfk;df lgs6td agfp‚5. o; k|;+udf /fdfo0fdf, klxn] st} e]6‛3f6 / lrg‛hfg g} gePsf cof]Wofsf /fd / c~hg k|b]zsf xg'dfg aLr rGb|dfsf dfWodaf6 cfk;L cGt/;~rf/ x'g] u/]sf] cgf}7f] k|;+u cfPsf] 5 -cfgGb/fdfo0f_. tnsf] /]vflrqaf6 o; k/fjlt{t ;~rf/ lj1fgsf] tYo k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 M‛
rGb|dfsf] ls/0f;Fu} cGt/r]{tgfsf k/df0f'x¿ k/fjt{g eO b'j}sf aLr cfk;L ljrf/ ljdz{ x'g] u/]sf] o; k|;+un] cfw'lgs gIfq j}1flgsx¿nfO{ klg rGb| lj1fg / ;"o{ lj1fgsf] ulx/fOsf ;DaGwdf k6s k6s cfkm\gf] dl:tis lvofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . of] cfkm\g} cGtr]{tgfaf6 k|:km'l6t ;"Idtd lj1fg xf] h;n] JolQm‛r]tgfnfO{ ls/0f jf kbfy{sf k/df0f'leq k|j]z u/fP/ ;j{q Jofks agfO lbG5 . oxL xf] j}lbs kf}/fl0fs ;flxTon] JofVof u/]sf] cGtr]{tgf lj1fg . -j}z]lifs bz{g_ of] lj1fg ;'b"/ k|frLgb]lv dfgj r]tgfdf kLFl9b/ kLFl9 x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} kl5Nnf lbgx¿df k"j{ / klZrdsf w]/} r}tGo ;fwsx¿;Dd k|ToIf ¿kd} cfOku]sf] / o;sf] ck|ToIf k/Dk/f eg] s'g} vf; kl/l:yltdf k|fo x/]s dflg;;Dd cfOk'u]sf] tYo cfw'lgs lj1fgn] klg :jLsfl/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . sltko dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] :jKg lrGtgnfO{ klg To;} cGt/ ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] Ps ;f+s]lts k|:km'6g eg]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;'if'D0ff :gfo'sf dfWodaf6 dfgj dl:tissf] r}tGo‛laDa;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt u5{ / ctLtsf :d[lt‛k6ndf jt{dfgsf r}tGo ;fwgfn] eljiosf] ¿k/]vf sf]l/g]tkm{ ;+s]t ub{5 . dfgj r]tgf cToGt ;"Id, kf/bzL{ / tLa|ufdL ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ s'g} lbSsfnn] aflwt ub}{g . h'ga]nf hxfF rfÞof] k'Ug ;S5 . o; cGtj}{1flgs k|ljlwn] dfgj r]tgfsf] tLI0ftf / Jofkstflt/ ;+s]t ub{5 . oBlk of] cGt/ ;~rf/ k|0ffnL cfsfzdf Wjlg / kbfy{df clUg hlQs} ;j{q JofKt 5 tfklg Wjlg k|;f/0foGq -/]l8of] cflb_ / clUg pTkfbs ;fwg
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 8
-em'nf]‛rs\ds, ljB't\ 6jf{Og cflb_ ljgf ;'b"/jtL{ Wjlg / cGtlg{lxt clUgsf] cg'e"lt c;Dej x'G5 . To:t} dfgj r]tgf / ljrf/df ha;Dd cGtlj{1fgsf] ;~rf/ x'Fb}g ta;Dd o;n] cfkm\gf] cfs[lt u|x0f ug{ ;St}g . cGt{b[i6f j}lbs Clifx¿ cfkm\gf lbJo lj1fgsf dfWodaf6 ltg} nf]ssf ;a} s'/fx¿ hfGg ;Sty] . j}lbs sfnLg lbJob|i6f j}1flgs dgLlifx¿n] cfkm\gf] To; lj1fgsf] k|tLsfTds k|ltlglwTj u/fpFb} gf/b Clifsf gfdn] lqnf]sJofkL ;~rf/ ;~hfnsf] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . o; /x:odo ;TonfO{ cg]s ldysLo k|;·x¿ NofP/ gf/b Clifsf ¿kdf k|o'Qm of] cGt/ ;~rf/ k|ljlw -6]lnk]yL sldlgs];g_ jf:tjdf j}lbs kf}/fl0fs sfnLg ;~rf/ Joj:yfsf] Pp6f ;"Id lj1fg lyof] . cfsfzjf0fLsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw klg o;} cGt/ ;~rf/ lj1fgsf] csf]{ pTs[i6 ¿k xf] . !=$ lnË kl/jt{gM efn]‛kf]yL, 8fFuf]‛5fp/L jf :qL‛k'¿ifsf] ;xldngaf6 rNb} cfPsf] ;[li6rqmsf] k/Dk/f cgGt;Dd o;}u/L rNg] s'/fdf ts{ ul//xg} kb}{g . efn]‛kf]yL b'j}sf] cl:tTj kf/:kl/s ;xldngdf lge{/ /xG5 . b'j} k|s[ltsf :jfefljs /rgf x'g\ . b'j}sf] cf‛cfkm\g} df}lns klxrfg x'G5 . olt x'Fbf‛x'Fb} klg s'g} To:tf] vf; kl/l:yt / kl/j]zdf s'g} vf; jg:ktLo jf /;fog cf}ifwL jf vf; k|ljlwåf/f efn] jf kf]yLsf] ln· kl/jt{g u/fpg] lj1fg;Ddt ;fwg klg k|s[ltn] g} tof/ kfl/lbPsf] 5 . l;·} k[YjL k|s[ltsf] e}ifhf]Bfg xf] . oxfF hlt y/L hflt / k|hfltsf jg:kltx¿ 5g\M s'g} g s'g} cj:yf / dfqfdf s'g} g s'g} cf}ifwLo u'0fsf] lgjf{x ;a}n] u/]s} x'G5g\ . dfgj hfltsf] ;'b"/ k|frLg ;Eotfo'ub]lv xfn;Dd k|of]udf cfPsf, k|of]udf cfpg cem} afFsL /x]sf / ctLtsf s'g} Pssflns v08df k|of]u eO{ To;kl5 ljn'Kt k|fo ePsf, cf}ifwLo u'0fo'Qm gj:kltx¿, h;n] hut\nfO{ hLjGt rnfO/fVg kf}li6stfsf] ch;|wf/f aufO/x]sf 5g\ . tL ;a}sf] gofF vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L dfgj hfltnfO{ ;j{;Dkbf ;DkGg agfpg ;lsg] cgGt ;Defjgfx¿ k|s[lt;Fu ljBdfg 5g\ . o:t} tYok/s ;Defjgfx¿sf] ;f/s[lt ;+sng u/]/ rdTsfk"0f{ ldysLo cfn°sfl/s ;Hhf lbg dfgj hfltn] w]/} cl3 b]lv l;s]sf] /x]5 . k'/f0fdf ;"o{j+zL / rGb|j+zL /fhx¿sf] k|frLg Oltxf; j0f{g ug]{ qmddf Pp6f syf k|;· cfpF5 . ;"o{sf 5f]/f >f4b]j -j}jZjt\_ dg'sf w]/} ;do;Dd ;Gtfg ePgg\ . u'¿ jl;i7sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ k'q k|flKtsf lglDt pgn] Pp6f k'qsfd]li7 o1sf] cfof]hfg u/] . cfrfo{, xf]tf, cWjo'{ ;a} e]nf eP ; o1 k|f/De eof] . t/ pgsL wd{kTgL >4fn] rflxF 5f]/Lsf] sfdgf u/]/ kltnfO{ hfgsf/L g} glbO{ xf]tf;Fu sGofsf lglDt ;+sNk ul/lbg cg'/f]w ul/5g\ . xf]tfn] tbg';f/ xjg z'¿ u/] o; s'/fsf] g t /fhfn] ;'Osf] kfP g t cfrfo{ jl;i7n] g} . kl/0ffddf kl5 5f]/L hlGdOg\ ; Onf gfd /flvof] . t/ cfkm\gf] rfxgf cg';f/ 5f]/f gePsf]df cfklQub}{ /fhfn] cfrfo{;Fu k|Zg u/], lsg o:tf] eof] < cfrfo{n] sfo{sf/0fsf] km]b};Dd h/f] klxNofpFbf ;a} /x:o v'nf;f eP ; sf/0f yfxf eof] ; /fgLsf] rfxgf adf]lhd xf]tfn] ;+sNk kl9lbPsf /x]5g\ . /fhfsf] cfu|xdf cfrfo{ jl;i7n] >L gf/fo0f;Fu k|fy{gf u/] . jl;i7sf k|fy{gfaf6 k|;Gg eO{ >L xl/n] ltg} ;'sGof -Onf_ nfO{ g} ;'Gb/ k'q ¿kdf kl/0ft ul/lbP . afnssf] gfd ;'B'Dg /flvof] . sfnfGt/df ltg} :qL¿k ;'B'Dg k[YjLsf /fhf eP . kl5 s'g} Pslbg s]xL ;}lgsx¿ ;fy lnP/
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 9
h+undf lzsf/ v]Nb} s'g} o:tf] cgf}7f] hfb'do :yfgdf k'u]5g\ hxfF pgn] PSsf;L cfk"mdf ;Dk"0f{¿kn] k"0f{ of}jgf· :qLTj wd{sf nIf0fx¿ ljsl;t ePsf] kfP . cfkm";Fu uPsf ;}lgs / 3f]8fsf] cj:yf klg To:t} eof] . cfkm}+df cfZro{, lrGtf / ljiffbsf] dnLgtf;Fu} cfkm\gf] of}jgk"0f{ gf/L¿k lnP/ ltg} ;fyLx¿;Fu csf]{‛csf]{ jgdf 3'Dg yfn] . To;} qmddf rGb|df k'q a'w;Fu k|0fo ;Dks{ eO{ kl5 tLgaf6 dxfk|tfkL rGb|j+zL /fhf k'?/jfsf] hGd eof] . k'?/jfnfO{ hGd lbP/ gf/L¿k ;'B'Dg k'gM b/jf/ kms]{ / ;f]em} u'¿ jl;i7sxfF k'u] . oltsf lbg x/fPsf ;'B'DgnfO{ o;/L crfgs :qL ¿kdf 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'u]sf] b]v]/ u'? klg 5Ss k/] . ;'B'Dgaf6 cfkm\gf] xfn xljut, 36gf / k'u]sf :yfgsf] Oltj[Q ;'g]kl5 u'? jl;i7nfO{ To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg ufx«f] ePg . yfxf eof]‛;'B'Dg Onfa[Q v08sf] To:tf] k|s[lt lgif]lwt If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf /x]5g\ . hxfF cdf]3 jGo cf}ifwLx¿ ;Bg dfqdf k'likt / kNnljt lyP . oL jgf}ifwLsf] jf;gf / :kz{n] dfq klg k'¿ifnfO{ gf/L / gf/LnfO{ k'¿if agfpg ;StYof] . To:tf] dxf}ifwL hf] k'?ifnfO{ gf/L agfpg ;fdYo{ /fVtYof], /fhf ;'B'Dgn] ToxL ;'ulGwt cf}ifwLo k'ik l6k]/ lz/df nfP5g\ . jf;gf u|x0f t cem :jfeljs g} lyof] . 3f]8f / ;}lgsx¿sf] lgolt klg /fh;Fu} ufFl;P5 . ljgf ;Nolqmof o;/L s]jn :kz{ / jf;gfn] dfq z/L/sf cfGtl/s xfdf]{g;\x¿ k|efljt e} ln· kl/jt{g ePsf] 36gfn] ;a} 5Ss k/] . o:tf] cgf}7f] 36gf xQkQ x'Fb}gYof] tfklg of] g} klxnf] eg] lyPg . obf sbf o:tf 36gfx¿ x'g] u/]sf] u'? jl;i7nfO{ /fd|f] hfgsf/L lyof] / To;sf] pkrf/ k|ljlw klg pgL hfGby] . Onf¿k /fhfn] b'Mv JoQm ub}{ cfkm"nfO{ k"j{jt\ k'¿if g} agfOlbg u'?;Fu laGtL la;fP . u'¿n] Wofgb[li6 -6]lnk]yL_ åf/f dxfj}B/fh lzjdf /fhf ;'B'Dgsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu l;kmfl/; r9fP . k'/f0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ Tof] 7fpF pQ/L hDa"åLksf] Onfj[Q v08 cGtu{t lzj‛ kfj{tLsf] cGtMqmL8f]Bfg lyof] , hxfF pgLx¿sf dxfldng cjlwdf cGo s'g} k'?if kfqn] b]v] kfj{tLnfO{ ;+sf]r nfUg] a'em]/ cj pk/fGt o; 7fpFdf hf] ;'s} k'?if hflt cfP5 eg] t'¿Gt} :qL x'g]5 eg]/ lzjn] >fk lbPsf /x]5g\ . c1fgtfj; To;} >flkt / lgif]lwt 7fpFdf k'u]kl5 :qL¿k kfPsf /x]5g\ /fhf ;'B'Dgn] . u'? jl;i7sf] cfu|xdf cfz'tf]if lzjn] kfj{tLsf] ;d]t k/fdz{ lnO{ cfkm\gf] >fknfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;"o{sf] /flz kl/jt{g;Fu} ln· kl/jt{g eO/xg] cyf{t\ Ps dlxgf k'?if / csf]{ dlxgf :qL x'g] cj:yf ldnfOlbP5g\ . o;}qmddf k'?if ePsf]a]nf /fhf ;'B'Dg eP/ /fhsfh rnfpFy] eg] gf/L ePsf] a]nf Onf gfdn] cGtMk'/leq} /xlGyg\ . ;'B'Dgsf cfkm\gL /fgLsf tkm{af6 pTsn, uo / ljdn gfd u/]sf tL 5f]/f hGd] / blIf0fjtL{ e"v08sf /fhf eP . kl5 j[4f j:yfdf cfkm\gf] /fHoef/ Onfk'q k'?/jfnfO{ ;'Dk]/ ;'B'Dg tk:of ug{ nfu]sf] /f]rs ldysLo k|;· cfpF5 . -efujt gjd:sGw klxnf] cWofo_ To;}u/L b]jLefujt åfbz:sGwsf] cf7f}+ cWofodf cfBf zlQm dxfb]jLsf] bz{gfy{ dl0fåLk k'u]sf lqb]j -a|Þdlji0f'lzj_ b]jL nf]sdf k|j]z ugf{;fy :qL ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf / ToxfF dxfb]jLsf] ;ojif{ ;]jf u/]kl5 cfwfzlQm e'jg]Zj/Lsf cf1fn] cf‛cfkm\gf nf]sdf kms]{/ cf‛cfkm\g} ¿kdf cf‛cfkm\gf sfo{ ;+xfNg yfn]sf] syf k|;+u cfpF5 .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 10
o;/L ln· kl/jt{g ;DaGwL lj1fgnfO{ k|frLg kf}/fl0fs ;flxTox¿n] cem} /f]rs / cfsif{s agfP/ ldysLo 9fFrfdf k|:'t u/]sf 5g\ . k'/f0fx¿df o:tf y'k|} pbfx/0f kfpg ;lsG5 . To:tf ldysx¿sf] k|:t'ltdf jg:ktLo cf}ifwL lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg / lrlsT;f lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds hfgsf/Lsf] ce"tk"j{ ;+of]hg ePsf] k|tLt x'G5 . o:tf kf}/fl0fs ldysLo 36gfx¿nfO{ cem} cfw'lgs lj1fgsf gjLtd k|ljlw / k/LIf0fsf] ;fFrf]df xfn]/ ltgdf cGtlg{lxt j}1flgstfsf] kf/v ug]{ y'k|} cfwf/x¿ e]6\g ;lsG5 . oL t cfw'lgs lj1fgnfO{ lgb]{z ug]{ qmddf rflnPsf ctLtsf k|f/lDes kfOnf dfq x'g\ . ctLtsf ;f+s]lts kfOnf leq eljiosf] 7"nf] j}1flgs vhgf n's]sf] x'g ;S5 . ltgnfO{ k'gM zf]wg, k|zf]wg / cg';Gwfg u/]/ To; pknlAwnfO{ dfgj lxtsf nflu pkof]u ug'{ cjsf] o'uLg cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . !=% lz/R5]bg / k'gof]{hgM k'/f0fdf o:tf ldysLo k|;·x¿ y'k|} cfpF5g\ hxfF s;}sf] lz/R5]bg u/L k'gM p;}sf] jf c¿ s'g} k|f0fLsf] lz/ hf]l8 lbP/ k'ghL{ljt ul/Psf 5g\ . cfj]zdf cfP/ dxf°fn lzjn] u0f]zsf] lz/R5]bg ul/lbP . sfl6Psf] lz/ p8]/ st} x/fof] . otf kfj{tLn] u0f]znfO{ arfFpg} kg]{ c8\8L s;]kl5 xfQLsf] 6fpsf] sf6]/ u0f]zsf] z/Ldf hf]l8of] ; u0f]z afFr] . cfkm\g} o1df lzjsf] ckdfg u/]sf]n] bIf k|hfkltsf] 6fpsf] sfl6P/ clUg s'08df xf]ldof] . ;a} b]jtfx¿n] bIfnfO{ arfOlbg cfu|x u/] . af]sfsf] 6fpsf] NofP/ pgsf] z/L/df hf]l8of] ; bIf afFr] . lktfsf] cfb]zdf cf1fsf/L k/z'/fdn] cfdfs} 6fpsf] sfl6lbP . clg lktf hdblUg v'zL eP/ j/bfg dfUg eg]kl5 km]l/ k/z'/fdn] cfk\mgL cfdf arfOlbg cg'/f]w u/] . hdblUgn] /]0f'sfsf] ToxL lz/ hf]l8lbP ; pgL afFlrg\ . bzfgg /fj0f tkf];fwgfdf k|To]s lbg cfkm\gf] Pp6f 6fpsf] sf6]/ xf]d uYof]{ t/ leq}af6 :jt:km"{t csf]{ 6fpsf] pld|GYof] . sfl6sg /fj0fsf 6fpsf slxNo} ;lsPgg\ . /fd‛/fj0f o'4df /fj0f kIfaf6 lbgel/df hlt efn'‛jfgx¿ dfl/Gy], ;fFem ;a}nfO{ arfP/ /fdn] cfkm\gf] lzlj/df NofpFy] . /fj0fsf] zlQm k|xf/af6 dfl/Psf nId0fn] ;~hLjgL vfP/ k'ghL{jg kfP . vf]hL ub}{ uP PskN6 dfl/P/ k'ghL{jg kfPsf o:tf s}of}+ pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 . dflysf s]xL ldysx¿af6 ;NolrlsT;f / pkrf/ k4lt clg cf}ifwL lj1fgsf If]qdf To; o'un] slt;Dd k|ult ug{ ;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] k|i6 x'g5 . ;'b"/ k|frLgb]lv /fdfo0f o'u;Dd Tof] k|ljlw cfjZos / pko'Qm :yfgdf lqmoflGjt x'Fb} cfPsf] / To;kl5 qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] k|tLt x'G5 . k|frLg ;~hLjgL lj1fgsf] k|of]ufTds k4ltsf ;fk]Iftfdf cfw'lgs lj1fg clxn] klg To; tx;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvF+b}g . ltgtfs lzjhL, z'qmfrfo{, clZjgLs'df/ / hdblUgx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;~hLjgL lj1fg / k|of]u ul/Psf d[To'~h]o ;~hLjgL a'6Lx¿ clxn] sxfF 5g\ / s] x'g\ < cf}ifwL / pkrf/ lj1fg ;DaGwL Pp6f l;·} kf6f]sf] ;"Id cWoog x'g afFsL g} 5 . Cuj]b, cyj{j]b, clUgk'/f0f, r/s;+lxtf h:tf k|frLgtd u|Gyx¿n] tt\;DaGwdf xfdLnfO{ /fd|/L ;+s]t ;"rgf / dfu{bz{g ul/lbPsf 5g\ t/ cfw'lgs Medical science n] To;nfO{ ;;Ld cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . of] cjsf cWooogsf] ljifo x'g ;S5 . !=^ pd]/ :yfgfGt/0f
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 11
k'/f0fdf sltko 7fpFdf pd]/ ;f6f;f6sf ldysLo k|;·x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . efujtdf /fhf oofltsf] sLlt{dfg rl/q j0f{g ug]{ qmddf b}Tos'n u'? z'qmfrfo{af6 ;doeGbf cufj} tTsfn j[4Tj x'g] >fk kfPsf oofltn] k'gM cg'/f]w ubf{ h;n] :j]R5fn] cfkm\gf] pd]/ lbg rfxG5, cfkm\gf] j[4Tj p;nfO{ lbP/ p;sf] o'jf pd]/ ;f6\g ;Sg]5f} egL af6f] vf]lnlbPkl5 pgn] cfkm\gf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ eg] ; h]7f], dfOnf], ;fOnf], sfOnf] s;}n] dfg]g\ . cflv/df k'?n] cfkm\gf] pd]/ afa'nfO{ lbP/ pgsf] j[4Tj lng d~h'/ u/] . o;/L k'gM of}jg k|fKt u/]sf /fhf ooflt b}To u'? z'qmfrfo{sL 5f]/L b]jofgL / b}To/fh j[ifkjf{sL 5f]/L zld{i7f;Fu nfdf] ;do;dd ;'vk"j{s ef]u ljnf; u/L cGTodf sfG5f] 5f]/f k'?sf] hjfgL lkmtf{ lbP/ cfkm\gf] j[4Tj lnO{ elQmk"j{s gf/f/0f ;fo'Ho k|fKt u/]sf] k|;+· cfpF5 . -efujt\ (÷!*_ pd]/ :yfgfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf /fdfo0fdf dxlif{ clqsL wd{kTgL cg;"ofsf] ;tLTj dlxdf j0f{g ug]{ qmddf Pp6f /f]rs k|;· cfpF5 . PskN6 a|Þdf, lji0f' / lzjn] cg;"ofnfO{ ;+;f/sL ;j{>]i7 ;tL eg]sf] ;'g]/ ;/:jtL, nIdL / kfj{tLnfO{ 7"nf] O{iof{ eP5 . cfkm"x¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ cg;"ofnfO{ ;j{>]i7 ;tL eg]sf]df pgLx¿n] uDeL/ cfkQL u/]5g\ . tLg} b]jLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f ;To ;fljt u/fpg lqb]j a|fÞd0f e]ifdf cg;"ofsxfF k'u]/ lgj{:q e} eLIff lbg cg'/f]w u/]5g\ . a|fÞd0fx¿sf] o:tf] cgf}7f] dfu ;'g]/ cg;"ofn] klg To:t} cgf}7f] pkfon] pgL¿sf] dfu k"/f ul/5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] cdf]3 cf}ifwLo cf;j 5s]{/ 5 dlxg] afns agfO{ lgj{:q sfvdf /fvL :tgkfg u/fO5g\ , vfgf v'jfO5g\ / ;Fu} ;'tfO5g\ . nfrf/ lqb]j afns¿kdf cg;"ofsf] sfvdf v]Ng yfn] . lbgx¿ laTt} uP . ptf lqb]j x/fP/ b'lgofF vf]Hbf klg st} ge]6]kl5 lqb]jLx¿ x/fg lyP . cGttM gf/b Clifaf6 ;"rgf kfP/ pgLx¿ cg;"ofsfxfF k'u] / cfkm\gf kltx¿nfO{ vf]lhlbg ;xof]u dfu] . cg;"ofn] b]jLx¿nfO{ leq sf]qmfdf ;'tfO/fv]sf afns ¿k lqb]jlt/ b]vfpFb} cf‛cfkm\gf klt lrg]/ nfg] cg'dlt lbOg\ . b]jLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf klt lrGg ufx«f] eof] . bofk"j{s cg;"ofn] csf]{ cdf]w cf}ifwLo cf;j 5ls{lbP/ afnsx¿nfO{ k'gM lqb]j agfO{ b]jLx¿sf lhDd nufO lbOg\ . tLg} b]jLx¿n] gt d:ts eP/ cg;"ofnfO{ ;+;f/sL ;j{>]i7 ;tLsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ cfb/k"j{s gdg u/] . -afNdLls /fdfo0f c/0o sf08_ cfw'lgs lrlsT;flj1fg clxn] ;Nolqmofåf/f d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f, g]q k|Tof/f]k0f h:tf zf/Ll/s k|To·x¿sf] k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ tx kf/ u/L cj dl:tis / Xbo k|Tof/f]k0fsf nflu k/LIf0f ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ clxn];Dd cfo' yKg]‛36fpg] jf pd]/ k|Tof/f]k0f of ;f6f;f6 ug]{ txdf k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . of] Ps lsl;dsf] To:tf] ;"Idtd ;Nolqmof k|0ffnLsf] pknlAw xf] hxfF pd]/sf sf]lzsf xfdf]{g;\x¿ Ps csf]{df 6«fG;km/ ul/G5g\ . o;sf lglDt s]xL cf}ifwLx¿sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 h;n] of}jgnfO{ l:y/ /fVg' jf rfF8} j[4Tjdf k'¥ofpg d2t u5{ . t/ To:tf dxf}ifwLsf] k|of]un] vf;u/L To; JolQm ljz]ifsf hLjgnfO{ dfq k|efj kfb{5 h;n] To;sf] lgoldt ;]jg u/]sf] 5, o;sf] k|efj Ps csf]{df x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}g . of] s'g} >fk of j/bfgsf] ljifo geP/ ;f]em} cf}ifwL lj1fg of lrlsT;f lj1fgsf] ljifo xf] . k'/f0fo'ud} o; lj1fgsf] k|of]u e};s]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] cjlwdf of] k|ljlw k|fo nf]k e};s]sf] 5 . ck]Iff u/f}+ cjsf] o; pQ/ cfw'lgs o'un] o; pd]/ :yfGt/0f k|ljlwnfO{ k'g?l2kg u/fpFg]5 .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 12
!=& lgdf{0fsnf -OlGhlgol/Ë_ cfw'lgs Ol~hlgol/· k|ljlw oyfy{df snf xf] ls lj1fg < of] cem} klg jx;s} ljifo /x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs Ol~hlgol/·sf] h'g lsl;dsf] k|slt 5 To;nfO{ Psftkm{af6 x]bf{ :ki6¿kdf snf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{af6 To;nfO{ lj1fg;Fu ghf]l8sg w/} kfOFb}g . o;nfO{ k|frLg kf}/fl0fs o'un] snf eg]sf] lyof] / o; cGtu{t snfsf cg]sf}+ ljefux¿ kb{y] . :yfkTosnf, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, ;flxTo, ;+uLt cflb h:tf rf};¶L snfsf] rrf{ k'/f0fx¿df kfOG5 . kl5Nnf lbgx¿df ;du| snfnfO{ pkof]uL snf / nlnt snfsf ¿kdf ljefhg ul/of] . o; ljefhgsf] clek|fo snf jf:tjdf s] sf nflu < snf snfs} nflu ls snf hLjgsf nflu < eGg] k|Zgsf] lg¿k0f ug'{ lyof] . t/ ;+ejtM of] k|Zg cem} p;} 7fpFdf 5 hxfFaf6 o;sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . h;n] snfnfO{ snfs} nflu eg] kl5Nnf ljZn]ifsx¿n] ToxfF klg hLjgsf] ckl/xfo{tf b]vfpg yfn] ;fy} h;n] snfnfO{ hLjgsf nflu eg]sf lyP cfh cfP/ ToxfF klg nflnTok"0f{ ;f}Gbo{ ;[hgfsf] ckl/xfo{tf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ snfnfO{ s]jn hLjgsf nflu of s]jn ;f}Gbo{sf nflu dfq eg]/ ;Ldf°g ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lv+Fb}g . h'g snf pkof]uL x'G5, of hLjgsf nflu clgjfo{ x'G5 dfgj dl:tissf] k|of; :jefljs¿kn] To;nfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg]lt/ nfU5 . cyjf h'g snf dgf];fdflhs ¿kaf6 ;f}Gbo{k"0f{ x'G5 Tof] klg s'g} g s'g} cy{df hLjgf]kof]uL /x]s} x'G5 . o:tf snfx¿ hf] k"j{‛k'/f0fo'ub]lv g} dfgj r]tgfn] u|x0f ub}{ / k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . tL dWo] ldysLo z}nLdf k'/f0fx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf s]xL snf‛j}1flgs tYox¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k'/f0fx¿df :ju{lzNkL don] lgdf{0f u/]sf 7'N7"nf snfk"0f{ dxn, Odf/t / zx/x¿sf] j0f{g cfpF5 h;sf af/]df cfhsf] pQ/ cfw'lgs elgg] j}1flgs r]tgfnfO{ klg em§ :jLsfl/xfNg d'l:sn} k5{ . lzjk'/f0f, :sGbk'/f0f / efujtdf lqk'/f;'/sf] j0f{g cfpF5 . lqk'/ -:j0f{, /ht, / nf}xaf6 lgld{t tLg zx/_ do b}Ton] lgdf{0f u/]sf ce"tk"j{ / cnf}lss tLg zx/x¿ cGtl/Ifdf cb[Zo¿kn] lg/Gt/ 3'ld/x]sf 5g\ . ltg} lqk'/sf] clwklt lqk'/f;'/ ck/fh]o zlQm lnP/ cTofrf/k"j{s lqnf]ssf] lg/°'z zf;g u5{ . Ps xhf/ lbJo jif{df PskN6 Ps lge]ifdfq tL zx/x¿ ha Ps 7fpFdf hf]l8G5g\ l7s To;}a]nf Pp6} af0fn] h;n] tLg}cf]6f zx/sf] 5]bg u5{ p;n] dfq lqk'/f;'/nfO{ dfg{ ;Sg] ljlwsf] Joj:yf lyof] . dxf°fn lzjafx]s c¿ s;}n] Tof] sfd ug{ ;St}gYof] . ;a} b]jtfx¿n] lqk'/f;'/ jwsf nflu lzj;Fu k|fy{gf u/] . nf]ssNof0fsf nflu pQm tLgcf]6} zx/ hf]l8Psf] pko'Qm df}sf 5f]kL lzjn] lqk'/ 5]bg ;lxt lqk'/f;'/sf] jw u/] . To;}n] pgsf] Ps gfd lqk'/fl/ eof] . of] zx/sf] lgdf{0fdf :ju{lzNkL don] ;"Idtd sfn‛snf / lj1fgsf] ce"tk"j{ ;+of]hg u/]sf] a'lemG5 . ;f}/ gIfq d08nsf rqmky / u|xultsf] cfFsng u/]/ Hof]ltlj{bx¿n] h;/L lbg‛/ft, ltyL‛gIfq, 38L‛knf, df;‛Ct', cog‛jif{ u0fgf u/L u|x0fsf] ;do ls6fg ug{ ;S5g\, ;DejtM don] klg ToxfF ToxL lj1fgsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . zfob To;} lj1fgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g} kl5 Uoflnlnof]n] 38Lsf] cflj:sf/ u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . rf}aL; 306fdf l7Ss !@ aHbf 38Lsf tLg cf]6} ;'O{ Ps} 7fpFdf x'G5g\ cyf{t\ ha 38Lsf tLg cf]6f ;'O{ Ps 7fpFdf k'U5g\ clg dfq} !@
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 13
aH5 . ;+ejtM To;} gIfq ult‛lj1fgsf] Psf+z cg'z/0faf6 Uoflnlnof]n] 38L agfpg] cSsn k|fKt u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . To;}u/L ltg} don] >Ls[i0fsf] lgb]{zgdf ef/t jif{sf] klZrd lsgf/ l:yt ;d'b|leq ce]B b'u{ ;lxt åf/sf gu/Lsf] lgdf{0fdf cfkm\gf] j:t'snfsf] cb\e"t gd'gf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . elgG5, gjLg j}1flgs k'/ftflŒjs vf]hn] ev{/} dfq ;d'b|leq To; lbJo gu/Lsf] eUgfjz]if km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . To:t} vf08jk|:ysf] a+h/ e"ld cfjfb u/L kf08jx¿sf nflu pgn] kfgLdf hdLg / hdLgdf kfgL b]lvg] eJo b/jf/ ;lxt OGb|k|:y gu/ a;fn]sf lyP . To;} u/L /fdfo0f o'4sf08df jfg/ lzNkL gn‛gLnn] IfL/ ;fu/ dfly !@)) ls=dL= nfdf] /fd]Zj/ ;]t' kfFr} lbgdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] k|;· cfpF5 . lgdf{0fsnfsf o:tf y'k|} ldysLo k|;·x¿ dxfef/t, /fdfo0f / k'/f0fx¿df cfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L ljdfg Ol~hlgol/·sf cb\e"t k|;·x¿ k|frLg kf}/fl0fs ;flxTodf k9\g kfOG5 . jfNdLls /fdfo0f ;'Gb/ sf08sf] gjf} ;u{df‛ a|Þd0ff]y]{s[t+ låJo+ lblj olåZjsd{0ff ljdfg+ k'iks+ gfd ;j{/Tg lje"liftd\ . eg]/ ljZjsdf{n] agfPsf] ax'rlr{t k'iks ljdfgsf] j0f{g cfPsf] 5 . To:t} e"ld, cfsfz, hn / kxf8df ;d]t plQs} lgaf{w rNg ;Sg] /fhf zfNjsf] ljdfg / Clif sb{d;Fu ePsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljdfgsf] pNn]v efujtdf cfPsf] 5 . -efjut bzd‛zfNj, t[tLo sb{d_ af}4u|Gy wDdkbsf] af]lw /fhs'df/ aTy'df Pshgf sflnu9n] /fhs'df/ af]lwsf lglDt Pp6f ljnIf0f dxn agfOlbPsf] / c¿ To:tf dxn km]l/ st} agfpg g;sf];\ egL /fhs'df/n] p;sf b'j}xft sfl6lbg]5g\ eGg] yfxf kfP/ ckm\gf] kl/jf/;lxt Tof] sflnu9 cfkm}n] agfPsf] Pp6f u¿8oGqdf r9L efUb} g]kfnsf] sfi7d08kdf cfP/ a:g yfn]sf] a0f{g cfpF5 . -===/fhs'df/ aTy' k[=$!)_ dxlif{ ef/åfhs[t æc+z'af]lwgL’ u|Gysf] ‘zQm\o'b\udf]Bi6f}’ ;"qsf] JofVof ub}{ af]4fog Clifn] lgDgfg';f/ cf7 lsl;dsf ljdfg k|rngdf /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ ‛ !_ zQm\o'b\ud‛ ljB't\af6 rNg], @= e"tjfx‛ clUg, hn , jfo' cflbaf6 rNg], #= w"dofg‛ jfik of w"jfFaf6 rNg], $= lzvf]b\ud‛ k~rlzvL cflbsf t]naf6 rNg], %= c+z'jfx‛ ;"o{sf ls/0faf6 of tfkaf6 rNg], ^= tf/d'v‛ pNsf;f/ -r'Dasaf6 rNg], &= dl0fjfx‛ ;"o{sfGt, rGb|sfGt cflb dl0fx¿af6 rNg], *= d¿T;vf‛ s]jn afo'af6 dfq rNg] -j}lbs ;DklQ k[= #!%_ . o;/L pQm JofVofgaf6 j}lbs‛ kf}/fl0fs o'[udf ljdfg Ol~hlgol/· k|ljlw r/df]Tsif{df k'u]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . t/ cfhsf] pQ/ cfw'lgs j}1flgs o'un] tL k|frLg k|ljlw / k|of]ux¿nfO{ s]jn ldysLo cy{df dfq} u|x0f u/]sf]n] ltgaf6 j}1flgs lj/f;t k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . !=* k/sfo k|j]zM k/sfo k|j]z ;DaGwL kf}/fl0fs ldysx¿dWo] lqk'/f /x:o 1fgv08sf] afx«f}+ cWofodf Pp6f o:tf] /f]rs k|;· cfpF5 hxfF k|frLg j+ub]zsf rqmjtL{ /fhf ;'if]0fn] PskN6 Pp6f cZjd]w o1sf] cfof]hgf u/]5g\ . o1sf lglDt 5f]l8Psf] 3f]8fsf] /Iffy{ uPsf ;]gf, /fhs'df/ ;d]t 3f]8fnfO{ tk:of/t t+u0fd'lgsf 5f]/fn] Pp6f ljlrq lznfnf]sleq aGbL agfP5g\ . Tof] va/
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 14
yfxf kfPkl5 ltgnfO{ 5'6fpg ;'if]0fsf efO dxf;]g t+u0f d'lgsxfF k'u]/ cg]s k|sf/n] :t'lt k|fy{gf ug{ yfn] . o;/L cfkm\gf ;dflw:y lktfsf] ;elQm :t'lt k|fy{gf u/]sf] ;'g]/ v'zL eO{ d'lg s'df/n] dxf;]gnfO{ eg]‛lktfhL clxn] of]u ;dflwdf x'g'x'G5 ; pxfFn] ug]{ ;xfotf d cfkm} ul/lbg]5', eGg'xf];\ s] ;d:of k¥of] < dxf;]gsf] p2]Zo d'lg;Fu} ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ a'em]kl5 d'lgs'df/n] cfkm\gf] of]u ann] ;"Id z/L/ wf/0f u/L ;dflw:y d'lgsf cGt/ r]tgfdf k|j]z u/] / pgnfO{ Ao'emfFO lbP . dxf;]gn] d'lgnfO{ ljgd|tfk"j{s cfkm\gf] ;d:of ;'gfP/ d'lg s'df/n] aGbL agfPsf ;]gf / /fhs'df/ ;lxt o1sf] 3f]8f lkmtf{ dfu] . dxf;]gfsf] cg'/f]w ;'g]kl5 d'lgn] cfkm\gf k'qnfO{\ /fhfsf] kl/ro lbFb} 3f]8f 5f]l8lbg cf1f u/] . lktfsf] cf1fg';f/ d'lgs'df/n] 3f]8f, ;]gf / /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ lznfnf]saf6 d'Qm ul/lbP . 3f]8f ;lxt /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf gu/lt/ k7fO lbP/ dxf;]gn] cToGt ljlidt x'Fb} cfb/k"j{s d'lg;Fu lznfnf]ssf] /x:o ;f]w] / To;sf bz{gsf] clenfiff JoQm u/] . dxf;]gsf] lh1f;f / clenfiff k'/f ul/lbg cfkm\gf k'qnfO{ cx«fP/ d'lg t+u0f k'gM ;dflwdf a;] . lktfsf] cf1fg';f/ d'lgk'qn] dxf;]gsf] ef}lts z/L/nfO{ aflx/} /flvlbP/ pgsf] ;"Id z/L/ cfkm\gf] lbJo z/L/df k|j]z u/fO{ pgnfO{ lbJo afx« xhf/ jif{;Dd lznfnf]ssf] ljlrq bz{g u/fP . o;/L lznfnf]ssf] ce"tk"j{ bz{gkl5 aflx/ kms]{/ cfkm\gf] ef}lts z/L/df k|j]z ubf{ aflx/L ;+;f/df Pslbg dfq} ePsf] /x]5 . To:t} cflb z+s/frfo{sf] hLjg rl/qdf k/sfo k|j]zsf] csf]{ Pp6f /f]rs k|;· cfpF5 . cfkm\gf] wfld{s cfWoflTds, lblUjhosf qmddf dflxidlt k'/sf cfrfo{ d08g ld>nfO{ x/fPkl5 pgsL wd{kTgL, ef/tLn] u/]sf] sfd‛snf ;DaGwL k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg g;s]/ z+s/frfo{n] ^ dlxgfsf] efsf dfu] . cfkm\gf b'O{ lziox¿nfO{ ;Fu} lnP/ To; k|Zgsf pQ/sf] vf]lhdf lg:s] . ofqf ub}{ s]xL lbgkl5 pQ/ ef/tsf] kxf8L v08df k'Ubf cfnsfgGbfsf] lsgf/df dnfdLx¿sf] 7"nf] hdftn] Pp6f d[t nfz NofpFb} u/]sf] b]v]/ Ps hgf lzionfO{ a'em\g k7fP . To;} b]zsf /fhf d/]sf /x]5g\ . ev{/}dfq lajfx u/]sf] /x]5 . ;a} s'/f a'em]kl5 z+s/frfo{n] cfkm\gf] :y"n z/LnfO{ lxdfnosf] s'g} ;'/lIft :yfgdf b'j} lzionfO{ ?ª\g cx«fP/ cfkm\gf] r}tGo ;"Id z/L/nfO{ /fhfsf] d[t z/L/df k|j]z u/fP . /fhf crfgs hLljt eP/ p7] . ;a} cfZro{ rlst x'Fb} /fhfnfO{ b/jf/ lkmtf{ nluof] . /fhf k'gM /fhsfhdf ;+nUg eP . t/ pgsf] :jefj / z}nLdf klxn]sf] eGbf w]/} 7"nf] kl/jt{g b]v]/ dGqL ef/bf/x¿ 5Ss ky]{ . ptf d08g ld>sL wd{kTgLsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg /fhfsf] d[t z/L/df k|j]z u/]sf z+s/frfo{n] gj lajflxtf /fgLaf6 sfd‛ snf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]kl5 ^ dlxgf k'Ug' cufj} /fhfsf] To; z/L/nfO{ 5f]l8lbP/ k'gM cfkm\gf] z/L/df cfO{ k|j]z u/] . /fhfsf] k'gM d[To' eof] . otf z+s/frfo{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lnP/ d08g ld>sxfF k'u] / pgsL wd{kTgLnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs pQ/ lbP . cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] eGbf klg a9L lrQa'em\bf] pQ/ kfPkl5 cfrfo{ d08g / ef/tL b'j} z+s/frfo{sf lzio eP . -z+s/ lblUjho_ oL t s]xL pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ ; o:tf cGtlj{1fgk/s ldysLo k|;+ux¿ k'/f0fx¿df y'k|} cfPsf 5g\ . dflysf ldysLo k|;+ux¿df dxf;]gsf] Tof] :jKgf lyPg, g t d'lgk'qsf] s'g} dxfFhfb' g} lyof] . cyjf z+s/frfo{sf] rdTsf/k"0f{ s'g} b}jLzlQm geP/ of]u ;fwgfsf] k/fj}1flgs ;To lyof] . sfnrqmsf] tLa|td ult dfkg ug]{ ;"Idtd lj1fgsf] r/d pknlAw lyof] Tof] . kbfy{sf
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 15
k/df0f'nfO{ ;dosf k/df0f'leq bf}8fpg] ;"Idtd k|ljlwsf] HjnGt gd'gf lyof] hf] k|sfzsf] ulteGbf nfvf}+ u'gf tLa|t/ x'G5 . of] s'g} /x:ojfbL k|sNkgf geP/ j:t'ut ;Todf cfwfl/t cfWoflTds åGbjfbsf] k/fj}1flgs ultzLntf lyof] . kbfy{ hlt‛hlt ;"Idt/ x'Fb} hfG5 plt‛plt To;sf] cfGtl/s ult / zlQm klg tLa|t/ / k|ant/ aGb} hfG5 . of] To:tf] k/fdf0f'lj1fgsf] k/fsfi7f xf] hxfF kbfy{sf] ;"Idtd c+z / sfnrqmsf ;"Idtd c+zsf] ce"tk"j{ ;+of]hg x'G5 . oxfF kbfy{ / r]tgfsf] k/fj}1flgs km\o"hg x'G5 . kbfy{sf] :y"n cfs[ltut ;+of]hg ef}lts lj1fgsf] ljifo xf] eg] To;sf] ;"Idflt;"Idtd cfs[ltut ;+of]lht cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f cfWoflTds ljrf/ lj1fgsf] ljifo aGb5 . oxL æc0ff]/0fLofg\ dxtf] dxLofg\Æ sf] cf}klgiflbs lj1fg klg xf] . ;fy} lj1fg / snfsf] ;fd~h:ok"0f{ ;x;DaGwut pknlAwsf] r/df]Tsif{ xf] . -k|1f c+s (% k[= (* Pj+ of]uL vKt8, ljrf/ lj1fg_ pk;+xf/ k'/f0fx¿df o:tf w]/} ldysLo k|;+·x¿ cfPsf 5g\ h;nfO{ cfw'lgs vf]h cg';Gwfgd"ns j}1flgs cfFvfn] x]/]/ tbg'¿k k'gJof{Vof ug{ ;s] ToxfF eljiosf nflu 7"nf] k|fljlws vhgf km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 . gjLtd zf]w‛cg'Gwfg ug]{ qmddf cjsf j}1flgs k|of;x¿n] cfh;Ddsf cWoogsf] kbfy{ lj1fgsf ;txL cj:yfaf6 cem} leq k;]/ hLjg ‛hut\sf jf:tljs cGtl:yltsf] ;"Idtd k/fj}1flgs cWoogsf] tx;Dd k'Ug' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;Gbe{;fdu|LM bLlIft, dgf]x/nfn, lzj:j/f]bo, !(*@, dy'/f, uf]kfn k':tsfno wDdkb M af]lws/fhs'df/ aTy' k|1f c°‛(%, @)%* g]=/f= k|1f‛k|lti7fg, ;+kfbg‛kGyL 6Lsf/fd d'lg s0ffb M j}z]lzs ;"q d'lg j]bAof; clUgk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/, uLtfk|]; Æ Æ cWofTd/fdfo0f, Æ Æ Æ Æ jfo'k'/f0f, Æ Æ Æ Æ dxfef/t, Æ Æ Æ Æ >Ldb\ b]jLefujt, Æ Æ Æ Æ >Ldb\ efujt, Æ Æ Æ Æ :sGwk'/f0f, Æ Æ Æ Æ lzjk'/f0f, Æ Æ
Æ jfNdLls, cfgGb/fdfo0f, JofVofsf/‛k+=/fdt]h kf08]o @))(,lbNnL,rf}vDaf ;+:s[t k|lti7fg Æ jfNdLls, jfNdLls /fdfo0f, uf]/vk'/ uLtfk|]; of]uL vKt8, ljrf/lj1fg zdf{, >L/fd, cyj{j]b, lxGbL 6Lsf zdf{, k+= /3'gGbg, j}lbs ;DklQ, @)$@, lå=;+= gO{ lbNnL %, bofgGb ;+:yfg, j]bdlGb/ :jfdL, gf/fo0fhL dxf/fh, cfTdbz{g, !(^&, r=;+= jf/f0f;L, j}lbs k':tsfno
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 16
:jfdL, ;gftgb]j, lqk'/f/x:od\= !(^& -@)@$_ k|=;+= jf/f0ff;L, rf}vDaf ;+:s[t ;L/Lh :jfdL, cf]dfgGb tLy{, kft~hn of]uk|bL, @)$!, r=;+=, uf]/vk'/, uLtfk|]; l;Gxf, /fh/fh]Zj/L k|;fb / ld> jL=s]= !((@, c;fdfGo dgf]lj1fg lå=;= ef/tL ejg, k6gf
g/]Gb|bfO pkGof;df k|tLs ljwfg
OlGb/fh kf}8\ofn g]kfnL ljefu bds ax'd'vL SofDk; bds, emfkf k|f/De k|mfo8]nL dgf]lj1fg / cl:tŒjjfbL bz{gsf] ;dGjoåf/f gjLgtd ;Defjgfsf] cGj]if0f ug]{ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf -lj=;+= !(&!‛@)#(_ g]kfnL cfVofg ;flxTodf cljh]o >i6f x'g\ . -8f= uf}td / cGo @)^&‛@$!_, lj=;+= !((! df sf=lx=lj=lj=af6 aL=P= / !(($ df snsQf lj=lj= af6 la=Pn=;Ddsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff k'/f u/]sf sf]O/fnfn] k"jL{o bz{gsf j]b, pklgifb\, a|Þd;"q, uLtf, dxfef/t cflb u|Gy, klZrdsf ljleGg bz{g clg ef/tLo ;flxTo / ;flxTosf/x¿ ‛ k|]drGb|, /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/ / z/RrGb| cflbsf ;fy} klZrdL ;flxTosf/x¿‛6N;6fo, t'u]{g]e, uf]sL{, r]va cflbaf6 k|]/0ff / k|efj u|x0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . pko'{Qm bz{g / JolQmŒjx¿af6 k|]/0ff / k|efj u|x0f u/] tfklg ljz]if¿kdf k|mfo8]nL dgf]lj1fg / cl:tŒjjfbL k|j[lQnfO{ cfkm\gf cfVofgsf] d"ns]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ ljleGg syf / cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿ /rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . -a/fn / P6d @)%^M @!@_, . g]kfnsf] df]/ª\df logsf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] eP klg pgsf lktf s[i0fk|;fbsf] k|hftflGqs efjgf a'em]/ >L # rGb|zDz]/åf/f ;j{:jx/0f x/0f;lxt lgjf{;gsf] ;hfo kfPsf x'‚bf pgsf] afNosfn agf/; / snsQfdf lat]sf] lyof] . k|jf;L hLjgd} cWoogdf ;+nUg ePsf logn] !$÷!% jif{sf] pd]/b]lvg} ;flxTodf snd rnfpg yfn]sf lyP . k|f/Dedf syfn]vgtkm{ cfs[i6 ePsf logsf bf]ifLrZdf -@))^_, Zj]te}/jL -@)#*_ / ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf -@)%@_, k|sflzt 5g\ eg] @)!& b]lv nuftf/ cf7jif{;Dd h]ndf a;]sf cj:yfdf tLg3'DtL -@)%%_, g/]Gb|bfO -@)@&_, ;'lDgdf @)@& / df]lb cfOg -@)#^_ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ pkGof; /rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . -zdf{M@)#(M@!) / g]kfn @)%@M!!_, o;kl5 ‘lx6n/ / ox'bL’ -@)$)_, afa' cfdf / 5f]/f -@)$%_, h:tf pkGof; k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ eg] cfTdsyfsf ¿kdf ‘cfkm\gf] syf -@)$)_, hn]hg{n -@)%$_ / cfTdsyf -@)%%_ s[lt k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf] ;flxlTos ofqfsf] k|f/Dedf /rgf u/]sf sljtfx¿f] ;+ufnf] æljZj]Zj/sf sljtfÆ -@)%)_, klg k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 17
nueu % bzs nfdf] ;flxTo ofqf u/]sf sf]O/fnfsf] cfVofgsfl/tfdf‛k|mfo8Lo of}gdgf]lj1fgsf] lrq0f, cl:tŒjjfbL‛lj;+ultjfbL r]tgfsf] k|:t'lt, bfz{lgstf, ldysLo k'gM l;h{g, k|efjsf/L rl/q rog, gf6sLo åGbsf] ;kmn k|of]u, cflTds k|]dsf] snfTds cleJo~hgf, ;an / ;kmn cfVofgsnfsf] k|:t'lt, ljlzi6 /fhg]tf eP/ klg snfsfl/tfdf /fhg}lts uGw gcfpg', dfgjtfjfbL hLjgb[li6sf] k|:t'lt, /fi6«jfbsf] WjGofTds cleJo~hgf, k|:t'ltdf dfld{stf / snfTds zAbljGof;, gof‚ gof ljDa / k|tLssf] k|of]u, ;'sf]dn efiff‛z}nLsf] k|of]u h:tf dxQd j}lzi6\ox¿ kfOG5g\ . -a/fn / P6dM @!#‛@!*_, != ;+lIfKt kl/roM æs'g} cb[Zo jf ck|:t't ljifosf abnfdf sfd lngsf lglDt k|of]u ul/g] j:t', lrGx jf ;°]tx¿ g} k|tLs x'g\ . s'g} ;°]t, lrGx jf k|tLsn] ljleGg ljifo jf ljljw s'/fsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ x'Fbf k|tLsx¿ k|foM k|ltlglwd"ns x'G5g\Æ . -hf]zLM @)%!M*^_, æs'g} ;dfgwld{ cGo ljifoj:t', JolQm, b[Zo, cflbsf ;fy} ljljw 36gf, ljljw efj, ljrf/ jf lqmofsf] k|ltlglwŒj k|tLx¿n] ub{5g\ , h;/L efiff, ul0ft, lj1fg cflb ljifosf u|Gydf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg lrGx / lrqsnfdf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg /·n] k|tLsfTds ¿kdf ljleGg efj / ljrf/x¿ JoQm ub{5g\ , To;/L g} ;flxTodf klg ljleGg k|ltljDa jf k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]uåf/f cfn+sfl/s, nIf0ffTds, Jo~hgfTds, WjGofTds -k|tLodfgfTds_ / /;fTds cfleJolQm lbg ;Sg' kb{5 eGg] k|tLsjfbLx¿sf] dfGotf 5 . xfd|f] gfd t:jL/ / k|ltdf cflbn] klg xfd|f] k|lglwŒj ub{5g\ , To;sf/0f tL Ps lsl;dn] xfd|f k|tLs x'g\ . ;+;f/sf k|To]s k|f0fLn] ;[li6sf] clnslt dfq eP klg k|ltlglwŒj ug]{ x'Fbf ;+;f/sf] k|To]s k|f0fL klg ;[li6sf] k|tLs g} xf] . ;fdfGotof cd"t{, cb[Zo, c>Jo / ck|:t't ljifosf k|tLssf ¿kdf s'g} d"t{, b[Zo, >Jo / k|:t't ;°]tx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . k"jL{o‛kfZrfTo b'j} ;flxTodf k|of]u x'‚b} cfPsf o:tf k|tLsnfO{ k/Dk/fut k|tLs / j}rfl/s k|tLs eg]/ b'O{ ju{df ljefg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . -hf]zLM @)%!M*&_, k"j{df j]b, pklgifb\ , bz{g, cfif{dfxfsfJo -/fdfo0f, dxfef/t_, !* k'/f0f / sflnbf;, df3, ef;, >Lxif{ cflbsf sfJox¿df cfTdf‛k/dfTdf tyf hLjg‛hut ;DaGwL cg]sf}+ k|tLs / k|tLsfTds 36gf‛k|;·x¿ k|:t't ePsf kfOG5g\ . o;/Lg} klZrdf klg lqmlZrogsf] afOan, ox'bLsf] cf]N8 6]:6ldG6sf ;fy} ljleGg bz{g -ldys_ k'/fsyf, nf]s ;flxTo cflbdf ljleGg k|tLs / k|tLsfTds 36gf‛k|;·x¿ kfOG5g\ . o:tf k'/fgf / k/Dk/fsf ¿kdf kfOg] k|tLsx¿ k/Dk/fut dflgG5g\ . -hf]zL @)%!M*&_ g]kfnL ;flxTodf slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ælk+h/fsf] ;'ufdf k|o'Qm ‘lk+h/f / ;'uf’ qmdzM tt\sfnLg /f0ffzf;g / hgtfsf k|tLs dflgPsf 5g\ . o;/Lg} b]jsf]6fsf] ‘;f‚9]’ sljtfsf] ‘;fF9]’ /f0ffzf;gsf] k|tLs xf] eg] uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] æcfdfsf] ;kgf’ sljtfdf k|o'Qm ‘Tof] x'/L eP/ cfpg] 5 ltdL kft eP/ k5\ofpg] 5f}+ .Æ eGg] k+lQmdf ‘x'/L‘ n] @))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGtnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 o:tf df}lns / gjLg k|tLsx¿ j}olQms k|tLs dflgG5g\ -hf]zLM *&_, o:tf k|tLssf] k|of]u k"j{df j}lbs ;flxTo / klZrddf u|L;]nL ;flxTob]lvg} k|efjsf/L¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5, . æj]bdf OGb|, ¿b|, d¿t, kh{Go,od, lji0f', k'iff, k|f0f uf}, cZj cflb b\o':yfgLo
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 18
b]jtf, -;f}/b]jtf_, cGtl/If :yfgLo b]jtf / k[YjL :yfgLo k|s[lttflŒjs b]jtfnfO{ k|tLsfTds ¿kdf k|:t't u/]/ ljlzi6 zlQmwf/f / lbJoj[lQsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . j]bdf k|o'Qm ‘uf}’ zAbn] ;f]emf] cy{df JolQm kz' jf hflt kz'nfO{ a'emfp‚5, t/ k|tLsfTds ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] ‘uf}’ zAbn] Jofks ¿kdf k|tLodfg cy{sf] ;+s]t ub{5, j]bdf ‘uf}’ zAbn] st} kf]if0fo'Qm lbJozlQmnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5, st} ljleGg nf]snfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 h:t}M‛-Od] nf]sfMuf}_ st} cGtl/IfnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5, æst} cGg+ j} ‘uf}’ eg]/ uf}n] cGgnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 , st} æ ohf] j} uf}Æ eg]/ uf}n] o1nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5, st} æljZjb]jL j} uf}Æ eg]/ b}jLzlQmsf] lbJok'~hnfO{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . st} æk|f0ff] xL uf}’ eg]/ uf}n] k|f0f jf -k~rk|f0f_ nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . o:tf cg]sf}+ k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfsf] k|of]u j}lbs ;flxTodf kfOG5 . -k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/f @)^^M@^÷@&_, k"jL{o ;flxTozf;|sf jsf]lQmjfb, cn+sf/jfb / /;‛Wjlgjfb klg k|tLs jf k|tLodfg cy{;Fug} ;Da4 b]lvG5g\ . o;/Lg} klZrdL cflbslj xf]d/sf cfif{dxfsfJodf cg]sf}+ k|tLs, k|tLsfTds 36gf / k|tLsfTds k|;·sf] snfTds ljGof; kfOG5 . dWoo'uLg dxfslj ‘clnu\ lx P/L bfFt]’ sf] b}jL ;'vfGt -l8efOg sd]8L_ dxfsfJo k|tLs k|of]usf b[li6n] Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . o; sfJodf i) clewfTds ii) ¿ksfTds iii) cfn+sfl/s / iv) ;fb[Zout u/L rf/ k|sf/sf k|tLx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g\ elgG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ‘gj dfgjtfjfbL ljåfg’ kfn ONe df]/n] klg i) tfTkof{Tds ii) ¿ksfTds iii) :df/s / iv) wfld{s u/L rf/ k|sf/s} k|tLsx¿ :jLsf/]/ pQm ‘l8efOg sd]l8df’ k|r'/ k|tLsx¿ k|of]u ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .-lqkf7L @)$(M^$÷^%_, k|ltsjfbdf j0f{, :kz{ / uGw cflb OlGb|o af]wsf] pb]|saf6 Ps ljz]if k|sf/sf] clglZrt Pjd\ c:ki6 cg'e"lt pTkGg u/fpg] k|of; ul/G5 . s'g} klg h8kbfy{ jf r]tgkbfy{sf] j0f{, uGw, :kz{ cflb OlGb|o ;+j]Btfaf6 dfgjdgdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] efjgfn] hGd lnG5 . oxL efjgfn] xfd|f] Wofg :jfefljs ¿kaf6 s'g} cGo j:t'tk{m n}hfG5 . To:tf] cleJo~hgf u/fpg] jf Wjlgt u/fpg] ljDjx¿ g} pko'Qm k|tLs x'g\ . k|f/Dedf k|tLsjfb s'g} JolQm, ljifo, 36gf jf lqmofsf] ;+s]t ug]{ lrGxdf dfq ;Lldt lyof] . P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{g;Fu} o;sf] lj:tf/ eP/ ljleGg jfb, dgf]lj1fg / :jKg, lbjf‛:jKg cflbsf ;Gbe{df klg o;sf] e/k"/ k|of]u x'g yfNof] . -9'·]n @)%^M @&@_, o;} qmddf l;UdG8 k|mfo8sf dgf]ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL ;}4flGts / k|of]lus b[li6sf]+0faf6 k|efljt ePsf ;flxTosf/x¿n] cfkm\gf dgf]j}1flgs ;flxTodf dfgjsf r]tg, cjr]rg / cr]tg, dgdf hfu[t x'g] pu|‛s7f]/ dgf]Pif0ff, cr]tg ;Da4 Pif0ff / bldt dgf]u|GyLsf] ;f+s]lts cleHo~hgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df pkfx+ (id) cx+ (Ego), / k/fx+ (Super Ego), sf ljljw kIf;Fu ;Da4 cg]sf}+ gjLg / gjLgtd k|tLsx¿ k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . -l;Gxf / ld> O{= !((@M*^_, g]kfnL ;flxTosf d"w{Go cfVofgsf/ sf]O/fnfsf s[ltdf klg pko'{Qm ljljw k|sf/sf k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u kfOG5 . @= g/]Gb|bfO pkGof;df k|tLs k|of]uM g/]Gb|bfO pkGof; k|tLs k|of]usf b[li6af6 Hofb} ;d[4 dflgG5 . ;dfnf]rsx¿n] o; s[ltnfO{ ljleGg sf]+0faf6 ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} sf]+0fx¿ k|efjsf/L aGg'df klg k|tLs k|of]us} ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . o; s[ltdf cleJol~ht, kfqsf dgf]bzf, cr]tg
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 19
dgdf bldt s'07f, g/]Gb|n] ef]Ug' k/]sf Pif0ff / s'07fx¿, uf}/Lsf cr]tgdf bldt ePsf s'07fx¿, ljljw cfj]u ;+j]ux¿ k|tLss} dfWodaf6 cleJol~ht ePsf 5g\ . h:t}M‛ cfkm\gf kltnfO{ l/emfpg Ps lbg uf}/Ln] ;fg'afa' dfkm{t Njfª\ ;'kf/L k7fp‚l5g\ t/ g/]Gb|n] Tof] ;f}uftsf] kfsf] aflx/ km\ofFlslbG5g\ . Tof] 36gfaf6 pTkGg uf}/Lsf] dfgl;s l:yltnfO{ ;fg'aafj'n] o;/L k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ ‛ æ d]/f] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgsf] ;fgf] z/L/ cgf}7f] lsl;dn] sfFKof], xfF;]sf] h:tf] u/]/ . d'v v'lDrof] t/ xfF;f]sf] pHofnf] Psbd nf]k ePsf] v'DRofO . pgn] dnfO{ ;dft]/ cfkm"lt/ tflgg\ / klxn] t dfofFn] ;'D;'DofOg\ t/ kl5 d;Fu 6fFl:;P/ ¿g kf] nflug . d cK7\of/f] dfg]/ km'lTsg rfxfGy] . pgn] dnfO{ v"a hf]8;Fu cF7\ofP/ ¿b} d]/f] DjfO{F vfg yflng . pgsf] cfF;'n] d]/f] ufnf klg leHof] ====d lg:;fl;g yfn]+ . -g/]Gb|bfO{ M k[= @)_, of] k|tLsfTds cleJohgfn] uf}/Lsf cr]tgdf bldt ePsf of}ghGo s'07fsf] l:yltaf]w u/fPsf] 5 . k|mfo8Lo of}gdgf]lj1fgsf cfwf/df ;lxTosf] /rgf ug'{ sf]O/fnfsf] cf}kGofl;s j}lzi6\o g} b]lvG5 . k|mfo8sf cg';f/ dfgj dgsf] clwsf+z efu c]rtgdf bldt eP/ /x]sf ljrf/x¿n] el/Psf] x'G5 / To;df k|d'v e"ldsf of}gzlQmsf] x'G5 . oxL kIfnfO{ pkGof;sfn] k|tLsfTds ¿kdf cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . b'nxL eP/ lelqPsf] klxnf] lbgsf] l:yltnfO{ uf}/Ln] :jo+ o;/L ;+s]t u/]sL l5g\ ‛ æ o; 3/df d}n] latfPsf] k|yd /ft‛ d]/f] ;f}efUo /fqL dw'/fqL======ha xh'/sf] xft d]/f] z/L/sf] cg';Gwfg ub}{ lxl8/x]sf] lyof] ======x] eujfg dnfO{ cem} cljsl;t aflnsf g} lsg /fVof} < ====cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] ckof{Ktfsf] dfld{s cg'ej eof] ======d 8Nnf] kb}{ uP‚ -g/]Gb| bfOM k[= $#_ pko'{Qm k|tLsfTds k+lQmx¿n] klg k|mfo8Lk of}gdgf]lj1fgsf] g} cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ . o; pkGof;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf uf}/Lsf] zf/Ll/s ckof{Kttfsf sf/0fn] g/]Gb|sf] of}gs'07f t[Kt xF'g kfpFb}g . h;sf] kmn:j¿k uf}/Ln] cfkm\gf] zf/Ll/s ljsf; / cfl·s k|:km'6gsf lglDt cg]+s n]x\o,k]o, rf]:o kf}li6s kbfy{x¿ ;]jg u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{ of}jgf o'jtLsf ¿kddf kl/0ft u/fpFl5g . pkGof;sf] dWoefub]lv clGtd r/0f;Dd k'Ubf uf}/Lsf ljsl;t c·‛k|To·df pu| of}g ef]ssf Pif0ffx¿ hfu[t x'G5g\ . tL of}g ef]ssf bz‛bzdf+zdWo] Ps c+zsf] klg Ifltk"lt{ gePsf sf/0faf6 pgL k"0f{ljlIfKt cj:yfdf k'Ubl5g\ / ToxL cj:yfdf Ifo/f]un] u|:t ag]/ d'gl/ofnfO{ agf/;d} 5f]8L uf}/Lsf] cf>odf cfPsf g/]Gb|sf] klg b'Mvb cGTo x'G5 . g/]Gb|sf] b'MvfGTo kZrft\ ;fgf]afa' agf/;af6 cfP/ uf}/LnfO{ e]6]kl5 oL b'O{sf aLrdf Psk|sf/sf] k|tLodfgfTds‛;f+s]ltt ;+jfb x'G5 . h'g ;+jfb o:tf] 5‛ æpgL ;fbsf nflu dnfO{ k|]d lbP/ uP=====.Æ æd df cfP/ a;] ;Fw}‛;Fw}sf nflu, dnfO{ ;bfsf nflu ;f}efUojtL agfP .Æ ======Æ . æs;}af6 gvf]l;g] u/L pgL d]/f ePsf 5g\ . slxNo} klg g5f8\g] u/L pgL 3/ kms]{/ cfP .Æ -pxLM k[= &%_, cfkm\gf] klt g/]Gb|sf] d[To'kl5 klg ;‚w} ;wjfsf] ;f}efUodf cfkm"nfO{ l;+uf/]/ a:g] uf}/Lsf k|tLsfTds‛;f+s]ltt lqmofsnfk / cleJolQmn] Psflt/ k"0f{ljlIflKtsf] cleJo~hgf u/fPsf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ljlIflKtsf]‛k|tLssf cleJo~hgfaf6 k'¿ifjfbsf cx+j[lQsf] ulx/f] ljb|f]x / gf/L qmflGtsf] ;+s]t klg ePsf] kfOG5 . clg ljlIfKtfj:yfsL uf}/L ;fgf]afa'nfO{ ;fy lnP/ cfkm\gf]
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 20
hGd3/ lj/u~h k'Ug', / ljlIflKts} sf/0faf6 e'O{Frfnf] cfpFbf 3/leq k'l/g' clg gf} lbg kl5 lhpFb} lgsflng', clg tLg lbg kl5 pgsf] b'Mvb\ cGTo x'g', cflb 36gfx¿ k|tLsfTds dflgG5g\ . cfkm\gf lktf sKtfg af ;Fu ts{ x'Fbf g/]Gb|n] æsKtfg af, dnfO{ w]/} 3f]r]/ geGgf];\ . hfaf] Pp6LnfO{ d]/f] unfdf em'08\ofOlbP/ a8f] pksf/ u/]sf] 5' eGg' x'G5 eg] n, Tof] tkfO{n] d]/f] nflu NofPsL eg]sL tkfO{FnfO{ g} eof] .Æ -k[=#)_ eg]sf lyP . h'g egfO{ lgoltbf]ifdf kl/0ft x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] kl/0flt uf}/L :j:y ePsf cj:yfdf g/]Gb|n] d'gl/ofnfO{ lnP/ lxF8] . uf}/L / g/]Gb|sf aLrdf zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ x'g ;s]g . ha g/]Gb| Ifo/f]un] u|:t ag]/ d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf uf}/Lsf] cf>o vf]Hb} cfP, Tof] cj:yfdf uf}/L of}ghGo bldt s'07fsf sf/0faf6 ljlIfKt agL ;s]sL lyOg\ . Tof] cj:yfdf h;/L cfdfsf sfvdf afns ;'T5 To;/Lg} uf}/Lsf sfvdf g/]Gb| ;'t]sf / cfdfn] /f]uL afnsnfO{ cf}iflw u/] em} ljlIfKtfj:yfsL uf}/Låf/f ;]jf‛pkrf/ x'‚bfx‚b} g/]Gb|sf] cGTo ePsf] x'‚bf uf}/L t g/]Gb|sL cfdf g} l;4 ePsf] lgoltbf]if d"ns lrb\ljDaLo‛ cJoQmefj cleJol~ht ePsf] 5 . uf}/Ln] h'g 3/df hGdlnOg\ ToxLF pgsf] cGTo klg ePsf] x'Fbf 5f]/Ln] klg cfkm\gf] hGd3/df dg{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf klg ePsf] 5 . Tof] gf/LqmflGt r]tgfsf] k|tLs klg xf] . e'FOrfnf] cfpFbf 3/leq k'l/PsL uf}/LnfO{ ( lbg kl5 lhpFb} lgsflnPsf] 5, oxf‚ k|o'Qm ( c° Hof]ltlj{1fg cg';f/ k"0f{tfsf] k|tLs xf] . o;af6 gf/L‛k'¿if b'j} cf‛cfkm"df k"0f{ 5g\ eGg] cldJo~hgf klg ePsf] 5 . uf}/LnfO{ pgsf] dfOtL3/ lj/u~h k'¥ofP/ ;fgf]afa' k'gM agf/; k'u]sf] cj:yfdf l;pFbf] e/L l;Gb"/ / uxgf u'l/ofn] ;lhPsL t/ >LxLg clg c;dodfg} a'9L x'g nfu]sL -cd}y'gf+ h/f;|L0ff+======lxtf]kb]z_, d'g/LofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ ;fgf]afa'n] af]nfpFbf æ d'gl/of t dl/;sL .Æ eGb} :jo+ d'gl/ofn] g} Pp6f a'9f] hf}x/LnfO{ b]vfP/ d t pgsL kTgL x"FÆ eGg] k|tLsfTds cleJolQmn] d'gl/ofsf] ;+1f xLgtfnfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf] kfOG5 . s[ltsf k|f/Dedf s[ltsf/n] g/]Gb|sf :j¿ksf] lrq0f ubf{ æh;df s7f]/tfsf]‛n's]sf] b[9tf / aa{/tfsf]‛tŒj ;jf]{kl/ lyof]‛eL/sf] aa{/ cfsif{0f h;df qf;sf] dfqf clws /xG5 -k[=@_.Æ h:tf lgoltbf]ifd"ns kb‛kbfjnLsf] ljGof; u/]/ efjssf dgdf qf; / s¿0ffsf] pb|]såf/f dgf] efjsf] lj/]rg ug]{ ;f+s]ltt cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ eg] s[ltsf cGTodf æsf]zLsf] t6df afn'jfsf] /fzLdfly g/]Gb|, uf}/L / d'gl/ofn] Pp6f v]nfFrLdf lqe'hsf] cfsf/ cl°t u/] . lgoltsf Pp6f ;fgf] km\km"df afn'jf xlNnof] . lqe'h ljlng eof] .Æ -pxLM k[=& , *_ h:tf k|tLsfTdskb‛kbfjnLsf] k|of]uåf/f tLg} hgf s]Gb|Lo rl/qsf] b'Mvb\ cGTonfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . o; s[ltdf k|ToIf¿kdf d'gl/ofsf] b'Mvb\ cGTo gb]lvP tfklg ;fgf]afa' / d'gl/ofsf ;+jfbdf :jo+ d'gl/ofn] æd'gl/of t dl;;sL . d d'gl/of xf]Og . ltldn] lrg]gf}+.Æ -k[=&&_, eGg' / dfgl;s ¿kn] :jd[To' 3f]lift ug'{af6 p;n] :j‛;+1fxLgtfsf] b'MvfGTo :jLsf/]sf] tYo cleJol~ht ePsf] kfOG5 .Æ o;/L s]Gb|Lo rl/q;Fu ;+a4 eP/ cfPsf cg]sf}+ k|tLodfg k|tLsx¿n] oxfF Xbo ;+j]B cleJol~hgf Bf]tg u/]sf 5g\ . oL s]Gb|Lo rl/qsf ;Gbe{df o; s[ltsf afn kfqn] ;+s]t u/]sf WjGofTds cleJo~hgfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 21
#=! afnrl/qåf/f k|:t't ePsf k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfM s'g}klg k|tLsjfbL s[ltdf nIf0ff, Jo~hgf, Wjlg / jqmtfsf] k|fwfGo x'g'kb{5, æd'Vofy{b]lv leGg cGo cy{ a'emfpg] zAb zlQmnfO{ nIf0ff elgG5.Æ jfRofy{ / nIofy{af6 cdLi6 cy{ ga'lemP/ zAbsf] t];|f] zlQmåf/f cdLi6 cy{ a'lemG5 eg] To;nfO{ Jo~hgf elgG5 . -;flxTo bk{0f bf];|f] kl/R5]b_, æhxfF zAbn] cfkm\gf] cy{ / cy{n] klg cfkm\gf] cy{ 5f]8]/ cyjf ;fdfGo cy{nfO{ uf}0f agfP/ gofF lsl;dsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ clgj{rgLo cy{ Wjlgt u/fpF5 To;nfO{ Wjlg elgG5 .Æ -pkfWofoM k[= !*&_ eg] jqmf]lQmjfbL lrGts s'Gtsn] æ slj k|ltefdf lge{/ j}bUWo el·el0flt g} jqmf]lQm xf] .Æ jf 3'dfp/f] egfO{ jf 6]8f], af·f] lsl;dsf] k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf g} jqmf]lQm xf] eg]/ jqmf]lQmsf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . -pkfWofoM k[= @!*_ o; s[ltdf klg s[ltsf ljleGg rl/qn] nIf0ffd"ns, Jo~hgfd"ns, WjGofTds / jqmf]lQmdo k|tLsx¿sf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ . oL ljleGg rl/qdWo] s[ltsf afnrl/qn] s] s:tf ;Gbe{df s] s:tf k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ To;sf] vf]hL ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . h:t}M s_ ;fgf]afa' / ;fGgfgLsf] ;+jfbM æh;df b]jL cfpF5g\ To:tf cfOdfO{ afFemL x'G5g\ . -g/]Gb| k[= !(÷@)_ , v_ ;fg'afa' / uf}/Lsf] ;+jfbM æs] eGg' eof] pxfFn] afa' < ======t/ kl5 d;Fu 6fFl;P/ kf] ¿g yflng\ .Æ -g/]Gb|bfO{ k[= @)_ u_ ;fgf]afa'Mæljgfsf/0f x7ft\ dnfO{ a8f] a]un] ;dft]/ lgb{otf;Fu d]/f] DjfO{F vfg vflng\ .Æ -pxL k[= @)_ 3_ ;fgf]afa'M æpgsf] z/L/ Ps} rf]6L s7f]/ x'Fb} hfGYof], yls{b} hfGYof], / cfFvfaf6 ==-pxL k[= @!_ ª_ ;fgf]afa'M æpgsf cfFvf, ufnf, gfs /ftf lyP ======-pxL k[=@!_ r_ ;fgf]afa'M æcfªnfO{ d}nf] wf]ltn] Psk6s /fd|/L a]/]/ ======km'sf]{nfO{ d'vdf RofKt} d'gl/of ;s8saf6 tn eml//x]sf] kf] xfdLn] b]Vof}+ .Æ -pxL k[= @^_, 5_ ;fgf]afa' / ;fGgfgLsf] ;+jfbM æ uf];fOFyfg lg/ Pp6f l;rf] 7fpFdf pd|LPsf df]y]sf emf/af6 Pp6f xl/of] k'i6 8fF7 l6k]/ ======æn eg efn] ls kf]yL <Æ ;fgf]afa'M t} klg d}n] ;f]w]+‛ æs] ;fGgfgL <Æ pgn] elgg\‛ æn cfpm .Æ ======sfF8] emf/leq lj:tf/} ======cfkm\gf] sf}lkg p7fP/ ======s'lk|P/} dlt/ x]/]/ elgg\ ‛ æb]Vof}+ d kf]yL .Æ -pxL k[= @^_ , h_ ;fgf]afa'M æxtfl/P/ lxF8\bf z/L/df p7]sf ;a} k'i6 8Nnfx¿ xlNnPsf 5ftLsf / sDd/lg/sf======gfs 5f]Kt} ======.Æ -pxLMk[= @#_ em_ crfgs em:s]/ ;fGgfgLM‛ær'k‛r'k .Æpgn] dnfO{ cfkm"lt/ 6fF;]/ pQfpnf] x'Fb} ;fptL ul/g\ .Æ -k[= #@_ `_ ;fGgfgLM ælrnf}gLwf/df d'gl/of g'xfO /x]sL ======bfO======¿v d'lg a;]/ ====.Æ -pxL k[=#%_, 6_ ;fgf]afa'M pgLx¿n] /]r]sf PsfGtsf] ;+;f/df xfd|f] k|j]z lglif4 5 .====a8f] k|oTgn] hf]ufP/ /fv]sf] uf]kgLotfsf] jftfj/0f======d'gl/ofnfO{ x]l//x]sf lyP . ======To:t} nfhsf] cg'ej dnfO{ uf}/Ln] n's]/ d]/f] DjfO{F ======.Æ -k[= #%_ 7_ ;fgf]afa'M cfª\gfdf plEePsL d'gl/ofnfO{ lkrsf/L ======lgy'|Ss ======.Æ -k=#^_,
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 22
8_ ;fGgfgLMæs] ef] bfO, d'gl/ofnfO{ <ÆpxfFn] xsf/]/ eGg' eof]‛æbfFtL nfu]sf] lsg< hf,oxfFaf6 .Æ k[=#&_ 9_ ;fgf]afa' / ;fGgfgLsf] ;DafbM a8x/sf] ¿v d'lgsf] emofª\nf h]lnPsf] nx/faf6 /ftLu]8L l6k]/ ;fGgfgLn] cfkm\gf] cfFvfsf] s]f;leq======x]/ xftdf /ftL u]8L 5}g .Æ ;fgf]afa'M æd klg l6K5' /ftLu]8L .Æ ======yfn] . ;fGgfgLM s/fP/ æ kv, kv sfp5f]sf] nx/f tfgf}nf ======.Æ ;fgf]afa'M To; lbg b]lv /ftL u]8L / sfp5f]sf] nx/f ======/ftLuf]8LnfO{======oTgk"j{s cfFvfsf] s'gfdf lj:tf/‛la:tf/ k;fpg======.Æ -k[=#_ pko'{Qm afnrl/qåf/f k|:t't k|tLsfTds ;+s]tdWo] ‘s’ sf k|;·df æb]jL cfPsf cfOdfO afFemL g} x'G5g\ Æ eGg] k/Dkl/t ;f+:s[lts dfGotfsf] efj dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf JoQm ePsf] x'Fbf ;fdfGo ¿kdf ¿ksfTds Wjlgsf] cleJo~hgf kfOG5 eg] csf{lt/ ;fx'gLsL 5f]/L / hldGbf/sL 5f]/L ;d]t b]jL r9]/ afFemL ePsf] pkdf lbP/ uf}/LnfO{ pkd]osf ¿kdf ;+s]t u/]sf] x'Fbf of] Jo·o pkdf d"ns klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 . csf]{kIf of] ;+jfb :jo+ g} lgoltbf]ifdf kl/0ft eP/ ljjflxtf uf}/Lsf] cfkm\gf] klt;Fu zf/Ll/s ;DaGw gx'g' / of}ghGo bldt s'07fsf sf/0faf6 ljlIfKt eP/ afFemL cj:yf d}+ b'Mvb\ cGTo x'g] k"j{ ;+s]tsf] cleJo~hgf klg ePsf] x'g ;S5 . Psflt/ b]jL r9]sf] pkdfd"ns lgoltbf]if / csf{lt/ w]/} ;do cufl8 g/]Gb|sf] sKtfg af ;Fu ts{ x'Fbf g/]Gb| :jo+n] JoQm u/]sf] æhfaf] Pp6LnfO{ d]/f] unfdf em'08\ofOlbP/ ======n Tof] tkfO{Fn] d]/f nflu NofPsL eg]sL tkfO{FnfO{ g} eof] .Æ -g/]Gb|bfO k[=#)_ , cl:QŒjjfbL cr]tg;Dj4 k/fcx+ (super ego) sf kl/0fltsf] kmn:j¿k g/]Gb|bfOaf6 dft[efjsf] pkdf kfPsL uf}/L sKtfg afsf] d[To';Fu} ;f+s]ltt ¿kdf ljwjf eO;s]sL x'Fbf afFemL g} /xg] / eljiodf pgsf] b'Mvb cGTo x'g] k"j{ ;+s]tsf] cleJo~hgf klg ;+ejtM x'g ;S5 . d'gfdbg v08sfJodf klg æ ;kgf d}n] s] b]v]+ cfh e}+;Ln] nuf¥of] ======k5f¥of] .Æ eGb} d'gfn] cfkm\gL ;f;';Fu ;kgfsf] 36gf ;'gfP/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt k/Dkl/t ¿9L jf ;f+:s[lts dfGotfaf6 pTkGg dgf]j}1flgs k|efjsf] ;+s]t u/]sL l5g\ . h'g :jKg36gf eljiodf /x:odo lgoltbf]ifdf kl/0ft eP/ d'gfsf] b'Mvb\ cGTo ePsf] 5 . o:tf cg]sf}+ lgoltbf]ifd"ns k|tLsfTds 36gfx¿ b'MvfGt ;flxTodf k|o'Qm b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf ljz]ifu/L ;dsf b'MvfGt gf6sdf o:tf lgoltbf]ifd"ns cg]sf}+ ;+jfb / 36gfx¿ /x:odo ag]/ cleJol~ht ePsf 5g\ . pko'{lnnlvt afn rl/qåf/f k|o'Qm ‘v’b]lv ‘ª’ ;Ddsf k|tLsn] uf}/Lsf c·‛pkf·df k|an eP/ cfPsf of}g]if0ff / cr]tgdf bldt of}ghGo s'07fsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ . ‘r, h, em, `, 6 / 7’ df JoQm k|tLsn] cfl·s k|:km'6g ePsL d'gl/sf ;+;u{af6 g/]Gb|df bldt ePsf pu| of}ghGo s'07fkl/tf]ifsf] dfu{ v'Ng'nfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . ‘r’ df k|o'Qm ækm'sf]{nfO{ d'vdf RofKb}Æ, ‘h’ df k|o'Qm æk'i6 8NnfÆ, ‘em’ df k|o'Qm ‘;fptL’ ‘`’ df k|o'Qm ælrnf}gLwf/Æ ‘6’ df k|o['Qm æxfd|f] k|j]z lglif4Æ , ‘7’ df k|o'Qm æbfFtL nfusf]Æ, cflb WjGofTds k|tLsn] /fuffTds cleJo~hgf pb\a'4 u/fP/ lkl8t g/]Gb|sf bldt s'07ft[lKtsf] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . ‘5’ df JoQm k|tLsn] ‘g/]Gb| / d'gl/of’ sf aLrdf cleJol~ht /fuffTds pb\bLkgsf] ;f+s]ltt af]w eP/ ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;fGgfgLsf] /ltefj ;d]t c°'l/t x'g yfn]sf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf] 5 .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 23
‘8’ df k|o'Qm a8/sf] ¿vn] g/]Gb| bfOnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5, eg] a8x/sf ¿vdf a]l/Psf b'O{ nx/fdWo] /ftLu]8Ln] uf}/LnfO{ / sfp5f]sf nx/fn] ;+ejtMd'gl/ofnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fgf]afa'n] /ftLu]8Lsf] nx/f] tfGg vf]Hbf a8x/sf] tNnf] xfFuf]df a]l/Psf] nx/f]df e'm; 6lNsg] /fd|f‛/fd|f kfl6nf sf];fnfO{ b]vfP/ ;fGgfgLn] elgg\‛ æTof] sfp5f] xf], ======/ftL u]8Lsf] nx/f] pM cnUu} 5'l§G5‛ pM Tof] ======Æ oxfF k|o'Qm Psflt/ ‘kf]l6nf]sf];f’ csf{lt/ ‘em'; 6lNsg]’ sfp5fsf] k|tLsn] d'gl/ofnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5, oxfF g/]Gb|sf lglDt d'gl/of / ækf]l6nf]sf];fÆ xf] h'g kf]l6nf sf];fn] g/]Gb|sf] If'wfk"lt{ ub{5 / p;nfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf :j:y‛lrQ d:tis agfpF5, t/ ;fdfhsf lglDt, ;fdflhs dof{bfsf lglDt / cfkm\gf] s'n‛kl/jf/sf lglDt t sfp5f] g} l;4 ePsL x'Fbf d'gl/ofnfO{ ckgfPkl5 g/]Gb| cfkm\gf] ;De|fGt‛s'n‛vfgbfgaf6 sfp5f] hlQs} eP/ kl/ToQm aGb5g\ . h;sf] kmn:j¿k agf;/df Ifo/f]un] u|:t eP/ /ut adg ug]{ l:yltdf k'Ubf klg cfly{s ;d:ofn] ubf{ ;fdfGo cf}iflw klg x'g ;Sb}g . cGTodf em';6lNsg] sfp5fsf sf/0faf6 logsf] b'Mvb\ cGTo x'G5 .Æ cfFvfdf xfNbf klg glaemfpg] /ftLu]8Ln] uf}/Lsf rl/qsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf] 5, uf}/Lsf] kltj|Towd{, s'nLgtf, zfnLgtf, gf/L cfbz{ / ;fdflhs dof{bfnfO{ ;a}n] x]g{ / cl·sf/ ug{ rfxG5g\ . h;af6 s'n k/Dk/f / dof{bfsf] kfng x'G5 . o;/L /ftLu]8L / /ftL u]8Lsf] nx/fn] uf}/Lsf cfbz{ rl/qnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . o;/L afnrl/qåf/f ;+s]t ul/Psf cg]sf}+ k|tLsn] ubf{ of] pkGof; :jo+ WjGofTds jf cleJo~hgfd"ns aGg k'u]sf] 5 . #=@ gf/L rl/qåf/f k|:t't k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfM– gf/L rl/q eGgfn] o; pkGof;df rog ul/Psf ljleGg gf/L kfqnfO{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;df afn rl/qsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fGgfgLnfO{ afnrl/qd} /flvPsf] x'Fbf ;fGgfgL afx]ssf s]xL vf; gf/L kfqn] s] s:tf] k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ To:tf s]xL k|tLssf] cGj]if0f oxfF ul/G5 . s_ ;fgLcfdfM æltdL kl/jf/sf ;b:o t xf}+, k|f0fL xf]Ogf}+ . ltd|f] cfkm\gL kTgL;Fusf] ======leqL ;Ldf/]vfaf6 aflx/ /flvlbG5]======.Æ -g/]Gb|bfO k[= !!_, -v_ ;fgLcfdf æltdLdf leqsf] k'¿if ;'sL;s]sf] 5 a'em\of}+ <Æ -pxL k[= !!_ -u_ ;fgLcfdf æufpFdf s]6Lx¿sf aLr s[i0f======s] :jfefljs k'¿ifsf] nIf0f xf] t <Æ -pxL k[=!!_ -s_ uf}/L æ afa' of] ;'kf/L pxfFnfO{ lbP/ cfpg -pxLM k[=@)_ -v_ uf}/L æs] eGg' eof] pxfFn] afa' <Æ d]/f] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgsf] z/L/ cgf}7f] lsl;dn] sfFKof] ======d ;Fu 6fFl:;P/ kf] ¿g yflng\ . -pxL k[= @)_ -u_ uf}/L æ hfp afa', d Psl5g ;'T5' . n, of] ;'kf/L vfpm .Æ -k[= @!_, -3_ uf}/L æ r}qdf;nfO{ dw'df; eG5g\, xf]Og cfdf ! ======km'ndf ;'uGw klg / dx klg x'G5 ======df}/L / eFj/fx¿ nl¶P/ ======.Æ -k[= #&_, -ª_ uf}/L x]/g ltd|f] bfOsf] rfnf ======d}n] km]/L ljxf ug'{ /] ======;'v kfOgf} uf}/L======oqf] ;'v kfO /x]sL 5' ======hGdhGdfGt/;Dd eof] vKg ;Sg] 5}g ======k|f0fwf/ -pxL k[= ^(_
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 24
r_ uf}/L pgL ;bfsf nflu dnfO{ k|]d lbP/ uP ======. ddf cfP/ a;] =====dnfO{ ;f}efUojtL agfP -pxL k[= &%_ 5_ uf}/L æs;}af6 gvf]l;g] u/L pgL d]/f ePsf 5g\ slxNo} klg g5f8\g] u/L pgL 3/ kms]{/ cfP .Æ -pxL k[= &%_ h_ uf}/L æ;fgf]afa' c¿n] eg]/ x'G5 / ======d]/f] ljxf :ju{df ePsf] xf] h'g cd/:yndf d kl/0ftf ePF To:t} cIf'00f d]/f] ;f}efUo klg 5 ======g/]Gb| d/]sf 5}gg\ ddf 5g\=====ltdL a'em\b}gf}+ afa' .Æ -pxL k[= &^_ em_ uf}/L æ ca pgnfO{ kfO;s] kl5 oxfF d]/f] kvf{Osf] s] cfjZostf /x\of] / < dnfO{ ======k'¥ofOb]pm ======.Æ -pxL k[= &^_ s_ hG6'gfgL æs] nf]œofª\ nf]œofª\ xNnfO{ lx8]sL aHo} =====wf]Psf] rf]nf] nfP x'G5 /] ==.Æ pxLM k[= !#_, v_ hG6'gfgL æleq s] v'l:sPsf] x'G5 aflx/ 6fn]/ s] x'GYof] . -k[= !$_ u_ hG6'gfgL pgn] hft}n] kfPsf] clwsf/ xf] cfkm\gL :jf:gLdf====xL‛xL =====vf]Hg] .Æ -pxLM k[= !$_ 3_ hG6'gfgL g/]Gb|n] uf}/Ldf s] kfpF5 /‛ PslrD6L 5ftL 5}g, hxfF d'gl/of cFh'nL e/L lnP/ lxF8\5' ======.Æ -k[= #!_ ª_ hG6'gfgL æ abfd h:tf sf];k/]sf ======df]/L 6'gfu5]{ gL cfFvfn] .Æ -k[= #!_ r_ hG6'gfgL æ skfndf rd]nLsf] t]n, cf]7 / ufnfdf nfnL, clg ub{gdf a]nLsf] dfnf======d'5f{ kg{ k'luG5 xlu <Æ -pxL k[= #*_ s_ d'gl/ofM æ 5'r'Gb|f] h:tf] uGxfpg] 5 ltd|f] ;fa'g .Æ -pxL k[= #%_ v_ d'gl/of æ lsg d ltd|f cufl8 cfkm\gf] d'6'nfO{ p3fl//x]sL 5' ======< ltdL a'em\b}gf}+ .Æ -k[=%#_ u_ d'gl/of æ d]/f uf]j/ nfu]sf xft pgsf] s7f]/ ======lzlyn x'Fb} uP =====.Æ -pxLM k[= %$_ 3_ d'gl/of æ k|]dsf] ¿k s'lGg s:tf] b]vfk5{ c¿x¿nfO{, d]/fnflu eg] Tof] cToGt s7f]/, x7L, lgi7"/, b'b{dgLo, :jfyL{, c;fdflhs eP/ cfof]‛ Pp6f cGwj]u . sf]zLdf cfPsf] af9L h:tf] k|jfxsf] sfnf]‛d':nf] a]u ======ljjz sf7fsf d'8fx¿======.Æ -pxLM k[=%%_ ª_ d'gl/of uf}/Lsf] s'g j:t' daf6 vf]l;of] / < k|]d < ======g/]Gb|sf] < Tof] t p;n] slxNo} klg kfOg . d}n] kfPsf] ======d]/f] :jTj xf] , d]/f] lghsf] ;DklQ, ;|Lwg . uf}/Lsf] rf]/sf] xf]Og ======a'em\b}gf} ltdL ;fgf]afa'======pgL b]jL eP/ al;g\=====ck'tfnL h:tf] .Æ -pxL k[= %&_ r_ d'gl/of g/]Gb| / d]/f] k|]dn] pgnfO{ dfgjLaf6 b]jL agfof], dnfO{ rfxLF dfgjLaf6 kz' . ======d]/f] dd{n] ltdLnfO{ 5'Fb}g . ======.Æ 5_ d'gl/of a8f] ;djf0fLdf . æ pg}n] t dnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|]dsf] cf/fWof======gf/LŒjsf] dd{;Fu d]/f] ;fIffTsf/ u/fPF . ======k|]ddf s[t1tfsf] efjgf ;Dej 5 eg] d hLjg /x'GHofn s[t1 /xg] 5' .Æ
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 25
h_ d'gl/of =====cfkm\gf] k|]d lbP/ pgsf] ;'Sg nfu]sf] k'¿ifŒjnfO{ xl/of] kf/]sL lyPF . To;n] cfkm\gf] :jefljs df6f]df x'ls{g kfPsf] lyPg . cfkm\gf] cg's"n dn‛hn kfP/ ===.Æ -pxL k[= %*_ em_ d'gl/of æafa' d'gl/of t dl/;sL . d d'gl/of xf]Og . ltdLn] lrg]gf} ======a'9f] hf}xl/nfO{ b]vfP/ æd pgsL kTgL x'‚ .====lrg]gf} .Æ -pxLM k[= &&_, #=@=! ;fgLcfdfM pko'{Qm gf/L rl/qåf/f k|:t't ePsf k|tLsfTds cleJolQmdWo] æ;fgL cfdfÆ kfqaf6 JoQm ePsf ‘s, v / u’ dWo] ‘s’ n] pRr cx+sf kL8fåf/f u|:t g/]Gb|sf lqmofsnfknfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf] 5 . ;e|fGt kl/jf/df hlGdPsf] sKtfgafsf] 5f]/f] g/]Gb| :jo+ cfkm\gf] s'nLg kl/jf/ / :jo+ cfkm\gf cr]tgsf] oyfy{jfbL l:yltsf åGåaf6 kLl8t aGg k'u]sf] 5, ;De|fGt kl/jf/sf cfbz{n] uf}/LnfO{ :jLsf5{ eg] g/]Gb|sf cr]tgn] d'gl/ofnfO{ :jLsfg{ rfxfG5 . oxL åGådf lklN;Psf] g/]Gb|sf] ef}ltsef]ujfbL dgMl:yltnfO{ ‘v’ df JoQm k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ g/]Gb|sf] hLjg;Fu ;Da4 cfBf]kfGt 36gf / p;sf cGtd{gl:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ pko'{Qm ‘v’ df JoQm ePsf] b[li6sf]+0f Pp6L ;fdfGo u|fdL0f kfqn] ;fdfGo ¿kdf a'em]sf] a'emfO{ dfq b]lvG5 .Æ o;/L g} ‘u’ df JoQm ;+s]tn] klg ;fdfGo JolQmsf lglDt c;fdfGotfsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf] 5 eg] ‘dxfg’ / c;fdfGo -of]uL ;b[z_ JolQmsf lglDt To:tf] bldt s'07f kl/tf]ifsf lglDt pkof]u ul/g] nIf0f clt;fdfGo x'G5 eGg] ;+s]t kfOG5 .Æ #=@=@ uf}/LM o;/Lg} uf}/L ‘s, v, u / 3’ df k|o['Qm k|tLsn] ef}lts ef]ujfbL uf}/Lsf cr]tgdf pu|¿kdf hfu[t ePsf of}g]if0ffsf] bdg ug'{kbf{ pTkGg ePsf Xb\;+j]b\o kL8f, g};lu{s of}g kl/tf]ifsf] cefj / Tof] cefj sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] of}ghGo k|jns'07f, h'g s'07f / dgf]u|GyLsf sf/0faf6 eljiodf x'g] zf/Ll/s ljlIflKtnfO{ cfleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ eg], uf}/L ‘ª’ b]lv ‘em’ ;Ddsf cleJolQmn] ‘s, v, u / 3’ df JoQm ePh:tf cg]sf}+ kL8fsf tkZrof{af6 lgvfl/P/ lbJo ¿kdf kl/0ft ePssL uf}/L Ps ;fdflhs dof{bf, cfbz{ / ;Rrl/qjfbL cWofTddlxdfdl08t gf/L cfbz{sL k|ltd"lt{ aGg k'u]sf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} oL pko'{Qm k|tLsx¿n] ef}lts ¿kdf nf]s;dfhsf cufl8 uf}/LnfO{ ljlIfKtfj:yfsL ;fdfGo gf/Lsf ¿kdf ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ eg] ljz]if¿kdf, Tofudo lgZjfy{ ;'v ckgfP/ cfTdfgGbaf]wL rl/qsf ¿kdf cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L cWoog ubf{ ef}lts / cfWoflTds u/L uf}/Lsf rl/q b'O{ lsl;dsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] k'li6 ;fgf]a'afsf cleJolQmn] o;/L u/]sf] 5‛ æTo; 3/af6 h'g gf/L xfd|f] k'sf/df lgl:sg\, ltgnfO{ b]Vbf d PsfPs :tAw eP‚ . Toqf] ljZjJofkL lj/f6\ Ifosf] dWodf Pp6f cbe"t ¿k / t]h lnP/ plEePsL lyOg\ d]/f cufl8 uf}/L . pgsf] pxL k'/fgf] t]hf]do cg'xf/ emg\ a9L cfefo'Qm ePsf], t]hn] 6nSs 6Ns]sf] . k|z:t nnf6df Pp6f 7"nf] /ftf] 6Lsf / l;pFbf]df Pp6f l;Gb'/sf] /]vf =====pgn] d]/f] cufl8 cfP/ elgg\ ‛æ s;}af6 gvf]l;g] u/L pgL d]/f ePsf 5g\ . -pxL k[= &%_,
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 26
pko'{Qm k+lQmdf k|o'Qm ;+s]tn] uf}/LnfO{ zdflb 5 ;fwg¿kL ;DklQ k|fKt u/]/ Cifeb]jj[lQlt/ -efujtM k~rd:sGw_ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsL uf}/Lsf ¿kdf cleJol~ht u/]sf] kfOG5 .Æ #=@=# hG6'gfgL‛ o;/L g} hG6'gfgL‛ ‘s’ n] ;fdfGo gf/Ldgdf pTkGg x'g] :jfefljs /fu efjnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] ‘v, u, / 3’df k|o'Qm k|tLsn] uf}/L / g/]Gb|sf aLrdf ;x;DaGw x'g g;Sg'sf] d"nsf/0f uf}/Lsf] cf+lus ljsf; gx'g'nfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . clg ‘ª / r’ df k|o'Qm k|tLsn] ljifofnDagsf ¿kdf d'gl/ofnfO{ ;+s]t u/]/ cf>ofnDag g/]Gb|sf] :yfoLefj pb\bLKt ePsf] cleJo~hgf kfOG5 . clg Tof] pb\bLlKtaf6 ljifofnDag :jo+ pb\bLlKtsf r/df]Tsif{df k'u]sf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf x'Fbf oL k|tLsx¿ /lt/fu / >[·f/ efjd"ns aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . #=@=$ d'gl/ofM ‘s’ n] sf]zLsf] lrnf}gLwf/df lt3|f;Ddsf] kfgLdf g'xfpFb} u/]sL d'gl/of / kfs8sf] ¿vd'lg a;]/ d'gl/sf c·‛k|To· lgofNb} /lt/fusf] t'li6 lng] g/]Gb|sf aLrdf ePsf] /fufTds ;+jfbnfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf] 5, oxfF d'g/Lofn] ;fa'gnfO{ 5'r'Gb|f] / ;fa'gsf] ;'uGwnfO{ 5'r'Gb|fsf uGwsf] pkdf lbPsf] 5 . k|tLsfTds ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ oxfF k|o'Qm ‘5'r'Gb|f] zAbk|tLsn] k'?if pk:y]lGb|osf] cfsf/‛k|sf/nfO{ cleJo~hgf u/]sf] x'Fbf of] ljDa :jo+ of}g pb\bLkgsf] k|tLs aGg k'u]sf] klg kfOG5 . d'gl/of / g/]Gb|;Fu ;+j4 cg]sf}+ o:tf of}g k|tLs oxfF cleJol~ht ePsf 5g\ . oxfF ‘5'r'Gb|f]’ k'¿if pk:y]lGb|osf cfsf/sf] pkdf / lrnf}gLwf/ gf/L of}gpb\bLlKtsf] pkdfsf ¿kdf klg cleJol~ht ePsf 5g\ . d'gl/of ‘v / u’ df k|o'Qm k|tLs d'gl/ofsf] ljut‛:d[ltkqsf ¿kdf JoQm ePsf 5g, agf/;df k9\b} u/]sf ;fgf]afa';Fu e]6 ePkl5 cfkm\gf] ljut sf]6\ofpg'nfO{ ‘d'6' p3f/]sf]’ ;+s]t u/]sL l5g\ . eg] ‘uf]a/ nfu]sf xft’ af6 g/]Gb|sf ;fDg] d ljjz aGby]+ eGg] ;+s]tsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sL l5g\ oxL ‘d''6'sf]6\ofO’ k|tLssf dfWodaf6 g/]Gb| Ifo/f]un] u|:t eO 3/ kmls{;s]sf / cfkm' lg/fwf/ x'g' k/]sf l:yltsf] dd{af]w klg u/fPsL l5g\ . ‘3’ df k|o['Qm k|tLsaf6 cfkm\gf] of}gfGwj]unfO{ sf]zLsf pu|af9Lsf] pkdf lbb}+ cfkm":jo+nfO{ rflxF sf]zLsf af9Ldf aUg] ;fdfGo sf7sf d'8fsf] pkdf lbP/ of}gfGwj]un] cfqmd0f u/]sf cj:yfdf ;fdflhs dof{bf / nf]s nHhfx¿ w]/} 6f9f k'Ub5g\ eGg] cleJo~hgf ePsf] 5 . ‘ª / r’ df JoQm k|tLsn] uf}/L / g/]Gb|sf jLrdf ef}lts k|]d gePsf] / d'gl/ofn] klg Tof] gvf];]sf] ;+s]t Psflt/ ePsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ of}gfGwj]usf] bdg¿kL tkZrof{af6 uf}/L :jo+ ;fdflhs cfbz{sL k|ltd"lt{ aGg k'u]sL, / cfkm"rflxF ;dfhsf b[li6df dfgjLaf6 lu/]/ kz'df kl/0ft x'g' k/]sf] cfleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ .Æ ‘5’df k|o'Qm ;+s]tn] g/]Gb|af6 cfkm'n] gf/LTjsf] af]w u/]sf] / ‘h’df k|o'[Qm k|tLsn] g/]Gb|n] k"0f{¿kdf k|fKt u/]sf of}gPif0ff / lbJofgGbdo k|]dkl/tf]ifsf cfx\nfbsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf 5g\ eg] ‘em’ df k|o'Qm k|tLsn] d'gl/ofsf] OxnLnfsf lg:;f/tf jf ;+1fxLgtfnfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf]5 . #=# k'¿if rl/qåf/f k|:t't k|tLsfTs cleJo~hgfM‛ oxfF k'¿if rl/q eGgfn] o; pkGof;df rog ul/Psf s]Gb|Lo k'¿if rl/q / ;fdfGo k'¿if rl/q eGg] a'em\g' kb{5 . ;fgf]afa'nfO{ afnrl/q cGtu{t g} /flvPsf] x'Fbf logL afx]ssf k'¿if rl/qn] s] s:tf k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ tL k|tLsx¿ vf]hL ug]{ k|of; ul/G5M s_ g/]Gb|M æg/]Gb|n] 3f]l/P/ eg]‛ æk'¿if Xbosf] hfFr======xf] geG7fGgf];\ -g/]Gb|bfO k[=!!_
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 27
v_ g/]Gb|n] lrRofP/ eg]‛ æ ;fgL cfdf, a'em\g ;Sg'x'Gg eg] Joy{ ======dGtJo k|s6 u/L lxF8\g x'Gg .Æ -pxLM k[= !@_ u_ g/]Gb|M æ/fd|/L ;fa'g nuf lg, cfªdf,skfndf .=====s:tf] af:gf 5 xlu <Æ -pxLM k[= #%_ 3_ g/]Gb|Mæ;dfhsf] /rgfeGbf w]/} dfly :yflkt ePsf] 5 xfd|f] ;DaGw===== cflbsfnsf] k|yd k'¿ifn] pknAw u/]sf] ltdL k|yd gf/L, cflb k'¿if / ;|L xfdL, ltdL / d .Æ -pxLM k[= ^)_, ª_ g/]Gb|M æ;'vdf :jfy{ 5 . ======b'Mv b'Mv ePsf]n] To;sf] PSnf] ef]ufOn] :jfy{ ef]usf] ;+1f kfpFb}g . =====;'vef]u PsfGtsf] j:t' xf], ======;'v k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}+ eg] cfFvf lrDn]/ To;nfO{ ef]Ug] afx]s c¿ s]xL af6f] 5}g .======;Dej x'G5 / < -pxLM k[= ^!_ g/]Gb|M ‘s / v’ df JoQm k|tLsn] ;fdflhs cfbz{ / nf]sdof{bfsf cfwf/df dfq kTgL klt ag]sf jf ;fdflhs cfbz{sf] k|]/0ffaf6 agfOPsf klt‛kTgLdWo] g kTgLn] p;sf kltsf] kltŒj jf k'¿ifŒjnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;S5] g kltn] p;sL kTgL egfpFbLsf] kTgLŒjnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ cfgGbfg'e"ltsf] r/df]Tsif{ k|fKt ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . b'j}sf aLrdf zf/Ll/s nIf0fsf;fy} dfgl;s / ;+j]bgfTds efjsf] klg ;x‛;fd~h:o x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] cefjdf b'j}n] cfgGbfg'e"ltsf] r/df]Tsif{ kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] Jojxfl/s ;To / dgf]j}1flgs oyfy{nfO{ cleJol~ht\ u/]sf 5g\ . ‘u’ df k|:t't k|tLsfTds cleJolQmn] g/]Gb| / d'gl/ofsf aLrdf hfu[t x'Fb} u/]sf] /lt/fufTds efjsf] c°'/nfO{ cleJo~hgf u/]sf] 5 eg] ‘3’df JoQm k|tLsfTds k|:t'ltn] k'/fsyfdf JoQm dfgj ;[li6sf] k|f/DenfO{ ;+s]t u/]/ cflb k'¿if ‘dg'’ / cflb gf/L zt¿kfsf ;dodf hltk|yf gePsf] cleJo~hgf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} g/]Gb|n] cfkm"nfO{ cflbk'¿if ‘dg'’ df / d'gl/ofnfO{ cflb gf/L zt¿kfdf cf/f]k u/]sf] x'Fbf oxfF ¿ksfltzof]lQmsf] cleJo~hgf kfOG5 o;/L g} ‘ª’ df JoQm k|tLsfTds k+lQmn] j]bfGt bz{gsf] æPsf]˜ax':ofd’ cyf{t\ of] ;[li6sf ;a} k|f0fL a|Þddo 5g\ . To;sf/0f oL nf]s cfbz{sf 3]/fx¿ Joy{ x'g\ eGg] efj Wjlgt ePsf] kfOG5 .Æ o;/Lg} o; pkGof;df ;fdfGo e"ldsf ePsf ;fdfGokfq jf uf}0f k'?if kfqx¿ / uf}+0f gf/Lkfqx¿ g/]Gb|sf sfsf, dfGbfO, g/]Gb|sL cfdf‛sKtfgL cfdf, g/]Gb|sf dfdfsf 5f]/f cflbn] k|of]u u/]sf ædgUo] 5 Sof/] 3/df .Æ -pxLM k[=^)_ , æsaGwsf] p4f/Æ , æza/Lsf] cf>dÆ, æufG8Lsf] s'/fÆ, æj0f{e]b Æ -pxLM k[= @&_, æuf]8fsf lk+8'Nnfx? df5fsf] k]6 h:tf]Æ -k[= #$_, æ6f]s/L / v'/kL æao/sf] em\ofªÆ -pxLM k[=#$_, æg/]Gb|;Fu 6\ofpF 6\ofpFÆ -k[= #%_, æPp6f le§f ;'Svf hdLg ====Æ -k[=#*_, æjfiks07sf] dw'/f] cfjfh ===Æ -k[= #(_, ælsg sf]xL uf08Lj p7fpFb}g=====.Æ -k[= %)_, h:tf k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgf klg lgs} k|efjsf/L /x]sf x'Fbf of] pkGof; :jo+ g} k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfdo aGg k'u]sf] kfOG5 .Æ $= pk;+xf/M of] pkGof; k|tLs k|of]usf b[li6af6 Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . o;df pRrju{b]lv lnP/ lgDg ju{;Ddsf kfqx?f] cf}lrTok"0f{ k|of]u ePsf]5 . oxfF s]xL a[4kfq 5g\ eg] s]xL cw{j}+z] s]xL o'jfk'?if / gf/L kfq 5g\ . s]xL afnkfq /x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] clwsf+z gf/L kfq /x]sf 5g\ . oL kfqnfO{ afnrl/q, gf/L rl/q / k'?if rl/q eg]/ auL{s/0f u/L pgLx?sf k|tLsfTds cleJolQmsf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . oL kfqx?sf] ;Djfb, kfq‛kfqsf jLrsf] jfx\o / cfGtl/såGå, s]Gb|Lo rl/qsf jfx\o / cfGtl/såGå, pkfx+ cx+ / k/fcx+ (Id, ego, and super ego), ;Fu ;Dj4 cr]tg, cjr]tg / r]tg dgsf] åGå, cr]tgdf bldt ljljw s'07f / dgf]u|GyLx?sf] ;Gbe{, cl:tTjjfbL ;Gbe{df cfPsf kfqsf j}lQms OR5f, ;+sNk / lg0f{o cflb ljljw kIfsf] cleJo~hgfsflglDt k|efjsf/L k|tLsx? k|of]u ePsf kfOG5g\ . pko'{Qm ;a} 36gf / kl/j]zsf]
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 28
k|:t'ltdf klg lgs} k|efjsf/L / ;Dj]bgzLn k|tLsx? k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . 36gf ;+s]t, kl/j]z ;+s]t, k|s[lt ;+s]t, ljifo ;+s]t / kfqsf dgf]bzfsf] ;+s]tsf ;Gbe{df k|o'Qm ;"qfTds k|tLsx?n] pko'{Qm ljljwtfsf] cleJo~hgf ug'{sf ;fy} k"jL{o bz{gsf] æa|Þd ;To+ hulGdYofÆ jfbL ;+s]t / k'g{hGdjfbL b[li6sf+0fnfO{ klg cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . ljz]if?kdf s]Gb|Lo rl/q;Fu ;Da4 oL ;"qfTds k|tLsx?n] efjssf dgdf qf; / s?0ff hfu[t u/fP/ efjssf dgf]efjsf] lj/]rg u/]sf x'Fbf k|tLsfTds cleJo~hgfsf b[li6sf]0faf6 o; s[ltsf] ulx/fO{df k'Ug lgs} cWoog ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|tLsjfbL ;flxTosf/x? cfkm\gf /rgfdf cfkm"n] rog u/]sf] ljifoj:t' / tt\;DjGwL cfk\mgf efj, ljrf/, dfGotf jf wf/0ffnfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;s];Dd ;'Gb/, dfld{s, cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L lsl;dsf WjGofTds k|tLsx? 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . ;flxTodf k|of]u ul/g] o:tf k|tLsx? nIf0ffTds, cleJo~hgfTds, cfn+sfl/s / /;fgfTds efjfleJolQm pb\af]wg ug]{ cfj/0f jf kbf{ x'g\ . o:tf k|tLsx?n] k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] ljifonfO{ WjGofTds cleJo~hgfåf/f efjssf Xbodf Ps gjLg cfx\nfbhgs / clgj{rgLo ;f}Gbo{af]w u/fpg] x'Fbf k"jL{o kfZrfTo b'j} ;flxTodf k|tLssf] 7"nf] :yfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} vf; ljifoj:t' jf efjnfO{ ;f]em} jfRofy{åf/f k|:t't ug'{ eGbf To;nfO{ 9fs]/, 5f]k]/ klg Tof] 9sfO, 5f]kfOåf/f WjGofTds cleJo~hgf u/fpFg ;Sg'df g} ;Rrf snfsf/sf snfsfl/tfsf] j}lzi6\o emlNsG5 . s'g} ljifonfO{ jf s'/fnfO{ snfTds 9+un] 9fs]/ 5f]k]/ k|tLodfg cleJo~hgfåf/f k|s6Ls/0f ug{ ;Sg' g} cem ;'Gb/ / dfld{s tl/sfn] To;nfO{ vf]Ng', p3f{g' jf b]vfpg' xf] . -hf]zL @)%!M**_, o; pkGof;df o:tf s}of}+ k|tLodfg ;f+s]lts k|tLsx?sf] cleJo~hgf kfOG5 . h'g cleJo~hgfn] ubf{ of] uBfVofg Hofb} dfld{s, sf?l0fs / Xbo lj/]Ro aGg k'u]sf] 5 . k|tLodfg+ k'g/Gob]j j:Tjl:t jf0fLif' dxfsjLgfd ot\ tTk|l;4f jojfltl/Qm+ ljeflt nfj0oldjf·gfif' . -WjGofnf]sM k|yd pBf]t_, cyf{t\ h;/L ;'Gb/L gf/Lsf k|To]s c+u cjoj -s'r,skf]n cflb_ eGbf leGg 5'§} ;f}Gbof{sif{0f jf ;dli6ut ?knfj0o emlNsG5 . To;/L g} ;flxTosf/sf cleJolQmdf klg jfRofy{eGbf leGg ljlzi6 cx\nfb k|bfg ug]{ k|tLodfg cy{, WjGofy{ jf Joª\Uofy{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}af6 sfJosf] rdTsf/k"0f{ ;f}Gbo{ k|:km'l6t x'G5 . o:t} rdTsf/k"0f{ cleJo~hgfåf/f s?0f/;nfO{ kl/kfs cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] / ;f+s]ltt ¿kdf k"jL{o bz{gsf] ;d]t cleJo~hgf u/fpg] k|tLsjfbL sfJo / b'MvfGt sfJosf ?kdf g/]Gb| bfO b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{u|Gy;"rL pkfWofo s]zjk|;fb M @)%%, k"jL{o;flxTo l;4fGt, t];|f] ;+:s=, ;femf k|sfzg slj/fh ljZjgfyM !((&, ;flxTobk{0f, bzd ;+:s=, jf/f0ff;LM rf}vDaf ljBfejg hf]zL s'df/axfb'/ @)%!, kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|d'vjfb, bf];|f] ;+:s=, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df08f}+, 9'·]n ef]h/fh / bfxfn b'uf{k|;fb @)^%, ;flxTozf:q / g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf, ;:s= Pd=s]=klAn;;{ P08 l8li6«Jo'6;{ ef]6flx6L sf7df08f}+, g]kfn ljBfyL{;+3sf] jflif{s d'vkq, ‘g]kfn’ @)%@, k|sfzs‛ g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 lk08]Zj/ SofDk; OsfO{ w/fg !$ ;'g;/L , k|ltef lgs]tg, bds @)^^, k"jL{o lrGtd k/Dk/f -ljrf/ ljz]if k|aGw_, klxnf] ;+:s= ljBfyL{ k|sfzg, sdnkf]v/L, sf7df08f}+
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 29
a/fn s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d, @)%^ pkGof;‛l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;, klxnf] ;+:s=,;femf k|sfzg j]bJof;s[t æ>Ldb\efujtÆ zdf{ tf/fgfy @)#(, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;, bf];|f] ;+:s= ;+sNk k|sfzg, sf7df08f}+ l;Gxf /fh/fh]Zj/Lk|;fb / ld> jL=s]= O{= !((@,c;fdfGo dgf]lj1fg,bf];|f] ;+:s=ef/tLejg, k6gf, lqkf7L jf;'b]j @)$(, kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f efu‛@, t];|f] ;+:s=, ;femf k|sfzg, k'nrf]s nlntk'/,
‘k|ldy;’ dxfsfJosf gf/Lkfqx¿sf] ;+lIfKt cWoog
e"ldk|;fb bfxfn g]kfnL ljefu bds ax'd'vL SofDk; bds, emfkf
dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ;+VofTds ¿kdf dfq geP/ u'0ffTds ¿kdf klg c;fWo} d"Nojfg\ s[lt / sljtf n]v]/ dxfslj cyf{t\ dxfg\ slj ag]sf 5g\ . pgn]] sljtfsf] km'6s/ ¿kb]lv lnP/ k|z:t v08sfJo / zfs'Gtn, ;'nf]rgf, dxf/f0ffk|tfk, k[YjL/fh rf}xfg, jgs';'d / k|ldy; u/L ^ j6f dxfsfJox¿ n]v]/ sljtfsf] j[xb\ ¿kdf ;d]t cfkm\gf] ljnIf0f k|ltef / sljTjzlQmsf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . b]jsf]6fsf] sljTjsf] af/]df b]z‛ljb]zdf ljleGg cg';Gwfgx¿ eO{ k|z:t s[ltx¿ klg 5flkO;s]sf 5g\ tfklg b]jsf]6fsf] sfJo¿kL dxf;fu/af6 hlt g} kfgL lgsflnP klg cflv/df xf;fut t dxf;fu/ g} /xG5 . o; ;fgf] n]vdf b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJosf gf/Lkfqsf] af/]df rrf{ ug]{ c7f]6 ul/Psf] 5 . b]jsf]6fsf dxfsfJodf gf/L kfqx¿ ljlzi6 / ul/dfdoL 5g\ . zfs'Gtn dxfsfJodf zs'Gtnf, d]gsf, uf}tdL, cg;"df, lk|o+abf, rf¿ clblt h:tf gf/Lkfqx¿ Ps;] Ps rrf{of]Uo gf/L 5g\ eg] ;'nf]rgfsf ;'nf]rgf, dvgf, snf ljlzi7 lsl;dsf gf/L kfq b]lvG5g\ . To:t} dxf/f0ffk|tfksL /fhdlxifLsf] :yfg klg ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] 5 . k[YjL/fh rf}xfgsf ;+of]lutf / skf{l6sfsf] e"ldsf klg a]Un} lsl;dsf] dxTjsf] b]lvG5 eg] jgs';'dsf jgs';'d, dGbfl/sf, k|ltef / zDe/sf] e"ldsf cem /f]df~rk"0f{ b]lvG5 . To:t} k|ldy;df klg k|z:t gf/Lkfqx¿ b]lvG5g\ . o;sf ljz]if gf/Lx¿df hLof, /Lof, hnkl/x¿, :jtGqtfb]jL, cfzfb]jL, ;'Gb/tfb]jL, nlntsnf -b]jL_ efjgfb]jL, k|]ds'df/L, s¿0ffb]jL, Ifdfb]jL, w[ltbjL h:tf gf/Lx¿sf] j0f{g kfOG5 . o; n]vsf] zLif{s g} æk|ldy; dxfsfJosf gf/Lkfqx¿sf] ;+lIfKt cWoogÆ eGg] /flvPsfn] cj Tot}lt/ o;sf] cWoog k|;·nfO{ ;Gble{t ul/G5 . s_ hLofM k|ldy; dxfsfJosL gf/L hLof cflbt]o b]jtfx¿sf k"j{h, :ju{sf zlQmzfnLb]j o'/fg;sL kTgLsf] ¿kdf /x]sL 5g\ . hLofaf6 o'/fg;sf k6s‛k6s u/L zlQm;DkGg ljleGg ;Gtfgx¿ hGdG5g\ t/ ltgLx¿ cTofrf/L / :j]R5frf/L ag]kl5 logLx¿nfO{ o'/fg;n] kftfn vf8Ldf nu]/
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 30
s}b ub{5g\ . To;kl5 hLofn] k'gM !# ;Gtfgsf] hGd lblG5g\ . oLdWo]sf] sfG5f] anjfg\ ‘qmf]gf];’ gfdn] k|Voft x'G5 . hLofn] cfkm\gf h]i7 ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ s}b ug]{ cfkm\gf klt o'/fg;;Fu abnf lng cfkm\g} sfG5f] ;Gtfg qmf]gf];\nfO{ pS;fpl5g\ / u'Kt ¿kdf cNk; kj{tsf u'kmfdf /x]sf] qmf]g;\n] cfdf hLofaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] k|:t/ lgld{t -9'·] xltof/_ wfl/nf] xFl;ofsf] ;xfotfn] lktf o'/fg;nfO{ d[To' u/fPsf] 36gf 5 . oxfF /Lofsf] k|f/lDes e"ldsf kltsf] cf1f kfns, ;xgzLnf gf/Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] ha kltaf6 cfkm\gf ;Gtfgx¿dfly ePsf] cTofrf/n] ;Ldf gf£b5 pgL l;Gb'/ eGbf sfv hf]ufpg pBt x'lG5g\ . oxfF hLofsf] rl/qaf6 gf/Lsf ;f}Do zfGt / Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g ePsf] kj{t;dfg /f}b| b'j} ¿ksf] k|:t'lt b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; 36gfaf6 s'g} klg gf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] j]bgfnfO{ w]/} lbg;Dd r'krfk ;xg ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf lj¿4 c¿sf t s'/f cfkm\g} kltsf lj¿4df hfg klg pgLx¿ lxrlsrfpFb}gg\ eGg] zfZjt\ / dgf]j}1flgs tYonfO{ sljn] pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\ . v_ /LofM k|ldy; dxfsfJosL /Lof o'/fg; / hLofsf] 5f]/f] cfkm\g} afa' o'/fg;nfO{ ktg u/fP/ :ju{sf] /fhf ePsf] qmf]gf];\sL kTgLsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . qmf]gf];af6 o'/fg;sf] xTof x'Fb} ubf{ dxfz"Goaf6 ePsf] eljioaf0fLn] qmf]gf];\nfO{ nlIft u/L ‘t]/f] klg ktg / d'To' t]/} k'qaf6 x'g]5’ eg]sfn] qmf]gf]; klg cfkm\gf ;Gtfgaf6 ;bf eoeLt /xG5 . of] s'/f /LofnfO{ klg yfxf x'G5 . ;'¿ ;'¿sL /Ldfn] nfrf/ eO{ qmf]gf];sf] cTofrf/ ;lxg\ . cfkm\gf w]/} ;Gtfgx¿sf] ljgfz qmf]gf];af6 ePkl5 cltb'Mlvtf, s¿0ffdoL ag]sL /Lofn] cflv/df cfkm\gf] Ps sfG5f] ;Gtfg lhp;nfO{ qmL6b]zLo kj{tsf u'kmfdf nu]/ /fVg ;kmn alG5g\ . /Lofdf klg pgsL ;f;" hLofsf h:t} gf/L ;+j]bgfx¿ 5g\ . logn] klg ;f;"s} dfu{sf] cg'z/0f ul/g\ . cflv/ lhp; klg ltg} kj{tsf sGb/fx¿df dftfaf6 kflnt kf]lift x'Fb} k|s[ltsf ;f}Do ¿k;Fu /fdfpFb} / eo°/ ¿k;Fu ;+3if{ ub}{ cg]sf}+ o'4snf / Jofod l;St} a9\of] / cflv/df eljiojf0fL eP h:t} cfkm\g} lktf qmf]gf];\af6 :ju{sf] clwsf/ lnO{ lktfnfO{ s8f lgu/fgLdf s7f]/ ;hfosf;fy sf/fuf/df xfNof] . oxfF /Lofsf] rl/q afa'sf lj¿4df 5f]/fnfO{ psf:g] c;t\ 5 ls cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ cl3 ;g]{ cfkm\gf aRrf ;'/Iff ug]{ ‘al3gL’ ;dfg 5 t eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo 5 . lgZro klg qmf]gf]; ;Qfsf] df]xdf km;L cljh]o aGb} cgGtsfn;Dd lg/°'z eO{ sfd ug{ vf]Hg] Pp6f tfgfzfxs} k|tLssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . p;sf] tfgfzfxL k|j[lQaf6 arfO{ cfkm\gf] ;GtfgnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' /Lofsf] s'g} ck/fw b]lvb}g, a¿ k|fs[lts st{Jo aGg cfpF5 . To;}n] /Lof c;t\ gf/Lkfq geP/ ;fdfGo / ;Tgf/L kfqs} ¿kdf b]lvlG5g\ . oL b'O{ k|;· k|ldy; dxfsfJosf] bf];|f] ;u{df jl0f{t 5g\ . u_ hnk/Lx¿M k|ldy; dxfsfJosf] cf7f}+ ;u{af6 hnk/Lx¿sf] k|j]z x'G5, / kmf6km'6 ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt clGtd ;u{;Ddg} b]lvG5 . j¿0fnf]ssf cnf}lss dlxnf cyf{t\ hnk/Lx¿ Hofb} ;'Gb/ / sf?l0fs 5g\ . ss];; kj{t dfnfsf] km]bLdf, lzlyofsf] d¿e"lddf 5ftLdf r's'n 7f]s]/ :ju{sf]
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 31
lj¿4df :ju{sf] clUg rf]/]/ k[YjLnf]ssf dfgjnfO{ ljt/0f u/]afkt lhp;af6 b08 ;hfo kfO/x]sf k|ldy;nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg hnk/Lx¿sf] ToxfF cfudg ePsf] 5 . oxL p2]Zo cg'¿k pgLx¿ gfrufg ub}{ / cg]s k|sf/sf ;xfg'e"ltx¿lb+b} k|ldy;sf] b'vfO sd u/fpg] k|of; ub{5g\ . hnk/Lx¿ dlxdfdoL, s?0ffdoL, sf]dnXbof, cToGt ;'Gb/L / b'Mlvtf klg 5g\ . logLx¿sf] e"ldsf k"0f{¿kdf ;sf/fTds /x]sfn] oL ;a} ;t\gf/L kfqsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ k|ldy;nfO{ 5'6fpg] s]xL pkfo eP atfpg klg cg'/f]w ub{5g\ . x/;do k|ldy;nfO{ ;s];Dd b'Mvaf6 e'Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tdf eGg] xf] eg] hnk/Lx¿ s¿0ffd"lt{sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . 3_ :jtGqtfb]jLM hnk/Lx¿sf] cfJxfgdf cGo k|tLsfTds gf/Lx¿ Toxf‚ cfpg] qmddf :jtGqtf b]jLsf] cfudg ePsf] 5 . :jtGqtfb]jL h?/ k|ldy;sf] cj:yf b]v]/ b'Mlvt alG5g\, t/ Tof] b'MvnfO{ leq‛leq} n'sfP/ pgL k|ldy;sf] Tof] nf]s‛sNof0fsf/L sfo{ / dfu{ b]v]/ pgL k|ldy;nfO{ k|]/0ff lb+b} k|z+;f klg ub{l5g\ . :jtGqfb]jL nf]stGqsL k|ltd"lt{ klg b]lvlG5g\ . pgL k|ldy;nfO{ cd/ 7fGb} pgsf] Tofu, tk:of / alnbfgsf] k|z+;fdf o:tf jf0fL lgsflN5g\M‛ s'g} lbj; d tfh klx/fpg cfpg] 5', ltd|f] cljgt dfndf k|ldy;, P jL/ ! dGq ;'Gb/ :jtGqtfsf ;'g hf] km\ofFSb5 o'u‛o'usf] nf}x hGhL/ kmf]b{5 jh| s8f s}b, s}bsf lk+h/======(÷@^ k[= !)) :jtGqtfb]jL k|ldy;nfO{ s'g} lbg cfP/ pgsf] lz/df ljhosf] tfh klx¥ofpg] xf};nf lblG5g\ . :jtGqsf] o'udf s]jn ;b\efjgf ;Tsfdgf / ;'Gb/tfsf] r]tgf dfq /xg] pb\3f]if ub}{ :jtGqtfb]jL cGtwf{g x'lG5g\ . oxfF alnbfgLljgf :jtGqtf k|fKt x'g ;St}g, ;Rrf jL/n] t o:tf] cj;/df gZj/ z/L/af6 cd/Tj k|fKt ug{ ;St5 / o'u‛o'u;Dd k"lht aGg ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jtGqtf b]jLsf] dfWodaf6 sljn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] b]zsf] o'uLg ;Gbe{nfO{ klg 5f]Psf] 5 . ª_ cfzfb]jLM :jtGqtfb]jL kl5 ToxfF cfzfb]jLsf] cfudg ePsf] 5 . cfzfb]jL klg eljiok|lt cfzfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsL k|tLssf] ¿kdf /x]sL 5g\ . b'Mv / kL8f ef]lu/x]sf k|ldy;nfO{ cfzfb]jL ;+emfpFl5g\ . pgL cfkm\gf] pTklQ syf atfpFl5g\ k|ldy;nfO{ . o'u‛o'udf g}/fZosf s}bL ag]sfx¿nfO{ cfzfsf] bLof] afn]/ ky k|bz{g ug{ g} cfkm\gf] pTklQ ePsf] s'/f cfzfb]jL k|ldy;nfO{ atfpFl5g\ . g}/fZotfn] 89]sf] hLjgdf cfzfn] g} k'ghL{jg lbG5 / gofF d'gf To;df knfP/ cfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cToGt cfnª\sfl/s z}nLdf atfpFb} k|ldy;nfO{ ;DemfpFl5g\ . o; qmddf pgs} zAbdf eGg' kbf{M‛ æ;'g k|ldy; ! ;do ;a} 5}g cFWof/f] . /ft kl5 k|eft 5 . d[To'kl5 hLjg .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 32
;'g;fg k6 xf] gj lrq0fx¿sf] . k|no k5fl8 5 g"tg /fd|L ;[li6 c¿ . of] dxfdGq dgdf w/ k|ldy; .Æ (÷#( k[= !)#‛$ o;/L :jtGqtfb]jLn] k|ldy;nfO{ h:tf];'s} b'Mv k/] klg eljiok|lt cfzfjfbL aGg cfJxfg u/]sL 5g\ . g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg jftfj/0f hlt;'s} lg/fzfk"0f{ ePklg kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxsx¿n] ;w}+ cfzfjfbL aGg ;Sg' kb{5 . cfzfjfbLtfdf b'lgofFsf] dxfg\ tfut x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Jo~hgfTds ¿kdf oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . r_ ;'Gb/tfb]jLM cfzfb]jL kl5 ;'Gb/tfb]jLsf Toxf‚ cfud x'G5 . ;'Gb/tfb]jLsf] kl/rodf :jo+ ;'Gb/tfb]jLsf d'vf/ljGbaf6 sljn] lgs} zAbx¿ vr]{sf 5g\ . ;'Gb/tfb]jL k|ldy;nfO{ ;+af]wg ub}{ pgnfO{ k|yd qmflGtsf/L / :ju{sf cf]h:jL k'¿if eGb} cfkm\gf] kl/ro lblG5g\ . ;+;f/df h] hlt ;'Gb/tf 5g\ rfx] Tof] ¿k ;f}Gbo{ xf];\, b[Zo ;f}Gbo{ xf];\, snf;f}Gbo{ xf];\, af}l4s ;f}Gbo{ xf];\, k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ xf];\ tL ;a} cfkm\g} snfsf c+z ePsf] s'/f pgL atfpFl5g\ . klZrdsL x]ng / k"j{sL ;Ltf cfkm\gf] lemNsf] dfq ePsf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . ;'Gb/tnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hLjgsf] d'6' pgn] 7fg]sL 5g\ . ;'Gb/tfsf] kl/rosf] qmddf cfPsf s]xL x/kmx¿ oxfF /fv]/ x]/f}+‛ æd] x'F snfsL /fgL . d} hgdgsL ;kgf . d} :ju{sL ;+kb\ d dl:t:ssL k|sfz======. !)÷$ k[=!)% oxfF ;'Gb/tfb]jLsf] ;Gbe{df sljn] h'g s'/fnfO{ p7fPsf 5g\ , of] ;Gbe{ x]bf{ t ;'Gb/tfsf ljlegg tx / kmfF6 b]lvG5g\ . b[Zo ;f}Gbo{, ¿k;f}Gbo{, snf;f}Gbo{, dfgl;s ;f}Gbo{, af}l4s ;f}Gbo{ tyf cfWoflTds ;f}Gbo{;Ddsf ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cToGt k|ef]jf]Tkfbs efiffz}nLdf sljn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . 5_ nlntsnfx¿M ;'Gb/tfb]jLkl5 nlntsnfb]jLx¿sf] pkl:ylt ToxfF ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ gfRb} k|ldy;sf] b'Mv s]xL sd u/fpg] k|of; ub{5g\ . logLx¿sf] ufog / g[Todf k|ldy; s]xL b'Mv sd ePsf] cg'ej klg ub{5g\ oxL gfrufg aLr k|ldy; pgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ lhp;nfO{ klg p;sf lktf qmf]gf];n] >fk lbPsf] / ToxL >fksf sf/0f p;sf] klg ktg x'g] s'/f pgL atfp5g\ . oxfF nlntsnfx¿nfO{ klg k|tLsfTds ¿kdf g} k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . b08, ;fho, d[To' :jo+df /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og t/ h;n] :jtGqtfsf lglDt, nf]slxtsf lglDt, cGofo‛cTofrf/ cdfgjLotf cflbsf lj¿4df b08 ;hfo ef]Ug tof/ x'G5 / d[To' ;d]t j/0f ug{ tof/ x'G5 . o:tf] b08‛;hfo / d[To'df t Pp6f snf g} x'G5 . Tof] klg ;'Gb/eGbf ;'Gb/ / snfsf] klg snf, To;}n] t ;'Gb/tfb]jL / nlntsnfx¿ klg cfP/ qmflGtjL/ k|ldy;sf] k|z+;f ub{5g\ . oxL ;fj{ef}d /x:onfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h_ k|]ds'df/LM nlntsnfkl5 k|]dsL k|tLs k|]ds'df/L b]jLsf] cfudg ToxfF ePsf] 5 . cToGt k]|dfb{ k|]ds'df/L k|ldy;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ elG5g\ d cyf{t\ k|]d g} ;+;f/sf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t xf] . k|]dljgf
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 33
;+;f/sf] l;h{gf d5{ . k|]dsf ljljw ¿k x'G5g\ . /lt/fufTds k|]db]lv lnP/ jfT;Nok|]d / To;eGbfdfly p7]/ efujTk|]d;Dd . oxfF k|]ds'df/L k|]dsf] cf}lrTo, ul/df, dlxdf tyf rdTsf/ a9f]snfk"0f{ z}nLdf atfpFl5g\ . k|]dljgf ;+;f/df s]xL x'Fb}g . k|]d g} d[t;~hLjgL xf] . k|]dn] g} :ju{nfO{ o; e"d08ndf ptfl/lbg ;S5 . k|]dn] g} gofF ;+;f/sf] ;[li6 ub{5 . k|]dsf] cfGtl/s b[li6n] xbf{ g} ;+;f/sf] u"7td /x:onfO{ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . k|]dljgf ;+;f/ phf8 x'G5 eGb} :jo+ k|]ds'df/L k|yd k'¿if z}nLdf cfkm\gf] dxQf k|bz{g ub{l5g\ . k|]dljgf ;+;f/df afFRg ;lsb}g eGg] ljZjhgLg cleJolQm oxfF k|:t't ePsf] 5 . em_ cGob]jLx¿M k|]ds'df/L kl5 k|ldy; ePsf 7fpFdf s¿0ff cfPsL 5g\ . To;kl5 Ifdfb]jL cfO{ cfkm\gf sf]dn xftn] k|ldy;sf] 6fpsf] ;'D;'DofpFb} s]z d';fb{l5g\ . To;kl5 3[ltb]jL cfP/ k|ldy;nfO{ wfk dfl5{g\ . ToxfF uLtfdf ch'{g lj/lQmPsf j]nf s[i0fn] æSn}Jo+ df:d udM kfy{!Æ eGb} jL/tfk"0f{ cleJolQm lbP/ ;+emfPh:t} 3[ltb]jL k|ldy;nfO{ w}o{ wf/0ff ug{ k|]/0ff lblG5g\ . h:tf];'s} cj:yfdf klg w}o{ wf/0ff ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . /fdfo0fsf] o'4 klg /fdsf] w}o{tfn] g} ljho ePsf] xf] eg] dxfef/to'4 klg kf08jsf] w}o{tf / s[i0fsf] rft'o{n] kf08jn] lht]sf x'g\ . w}o{ / k|tLIffn] dfq s'g} klg sfo{ l;l4 x'G5 eGg] ljlzi6 ;Gb]zx¿ slj oxfF lbg rfxfG5g\ . k|ldy; dxfsfJosf] bf];|f] c:6d,gjd, bzd / P3f/f}+ ;u{df oL jleGg gf/Lkfqx¿sf] j0f{g 5 . nueu nueu #%% hlt k|ldy;sf] efu cf]u6]/ /x]sf oL gf/L kfqx¿sf] 5f]6f] cWoog ug]{ k|of; oxfF ul/Psf] xf] . o; n]vdf rflx ufu|f] klg el/Pg . d}n] cfkm\gf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fsf] nf]6fdf k|ldy;sf] s?0ffd[t p7fPsf] x'Fnf . o;n] ltvf{ t s] d]l6Pnf / cfrdg;Dd ug{ k'Unf eGg] ljZjf; lnpsf] 5' . b]jsf]6fsf] k|f}9 dfxfsfJo k|ldy;df xft xfNg' g} e'ª\u|fdf xft xfNg' hlQs} sl7g cg'ej eof] t/ klg ‛æ uDot] olb d[u]Gb| dlGb/d\ nEot] sl/ skf]n df}lQmsd\ . hDa'sfno ut] r k|fKot] aR5 k'R5 v/rd{ v08gd\Æ -l;+xsf] jf;:yfgdf hfg ;s]df p;n] l;sf/ u/]sf] xfQLsf] lz/df /x]sf] d'Qmfdl0f klg kfpg ;lsG5 t/ :ofnsf] jf;:yfgdf k'luof] eg] t af5fsf k'R5/ / v08‛v08 ePsf] uwfsf] 5fnf dfq kfpg ;lsG5 _ eGg] ;"lQmnfO{ dgg u/L ‘k|ldy; dxfsfJosf gf/L kfqx¿sf] ;+lIfKt cWoog’ eGg] zLif{sdf n]lvPsf] of] 5f]6f] n]v oxL lj;h{g ub{5' .
;Gbe{u|Gy;"lrM
!= r"8fdl0f aGw'M b]jsf]6f -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f @)$^_, ;femf k|sfzg, k'nrf}s, sf7df08f} . @= 8f= s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL M b]jsf]6fsf sljtf ofqfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nof°g -@)$&_, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, sdnfbL, sf7df08f} .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 34
#= 8f= s'df/axfb'/ hf]zLM dxfslj b]jsf]6f / pgsf dxfsfJo -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f @)%@_, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df08f} . $= nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fM k|ldy; -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f @)^$_ ;femf k|sfzgsf] 5fkfvfgf, k'nrf}s, nlntk'/ . %= e]6jftf{ k|f=8f= uf]ljG/fh e§/fO{, sLlt{k'/, sf7df08f} -jftf{ ‛bds !, efªaf/L, emfkf_
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/fdk|;fb e08f/L g]kfnL ljefu bds ax''d'vL SofDk; bds, emfkf
!=!= kl/ro
dflg;n] cfˆgf cg'ejhGo ;[hgzLn r]taf6 ;flxTo l;h{gf u5{ . cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ef]u]sf ljleGg 36gf / p;n] b]v]sf, ;'g]sf / ;+;f/nfO{ ;flxlTostfdf kl/0ft ug{' ;flxTosf/sf] wd{ klg xf] . kL8f / cfgGbnfO{ ;fd~h:osf ;fy} d"t{tf k|bfg u/]/ ;dfhsf ljs[lt, lj;Ëltx¿sf] kbf{kmf; u/L :jR5 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{' ;flxTosf] p2]Zo klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfh, /fi6«, /fli6«otf / JolQmsf s'l07t efjgfnfO{ h/}b]lv s]nfP/ x6fpg' ;flxTosf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . cfd ;+;f/df b]lvPsf ljs[lt lj;ËltnfO{ phfu/ t'Nofpgsf nflu ;flxTosf/x¿n] ljleGg z}nLx¿sf] k|of]u u5{g\, tL z}nLx¿dWo] xf:oJoª\Uo Ps pTs[i6 z}nLsf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . xf:o eg]sf] dfgjLo cfgGbfg'e"ltsf] k|:km'6g xf] eg] Joª\Uo eg]sf] cleJolQmaf6 p4[t dfgl;s k|efj xf] . dflg; ;+j]bgzLn k|f0fL ePsfn] ;'v‛b'Mvdf cfkm\gf] ;+j]bgfnfO{ kl/jt{g u5{ . ;'vdf pm xfF:g rfxG5 eg] b'Mvdf g/fd|f] dgl:yltdf k'Ub5 . ;flxTodf k|:t't xf:ofTds cleJolQmn] p;nfO{ cfgGbfg'e"lt lbnfp5, h;sf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k pm xfF;f]nfO{ v';Ldf kl/0ft u5{, t/ ToxL xfF;f]df p;sf] ljs[lt / lj;Ëltdfly k|xf/ ul/of] eg] cGofy{d"ns d':sfgdf kl/0ft x'G5 . To;df cfgGbeGbf a9L Unflg n's]sf] x'G5 .-;'a]bL / cGo,@)$& _ o; cfwf/af6 x]bf{ xf:o / Joª\Uo Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{cf]6f kf6fh:tf b]lvG5g\ . xf:osf] ;fydf Joª\Uo / Joª\Uosf] ;fydf xf:o k|:t't ePsf] ;flxTo g} k|efjsf/L x'g] ePsfn] of] cToGt k|efjsf/L z}nLsf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . ;du|df xf;f] dflg;sf] v';L, /dfOnf] tyf ;'vb cg'e"lt k|s6 x'Fbf zf/Ll/s cjoj vf; u/L cg'xf/df b]lvg] efj:kmf]6gsf] lqmofTds ¿k xf] / Joª\Uo To;}nfO{ snfTdstf k|bfg ug{] afª\uf] egfO xf] .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 35
!=@= kl/efiff
xf:oJoª\Uo ;DaGwL k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j}lt/ k|f/Deb]lv g} ljleGg rrf{ / kl/rrf{sf] ljifo aGb} cfPsf] 5 . k"jL{odf kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv g} / kfZrfTodf lu|;]nL k/Dk/fb]lv g} 6Lsfl6Kk0fL x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o'/f]kLo ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df lat]sf nueu @% ;o jif{df xf:oJoª\UonfO{ cleJolQmsf] Ps ljlzi6 kIf dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} k"jL{o ;flxTozf:qLx¿df klg ;j{k|yd clUg k'/f0fsf ;|i6fn] / gf6\ozf:qsf ;|i6f e/tn] @@ ;o jif{k"j{ g} xf:onfO{ sfJo jf gf6ssf /;x¿dWo] Pp6f /;sf ¿kdf btf{ u/fOlbP .-;'a]bL / cGo,@)$& _o; lx;faaf6 x]bf{ k"jL{o Pjd\ kfZrfTo b'a}tkm{ k|f/lDes sfnb]lv g} rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'Fb} cfPsf] k|:6 x'G5 . xf:o Joª\Uo zAbsf] Psfsf/ eO{ xf:oJoª\Uo zAbsf] Jo'TklQ ePsf] xf] . oBlk xf:oJoª\Uo eGg] ;+o'Qm jf ;d:t zAb k|of]u rflxF zf:qLo :t/df ;+:s[t k/Dk/fdf :yflkt ePsf] e]l6Fb}g . xf:osf] cnUu} cy{af]w / Joª\Uosf] cnUu} cy{af]w x'g] ub{5 .-n'O6]n @)%*_ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf Joª\UonfO{ Ps xf:ocGtu{ts} e]b dflgPsf] 5 . oBlk sltko;Gbe{df eg] cnUu} klg kl/efiff ul/Psf] kfOGG5 .
!=@=!= k"jL{o kl/efiff
xf:oJoª\Uosf] kl/efiff, rrf{, kl/rrf{ k"jL{o hutdf kf}/fl0fssfnb]lv g} x'g yfn]sf] xf] . k"jL{o ;flxTo lrGtgk/Dk/fdf k|f/Dedf xf:onfO{ Ps /;sf ¿kdf x]/]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . gj /;dWo]sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ /;sf ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] xf:onfO{ ljleGg cfrfo{x¿n] cf‛ cfkm\g} tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . tL cfrfo{x¿dWo] /; ljifos zf:qLo rrf{ ug{] cfBfrfo{ e/td'lg dflgG5g\ . pgn] /; ljj]rgfsf qmddf d'Vo rf/ /;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP, z[ª\uf/, /f}b|, jL/ / jLeT; . oL rf/ /;x¿af6 qmdzM xf:o, s?0f, cb\e"t / eofgs /;sf] pTklQ x'g] Ë s'/f klg atfPsf lyP . e/tn] xf:onfO{ z[ f/sf] cg's[lt dfg]sf 5g\ . -e§/fO,@)%&_ k|frLg cfrfo{x¿n] /fuaf6 o;sf] pTklQ ePsf] xf], of] z[ª\uf/sf] cg's[lt xf] eg]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ /hf]u'0fsf] cefj / ;Tju'0fsf] cfljef{jn] cyjf ;a} lsl;dsf /;fefjaf6 xf:o hGdG5 eGg] cfrfo{x¿sf] dt 5 . o;/L e/t d'Votof xf:onfO{ Joª\Uo;Fu ghf]8L /;sf ;Gbe{df dfq s]lGb|t b]lvG5g\ . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf csf{ JofVoftf clUgk'/f0fsf/ klg xf:oJoª\Uo;DaGwL rrf{ ug{] pNn]Vo JolQmTjsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . clUgk'/f0fdf :yflkt ePsf rf/j6f k|d'v /;x¿dWo] z[ª\uf/af6 l;h{gf ePsf] xf:o/; kl5 Jo~hgf d"ns cy{sf] k|;Ë jxg ug{ yfn]kl5 k|of]hgd"ns xf;f] eP/ xf:osf] 7fpFdf Joª\Uo ;d]t b]lvg yfNof] . o; k|f/lDes r/0fsf rf/j6f d"n /;x¿af6 yk rf/ /;sf] cljef{j :jLsf/]kl5 cf7j6f /;x¿ x'g k'u] . -;'a]bL / cGo,@)$& _ cfh ;flxTodf k|rlnt gj/;dWo] xf:o/; g} ;+:s[t cfrfo{x¿sf] xf:o;DaGwL rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf csf{ l;4fGtzf:qLo bz¿kssf/ wg~hon] e]ife"iff / Jojxf/af6 cfkm}nfO{ / cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ / kl/wfgaf6 c¿nfO{ xf;f] k'¥ofpg] s'/f u/]sf 5g\ . ;flxTobk{0fsf/ ljZjgfyn] cfkm"df /x]sf jf c¿df /x]sf ljs[lt xf;f]sf sf/0f aGg ;Sg] ;Í]t
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 36
b]vfP klg o; ;DaGwL s'g} k|Zg eg] p7fPsf 5}gg\ . s]jn xf;f] p7\g] sf/0f h:t} cfsf/k|sf/, Ë ¿k/ , 5fF6sf6 cflbdf ljs[lt x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdfq pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . -;'a]bL / cGo,@)$&_pgL kl5sf cGo cfrfo{x¿ If]d]Gb|, huGgfy cflbn] klg ljZjgfys} s'/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf 5g\ . k"jL{o ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df Joª\Uo;DaGwL rrf{ ubf{ WjlgjfbL cfrfo{x¿sf] rrf{ ug{' cToGt cfjZos x'G5 . k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGtsf ¿kdf :yflkt Wjlgjfbn] sfJodf Joª\UonfO{ k|d'v tŒjsf ¿kdf :jLsf/]sf] kfOG5 . sfJodf /xg] Wjlg jf Joª\UonfO{ sfJosf] cfTdf dfGb} Wjlgjfbsf k|jt{s cfgGbjw{gn] Joª\Uo k|an ePsf] sfJonfO{ pQdsfJo dfg]sf 5g\ . Wjlg lj/f]wL ljleGg dtx¿nfO{ v08g ug{] qmddf d'Vo ¿kdf Jo~hgf s[lQnfO{ :yfkgf ub{} o;}åf/f ;flxTo jf sfJodf Joª\Uofy{, k|tLodfg cyjf WjGofy{ k|s6 x'G5 eGg] cledt :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . Wjlgjfbsf] :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ clewf / nIf0ff zAbzlQmnfO{ g} sfJofy{ af]w u/fpg] d'Vo a[lQ dflgGYof] t/ To;nfO{ v08g u/]/ cfgGbjw{gn] Jo~hgf j[lQsf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . Wjlgjfbsf] :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ clewf / nIf0ff zAbzlQmnfO{ g} sfJofy{ af]w u/fpg] d'Vo j[lQ dflgGYof], t/ To;nfO{ v08g u/]/ cfgGbjw{gn] Jo~hgf j[lQsf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . To:t} cnª\sf/jfbLx¿n] klg cnª\sf/leq g} Jo~hgf j[lQnfO{ 5'§} :yfkgf ug{' s'g} cfjZos gePsf] s'/f rrf{ u/]sf Ë lyP . t/ To;nfO{ klg cfgGbjw{gn] tfls{s 9 n] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .-e§/fO{,@)%&_cfgGbjw{g k"j{sf /;, cnª\sf/ Pjd\ /Lltjfbsf ;+:yfksx¿ WjlgjfbL l;4fGt;Fu Tolt kl/lrt lyPgg\ . tfklg cfgGbjw{gsf b[li6df To;sf lgs6 eg] cjZo k'u]sf lyP . jfdgn] jqmf]lQm ljj]rgfsf qmddf …;fb[ionIf0ff jqmf]lQmÚ eGg] plQmåf/f klg of] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g] cfgGbjw{gn] atfPsf 5g\ . Joª\Uo ;flxTosf kbb]lv lnP/ k|aGw;Dd JofKt /xG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ WjlgjfbLx¿n] ;f]bfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . t;y{ Joª\Uo ;flxTosf] ;a} txdf x'g ;S5, Pp6f kbdf, jfSodf jf k|aGwdf . pko{'Qm cfwf/af6 x]bf{ Joª\Uofy{ eg]sf] k|tLodfg cy{ jf WjGofy{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgisif{ lg:sG5 . o; k|;Ëdf efjut Joª\Uoåf/f sfJo jf ;flxTodf ;|i6fn] afÞo ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy} cGt{lgi7 efj ;f}Gbo{nfO{ cleJoQm u/]sf] x'G5 . ctM Joª\Uosf] d"n tfTko{ zAbfy{df k|sl6t ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy} ;du| ;flxTout Joª\Uofy{ ljlzi6sfJo /rgfsf] afÞo k|zf]wgsf ;fy} j:t' jf efj ;f}Gbo{ klg xf] . -n'O6]n @)%*_ ;du|df k"jL{o ;flxTolrGtg k/Dk/fdf xf:o / Joª\UonfO{ Ps} ;Gbe{df gx]/]/ leGgleGg k|sf/n] JofVof ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . xf:onfO{ sfJozf:qLx¿n] /;sf ;Gbe{df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] Joª\UonfO{ cy{af]w k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df sfJosf] cfTdf dfGb} ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L k"jL{o k/Dk/fdf xf:o / Joª\Uosf] leGg‛leGg kl/efiff u/]sf] k|:6 x'g hfG5 .
!=@=@ kfZrfTo kl/efiff xf:o M xf:o;DaGwL kfZrfTo dt klg k"jL{o em}+ cToGt nfdf] k/Dk/f /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . kfZrfTo ;flxTosf] k|frLg k/Dk/f cyf{t\ lu|;]nL k/Dk/fb]lv g} xf:o;DaGwL rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'Fb} cfPsf] k|i6 yfxf kfOG5 . lu|;]nL lrGts c/:t'n] n3'tf bz{g sf] :yfkgfsf qmddf xf:o;DaGwL rrf{ u/]b]lv xfn;Dddf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] cf‛cfkm\g} tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . c/:t'n] xf:osf] sf/0f
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 37
s'g} klg j:t'df kfOg] xLgtf jf n3'tfnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ .-n'O6]n @)%*_s'g} klg j:t'sf] xLgtf jf n3'tfnfO{ b]v]/ :jefjtM dflg;nfO{ cfgGb k|fKt x'G5, h'g p;sf] xf;f]sf] d"nsf/0f aGb5, eGg] c/:t'sf] egfO 5 . pgsf] n3'tfsf] l;4fGt o;} qmddf cl3 cfPsf] b]lvG5 . c/:t'n] n3'tfbz{g l;4fGtsf] :yfkgf u/]kZrft\ To;af6 k|efljt eP/ cª\u|]hL bfz{lgs xAhn] klg pTsif{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df xf:osf] ljZn]if0f ub{} cfkm"nfO{ csf{] JolQmeGbf >]i7 ePsf] cg'ej x'Fbf xf;f] pTkGg x'g] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . -n'O6]n @)%*_ c¿sf] sdhf]/nfO{ b]Vbf xfd|f] dgdf cfgGbfg'e"lt k}bf x'g] / To;af6 xf;f] pTkGg x'g] s'/fnfO{ logn] a9L hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . logsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ 8]sf6{;, nfd]gfO;, d]l/l8y cflb lrGtsx¿n] klg cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . xf:o;DaGwL csf{] pTs[i6l;4fGt cwf]d'v c;Ëltsf] l;4fGt xf] . o;sf k|jt{s xa{6 :k]G;/ x'g\ . logsf cg';f/ xf:oJoª\Uosf] d"n sf/0f r]tgfsf] ult pTsif{af6 cksif{lt/ hfg' xf]. o:tf] cksif{ kfq, zf/Ll/s lqmof tyf 36gfx¿df b]lvG5, lsgeg] zf/Ll/s agf]6, zAbfjnL, 36gf cflbdf kfqdf /x]sf] cksif{tf xf:of]Tkfbgsf] ;xfos x'g ;S5g\ eGg] dt :k]G;/sf] 5 . oflGqs k|lqmofsf ;+:yfks ju{;fsf cg';f/ xf:osf] d"nsf/0f eg]sf] dflg;sf] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfnfO{ 5f]8L oGqjt\ sfo{ ug{'nfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . af6fdf dflg; lxF8\b} ubf{ lrlKnP/ pm n8\5 eg] Tof] xf:osf] kfq aGb5 . dflg; To;/L n8\bf cfkm\gf] :jefljs :jtGqtfnfO{ la;{]/ oGqn] h:tf] cfr/0f ug{ k'Ub5 Tof] Psk|sf/sf] ljk/Lttf xf] / oxfF dflg; cfkm\gf] :jefj eGbf ljk/Lt rN5, cyf{t\ logsf cg';f/ ljk/Lttf k|blz{t ug{] oflGqs k|lqmof g} xf:osf] sf/0f xf] eGg] 5 . -e§/fO,@)%&_ dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df xf:osf] ljZn]if0f ug{] l;Ud08 k|mfo8sf cg';f/ xfd|f dgdf k|f0fLk|lt ul/g] d"ne"t ;xfg'e"lt /x]sf] x'G5, To;}n] ha s'g} xf:of:kb j:t' b]lvG5 To;a]nf Tof] dfgl;s ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 x'G5 / xfdLnfO{ xf:of:kb kl/l:yltdf k'u]sf] b'Mlvt JolQmk|lt b'MvL x'g glbO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ xf:osf] l;h{gf x'G5 eGg] 5 . logn] ljz]iftM xf:osf] sf/0f dgf]j}1flgs kIfnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . -e§/fO{, @)%&_ xf:o;DaGwL rrf{ ug{] csf{] kfZrfTo l;4fGt z/L/j}1flgs l;4fGt xf] . o;sf k|ltkfbsx¿n] z/L/ / dg b'a} leGgleGg /Lltn] xf:o pb|]s ug{df ;dy{ x'g ;S5g\ eg]sf 5g\ . -e§/fO,@)%&_ ;du|df kfZrfTo k/Dk/fdf xf:o;DaGwL lu|;]nL k/Dk/fb]lv xfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf o;nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df /fv]/ kl/efiff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . c/:t', :k]G;/, Þofhln6, sfG6, ju{;f, k|mfo8, cflb ljZjk|l;4 JolQmx¿n] cf‛cfkm\g} k|sf/n] xf:o;DaGwL rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . pTsif{sf] l;4fGt, cwf]d'v c;Ëltsf] l;4fGt, oflGqs k|lqmof, dgf]j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f, z/L/j}1flgs l;4fGt h:tf pTs[i6 tfls{s l;4fGtsf cfwf/df xf:o;DaGwL rrf{ ug{' g} pNn]Vo k|flKt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Joª\UoM kfZrfTo ;flxTodf xf:osf] Ps e]bsf ¿kdf dflgPsf] Joª\Uosf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] cf‛cfkm\gf dtx¿ :yfkgf u/L lrgfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ d"ne"t ¿kdf lgDgcg';f/ klg b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
OG;fOSnf]lkl8of la|6flgsfM
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 38
;flxlTos ljwfsf ¿kdf Joª\Uo xf:of:kb jf c;fdfGok|lt xf;f] p8fpg] jf cfIf]ksf efjx¿sf] ;zQm cleJolQm ug{] tŒj xf] .
cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g/L M Tof] kBfTds jf uBfTds /rgf h;df tfTsflns d"v{tfx¿sf] xf;f] p8fOPsf] x'G5 / slxn]sfxLF uNtLn] ubf{ o;sf] pkof]u s'g} JolQm ljz]if cyjf s'g} JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf] d"v{tfsf] xf;f] p8fpgsf nflu klg x'G5 . cª\u|]hL ;dfnf]rs kf6\;sf cg';f/ Joª\Uodf cfnDagsf] ljs[lt ¿ksf] xf;f] p8fOG5, cyjf ToxL ;/xsf] s'g} xf:of:kb jf c;fdflhs tŒj;Fu To;nfO{ jfs\j}bUWosf ;xfotfn] pkxf; ul/G5 . -e§/fO,@)%&_ xj{6 af]Nssf cg';f/ Joª\Uosf/ s]jn ;Tosf] k|lti7fdf dfq hf]8 lb+b}g k/Gt' jfUj}bUWosf ;xfotfn] kfksf] 3}6f] kmf]b{5 / 9f]+usf] kbf{kmf; ub{5, eGg] /x]sf] 5 . -e§/fO,@)%&_ d}Yo' xf]ufy{ eG5g\, Joª\Uon] s] r]tfjgL lbG5, eg] dfgj To:tf] cb\e"t hgfj/ xf] h;df d"v{tfk"0f{ sfo{ ug{] c;Lldt Ifdtf 5 / olb Joª\Uoåf/f To; ;Tosf] :ki6 cleJolQm ePsf v08df Tof] kof{Kt x'g]5 . dg'iosf] uf}/jsf] j0f{g ug{' sljs} sfo{ xf] . -e§/fO,@)%&_ k|l;4 Joª\Uosf/ l:jˆ6sf cg';f/ æJoª\Uo Psk|sf/sf] P]gf xf], h;df x]g{]n] cfkm\gf] cg'xf/afx]s c¿ ;f/fsf] cg'xf/ b]V5Æ eGg] /x]sf] 5 . -e§/fO,@)%&_ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf Joª\Uo;DaGwL ul/Psf ljleGg kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ Joª\Uo Psk|sf/sf] z}nL xf], h'g ;flxTosf ljwfx¿sf] sfFw r8L k|:t't x'g] ub{5 . Joª\Uo k|:t't ug{sf nflu ;flxlTostfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . JolQm, ;dfh /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt lj;Ëltx¿sf] kbf{kmf; u/L ;d'Ggt / zfGt jftfj/0f :yfkgfsf nflu Joª\Uosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] kfZrfTo d"ne"t cjwf/0ffx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @=@=# xf:oJoª\Uo;DaGwL g]kfnL kl/efiffM g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uo k/Dk/fsf] kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ cfw'lgssfnsf] cfudg;Fu} ljleGg xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿n] cf‛cfˆgf kl/efiffx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uosf] kl/k|]Ioddf lj=;+= !*%% sf] zlQmaNne cof{nsf] ;+:s[t xf:osbDa nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/] kZrft cfw'lgssfnsf] pbo;Dd cyf{t\ lj=;+= !(() sf] bzsk"j{ s'g} k|sf/sf] To:tf] kl/efiff kfpFg ;ls+b}g, t/ cfw'lgs sfnsf] cfudg;Fu ljleGg xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿n] cf‛cfˆg} ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
s]zj/fh lkF8fnLM lj;Ëltx¿dfly k|xf/ ug{' xfdL Joª\Uosf/x¿sf] p2]Zo g} xf] . xfdL ;Qfdf a;]sfx¿dfly klg k|xf/ ug{ tTk/ x'g] 5f}+ . -efpkGyL,@)^)_ e}/j cof{n Psy/L 7fGnfg xf:oJoª\Uo eg]sf] c¿nfO{ p8fP/ xf:g] snf xf], t/ Tof] p8fpg] c¿ JolQmdf ;Lldt /Xof] eg] To; Joª\Uon] xf:osf] xf]Og Joª\Uosf] l;h{gf ub{5 . To;}n] Joª\Uo JolQmsf] xf]Og, JolQmleqsf c8\ldNbf, ljANofF6f / lau|ofxf k|j[lQdfly x'g'kb{5 . - efpkGyL,@)^)_ jfz'b]j zdf{, n'O6]n M
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 39
xf:g' / x;fpg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . -efpkGyL,@)^)_ df]xg/fh zdf{ æd]/f] ljrf/df xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxlTos /rgfsf] ;zQm / hLjg jfGsL xf] . o;n] Psflt/ xf:osf] k|efj pTkGg u/]/ ljgf]b Pjd\ dgf]/~hgsf] ljzfn ;fd|fHodf k'¥ofpF5 eg] csf{lt/ Joª\Uosf] k|efj pTkGg u/]/ s6fIf Pjd\ 5]8k]+rsf] cgf}7f] pkTosfdf k'¥ofpF5 . /fds'df/ kfF8]M k|rlnt ljs[lt Joj:yf‛kl/jt{g cyf{t kl/jt{g kl/jt{gsf nflu dfq geO{ cfd hgfsfª\Iofg's"n Jojl:yt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f / k|ultsf nflu xf:oJoª\Uo ;bf pRrtflt/g} pGd'v x'G5 .-kfF8] ,@)%!_ s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg laAn]F6f]nfO{ hgfpg] ;fdflhs q'l6, c;dfgtf xf];\, cyjf dfgjLo sdhf]/L :jefj, Ë lj; ltx¿ xf:oJoª\Uosf ljifox¿ x'g\ . -zfSo,@)%^_ g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n dfG5]df kfOg] cfbtsf lj;Ëltx¿ / ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ pb\3f6g ug{' xf:oJoª\Uo ljwfsf] d'Vo sfd xf] .-zfSo,@)%^_ ;dfhjfbL / dfgjtfjfbL tŒjbz{gaf6 xf:oJoª\Uo snf lgM;[t x'G5 . cGwf]nfO{ b]vfpg], /f]PsfnfO{ x;fpFg] k6d"v{nfO{ p8fpg], ;'s'nu'08fnfO{ eOdf yrfg{] clg x]lkPsfnfO{, blnPsf / RoflkPsfnfO{ psf:g] o;sf] nIo lrGtg /x]sf] x'G5 . -zfSo,@)%^_ vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf xfp8] xf;f]sf] v]n xf:o‛Joª\Uo xf]Og . -zfSo,@)%^_ /d]z ljsn xf:o s]jn dgf]/~hgsf nflu x'G5 t/ Joª\Uon] s;}sf] uNtL / e"n cyjf unt k|s[ltdfly dL7f] t/jf/ rnfP/ ;f]Rg afWo t'Nofpg' k5{ . -zfSo,@)%^_ /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL dfG5]sf hLjg k|0ffnLdf, ;dfh, wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf rl/q / cfr/0fdf b]lvg] ljsf/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] lgotdf xf:oJoª\Uosf] pk:yfkg x'G5 . -;'a]bL / cGo,@)$& _ rf]n]Zj/ zdf{ M xf:oJoª\Uosf] nIo JolQmut lgGbf, cfIf]k / ufnLeGbf JolQmleqsf sn"iftf / dfgjLo / Ë ;fdflhs lj; ltk|lt pkxf; ub{} ltgsf] ;'wf/sf] sfdgf x'G5 . -zfSo,@)%^_ Zofdaxfb'/ nfdf d]/f] ljrf/df xf:oJoª\Uo k|b'if0f/lxt ad xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ljsf/x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] lzsf/ agfpF5 . -zfSo,@)%^_ Zofd uf]tfd] n]vgdf oyfy{k/s / lgeL{stf gePsfn] xf:oJoª\Uo n]Vg ;Sb}g . -zfSo,@)%^_ d's'Gb cfrfo{ Ë Ë o; ljwfn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] ljs[lt / lj; ltnfO{ pbf f] kf5{, xfdLnfO{ lrdf]6\5 .-zfSo,@)%^_ g/gfy n'O6]n
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 40
clzlIft / c;r]t hgtfnfO{ xl;dhfs ug{' Joª\Uosd{ xf]Og, of] t Joª\Uosf gfddf ul/Psf] asjf; dfq xf] . -zfSo,@)%^_
pko{'Qm df]6fdf]6L kl/efiffx¿nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿ b'O{ efudf ljeQm ePsf b]lvG5g\ . Psy/L xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿ xf:oJoª\UonfO{ ;du| ljwfsf ¿kdf x]5{g eg] csf{y/Lx¿ xf:oJoª\Uo cGt{ljwfTds kIf ePsfn] ;flxlTos z}nLsf ¿kdf kl/efiff u5{g\ . 5\ofsgsf] e"ldsfdf s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgn] xf:oJoª\UonfO{ Ps ljwfsf ¿kdf kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\ eg] d's'Gb cfrfo{n] efpkGyLåf/f ;Dkflbt cfw'lgs g]kfnL xf:o‛Joª\Uo, k[= !)$ df ljrf/sf qmddf ljwfsf ¿kdf kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\, oBlk clwsf+z xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿ o;nfO{ ljwf dfGg] kIfdf eg] b]lv+b}gg\ . xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxTosf rf/} ljwf cyf{t sljtf gf6s cfVofg / lgaGw dfly g} a'OF r9]/ k|:t'lt x'g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ 5'§} ljwf dfGg' jf:tjd} cg'ko'Qm b]lvG5 . xf:oJoª\Uosf/x¿n] slxn] o;nfO{ sljtfsf ¿kdf k|If]k0f u5{g\ eg] slxn] lgaGw / cfVofgsf ¿kdf . To;}n] o;nfO{ ljwfsf ¿kdf geP/ cGt{ljwfTds ;flxlTos z}nLsf ¿kdf eGbf a9L pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ xf:oJoª\Uo eg]sf] ;flxlTos /rgfsf] ;zQm afGsL h;n] ljgf]b Pjd\ dgf]/~hgsf ;fy dfG5]sf hLjg k|0ffnLdf ;dfh wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf b]lvg] ljs[lt / lj;Ëltsf] oyfy{sf ;fy} lgeL{s eP/ k8\sg] k|b"if0f /lxt ad, h'g ;flxTosf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ljsf/dfly lj:kmf]6 x'G5, egL kl/efiff ug{ ;lsG5 . k"jL{o Pjd\ kfZrfTo ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df xf:oJoª\UonfO{ ;du|¿kdf rrf{ ubf{ xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxTosf] dxŒjk"0f{ z}nL xf] . dfgj dl:tisdf cjl:yt ljs[t dfgl;stf / s'sfo{af6 /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs ;fdflhs, wfld{s /fi6« / /fli6«otfdfly x'g] c;/ / To;af6 k|fKt cfd hg;d"bfosf] kL8fnfO{ xf:oJoª\Uon] h/}b]lv zNolqmof ug{] u/]sf] 5 . k"jL{odf k|f/Dedf xf:onfO{ Ps /;sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof], eg] Wjlgjfbsf] :yfkgf;Fu} Joª\Uosf] klg dxŒj ;flxTodf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] ;flxTo zf:qLx¿n] rrf{ u/]/ kl5Nnf r/0fdf xf:o / Joª\Uo;DaGwL ljleGg rrf{kl/rrf{sf] af6f] v'Nof] eg] kfZrfTodf klg xf:osf] Pse]bsf ¿kdf Joª\Uosf] rrf{ ul/P klg Joª\Uosf] :jtGq cl:tTj /x]sf] s'/fnfO k|i6 kf/] . k"jL{o ;flxTodf xf:onfO{ Joª\Uo;Fu ghf]8]/} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5, t/ kfZrfTo k/Dk/fsf] kl5Nnf] r/0flt/ eg] xf:oJoª\UonfO{ Psd'i7 rrf{ klg u/]sf] kfOG5, oBlk k"jL{o Pjd\ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf xf:o / Joª\Uo;DaGwL rrf{ eg] s]xL leGg klg /x]sf] b]lvG5, h'g dflysf] kl/efiffaf6 klg k|i6 x'G5 . xf:oJoª\Uon] ljs[t dfgl;stfsf] zNolqmof ug{] s'/fdf k"jL{o Pjd\ kfZrfTo b'j}tkm{ ;xdlt ePsf 5g\, t/ k"jL{odf xf:onfO{ Ps /;sf kl/k|]Ioaf6 x]l/bf xf:osf] ;fydf Joª\Uon] Tolt dxŒj kfpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g, oBlk leGg leGg kl/j]zdf eg] b'j}sf] ;dfg dxŒjsf ;fydf rrf{ eg] cj:o ul/Psf] 5 . o; lx;fjn] x]bf{ k"jL{o Pjd\ kfZrfTo b'a} ;Gbe{df xf:oª\Uo Ps pTs[i6 z}nL ePsf] klg k|i6 x'G5 .
;Gbe{ u|Gy kfF8] /fds'df/, @)%! , !)! xf:oJoª\Uo, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/ . e§/fO{, e/ts'df/, @)%& , xf:oJoª\Uo l;4fGt, ;Dkf= >LdtL /df e§/fO{ .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 41
efpkGyL, @)^) , cfw'lgs g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uo, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|=k|=, . n'OF6]n g/gfy, @)%*, g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uo, sf7df8f}+ M l;:g'kfgL g]kfn . zfSo dl0fs/Tg, @)%^, xf:oJoª\Uosf/ gfnLa]nL, sf7df8f}+ M l;:g'kfgL, g]kfn . ;'j]bL /fh]Gb| / xL/fdl0f zdf{, @)$&, g]kfnL xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGw, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f, o;sf r'gf}lt / dxŒj
afnf e§/fO{ bds ax'd'vL sofDk; bds, emfkf
;f/ k|:t't n]v z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf r'gf}ltx? s] s] x'g\ < ;dfwfgsf pkfo / dxTj slt 5 eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . k|To]s ;+3;+:yfdf cf‛cfkm\g} k|zf;g k|0ffnL /x]sf] x'G5 . oxL k|zf;g k|0fnLnfO{ r':t / b'?:t agfpgsf nflu ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f elgG5 . ;fdfGotof z}lIfs If]qdf k|zf;lgs d'Vo Joj:yfkgsf nflu ul/g] ;xof]ufTds ;'kl/j]If0f k4ltnfO{ z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f elgG5 . lzIff Ps dfgjLo g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] / of] hl6n klg 5 . z}lIfs ;+:yfdf pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, :t/Lo kf7\oqmdsf] th'{df, kf7\ok':ts tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, lzIf0f ljlw÷k|lqmofsf] 5gf}6 / z}lIfs pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{sf nflu ;'kl/j]If0f ;]jfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf r'gf}lt k|z:t eP klg cfhsf] j}1flgs o'udf o;sf] cfjZostf / dxTj klg plQs} /xg hfG5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f lagf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] sNkgf afn'jfsf] 3/ em}+ aGg k'Ub5 / lzIff If]qsf] nufgL a]sf/ aGg k'Ub5 . kl/roM /fHosf x/]s c+ux?df cf‛cfkm\g} k|zf;lgs Joj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 . h:t}‛ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, ;~rf/ cflb . s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfngdf s'zn k|zf;ssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Ps s'zn k|zf;sn] cfkm\gf] ;+:yf ;~rfng ubf{ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ub{5 . o;/L ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] of]hgf cg';f/ p2]io k|flKtsf nflu sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ clek|]l/t ug]{ p2]ion] k|zf;saf6 ul/g] ;xof]ufTds sfo{nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f elgG5 . lzIffdf ;'kl/j]If0f eGgfn] z}lIfs p2]io k|flKtsf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] lzIf0f‛l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] oyfy{ cWoog u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] k|of;nfO{ a'emfpF5 . -sf]O/fnf, tyf cGo, @)^%_ ;'kl/j]If0f Ps ;fd'lxs sfo{ xf] . of] k|hftflGqs l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;n] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof;+u ;DalGwt ;a}sf] ;xof]ufTds ;xeflutf k|fKt ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . ;'kl/j]If0fsf] zflAbs cy{ supervision cyf{t /fd|f], pRr jf lbJob[li6 eGg] x'G5
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 42
. o;/L lzIff If]qdf ePsf sfo{x?nfO{ /fd|f];+u /]vb]v ug{', z}lIfs ;d:ofsf] uxg cWoog, ljZn]if0f / To;sf] ;dfwfg ug'{nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f elgG5 . - clwsf/L, @)^%_ To;} u/L z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fdf lzIf0f l;sfO;+u z}lIfs p2]Zox? Jofjxfl/s ?kaf6 k"/f ug{ z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu lzIff k|zf;gn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf lqmofsnfknfO{ lnOG5 . ;fdfGo lzIfsn] s] k9fpFb} 5, s;/L k9fpFb} 5, p;sf] cWofkgn] ljBfyL{df s] s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx? cfPsf 5g\ < To;sf] uxg cWoog cjnf]sg ug'{ / ;f]sf] ;dfwfg ug'{ g} z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f xf] . -sfkm\n], tyf cGo, @)^@_ z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f k|zf;ssf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . k|efjsf/L jf k|hftflGqs z}lIfs g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;'kl/j]Ifsn] z}lIfs If]qdf ;+nUg dfgjLo ;+;fwgx?df ;'/lIft dxz'; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, k|efjsf/L z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] u'0f Pj+ 1fg ePsf], ;xofqLsf] dgf]efjgf a'‰g], :jLsf/of]Uo ;b:o aGg], ldqtf a9fpg], ;dGjo ug]{, c?sf ljrf/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg], kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts k|of]u ug{ ;Sg], g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ ;Sg], lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]io k|fKt ug} z}lIfs dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{, kyk|blzt ug]{, cfjZostf,?lr / Ifdtf a'‰g ;Sg], z}lIfs If]qsf ljleGg sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf lbg ;Sg], kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fdf ;'emfj lbg ;Sg] h:tf sfo{x? z}Ifs ;'kl/j]If0sf If]q cGtu{t kb{5g\ . To;}n] o;sfo{ cGtu{t lzIff k|zf;sn] lgb]{zg lbg], ;dGjo ug]{, of]hgf agfpg],;Nnfx lbg];+u} d"Nof+sg ug]{ klg sfo{ ub{5 . t;y{ z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f eGgfn] z}lIfs of]hgfsf p2]io k"/f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} ;'wf/sf nflu ug]{ k|zf;lgs sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;'kl/j]If0f lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] uxg cWoog, ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gsf nflu lbOg] k|fljlws jf Jofj;flos ;xfotf xf] . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ubf{ o;sf] kl/efiffnfO{ k|:t't ug{' h?/L x'G5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Educational supervision elgG5 . supervision zAb super±vision b'O{ zAb ldnL ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ lbJob[li6 x'G5 eg] Educational supervision sf] cy{ z}lIfs If]qdf /flvg] lbJob[li6 eGg] x'G5 . o:tf] lbJob[li6 /fvL z}lIfs If]qdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng] JolQmnfO{ z}lIfs ;'kl/j]Ifs elgG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljleGg ljåfgx?n] lbPsf kl/efiffsf] cWoogaf6 cem a9L 1fg xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . Burton n] ;'kl/j]If0fsf] nIo lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ ug{' xf] eg]sf 5g\ . Wiles n] ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ lzIfsx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . Adsms / dickey n] lzIf0fsf] ;'wf/sf nflu of]hgfa4 ul/Psf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f eg]sf 5g\ . Unruch / Sturner n] ;'kl/j]If0f l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] ljsf;df k|fljlws ;]jf xf] eg]sf 5g\ . Kurtky sf zAbdf c;n ;'kl/j]If0f ;b}j lzIffsf] ljsf;, ljBfyL{sf] j[l4 tyf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . To;} u/L lzIff dGqfnosf] jflif{s a'n]l6g @)^! df z}lIfs lqmofsnfk / k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg', ;dGjo sfod ug{, pTk|]/0ff hufpg' ;'kl/j]If0f xf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ ;'kl/j]If0f Ps ;[hgfTds, ultzLn tyf lj1 ;xof]ufTds k|fljlws ;]jf xf] . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f Pp6f k|fljlws ;]jf xf], h;n] cWoog cWofkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] uxg / oyfy{ cWoog u/L To;sf] ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;sf nflu ckgfOg] k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 . To;}n] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fn]
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 43
lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf of]hgf, ;+u7g, lgb]{zg, ;dGjo / ;Nnfx k|bfg ub}{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ ;'wf/fTds z}lIfs ljsf;df lg/Gt/ pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ub{5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf r'gf}ltx? lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg k|of;x? eP tfklg ck]lIft pknlAw k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lv+b}g . o; ljifodf ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf nflu /f=lz=k=of]=@)@* b]lv xfn;Dd y'k|} ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwL k|of;x? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . c/af}+sf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/of] / ul/+b} klg 5g\ . t/ ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfn z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu eO/x]sf sfo{x? z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0feGbf k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0fd"ns ePsf 5g\ . lg/LIf0fnfO{ z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df ;'wf/ u/L To;nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|d'v bfloTo k|bfg ul/Psf] eP tfklg w]/}h;f] lg/LIfsx?n] k|zf;lgs sfo{d} cfkm"nfO{ Jo:t /fv]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;'kl/j]If0f Joj:yfdf ;}4flGts ?kdf h] hlt sfo{ ug{' egL pNn]v ul/Psf] eP klg ;f] cg';f/ sfo{ut txdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] kfO{+b}g . cfly{s cefjn] tflnd k|bfg ug{, lzIf0fsf cfw'lgs 1fg, ;Lk Pj+ k|ljlw af/] kl/lrt u/fpg cg';GwfgfTds lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ sl7gfO pTkGg ePsf] 5 . kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L ef}lts Joj:yfkgsf] cefjn] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{ ;d:ofd"ns aGg k'u]sf] 5 eg] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cfkm\g} sfo{af6 lg/LIfsx? :jo+ ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . z}lIfs lqmofsnfk;+u ;DalGwt cGo kIfx?n] ;d]t log} ljifodf u'gf;f] ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}ltx? b]lvg cfpF5g\ . ;'kl/j]If0fsf ;d:of / r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ljleGg of]hgf / cfof]ux?n] :jLsfb}{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx? ;d]t\ k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ uxg lrGtg dgg ub}{ cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|z:t 7fpFx? 5g\ . ljZj a}+ssf] sf7df08f}+ l:yt sfof{noåf/f k|sflzt k|ltj]bg -@)%*_ sf cg';f/ lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;df ;fIf/tf / z}lIfs k|ltkmnsf] b/ Go"g /x]sf], ;fdflhs c;dfgtf, ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] c;dfg'kflts ljt/0f, Go"g z}lIfs u'0f:t/, sIff bf]xf]/\ofpg] / aLr}df sIff 5f8\g]x?sf sf/0f z}lIfs nufgL v]/ uO/x]sf], >d ahf/sf nflu xfnsf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL vf;} pknlAwd"ns g/x]sf] ;fy} lh=lz=c=x? k|foM :yfgfGt/0f eO/xg], z}lIfs k4ltdf Jofj;flostfsf] xfjL / z}lIfs g]t[Tjsf] cefj /x]sf] cflb h:tf ;d:ofx? cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] pQL0f{ b/ ;/b/ $) k|ltzteGbf sd /x]sf], clwsf+z z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ljifout lzIfssf] cefj, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] ckof{Kttf, tflndsf] cefjdf k|fKt z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u gx'g', kf7\ok':tssf e/df lzIfsn] cWofkg u/fpg', lg/LIfssf] lgoldttf Go"g x'g', k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotf 36\b} hfg',;/sf/L :t/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df hgljZjf; u'Db} hfg' / zx/L If]qdf o;sf] Jofkf/Ls/0f a9\g' g} z}lIfs If]qdf b]lvPsf ljBdfg ;d:of jf r'gf}ltx? x'g\ .
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 44
/f=lz=k=of]= sf] dWofjlw d"Nof+sg -@)##_ n] ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf q'l6x?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t''t u/]sf] 5M‛ ‛ lzIffsf ljleGg txdf ck]lIft ?kdf lg/LIfssf] sdL ‛ Jofjxfl/s, j:t'ut / 1fgd"ns tflndsf] cefj ‛ k|f]T;fxg, d"Nof+sg, k'/:sf/ / b08sf] cefj ‛ lh=lz=c=df g]t[TjbfoL Ifdtfsf] sdL ‛ If]=lz=lg=n] lhNnf :t/Lo lg/LIf0f Joj:yfnfO{ j:t'ut ?kdf d"Nof+sg u/L ;dod} g]t[Tjut lgb]{zg lbgdf sGh':ofO{+ ‛ lzIff dGqfnosf] d"Nof+sg zfvfsf] lg/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfd k|efjsf/L gx'g' ;fy} lg/LIfsx?nfO{ ;xfos x'g] j:t'ut tflnd, vf]hk"0f{ k':ts, kq‛klqsf, lg/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf cflbsf] Joj:yf sd x'g' . o;} u/L /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( n] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwdf lgDg ;d:ofx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ‛ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg k|zf;gd'vL aGg uPsf] ‛ lg/LIfssf] jf:tljs :yfg / kl/efiff :ki6 gePsf] ‛ lg/LIf0fsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L s;sf] xf], :ki6 gePsf] ‛ lg/LIfsx?nfO{ plrt ;'ljwfsf] sdL ‛ ;'kl/j]If0fdf Go"gtf ‛ /fli6«o lzIffsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;sf] nflu lg/LIf0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg 7f]; sbd grflnPsf] ;du|df xfnsf] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fdf b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ aF'bfut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . s_ cfly{s ;d:of v_ ef}lts ;d:of u_ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;d:of 3_ gLltut tyf sfof{Gjog kIfdf b]lvg] ;d:of ª_ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL ;d:of r_ k|fljlws ;d:of ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? dfly pNn]lvt ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx?sf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfnsf] z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnL cfnf]rgfTds ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . log} ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f k4lt Jofjxfl/s / p2]iod"ns 9Ëaf6 ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cj:yf sfod} /xg] xf] eg] z}lIfs
Damak Campus Journal Volume 1 45
;'kl/j]If0fsf] cf}lrTo / ljZjzgLotf 36\g hfg] dfq geO /fHosf] z}lIfs nufgL ;d]t\ v]/ hfg] x'G5 . o; ljifodf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/L x6fpgfn] ef]lnsf] z}lIfs nufgL / eljio ;'lglZrt ug]{ dfu{ k|zl:t x'g k'Ub5 . To;sf nflu lgDg sfo{ Joj:yf ckgfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 ‛ ‛ ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{ cfkm}+df hl6n ljifo xf] . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ o;sf] cToGt cfjZostf kb{5 . ‛ lg/LIfssf] Ifdtf / bIftf clej[l4 ug{ tflndsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g' kb{5 . ‛ z}lIfs ;+:yf Pp6f ;fgf] ;dfh xf], To;}n] oxfF ;fdflhs lqmofsnfknfO{ k|fyldstf lbgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg pBt x'g' kb{5 . ‛ z}lIfs k|zf;g / ;'kl/j]If0f k4lt ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;~rfng x'g' kb{5 . ‛ OdfGbfl/tf g} z}lIfs :t/ dfly p7fpg] cfwf/ ePsf]n] z}lIfs If]qdf ;+nUg ;a} kIf OdfGbf/ x'g' kb{5 . ‛ z}lIfs ;+:yfdf k|hftflGqs g]t[Tj x'g cfjZos 5, h;sf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+:yf k|d'vn] ;xofqLx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 . ‛ ;dGjofTds lg/LIf0f k4ltnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfTdd"Nof+sg / dxz'; ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'g' kb{5 . ‛ lzIff If]qnfO{ /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /fVg' kb{5 . ‛ lg/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ :ki6 kfg'{sf ;fy} cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{' kb{5 . ‛ lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ cg';GwfgfTds agfpg :yfgLo :t/df n3' cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug]{ cj;/ / Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . ‛ d"Nof+sg, k|f]T;fxg, k'/:sf/ / b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . ‛ k|To]s lzIffnox?df Jofj;flos k':tsx? ePsf] cfw'lgs k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fdf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}ltx? b]lvP klg ;'wf/sf pkfo ckgfpg ;s]df o;sf] dxTj plQs} /xg hfG5 . lzIffnfO{ ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] Bf]ts, /fi6« ljsf;sf] d]?b08 / lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . jt{dfg j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZj kl/j]zdf lzIff Ps dxTjk"0f{ / hl6n dfgjLo sfo{ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . lzIffn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o hutsf ljleGg If]qdf ;xof]u k'/ofpg'sf ;fy} z}lIfs g]t[Tj ;d]t lng ;Sg' kb{5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf lzIffn] JolQm, ;dfh, /fi6«,/ cGt/f{li6«o hutsf] ;d]t cfjZostf k"/f ug{' kb{5 . o:tf cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0f, :t/Lo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;d;fdlos lgdf{0f tyf ljsf;, pko'Qm lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk / d"Nof+sg cflbsf] nflu ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cfjZostf jf dxTj /xg hfG5 . ha;Dd z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dxTj a'emL
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;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;ls+b}g ta;Dd lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;dfh, /fi6« / JolQmsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df lzIffn] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;ls+b}g . To;}n] JolQm, ;dfh, /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf z}lIfs k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf nflu z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dxTj /xg hfG5 . o;nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M‛ lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fn] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu lzIfsnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg'sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x?sf] ?lr,rfxgf, cfjZostf k"/f ug{ af}lås Ifdtfsf] clej[l4, afgL Jojxf/df rfx] cg';f/sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . kf7\oqmd ljsf; / gjLs/0f ug{ kf7\qmd Pp6f of]hgf xf],h;n] z}lIfs k|lqmofsf dfWodaf6 p2]io k"/f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf ?kdf e"ldsf v]Nb5 . z}lIfs of]hgf / lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug{df kf7\oqmd dfu{ lgb]{zs xf] eg] o;sf] lgdf{0f, ljsf; / gjLs/0f ug{df z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIff k4ltdf kf7\oqmd / ;'kl/j]If0f k4ltaLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . kf7\oqmdsf] efjgf cg'?k lgwf{l/t ljleGg p2]iox?sf cfwf/df kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ eP gePsf], ;f]xL cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk k|of]u ePsf] 5 5}g, lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, sfof{Gjog, k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg / ;'wf/ lgoldt ?kn] ug{ u/fpg z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut ljsf;sf] nflu lzIf0f sfo{df ;+nUg lzIfsx? tflnd k|fKt tyf ck|fKt b'j} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . tflnd k|fKtn] k|of]udf NofP gNofPsf] / ck|fKtx?nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fO lzIfsx?nfO{ k]zfut bIf / sl6a4 agfpg ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk, tflnd, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L cflb k|bfg ug{df z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f ;]jfsf] dxTj /xg hfG5 . z}lIfs gLlt sfof{Gjog u/fpg lzIff gLlt dftxtsf lgsfodf k|efjsf/L ?kn] sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?df Ps?ktf Nofpg / ;dGjo u/fpg ;'kl/j]If0fn] ;fF3'sf] ?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{ lzIf0f Pp6f r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o;}n] lzIfssf] lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf d"Nof+sg ug'{ kb{5 . lglZrt k|lqmof / dfkb08sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] lzIfsx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgn] pgLx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ub5 . o;sf nflu ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dxTj /xg hfG5 . lj1 k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug{
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lzIff If]qdf ljleGg :t/ / Ifdtf ePsf lzIfs ljBfyL{aLr lqmof cGtlqm{of x'g] ub{5 . To;sf] dfWod kf7\oqmd xf] . lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw k|lqmofdf x'g] lg/Gt/ kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf lzIfs ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf bIf / of]Uo agfpg lj1 k|fljlws ;]jfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ctM of] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ z}lIfs ;'kl/If]0fsf] ;fGble{stf plQs} /xG5 .
k|efjsf/L ;dGjo tyf lzIf0f tof/Ldf lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] lj1fg, k|ljlw / kl/l:yltut cg';GwfgfTds lqmofsnfkdf lzIfsnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg cfjZos 1fg k|bfg ub}{ dGqfnob]lv ljBfno;Ddsf] ;dGjofTds ;]t'sf] sfd z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0fn] ub{5 .
lgisif{ M lzIff Ps dfgjLo g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] Psflt/ eg] csf{lt/ Ps hl6n sfo{ klg xf] . cfhsf] j}1flgs,k|fljlws tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfhdf JolQmn] ToxL k|lt:kwf{Tds hLjg afFRg ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIff cfhsf] cfjZostf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo, ljlzi6 / g]t[TjbfoL lzIffsf] cefjdf JolQmn] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . of] hl6n sfo{sf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}ltx? ;dfhdf plQs} ljBdfg 5g\ . t/ gLltut ?kdf o;nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] sf]lz; ul/Pdf cjZo klg u'0f:t/Lo / Jofjxfl/s lzIff k|bfg u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf g]t[TjbfoL hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] gLltut ?kdf lzIff If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / ljsf; u/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f cToGt cfjZos 5 . z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu geO gx'g] sfo{ xf] . ;'kl/j]If0f lagf z}lIfs If]qsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] z}lIfs k|lqmofdf kf7\oqmdn] to u/]sf nIo xfl;n ug{ / lzIf0f l;sfOdf b]lvg] sl7gfO klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf] dfu{ lgb]{zgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xsf nflu z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{ geO gx'g] ljifo xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNgdf s;}sf] b'O{ dt /xg] 5}g .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? clwsf/L, gf/fo0fk|;fb -@)^%_, z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f / k|zf;g, sf7df08f}+M Go" lx/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h sfkm\n], jf;'b]j tyf cGo -@)^@_, z}lIfs k|zf;g tyf ;'kl/j]If0f,sf7df08f}+M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ sf]O/fnf, ljBfgfy tyf c
Go -@)^%_, z}lIfs k|zf;g / ;'kl/j]If0f, sf7df08f}+M u]i6« klAns]zg kf}8]n, n]vgfy -@)%#_, z}lIfs k|lqmof / g]kfndf lzIff,sf7df08f}+M cf7/fO{ k|sfzg
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;dLIfs zdf{, uf]kLgfy,g]kfnsf lzIff cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?, sf7df08f}+M dsfn' a'S; P08 :6]zg;{ HMG/MOE(May 15,1997),Basic and primary education master plan(1997-2000), the master plan team: Kathmandu, Nepal HMG/MOE, Education for all national action plan of Nepal(2001-2015), MOE Keshermahal: Kathmandu, Nepal Wiles, Kimbel ( 3rd ed.) Supervision for better School inc. Englewood : Prentice Hall
An Introduction to Santhali Language and its Consonant Sounds
Uttam Prasad Bhattarai The Department of English Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract This brief writing deals with Santhali Language and its consonant sounds. Santhali language belongs to the Munda group languages of the Austro-Asiatric family. Now this language has its own script which is called Ol Chiki invented by Raghunath Murmu in 1925. The script does not share any of the syllabic properties of the other Indic scripts. It contains 6 basic vowel sounds and 34 consonant sounds and additional three vowels are used with Gahla Tudag. All these consonant sounds play significant role in Santhali Language.
Key Words: invention, lingist, mulitilingualism, prestige, script 1. General background Multilingualism is one of the characteristic features of Nepal. According to Gordon (2005), there are approximately 126 living languages in Nepal. Some languages are entertaining high prestige but some are still waiting for their standardization and development. The census taken in different years by the Central Bureau of Statistics show that some indigenous tribes are in extreme minority. Satars or Santhals, one of the most backward ethnic groups of Nepal, live in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari districts. They speak Santhali language that belongs to the Austro-Asiatric family of language. The Santhali language has different alternate names like Satar, Santhali, Santhal, Sonthal, Santal, Sentali, Sainti, Har and Hor. However, the native speakers in Nepal prefer to be called 'Santhali' as they are of Santhal ethnic group. In earlier times, all Santhals writings were in Bengali, Devanagiri, and Roman Script which hindered the development and utilization of the Santhali language. This has marred the progress of the Santhali language in several fields. It necessitated the invention of a new script for Santhali and it finally led to invention of Ol Chiki by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925. After the invention of Ol Chiki, a large number of books have been written by various authors in the Santhali
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language using Ol Chiki. Norman Zide, an eminent linguist (Zide, 1996 as cited in Hansdah, R.C. and Murmu N.C., (2003) says, 'The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters. For example, the word At means earth and the shape of letter /AT/ derived from the round shape of earth. Similarly /UD/ means mushroom and so is the shape of the letter /UD/.‟ Commenting on Ol Chiki, Hansdah, R.C. and Murmu N.C. (2003) observe, „This script is also known as Ol Cemet', Ol script, Ol ciki Script and also Ol. In Santali, Ol means writing and Cemet' means learning. So, Ol Cemet' means the learning of writing.‟ Ol Chiki is an alphabetic, and does not share any of the syllabic properties of the other Indic scripts. It is used for writing Santali which belongs to the Munda group languages of the Austro-Asiatric family. One of the interesting features of the Ol Chiki script is that it makes use of signs and symbols long familiar to the Santhals.‟ Hansdah, R. C. and N. C. Murmu(2005) have carried out a research works on the Santhal and their language(Santhali) and installed the findings on the Online- 'The distinctive and novel features of Santali language have been documented long time ago by the Christian missionaries. However, majority of these documents remained out of reach of common Santals because they were mostly research-oriented, and as a result, they remained confined mostly to academic and research circles. The invention of Ol Chiki script during 1930s by Pandit Raghunath Murmu has created a new era for Santali language and its literatures. With regard to the suitability of other scripts, viz., Roman, Devanagri, Bengali, and Oriya, for writing Santali, Ol Chiki script not only plugged their deficiencies, but also brought the Santali literatures nearer to ordinary Santals. Since it is based on the same sound-word approximation principle from which many of the words of Santali language themselves have originated, Ol Chiki became immensely popular among ordinary Santals'. Vowel
Ol Chiki is analphabetic script. It contains 6 basic vowel sounds and the Santhali vowel sounds are listed below with their English equivalent pronunciation in brackets. (1) o [Λ], (2) A[a], (3) I[i], (4) u[u], (5) e[e], (6)O[o]. Additional three vowels -- A. e. and O. -- are used with Gahla Tudag(--.). Consonant sounds The Santhali language possesses 34consonant letters. The Santhali consonants are listed below with English equivalent pronunciation in brackets. (1).k[k] (2).g[g] (3).F[ŋ]
ʃ ʒ ɲ (4).c[t ] (5).j[d ] (6).q[ ] (7).t[t] (8).d[d] (9).M[ɳ] (10).T[t] (11).D[ð] (12).n[n] (13).P[p] (14).b[b] (15).m[m]
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(16).y[j] (17).r[r] (18).l[l] (19).W[w] (20).s[s] (21).V[wN] h (22).h[h] (23).Z[ɼ] (24).H[. ] These twenty-four letters represent twenty-four Santhali consonant sounds. Besides, there are eight aspirated sounds as aspiration is phonemic in this language. They are h h h h : kH [ k ], gH [ g ] , cH [ tʃ ] , jH [ dʒ ] tH [ th ], dH [ dh ], pH [ ph ] , bH [ bh ], It shows that [H] makes aspirated if it is preceded by another sound. In other h words, Santhali H functions like [. ] in English sound. When Santhali D is followed h by H, it becomes DH [ ð ]. h h DHon /ð Λn / aDHan /að an/ DHiri / ðhiri / In addition to these sounds, the prolongation of /n/ along with /h/ sound gives rise to another stop sound. This is called Glottal Stop /?/. The use of Glottal Stop is very frequent in Santhali language In this way, there are altogether 34 consonant sounds in Santhali language. These 34 consonants sounds are classified into eight classes as per the manner of articulation. They are: h h h h h h 1. Plosive / p , p , b , b , t , t , d , d , k , k , g, g , ? / h h 2. Affricate / t ʃ , t ʃ , dʒ, dʒ / h 3. Fricative / t , θ , ð , ð , s , h / 4. Nasal /m, n, ɲ , ɳ , ŋ / 5. Trill / r / 6. Tap/Flap / ɼ / 7. Lateral / l / 8. Glide / w w`, j /
Table:1 The phonemic inventory of the Santhali consonants Place of articulation Bilabial Dental Alveolar Platoalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glotal Plosives p b t d k g ?
ph bh th dh kh gh Affricate t ʃ dʒ h h t ʃ dʒ Fricative t ð s h θ ðh , Nasal m n ɳ ɲ
Manner OfArticulation Manner ŋ
Trill r
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Tap/Flap ɼ Lateral l Glide w` w j
All these sounds are also classified in terms of the place of articulation, manner of articulation and the position of vocal cords. Three-term descriptions of Santhali consonants are as follows. Symbols Examples Description 1. /p/ as in /pusi/„cat‟ voiceless bilabial plosive 2. /ph/ as in /phΛ kir/„wanderer‟ voiceless bilabial plosive 3. /b/ as in /sab/„catch‟ voiced bilabial plosive 4. /bh/ as in /bhindΛr/„fall‟ voiced bilabial plosive 5. /t/ as in/ti/„hand‟ voiceless alveolar plosive 6. /th/ as in/thΛri/„plate‟ voiceless alveolar plosive 7. /d/ as in /ladi/„to carry‟ voiced alveolar plosive 8. /dh/ as in/dhiri/„stone‟ voiced alveolar plosive 9. /k/ as in/kewa/„chin‟ voiceless velar plosive 10. /kh/ as in/pukh/„pond‟ voiceless velar plosive 11. /g/ as in/guti/„servant‟ voiced velar plosive 12. /gh/ as in/ghane/ „again‟ voiced velar plosive 13. /? / as in/duru?/„to sit‟ voiced glottal plosive 14. /t ʃ/ as in/gut ʃu /„moustache‟ voiceless plato-alveolar affricate 15. / t ʃh/ as in/gΛth ʃi/„seed‟ voiceless plato-alveolar affricate 16. /dʒ / as in/dʒΛm /„to eat‟ voiced plato-alveolar affricate 17. /dʒh/ as in/madʒhi/„chief man‟ voiced plato-alveolar affricate 18. /t/ as in/Λt/ „floor‟ voiceless dental fricative 19. /θ/ as in/puθi/„notebook‟ voiceless dental fricative 20. /ð/ as in/mið/„one‟ voiced dental fricative 21. /ðh/ as in/ðhiri/„late‟ voiced dental fricative 22. /s/ as in/sita/„dog‟ voiceless alveolar fricative 23. /h/ as in/baha/„flower‟ voiceless glottal fricative 24. /m/ as in/miru/ „parrot‟ voiced bilabial nasal 25. /n/ as in/in/„liver‟ voiced alveolar nasal
26. / ɳ / as in/mara ɳ / „.‟ voiced retroflex nasal 27. /ɲ/ as in/ ɲu/„drink‟ voiced palatal nasal 28. /ŋ / as in/buluŋ/„salt‟ voiced velar nasal 29. /r/ as in/rimil/„cloud‟ voiced alveolar trill 30. /ɼ/ as in/kuɼi/„girl‟ voiced retroflex tap 31. /l/ as in/kuli/„ask‟ voiced alveolar lateral 32. /w/ as in/kewa/„chin‟ voiced bilabial gliding
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33. /w`/ as in/saw`heð/„literature‟ voiced bilabial gliding 34. /j/ as in/hajam/„salt less‟ voiced palatal gliding Minimal pair 'Two … words which differ only by one sound, are said to Constitute a minimal pair.' (Hyman, 1975:61) 'Two words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed are referred to as a „minimal pair‟, e.g. pin vs bin, cot vs cut',( Crystal; 2003: 294) Initial Position /p/ vs /b/ /pΛi/ „a unit of measuring‟ /bΛi/ „titanus‟ /t/ vs /d/ /kuti/ „a piece of meat‟ /kudi/ „spade‟ /t/ vs /th/ /tapa/ „a bamboo box used to hide chicken‟ /thapa/ „to shape‟ /k/ vs /g/ /kΛi/ „to ask‟ /gΛi/ „cow‟ Medial Position /t/ vs /d/ /Λtag/ „to fry‟ /Λdag/ „salty‟ Final Position /l/ vs /r/ /ul/„mango‟ /ur/„to pill up‟ /l/ vs/ð/ /uð/„to swallow /ul/„mango /r/ vs /ð/ /ur/„to pill up‟ /uð/„to swallow‟ The Canonical shape in Santhali language
'An application in Linguistics and Phonetics of the general sense of this term, to refer to a linguistics Form cited as a Norm or standard for Purposes of comparison. In Phonology, for example, the normal syllabic combinations of sounds in a Language are often referred to as „canonical syllable‟ pattern'; ( Crystal;2003:61) Table: 2 The examples of canonical shape Syllabic structure Santhali word Pronunciation Meaning VC oT Λt ‘earth’ CV So sΛ ‘smell’
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VCV a.gu agu ‘to bring’ CVC LIL lil ‘ blue’ VCCV ASnA asna ‘school’ CVCV LEKHA lekha 'number’(vt. to count) VCVC onoZ anar ‘preface’ CVCCV KAnWA kanwa ‘verb’ VCCVC elSof elsΛŋ ‘number in power of 10’ VCVCV akowa akΛwa CVCVC Somoy sΛmΛj ‘time’ CVCVC TURUY turuj ‘six’ VCVCVC aReYAG arejag ‘ninth’ vcvcvcv onoLIYA ΛnΛlija ‘writer’ VCVCVC TURUYAG turujag ‘sixth(pointing to an vccvcvcv ELKHARIYA elkharija ‘mathematician’
Conclusion The Santhali language contains richly developed system of consonant sounds. Glottal stop [?], retroflex stop [ɼ], and retroflex nasal [ɳ], and palatal nasal [ɲ] are found in this laguage. Aspirated sounds are contrastive and distinctive in this language. The language has very rich language resources in both written and spoken form in India. In Nepal, Santhali language does not have any written tradition. However, some research works are being carried out under various institutions. These days the Santhali language is taught in a school of Jhapa district by Multilingual Education: a Finish project with the collaboration of National Centre for Educational Development. 50 students from grade 1 to grade 3 attend the classes regularly. The Government of Nepal should pay attention to the preservation and promotion of this very endangered language.
References
Bhattarai, U.P. (2011) The Santhali Language and its Vowels. Molung Research Journal vol.2 No.1 Jan.2011 160-164
Crystal, D.(2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Berlin. Blackwell Publishing.
Hyman, L. M. (1975) Phonology: Theory and Analysis. New York, Holt Rinehart and Winston
Hansdah, R.C. and N.C. Murmu. (2003) A Framework for Learning and Understanding Santhali in Ol Chiki Script.www.wesanthals.org
Thakur, I. (2009). Santhali: A Brief Sociolinguistics Introduction
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Delineation of Opposite Elements in Essays on the Creation of Knowledge "The shoe that fits one person pinches another..." - Carl Jung
Kamal Prasad Wasti The Department of English Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract
The different philosophical views expressed by different writers in Essays on the Creation of Knowledge have a wider significance. As an anthology of essays pertaining from the Hellenic Greek tradition to the postmodern tradition, this text encompasses number of predominant themes expressed elsewhere in a highly philosophical standpoint. It is a tiny garden of precious flowers in their full bloom so that any critic of literary taste and insight can grope into the depth in order to find the literary elements hidden therein. Critical readers of the book can analyze and appreciate it from any perspective. One of the gateways to enter the text is to approach it from the way opposite elements are treated and reconciled in the book. Almost all the essays contain opposite concept / notions successfully handled from different standpoints. Hence the essays require not merely a critical thinking but a sound creative response to make the text a true work of literary art and vision. 1. Darkness and Enlightenment Treatment of opposite themes is conspicuously noticed in the first essay 'The Allegory of the Cave' written by Plato. Plato was a champion of Idealism who, along with his predecessors, pleaded idealism at its best. The Trinity of Truth, Goodness and Beauty are innate to Greek idealism which, in turn, became the idealism of the schools of thought in the entire conscious world. Throughout this essay one can see the recurring treatment of Darkness and Enlightenment in addition to the stress on the statecraft of the rulers for the smooth running of the ideal state. Written in the form of dialogue between Socrates and his disciple, Glaucon, the essay depicts the enduring plight of the prisoners in the Dark who have been chained there never to see the light out of the darkness. This darkness allegorically represents ignorance of knowledge for which they are used to, or they are destined to. The world of darkness depicted here has two-fold significance, namely, the physically dark world and the sensory perception of darkness. The dark sides - whether physical or sensory- have another of its counterpart which is enlightenment or knowledge of the real world. The redemption of the cave-dwellers from their unending captivity of the den, the inferno, according to Plato, is possible only through enlightenment or knowledge of the real world with all the natural objects which is made to realize them only by the instruction of philosophers. The outer world of light is painful to their eyesight which is dazzled by the sun at first, yet long tolerance and practice enable them to be accustomed to the light and the outer world. Plato regards that only education and
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enlightenment are instrumental to conceptualize the world vision which will extricate them from their bondage. So we see that two extremely opposite dominant themes – Darkness and Enlightenment- are successfully dealt along with other subsidiary themes – captivity and freedom, ignorance and knowledge and the like. 2. Colonial Rule and Independent Sovereignty The treatment of the opposite elements is highlighted in the essay 'Declaration of Independence' by Thomas Jefferson. The American War of Independence reached its historic climax with the Declaration of American Independence in 1776. The document promulgates that America will no longer be a British colony henceforth and that it will be vested with all power and right which an independent nation can exercise. As an efficient statesman, Jefferson stresses the need of popular conviction for the foundation and consolidation of a nation on the part of a people. Enumerating the mal-democratic and anti-humanitarian steps, which were imposed on the American people to harass them mentally and physically, he pours his rhetoric on the tyranny of the British king and his authorities, a tyranny which is highly lamentable in the dark colonial history of America. The importance of this treatise rests on the successful handling of the two opposite themes that can be traced by any conscious readers. The major themes characterized by anti-thetical notions are colonial rule versus independent sovereignty. Other subsidiary themes - anarchy versus order, absolute rule versus rule of law-revolve round the major themes. Jefferson's scholarly views and national sentiments are embodied together for the foundation of a sound nation with sovereignty and independence.
3. Bourgeois Orthodoxy and Proletarian Rebellion
The antagonism based on class struggle between the bourgeois and proletarians has intensely been emphasized than before by Karl Marx in his treatise 'The Communist Manifesto'. Fundamentally, Marx's theory of class struggle is based on the doctrine of Hegelian dialectic which Marx reshaped in a new framework and thus proposed to apply it in a changing milieu of the industrial world of his time and the time to come. Ever since this document was published, it has been analyzed, criticized and thus debated much, keeping him at the forefront of all the political theorists who had propounded their thoughts so far. Marx's importance as a political philosopher rests on the foundation of a political theory which not only analyzes the world as it is but attempts to change the whole socio-political fabric of the existing world. As far as the Manifesto is concerned, it emphasizes on the inevitability of progress and dynamism of any society which consists of two antagonistic classes always in constant opposition to each other – now open, now hidden.(Marx) This inevitability of progress and dynamism seems obvious from the study of the society ranging from ancient time to the modern time, i. e. no any society is devoid of class antagonism. The tendency of having opposite elements is wider and even universal. The theory of opposites propagated in 'The Manifesto' applies in all worldly phenomena faced by us. The origin of antagonism dates back to time-immemorial when human being led a life in the cave followed by other patterns of life styles - nomadic and then agricultural. The nature of class antagonism has been more persistent in recent time. Any truth as thesis requires anti-thesis resulting another truth as synthesis which is the true essence of Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism.
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4. Apollonian Beauty and Dionysiac Passion Frederich Nietzsche, one of the most influential thinkers of the nineteenth century Germany, presented the duality of patterning in his essay 'Apollonianism and Dionysianism' which expresses the need of opposite forces in the establishment of art and culture. The terms are borrowed from the Greek which are associated with the Gods Apollo and Dionysos respectively.The title of the essay should be self- explanatory that combines the two art-sponsoring deities who are in constant opposition, yet never splitting from each other. Apollo is the God of light who, with all his good virtues, occupies a towering position among the Olympian hierarchy of Gods. He is the source of beauty, order, love, harmony ... and the like. Dionysos is the God of wine who engenders virtues like ugliness, disorder, hatred and passion.The distinction of Apollo and Dionysos is also made by considering the two realms of dream and intoxication belonging to each of them respectively. The Greek tradition of art and its evolution has a long heritage from the two Gods in spite of belonging to the contrastive realms. So the dreamy experience impelled to create art by Apollo, which is a precondition to be an artist, will be accomplished only in the provocation of Dionysiac intoxication. Having introduced the two Gods of opposite nature, Nietzsche at length proceeds to the explanation that they are antagonistic to each other on the one hand,and essential formative forces of art,culture and civilization on the other. The intellectual domination of Apollo and the ecstatic passion of Dionysos are deeply rooted in the formation of art, culture and civilization of any type. The ancient tragedy of Attica, Hellenic art and culture, and Doric architecture are the product of Apollonian and Dionysiac duality. Therefore, artistic urges are satisfied either through the imagery of dream or through an ecstatic reality of intoxication which make any artist an Apollonian dream artist or the Dionysiac ecstatic artist or a dream and ecstatic artist in one (Nietzsche). Keeping aside the Apollonian and Dionysic concept of duality and their inevitability in the artistic perfection, we can observe such forces functioning everywhere in different branches of disciplines- science, politics, astronomy etc. As for the perfection of art, culture and literature, the two forces should not be taken as separate entity but the dichotomy of one exclusively mutual to each other. 5. Freedom and Slavery of Mind Bertrand Russell's view as a philosopher is so great that his analytical philosophy put him at the forefront of all other philosophers from his time to these days. He based his analysis on modern mathematical logic which is the foundation of our thought process. So logic is not inconsistency to every possible spare of thinking (Deka). The thought process expressed in the essay'A Free Man's Worship' is based on his intellectual and moral aspects.His view about freedom is deeply rooted to the attempt of emancipating the people from the tradition of power worship. The main argument put forward in the entire essay is on freedom and slavery of mind. The two states of mind- freedom and slavery- capture the attention of the critical readers, and these are recurring phenomena in our thought process. Russell‟s argument of freedom is based on the premise that emancipation of our mind is the first and foremost condition to lead a life of freedom which is immune to any kind of moral or physical bondage. Russell's objection to worshipping is centered on the way our forefathers began to worship the power, not knowing whether it deserves to be worshipped. As
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far as Russell's opinion of power worship goes, it began out of the savagery of mind. The suggestions put forward by him whether or not to worship any power depends on the moral courage of the worshiper. Such courage is attained only by making our mind free from the biasness of caste, creed or any dogma. The phenomena of natural calamities are not altered whether we worship power or not. But as long as we are seized and victimized by slavish bent of mind, emancipation of mind can never be thought of. Thus the worship which Russell sought to express doesn't require any holy temple, shrine, mosque or church, it rather requires a strong mind of moral courage and will power that will accomplish the worship itself. 6. Happiness and Absurdity The futility of endless and repetitive work performed by Sysipheus in Albert Camu's essay 'The Myth of Sysipheus' is analogous with the modern condition of human life. Sysipheus, a rebel of God, who was condemned to the underworld and destined to push a rock on the summit of the hill, rolls up the rock at the top of the accustomed hill, but no sooner had he rolled up the rock than it rolls down to the very foundation of the hill. One of the major themes of opposite concept which is tantamount to other themes is the delineation of modern condition of man versus the mythical condition of the protagonist. Like Sysipheus, modern man endeavors to achieve, and yet he is bound to repeat his endless and repetitive work. Thus,like Sysipheus modern man is assigned for a repeated task without any remarkable achievement. Happiness and absurdity are other themes successfully dealt in the essay. As long as Sysipheus is rolling up the rock, he is in the cloud of absurdity and obscurity for the reason that human desires like hunger, anger, happiness, sorrow...are of no any avail to him. Happiness is realized only when the condemned hero takes a brief respite on the top of the mountain whence he sees his rock rolling down. The respite is only for a momentary speculation of happiness which is followed by the absurdity of his appointed task to lift the rock. In addition to numerous other themes portrayed here, this essay raises a serious concern about our existence, our being as a conscious organism which has nothing to do in a world full of absurdity and meaninglessness. 7. Subjectivity and Objectivity T.S. Eliot‟s essay „Tradition and the Individual Talent‟ is the essay of everlasting significance which is a true work of a critic. The main argument expressed here is that poetry should be impersonal and that it should avoid the expression of personal emotion. The critical theory of depersonalization advocated by Eliot is based on the founding principle of New Criticism that strongly avoids the attachment of the writer to the text. Eliot's theory of detachment corresponds to the confirmation that when the text comes to being, the author is dead (Barth). He is credited with his new perspective of critical judgment that there is no Objective Correlative in Shakespeare's Hamlet which, ,according to him, is an artistic failure. Just as objectivity is strongly pleaded as necessary condition for a poem ,so subjectivity is discardingly discouraged, for there lies a danger of reaching fallacy through subjectivity- Intentional fallacy and Affective fallacy(Abrahm). A poetic work is not created without poet,yet the poet should play the role of a catalyst so that depersonalization is achieved in the poem. All this discussion reminds the readers of the definition of Wordsworth that poetry is the expression of emotions recollected in tranquility which, according to Eliot, is an inexact formula. Refuting this formula of
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emotion, Eliot puts forward a poetic formula of depersonalization that poetry is not the expression of personality,but an escape from personality( Eliot).
8. Orthodox View and Empirical Science The contradiction between the orthodox belief about the divinity and the new belief of empirical science had been a matter of long debate ever since the Ptolemic view of the cosmos came out. Such contradiction and the ultimate victory of empirical science have duly been discussed in the essay 'The Renaissance' by Jostein Gaarder. The term Renaissance implies rebirth or reawakening which is in perfect harmony with the achievement of this time characterized by progress, discovery and innovation in all spheres including the space probe. Written in the form of dialogue, between Alberto, a scholarly monk, and Sophie, a fourteen year's old girl, the essay explains Renaissance as a long movement which discards outdated and obsolete notions replaced by empirical method in finding any truths. Interestingly enough, Sophie's curiosity is responded by the satisfying answers of Alberto Although Renaissance is coined with its Humanism, it is full of anti- humanism which Alberto, at length, explains to Sophie referring to the authoritarian power of the state and the church. The great minds of this time Newton, Kepler, Copernicus, Martin Luther King...were disillusioned from the ideals of the Scholasticism which preceded the Renaissance. The execution of Bruno, the Inquisition of Galileo were some of the deplorable examples of anti-humanism working against the spirit of the Renaissance.The translators of the Bible were thought to be blasphemous and theists, and were burnt to death for their dynamic view. In spite of all these, the Renaissance resulted with a new orientation and outlook towards the secular and divine matters. 9. Reason and Imagination Like the Renaissance, the essay' Romanticism' written by Jostein Gaarder, gave a new orientation and outlook towards the worldly phenomena and beyond. The term Romanticism denotes an important cultural epoch of Europe, and a dynamic movement of progress and discoveries in all spheres, comprising different disciplines like literature, art and science. The movement which arose as a reaction to the Enlightenment's emphasis on Reason, stressed number of tendencies and attitudes contrary to the attitudes of The Renaissance and the Baroque period.The ideals represented by this epoch were feeling, imagination, experience, and yearning which are in sharp contrast to thought and reason, advocated by the Renaissance humanists and the Baroque masters. The Romantic thinkers were Pantheists who believed that God and nature are same. 10. Eros and Hate The psychological theory developed by Sigmund Freud, known often as Psychoanalysis, has been expanded, criticized and developed in different directions. The main thesis of his theory is based on the assertion that our unconscious mind is more prominent and decisive than conscious mind. This unconscious level of mind is manifested as a source of dream. Freud's importance as a psychoanalyst rests on his treatment of inner self of mind which is very crucial in deciding number of factors in our life. His essay 'Letter to Einstein' highlights two very important themes- war and human psyche- which are intertwined in a complex way in our thought process. The essay serves the purpose of a reply to Albert Einstein who had expressed his serious concern and anxiety about the way of stopping war. Freud's reply to Einstein is
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persuasive to the extent that war mentality of man can be stopped from psychological instinct since it is the source of war. In his view launching of war or stopping of war is conditioned by our instincts which play a prime and decisive vital role. There are two kinds of human instincts called erotic and destructive instincts which are opposed to each other (Freud). The former is sexual, and thus favors love and preservation, and is just opposed to the other instinct for the reason that it is a love instinct. The latter is destructive and aggressive which favors destruction and killing for the reason that it is the instinct of hate. These are the well-known opposite polarities of Love and Hate suggesting attraction and repulsion. The entire concept of war and peace, offence and defense, bombarding and ceasefire is conditioned by the right or wrong administration of these instincts, that is, whether we are guided by reason or impulse is a question of paramount importance. 11. Dogmatic Relativism and Postmodernism We are confronted by many literary trends, scientific approaches, political dogmas and number of outlooks and visions of life, starting from ancient time to the Postmodern time. The Greeks who were the pioneers of every branches of disciplines had observed and established some beliefs and attitudes that fitted to their accepted dogmas. It was the Greeks who propounded the concept of idealism, hedonism, fatalism...and the like whose ideals were always in harmony with the accepted dogmatic norms. Similarly, Reason and thought were the dogmatic norms of Classicism, feeling and imagination were of Romanticisms, dialectical materialism and class-struggle were of Marxism, happiness and enjoyment were of hedonism and so forth. Unlike other trends or approaches, postmodernism is detached from any sort of norms and ideals, rather it is a set of attitudes which have been shaped by a great diversity of intellectual and cultural current.(Tarnas) In his essay 'The Postmodern Mind' Tarnas writes that the set of attitudes includes pragmatism, existentialism, Marxism ,psychoanalysis, feminism, deconstruction, not to cite all. It is the combination of the divergent attitudes and norms that has made the postmodern intellectual situation profound and more complex which is the essence of postmodernism. So postmodernism does not cling to any dogmas, and does not claim any truth to be final .Another marked difference between postmodernism and other preceding trends is the acceptance of plurality of meaning in finding any truth which is open-ended for the verification of the same truth. It seems obvious; therefore, that postmodernism is opposed to rigidity and finality in the matters of observation and reaching a conclusion keeping it open for testing and retesting. 12. Uncertainty and Conformity The essay 'Twentieth Century Science and Technology' written by Charles Van Doren is probably the most comprehensive of all the essays in the anthology that comprises various subject matters dawn from the Greek concept of atomic theory to modern scientific theories of different disciplines. At the outset the essay, the Greek understanding of atomic theory is introduced according to which, an atom is uncuttable, and then the essay proceeds to the other subjects for discussion. This essay is enriched by the profusion of thoughts with their uncertainty and conformity coined as necessary condition for scientific truth. Doren's writing, a storehouse of knowledge based on scientific approach, is on open-ended for discussion, analysis and verification of truth. Any uncertainty about a principle in question attains
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conformity by applying the empirical methods of science. The assertion 'Logical necessity does not guarantee concrete existence' bears the truth of empirical method.(Doren) Every uncertainty preceeds its conformity by testing and retesting to make final, though provisional. The Greek concept of atom based on speculation and reason was brought into conformity after reemergence and verification of the same theory in the seventeenth century and onwards. The search for anthropomorphic existence out of emptiness in the universe also requires conformity.The concept of God, whose existence was denounced to the extent that He was dead, was re-conformed by the acceptance of a divine order operating the entire phenomena.(Nietzsche) The notion of whole and part, shape and shapelessness, smallness and vastness, order and chaos, search of visible from invisible etc... are duly explained by Doren.The science of genetics based on reason was re-conformed by describing the structure of DNA molecule. The contrast between the greatness of the universe in one extreme and the smallness of the electron in another makes this writing comprehensive and innovative. Conclusion The existence of opposite elements and their simultaneous functions in contrast to each other is universal and thus widely accepted phenomena. Even the heavenly system of cosmology operates in conformity with the system stated here The phenomena of day and night and hot and cold of seasons can be realized in term of such notion. Same rule of opposite is in function in describing sorrow and happiness with whom we are used to. One is meaningful only in the existence of other.' Essays on the Creation of Knowledge' is an interdisciplinary text which is also characterized by opposite elements which have been discussed under the title' Delineation of Opposite Elements in' Essays on the Creation of Knowledge'. So the analysis of opposite characteristics should be a dimension to give a creative response following a critical reading.
References
Abrams, M.H. 2005. A Glossary of Literary Terms 8th ed. Bargh, A.John and Ezequiel Morsella, " The Unconscious Mind," Perspectives on Psychological Mind Eliot, T. S. 1921." Hamlet and his Problem," The Sacred Wood Gupta, R. C.2001. Great Political Thinkers, East to West, reprint, Agra: Laxmi Narayan Agrawal Historia, vol 2.2053. Journal of History and Culture, Pokhara: Department of History and Culture Lohani, Shreedhar Prasad, et.al. 1997. Essay on the Creation of Knowledge,Kathmandu: Central Department of English, T. U. Lohani, Shreedhar Prasad, et.al. 2000. Critical and Creating Thinking, Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise Mukh, H. R. 2001. Political Thought, 7th ed. Delhi: SBD Publisher's Distributors Nirtzsche, Frederich. Oscar Levy, 2006. The Birth of Tragedy, New york: Barns and Nobel Nietzsche, Frederich. 1966. " Is God Dead ?" Time, The Weekly Newsmagazine Russell, Bertrand.1946. History of Western Philosophy, New York: Simon and Schuster Suda, J. P.1955. History of Modern Political Thought, Merath: K. Nath and Company
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The Tharu Language: A Glimpse
Shravan Kumar Chaudhary The Department of English Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstracts: This article is based on the survey of the eastern Tharu language conducted in 1992 in the Tharu communities-Saptari, Sunsari and Morang districts. The findings show that it has a separate existence; and on the top of that, the speakers‟ solidarity to this language is very strong. Word list test result, recorded-text result and sociolinguistic questionnaire responses were used as methodologies for conducting the survey .The researcher followed the methods prescribed in Survey on a Shoestring: A Manual For small-scale Language Surveys by Frank Blair and A sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan by Peter C. Backstrom and Clara F. Radloff
Introduction: The Tharus are an ethnic indigenous group of the Terai whose oldest reference we get from a Persian traveler and scholar Al-Biruni. In 1033, he mentioned that the „Taru‟(Tharu) people are of very black colour and flat nosed like the Turks, who live in Tilwat (Tirhut). The word „Tharu‟ was a label for the people living in the forests. They lived isolated from non-tribal people even in the late nineteenth century (Gaige1975: 61). The Tharus have been living in the Terai for at least a millennium (Krauskopff). Their settlement predates the settlers belonging to the North Indian Hindu castes and the hill migrants in the Terai. They came into the contact of other groups chiefly after the malarial eradication in the 1950s. Prior to the 1950s, few hill people lived in the Terai because of malarial endemic to the region. There was a saying prevalent among the hill people about the malarial fear: “In Morang (eastern Terai) one rupee‟s worth of rice is enough to last a man until his funeral”(Gaige1975: 68). The settlement in this region was encouraged by the Rana state for the development of the region and to generate revenue by clearing the jungles, hunting and selling wild animals and grazing cattle. Like all other indigenous groups, they have their own language, culture, dress, and musical instruments (cymbals and Miradang- a special kind of drum). This reference dispels the false speculations about the Tharus that they came to this part after the Muslim invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries from Chitaur (Chittor) or Hastinepur “Thar” desert of Rajasthan. Language Situation:- Nepal is the home of several ethnic groups. They speak languages of four language families: Indo- European, Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian, and Agney. In a multilingual society, people generally either speak or understand more than one language. So naturally, in the Terai of Nepal, people have at least three languages at hand. They understand Maithili, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Tharu and Nepali, the national language of Nepal. Educated people can communicate in the national language, but that isn‟t the case with all the uneducated people. The regional
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languages are more or less comprehensible to them as different groups are socially in close contact of each other and mixed up with them. According to the Census Report of 2001, Nepali language is in the first position, Maithili in the second, Bhojpuri in the third, and the Tharu in the fourth position. The Tharu language is spoken from Mechi, in the east, to Mahakali, in the west. Thus, it makes the second position according to the distribution of the speakers. Over ninety- two mother-tongues and over seventy ethnic- languages were recorded in the census. In his article, “Linguistic Surveys in Nepal: A Glimpse”, Dan Raj Regmi mentions that only seventeen languages in Nepal have been categorized as safe languages and the Tharu language is one of them. There are many languages categorized as endangered and extinct languages. Such a condition is the result of indifference attitude of the state towards the regional languages, lack of motivation among the speakers, dominance of other languages, and the medium of instruction only in the national language in the primary level, instead of the respective mother tongues. Language and dialects:- Einar Haugen says that „language‟ and „dialect‟ are ambiguous terms. Language scholars as well as common people experience difficulties in deciding which term should be used in particular situations. In other words, sometimes people are confused in naming the language they speak; whether it is a language or a dialect only of other language. A dialect is taken as a local non- prestigious variety of a language. A dialect is a language that is excluded from polite society. But the question is of the criterion that distinguishes one from the other. A widely used criterion to make a distinction between the two is mutual intelligibility. If the speakers of two varieties can understand each other, they are supposed to be the varieties of the same language. But this criterion, according to Simpson, shouldn‟t be taken seriously as there are serious problems in its application. Mutual intelligibility is a matter of arbitrary. For instance, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are recognized as separate languages, but there is little difficulty in intelligibility among the three languages. The Danish and Norwegian share vocabularies in a great deal, but they are pronounced very differently. On the other hand, there is similarity in pronunciation of vocabularies of Swedish and Norwegian languages, but they (vocabularies) differ significantly. Likewise, the speakers of Cantonese and Mandarin say that they speak the same language although there is lack of mutual intelligibility between them. In other words, they speak two different languages. Thus, we come to the conclusion that there is no real distinction to be drawn between „language‟ and „dialect.‟ It is safe to say that there are varieties of language and a variety may be relatively similar to some other varieties or different. The concepts of power (money, political influence, status etc.) and solidarity also mark the relationships among the languages and dialects. These two factors work as a binding force to keep languages intact and preserve them. Previously, the languages like Maithili and Bhojpuri were considered to be dialects of Hindi. It was Grieson who had made a major survey of many languages in India. In his work Linguistic Survey of India(1898-1927) Vol- v, Part-ii, he states, “Bihari has three main dialects -Maithili, Magadhi, and Bhojpuri.” In a similar vein, about the failure of the Maithili movement in north Bihar, Arjun Guneratne comments: “… Maithili speakers used a colloquial idiom that was closer to the Hindi of their neighbors than to the Maithili of the Maithili-speaking elite…” (Guneratne2002: 17). So far as the Tharu language is concerned, it belongs to the Indo- European family
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and is written in Devanagari script. There are no unanimous views about the Tharu language and the linguists are divided over it. Dr. Prof. Madhav Pd. Pokharel, a linguist, believes that the Tharu language is extinct, while another linguist Dr. Prof. Chudamani Bandhu and Dr. Narendra Chapagai, a writer and critic, say that the Tharu language is an ancient language of Nepal and is still in use. Similarly, Dr. Prof. Yogendra Yadava says that a detailed study of the Tharu language is required to ascertain whether it is a dialect of Maithili, Bhojpuri and Awadhi languages or is a separate language. Considering such controversies, this writer conducted a survey of the eastern Tharu language in Saptari, Sunsari and Morang districts in 1992 as a part of partial fulfilment of requirements of Master‟s Degree under the guidance Dr. Prof. Abhi Subedi, a renowned writer and critic, at Central Department of English, Tribhuvan University. The study showed its existence and use among the Tharu speakers. The confusion among the linguists may have been created by the affinity between the Tharu language and other regional languages. It can‟t be denied that the Tharu language is spoken like the regional languages, but it has its own kind, sentence pattern, kinds of spelling, and ways of speaking (pronunciation). Some language surveys have been conducted off and on; however, „no attempt is able to provide a detailed and reliable, comprehensive and all inclusive picture of the situation of the languages‟ (Regmi, T. U. Special Bulletin 2068). It proves the fact that some linguists may have developed their opinions on the basis outer and scanty observations. The Tharu language and the regional languages may have influenced each other to some extent as a result of social contacts with other language speakers after their migration into the Terai from different parts of India for over centuries. A similar view has been expressed by Guneratne: “…linguistic assimilation may have occurred in this area of extensive Indian settlement”(Guneratne2002:45). One can‟t deny the fact that the Tharu language differs more or less from rest of the groups despite their close contact with them. The contact phenomena and survival phenomena can be seen in different languages. For instance, the Romani and the Gypsy languages present a case in point. The Tharu people have been scattered in all the parts of the Terai regions and their language has also fragmented in the lack of social contacts and communication among the groups. It can be seen in the similarity between the Saptariya Tharu and Morang Tharu languages. The word- list test result shows that these two language varieties are over 76 per cent similar to each other against 58 per cent similarity between the Saptariya Tharu language and Maithili spoken in the regions despite the close social contacts between the two language speakers. Maithili and the Morang Tharu languages are only 40 per cent similar. The reason is simple: the Morang Tharus are less in contact with the Maithili/ Maithili-dialect speakers than the Saptariya Tharus are. The education factor may have also played an important role here. As per common rule of word lists, if the word lists are less than 60 per cent, speech varieties are considered to be different languages. And in such a case, no dialect intelligibility testing is necessary (Frank Blair 1990: 24). But in practice, we find that this is not always the case. The views of the linguistic community are even more significant as we have seen in the above instances. Justification:- A language can be taken as a social resource and the maintainer of national culture, a means of education, a link among the communities and a promoter of national unity. Therefore, all the groups must be given national recognition to integrate the country and to preserve social resources. It is the task of the
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government to conduct surveys of the controversial languages on the national level and the language planners make decisions. At local level, such decisions are made by the language speakers about the language choice. Against such a backdrop, the Tharu speakers name the only language- Tharu language - throughout their communities despite some variations in the spoken language. The aim of this writing is diffuse the false notion of those who mistakenly think that the Tharu language isn‟t a separate language and to give people the correct information regarding historical, social, cultural and lingual identity of the Tharus about whom some people do not have clear knowledge. The writer thinks it appropriate to present an instance of some very common vocabularies of everyday life to show how the Tharu language differs from Maithili and its dialects spoken in the regions:
English Tharu(eastern) Maithili/ Its dialect(other groups) Earthen lamp chirkha dip/diya Head muda/mudi math/matha(sometimes- mudi) Handful pasar lap/Koba Tall dhang paigh Bad/ Ugly ghina adhalah Good/ Beautiful assal/ chhangar nik Plate thari chhipa Needle tipani sui / suiya Grandfather baba dada Elder brother dada(borrowed - bhaiya) bhaiya Ladder paithi sidhi Snot pota neta Drum-stick (vegetables) munga(borrowed-sahajan) sahajan Tomatoes gulbhanta (borrowed- tamatar) tamatar
The Tharu language has unique expressions of ideas. It has its own onomatopoeic words that may remain unknown even to the speakers of other regional languages. Onomatopoeia designates a word or a combination of words whose sounds imitate what they denote. It evokes different feelings experienced by the speakers. Such words represent smells, touches, sights and hearings. Adverbs also can be used to express such feelings very effectively. Their use makes conversation sweet, effective and musical. A short list of onomatopoeic words is given below.
Meaning of sound Words representing smells Rotten objects(carcass, meat etc.) dok- dok Eggs (omelets) lohrain-lohrain Raw milk fokrain-fokrain Fish bhairchhyan-bhairchhyan Smokes dhuian-dhuian Armpits gumsrain-gumsrain Urine kharain-kharain Feces gunhain-gunhain Burning of hairs chirain-chirain
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Flowers (sweet -smelling) gam-gam Tobacco sur-suri Burning of chilies sur-suri Meaning of sound Words representing touches Ripe mangoes gul -gul Snakes guj-guj Quilts/ Pillows gud -gud/guj-guj Snot/Cough ler -ler Hard /stiff (objects) hat-hat Over-cooked rice( or over- ripe fruits etc.) pach-pach Castor oil las -las Muster oil pichhar -pichhar Body (soft) pal - pal/tul-tul Water/objects etc.(very cold) kan -kan (jur) Water /objects etc. (very hot) tah-tah (dhipal) Head (of a newly born child) tuk- tuk Meaning of sound Words representing sights Dark (night) kut -kut anhara Dawn farachh-farachh Stars chilmil-chilmil/chum-chum (sometimes) Fire flies vuk -vuk Thin clouds pidir -pidir Flames (rising) dhohain -dhohain Well (deep) gur -gur gaihar Dark person (very) khot-khot/jhuth-jhuth kari Fair person (very) khaha-khaha/phak-phak gor White (very) dho -dho ujar Red (very) tik -tik lal Tall person (very) ch(t)ong -ch(t)ong dhang Old person (very) jhun -jhun/thun-thun budh Passing of many people sok-sok Meaning of sounds Words representing hearings Water (splash) chhohain-chhohain Rain fall jham-jham/sathar-sathar Water fall (gurgle) jhohain-jhohain Clouds gud-gud Water (drinking) ghat-ghat Hookah gur-gur Pigeon bak-bakum Betel (chewing) chapar-chapar Goat main-main/bhain-bhain Goose syank-syank Over-cooked rice (eating) suruk-suruk Toothless old man(eating) pakur-pakur Conclusion:- On the basis of the survey conducted in the Tharu communities, the researcher comes to the conclusion that the Tharu language is a separate
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language that has its own vocabularies, cognate forms, and pronunciation pattern. There are some variants among their languages caused by social, geographical and the influence of other regional languages. This kind of influence can be found in several languages. The language speakers‟ positive attitude and their solidarity to this language, as shown by the results of respondents to the sociolinguistic questionnaire, make it alive. The survival of any language depends on positive attitude of the speakers, linguists and language planners. Therefore, a sociolinguistic survey should be conducted on the national level to remove controversies regarding various languages keeping in mind the sentiments and attitudes of the language speakers. There are confusions among the language speakers as well as linguists in recognizing and naming some of the languages that have developed controversies. The small-scale survey of the Tharu language provides the ground work and paves the way for conducting further studies in future.
References: Bandhu, Dr. Chudamani. (2050): “Nepalko Sandarvama Bhasha Yojana”(Language-planning in the context of Nepal). Pragya 79, Kartik-Magh p.73-103. Blair, Frank.(1990): Survey on a Shoestring: A Manual for Small-Scale Language Surveys. Ed. Virgil Pauler and William R. Merrifield. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas,. p. xiii-xiv, 1-128. Chapagai, Narendra. (1983): “Tharu Bhashama Dhwoni Anukaran Prabriti”(Onomatopeia in the Tharu language). Madhuparka 15 Jan.-Feb. p.60 – 68. Chaudhary, Shravan Kumar. 1992: “A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Eastern Tharu Language.” Diss. T. U., Gaige, Frederick H. 1975: Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal. 2nded. Delhi: University of California press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, and Vikas Publishing House, Grierson, G. A. 1990.: “Bihari.” Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. V, part- ii. Delhi: Motilal Banarasi Dass, P. 1- 315 Guneratene, Arjun. 2002: Many Tongues, One People:The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, Hudson, R. A. 1980: “Varieties of language.” Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, p. 20-69. Krauskopff, Gisele. “The Anthropology of The Tharus: An Annotated Bibliography.” http://w.w.w.macalester.edu Pokharel, Dr. Madhab Prasad. (2050): “Nepalle Angikar Garanuparane Bhasik Niti Ra Bhashik Yojana”(Language policy and language-planning that Nepal has to follow). Pragya 79, Kartik -Magh p. 31-53. Regmi, Dan Raj. “Linguistic Surveys in Nepal : A Glimpse.” http:// w.w.w.tribhuvan university.edu.np Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1997: “Language, Dialects, and Varieties.” An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd ed., Massachusetts, U S A: Blackwell Publishers Inc. p. 21-53.
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Yadava, Dr. Yogendra Prasad. (2050): “Nepalko Sandarvama Bhasha Vikas”(Language development in the context of Nepal). Pragya 79, Kartik- Magh p. 67
The Lamentations: A Diaspora in 'The Power and the Glory'
Baskota Dhananjaya The Department of English Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa Abstract
In Diaspora, the voice of dislocated people is beguiled. The life in Diaspora is bitter, repressed, full of regrets and nostalgia. The society, culture and people's Life in the 'Newland' after dispersion is awful, difficult and with feeling of emptiness. People are treated as perpetual outsider and biased. Diasporic reading focuses on the social, cultural, nostalgic and patriotic feelings of the dislocated people. There are different diaspora as- British diaspora, American diaspora, Chinese diaspora, Irish diaspora, Malayan diaspora, Indian diaspora, Nepali diaspora etc. The people living in diaspora express scattered voices in the new land that distnicts with original land. Their mind is divided between the wished land and sheltered land. There is melancholic feeling of being marginalized and having minority. There is both thrilling and anxiety because of being dispersed. There is search of homogeneous society for the realization of existence. There is exciting nostalgia that fills the present sphere and tries to compensate the present emptiness and sometimes engulves the whole present identity. These factors get reflected in diasporic literature. This article aims to read Graham Greanne's novel 'The Power and the Glory'. The article has five parts- abstract, introduction, a brief introduction of diaspora, diasporic reading of 'The Power and the Glory' and conclusion. Analyzing literature is a dynamic process. What the readers saw it yesterday might be different for today's readers. 'A literary work is a timeless, autonomous (self-sufficient) verbal object. Readers and readings may change but literary texts stays the same.' (Tyson: 2008, 137). That's why, this new endeavour is made to read this novel in the new perspectives, that is diasporic, which is occupying a great space in modern literary analysis. Introduction: Graham Greene, appears as Roman Catholic novelist, and himself had a difficult childhood. As a result he had attempted suicide. He had trouble emotions and he was controlled by his own writings. He had visited many places of conflicts. His visits gave him miserable and emotional materials for his novels. He wrote many novels based on his visit. His visits to Vietnam, Poland, Haiti, Kenya, Cuba, Mexico really offered him circumstances to write best novels. When he visited Cuba in 1958, he wrote 'Our Man Heaven'. His visit to South Africa in 1978 made him to write 'The Human Factor' similarly, he wrote 'The Power and the Glory (1940)' when he visited Mexico in 1938, where he was forced to flee his native England.
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Greene gazed and experienced the voices of the dislocated people in different courtiers where conflict was in climax. Displacement and migration were common factors or part of life for the people in affected and afflicted areas. He felt alienated, neglected in Mexico. His this feeling is represented by the 'whiskey priest,' Mr Tench, Mr. Lehr, Coral Fellows, the gringo etc. They have unexpressed lamentation for the prsent land as their present land has faded their colour. In 1930 s in Mexico, the Mexian government was controlled by Plutarco Elias Calles to suppress catholic church. At the moment, the revolutionaries were destroying the feudals. Pope Pius XI founded 'Red Shirts' and lost churches. He forced the priests to marry and forsake their soutanes. There was pressure to renounce belief and it was dilemmatic for the priest to compromise belief or to be ready for martyrdom. Greene, we guess, preferred martyrdom and he presented the whiskey priest for the same purpose. The priest loses his native land and he leaves it. He encounters the number of 'new land' where he neither feels secure nor feels pleasure. He is suppressed, neglected and colonized. On the other hand, there is another person living in the new land with remorse, loss and feeling of emptiness and that is Mr. Tench. He is dentist in Mexico from England and ultimately he decides to abandon Mexico. This article portraits the voice of diasporic views and their nostalgia that are inherited in this novel. It unfolds the eclipsed desired of the dispersed people, thoughts, desire of rights and justice. It desires liberty and highlights neglected voice of the people who are living as perpetual outsiders. This theological novel has fused theology and politics which are in conflict. This victimizes the innocent people. The conflict is living that compels to live in diaspora. The conflict is between the rulers and the ruled, the powerful and the powerless, the colonizers and the colonized. These factors create diaspora. A brief introduction of Diaspora: The term 'Diaspora' is a Greek word 'Diaspeirein' for 'disperse' or 'scatter'. 'Dia' means 'out of somewhere' and 'sperio' means 'send away' and the blending for English word diaspora means 'Dispersion'. Historically, form 586 B.C. to 538 B.C., the Jews from Palestine were exiled to Babylonia. The Jews scattered in south Europe and Asia Minor but they didn't return to Jerusalem despite the establishment of Jerusalem state. In 70 A.D., Roman invaders invaded and took Jews in Rome. The exile of the Jews from their original land is known as diaspora. But now, any tribesmen living in the different land having different culture and language by compels or by self aspiration has been meant as diaspora (2067:30). The Jews left their motherland and were dispersed in other countries. The situation of people's living outside there traditional homeland is diaspora (Lesley: 1993). Diaspora is a Hebrew word 'galut' means 'exile from the holy land'. It is a physical dispersion. The first Jewish diaspora was Babylonian exile of 586 B.C. (Encyclopedia Britannica III). Similarly ' The spreading of people from a national group or culture to other areas is diaspora' (Longman, 1995). Diaspora refers to - People living outside of homeland Livinghood of the dispersed people
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Experience of these people Colonization of these people Ecoemperialism Enrichment of subaltern ( Gautam; 2064) Diasporic literature advocates the following diversity of contents and features: Seeking of selfness and self identity in the immigration period. Expression of immigrants' agony, feelings and experiences. Portrait of immigrants' prosperity and glory. Cultural bypass, mix-ups and cultural protection. Search for other's and unacquainted human existence. Desire for homeland and patriotic feeling. Portrait of mechanized human life and remorsefulness (Gautam: 2068) Diasporic feeling is enhanced and formulated by the rise of religious, cultural, racial and ethnic intolerance. Political instability, opportunities for work, social disintegration and desire for novelty in livinghood establish diaspora. Immigration is resulted and they feel colonized in the newland. They lose homeland and fail to adapt in the newland. They start to live on nostalgia. They become restless and live on moving. Their dream that they had formed dismantle, scatter and they have just lamentation. The stronger voices of lamentation and regrets with nostalgia is expressed in diasporic literature. Diasporic literature deals with the attraction they imagine in the newland and fear of losing identity. It integrates ancestral land or expected land and sheltered land. Such division of land causes division of mentality- regret for leaving motherland and pleasure for adjusting oneself well in the sheltered land. This situation creates a type of agony for being minority and marginalized. There is mixed feeling: thrilling and anxiety for being outsider. It searches for formula of unity for realization of existence. There is strong reminiscence of the original land, its culture and facilities. These qualities, trends and ethics formulate diasporic literature. It offers to muse form the newland which are never realized before. It is exciting expression. These expression look as if they are really occurring and they are shattered in the new place. Their illusions get over and realized the real sphere of the new place. This longs previous land. The exploration of the homeland from the displacement area causes diasporic feeling. It is forcible movement of the people from homeland to new regions. It is colonization of the minority people from the powerful and majority people. This forces to express alienation, insult, nostalgia and desire to restore the lost. There are six types of diaspora, generally speaking. They are victim diaspora, labour diaspora, imperal diaspora, trade diaspora, homeland diaspora and cultural diaspora (Singh: http//Ezine Articles.com.). What we are going to discuss 'The Power and the Glory' is apted as homeland, cultural and victim diaspora in which the movement of indigenous people occurs to a place from own region, the displacement from their territories.
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Thus, the meaning of diaspora has changed from its origin. It doesn't denote only the dislocation of Jews but the dislocation of marginalized groups. Again the Jews were dispersed abroad but now the globalization has minimized the physical territory. The literature that reflects the feeling of another region (not necessarily to be abroad) is meant diasporic literature. However, there are many issues about diasporic literature. Because it is now a broad subject and a part of postmodernism and subaltern. Is diasporic literature relative or absolute to the nation? Does it focus melancholic nostalgia only or pleasurable too? Is it sufferers' or rejoicers' feelings ? Can't nostalgia be pleasurable? Should the writer be on abroad to write diasporic literature? What influences diasporic feeling : politics or culture? Shouldn't it be the voice of the people who are victimized by injustice, discrimination and marginalization? Shouldn't it be the repressed voice of the people living in another place leaving own place ? Shouldn't it be diasporic literature in which people's repressed voice reflects who are banished from their own village and compelled to live in the 'strange place/village'? Shouldn't it be the nostalgic voice of the women of their mother's house after the marriage where they face more repressions and have awful experiences in their husband's house ? (Adhikary: 2068) So, diasporic literature reflects the ideas, experiences and voices of the people who are living in the newland (abroad or own country). This novel consists both feelings . 'The Power and the Glory' : A Diasporic Reading: Diasporic literature dominates the oppressed voices of the people who are banished or dislocated form their own region to the strange region because of various reasons. The life in the strange place becomes transitional, bitter and disadvantageous. Sweet past of the homeland haunts mind and they hardly delight with the present situations. Such prospective and retrospective thought become the subject matter in this novel. It deals with the crisis emerged by the conflict and pensive mode of the present land that contradicts with the previous land. Such contradiction connotatively ought to be melancholic rather influencing. Such experiences are presented as the goal of diasporic literature ( Etam: 2067). Graham Greene's novel 'The Power and the Glory' reflects diasporic feelings, emotions and experiences. Greene himself visited afflicted areas and produced novels. Affliction is one of the feature of diaspora. It is the abandonment of the previous land and adaptation in the newland. The priest, the main character of the novel, abandons every thing except his own belief. Religion, family, friend and society are abandoned because of the religious insurgency. Another character, Mr. Tench, too, abandons his previous land England and settles in Mexico but he has awful experience there and decides to abandon Mexico and return own homeland. The protagonist 'whiskey priest' is forced to leave to Vera Cruz because religion is outlaw there and he is only the remaining clergyman. The state order was
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given to arrest him and execute. Other priests had abandoned their belief and surrendered not to be priests except that 'whiskey priest'. An English dentist in Mexico, Mr Tench, accompanies the priest but can't help. The priest torments with oneself and lives on complacency, and dilemma when he misses his boat (part I, chapter 1). Rather he joins a homage. He tries to continue his previous belief, culture, rituals, practices yet it has become impossible and the situation is beyond his control. He is being followed by an unnamed lieutenant, as religion is outlaw there. It was really same situation in the 1930s in Tabasco in Mexico when Plutarco Elias had suppressed Catholic Churches and priests. At that time, the revolutionaries were destroying the feudals. The priests were forced to marry and forsake their belief. The priest loses everything- churches, friends, laws , family and own birth place. He loses his culture, tradition and self identity. He is compelled to renounce everything he believed and he was really colonized which created diasporic agony. His voice is suppressed and becomes subaltern voice in this novel. Jefe betrays the priest and provides photo of the priest to the lieutenant who is seeking the priest. The priest finds Padre Jose who has also abandoned priest hood being feared of execution (part I, chapter II). The priest becomes a fugitive and hides in the village in terror in a hut with the feeling of regrets, frustration, endeavour and futileness. He even can't accompany his short-term wife Maira who has already had a daughter Brigida though he encounters them on the run. He has six hours walk to the south and reaches La Candelaira to go to Carmen, another town. He encounters Mestizo, a betrayer, who tempts to get reward informing the state about the priest. The journey with him becomes the 'journey to martyrdom' and persecution (part II, chapter I). The priest gets to the capital city and befriends with a beggar who puts him in to trouble but his 'disguised' personality doesn't uncover his real identity. The glimpse of his recognition fails even in the cell and he is called' to trouble all' and a woman comments ' the sooner you dead the better' ( part II, chapter III). He conquers the 'blindness' of the people in the cell and gets released. The priests gets to a 'German- American Protestant' in Mexico Mr.Lehar's house and stays for some days. On the way to town he meets the villagers and 'enjoys for restoring past culture ' ( part II, chapter IV) where the villagers make him baptize their babies because the ritual was obstructed for three years. He gets pleasure in performing this ritual. On the way to Las Casas, he donates his received money to the school teachers. The lieutenant, in search of the priest, finds him in a hut before getting to Las Casas, and claims paradoxically 'I am not barbarian' (part III, chapter III) but he is extremely cruel, he thinks the priest hood exploits and corrupts the poor people. The priest is brought to the jail for execution but he loses his friend Padre Jose who defies to see the priest in the eve of execution (part III, chapter IV). The novel highlights repressive feeling of the priest who conclude at last by the narrator 'He knew now that at the end there was only one thing that counted- to be a saint' (part III, chapter IV). The priest defies to compromise on his faith, culture and
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past that is glorious. He ends himself, like an immigrant, struggling in the newland. His own land becomes strange and he becomes 'outsider' like the Jews in 538 B.C. The novel portraits other character who have similar living to diaspora. Their feelings are enriched by nostalgia, search of identity and regrets for the abandonment of previous homeland. They don't feel emancipated, encouraged or privileged in the newland, ie, Mexico. Mr Tench, an English dentist living in Mexico, has vacant mentality, victimized by the power of the religious colonizers. He has greater amount of lamentation and nostalgia and says ' There's always one moment in childhood when the door opens and lets the future in' (part I, chapter 1). Nor Mr Tench is able to write a letter to his wife Sylvia in England. He hasn't written her for many years and he has sweet nostalgia missing her. He remembers her but the situation obstructs him. When he gets a letter from his wife ( part IV) , he decides to abandon Mexico. His dreams and aspirations in the newland are just dreams and he can't meet them. The contradiction makes him to be indifferent and intolerant to the overall sphere. His longing for homeland, patriotism draws him to his own land. All diaspora has this longing, to be motivated to own's previous land. The people in diaspora struggle with 'other' and which oneself with defiance of the bitter present, with full of expatriate feelings. The 'gringo', on the other hand, is the symbol of colonized. He is from United State's outlaw and 'a most wanted' man. He is charged for a murder. The priest meets gringo while crossing the border with Mestizo on the way to Las Casas. Own country becomes strange for the priest that contradicts the 'present country'. The gringo is termed for a 'foreigner' , encounters his bad fortune and doesn't compromise with his belief like the priest and he refuses his sin and he dies. The death of the gringo is the death of the immigrants' beliefs, dreams, nostalgia and illusions about the 'wished' land. The 'boy', looks like the symbol of Jesus, has witness of the whole situation and sympathizes the priest , as if he is a hero. He calls the lieutenant a 'gringo', means the boy depicts the lieutenant as a 'foreigner', or a 'colonizer' who has suppressed the voice of the inhabitants. He holds power and exercises over the religion, belief and tradition that weakens the moral power of the people. Graham Greene, who had experience, witness and feeling in the oppressed land and he has prioritized the voice of the priest, the gringo, Mr Tench, Mr Lehr and Coral Fellows who are representing diasporic voice. Mr Lehr is a German in Mexico who debates about religion. Being a kind person, he reflects high virtues in the strange land. Similarly Coral Fellows is a young United States girl who accompanies the priest at first. She has business in Mexico but she is an atheist. She has awful feeling from the situation and doesn't feel secure. More or less, these character represent the opposites - love/hate, good/evil, powerful/powerless, peace/violence, colonized/colonizer etc. It presents the danger of excessive idealism, the use of power and the desire for the freedom. Such desire is mainly expressed in the novel that represents diasporic awareness. The longing for the wished land is diasporic feeling. This longing is similar to 'The Hollow Man', in T.S. Eliot's poem 'The Hollow Man' in which the hollow man wanders in the barren landscapes remembering the Lord's line 'For thine is the kingdom' . This is the desire of the wished land that becomes their diaspora. The wished land contradicts the present land. The priest has further another wished land and this is 'spiritual land'
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where he goes after the execution. This novel unconsciously pleads that the longing for the wished land (new land) is always applaudable. But it is always the sources of anxiety, homelessness and frustration. The characters seek unity for existence but there is nobody to assist others. They have only suffering and everything becomes stranger for them.
Conclusion Diasporic literature is the reflections of the diaspora life, means, the life in the new land. Such reflections are highly coloured by the present sorrow and past pleasure. This novel reveals such consciousness through the priest, the gringo, Mr Lehr, Me Tench, Coral Fellows and the boy. Their feelings of being outsider and suffering desires the wished land. It conveys contradictions, lamentations, humiliations, tortures, abandonment and the feeling of being subaltern. These voices are unheard, unrecorded, unspoken or unnoticed. This novel carries on these meanings where the confrontation of the people in the new land doesn't match with the glamour of the wished land. The priest confronts being a subaltern 'He tried to escape, but he was like the king of a west African Tribe, the slave of his people who may not lie down in case the wind should fail' (part I, chapter I). He is struggling like a revolutionary to protect his belief and his own land becomes his 'new land' and he becomes 'extra'. The confrontation continues despite the end of the novel and his voice rises yet it is unheard. That's why the gringo dies, Mr Tench leaves Mexico, the priest accepts execution and they delight with the former and further situations that went or is going in their life. References:
Adhikary, Balakrishna. 2068: Diaspora: Nepali Sahityama Anukulanka Samasya ra Karan, an article in Garima, Jeshta Benton, William and Hemingway (pd.) 1973: Encyclopedia Britannica III, The University of Chicago. Brown, Lesley (ed.) 1993: The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, OUP Couto, Maria. 1988: Graham Greene on the Frontier: Politics and Religion in the Novels, New York, Macmillan Gautam, Krishna. 2064: Uttaradhunik Jigyasha, Vrikuti Academic Publication, Kathmandu. Gautam, Laxman Pd. 2068: Samakalin Nepali Kabitama Diasporic Chethana, an article in Garima, Jestha Greene,Graham. 1940: The Power and the Glory, Penguin Books Etam, Netra. 2067: Nepali Diaspora ra anya samalochana, EKTA Books, Kathmandu Quirk, Lord (Chair). 1995: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman Group Ltd. Singh, Shaleen. :http//Ezine Articles.com. Tyson, Lois. 2008.: Critical Theory Today: A user friendly guide, 2nd ed. Special Nepal reprint Noida : Routledge.
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The Great Philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Brief Assessment
Lok Narayan Chaudhary The Department of Political Science Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
GENERAL INTRODUCTION J.J. Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of Romanticism. His political philosophy influenced the development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. J.J. Rousseau was one of the greatest philosophers of 18th century .He was born on 28June, 1712AD and died on 2July, 1778AD. Rousseau was a unique philosopher. He swam against the main currents of philosophy of his age. The eighteenth century was age of enlightenment and rationalism. The ideas and concepts of these philosophers were based on reason and logic. They were product of human –mind not so with Rousseau. He was a man of heart who relied on and put emphasis on emotions and feelings .No surprise he was able to touch hearts of people and rouse them. Rousseau‟s profound insight can be found in almost every trace of modern philosophy of today .It is somewhat complicated and ambiguous .His general philosophy tried to grasp an emotional and passionate side of man which he felt was left out of most previous philosophical thinking. His ideas influenced and inspired the leaders of the great French revolution to such an extent that Napoleon Bonaparte comments, “Without Rousseau there would have been no French revolution”. THE THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE According to Frank Thilly, “Rousseau‟s romantic conception of human nature is perhaps his most distinctive, original and influential achievement”. In his two discourses, I. e .Discourse on the Art and Science and Discourse on the origin of inequality, he presents a charming picture of “the noble savage”. The expression, “the noble savage” was first used in 1672 by English dramatist John Dryden in his play “the Conquest of Granada‟‟. According to J.J. Rousseau, the primitive man was a savage not a civilized one .He was good natured innocent .He worked for his survival and development of his capacities .But he was not a self –centered individual .He was a compassionate creature. He was governed by impulses, cared for and sympathized acted with good-will towards others. He possessed the virtue of religiosity, morality,
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gratitude, reverence etc. Rousseau emphasized that this human nature was not produced or governed by rational thinking .The primitive man was governed and directed by natural feeling and impulses. Thilly writes, “Enlightenment glorified knowledge, the sciences and the arts, civilizations progress and boasted of the achievement of human race”. Rousseau‟s philosophy of human nature was a rude shock to this view point. Rousseau did not agree with those who thought that the development of reason results in making the man perfect. On contradicting this view he declared that arts and sciences are responsible for moral decay of man.
Rousseau conceived an egalitarian society in which all men were equal and there was no distinction or differentiation among them. He blamed society for the destruction of the equality. Society created prosperity and that made men unequal. He declared, “civilization with its culture and the in equalities resulting from it has, corrupted our natural inclinations, producing the slavish and lordly vices-servility, envy, hatred on the one hand, contempt, arrogance and cruelty on the other hand and has made life artificial and mechanical”.
The rosy picture presented is an imaginary one. Rousseau himself admits the society of “noble savage” exists no longer, perhaps never will exist and of which it is nevertheless the-less necessary to have true ideas in order to from a proper Judgments of our present state.
Rousseau‟s conception of human nature does not call for abolition of social institutions. It does not renounce civilization completely. What does it demands is that society be reorganized and restructured in such a way that moral values are preserved and a just and democratic society is established. Political Philosophy Rousseau‟s political philosophy is based on three cardinal principles of people‟s sovereignty, republicanism and democracy.
Rousseau did not accept divine theory of origin of state. Nor did he accept that sovereignty is a gift which god has given to those who he likes. According to Rousseau state is created as a result of contract entered by the people.
As a creator of state power, it is the people who are sovereign and not any ruler. The sovereign people have inherent right of revolution. They gave state power to one and if he does not obey the people i.e. follow the dictates of “General Will” he has no right to rule and must be dethroned.
Therefore, according to Rousseau, “The General Will is the ultimate and final law of the state above all over laws” .The general will does not mean the sum total of individual wills. It is moral will of the people and aims of common good of people. It is that part of individual will conforms to the interests of the society. Thus, submitting to the general will the people as individual realize their true freedom? Thus, for Rousseau the society (the people) is above individual.
The concept of people‟s sovereignty and “General will” lead to the principles of republicanism and direct democracy. The state created by contract cannot have a hereditary ruler. Equality begins the law of nature, no class section of society can have privileged of ruling over others. It is the people who should be the ruler.
Rousseau‟s definition of “The people” is all inclusive. In this regard Thilly has quoted, “Among the people, Rousseau included not only the third estate or the
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prosperous bourgeoisie, but the fourth estate, or the laboring and peasant cleans, to which the himself belonged and far which he demanded equal rights and deliverance from social bondage” Rousseau‟s argument is a simple one: All men are equal and free, hence there need not be a separate ruling class. All should be ruled by all. Rousseau‟s message, through his political philosophy, was the people are sovereign, they are the ruler and they have right to revolution. RELIGION AND EDUCATION Rousseau believed in religion but for him religion does not mean established and institutionalized church and Christianity. It is not the product of rational thinking.
At the time, however, Rousseau‟s strong endorsement of religious toleration, as expounded by the Savoyard vicar in Emile , was interpreted as advocating indifferentism, a heresy, and led to the condemnation of the book in both Calvinist Geneva and Catholic Paris. His assertion in the social contract that true followers of Jesus would not make good citizens may have been another reason for Rousseau‟s condemnation in Geneva.
Unlike many of the more radical enlightenment philosophers, Rousseau affirmed the necessity of religion. But he repudiated the doctrine of original sin, which played so large a part in Calvinism. Rousseau writes in Emile, “There is no original perversity in the human heart”.
In the eighteenth century, many deists viewed god merely as an abstract and impersonal creator of the universe, which they likened to a giant machine. Rousseau‟s deism differed from the usual kind in its intense emotionality. He saw the presence of god in his creation, including mankind which, a part from the harmful influence of society is good, because god is good. Rousseau‟s attribution of a spiritual value to the beauty of nature anticipates the attitudes of 19th century Romanticism towards nature and religion.
Rousseau advocated a system of natural education. His ideas on education were similar to those of locks. The aim and object of education should be to help in developing child‟s natural impulses. ROUSSEAU‟s IMPACT Rousseau‟s greatness as a philosopher lies in the fact that it influenced the coming generation of various scholars of philosophers. The idealists the moralists, the egalitarians the socialists, the democrats and the authoritarians all could go back to Rousseau to find support for themselves.
How much he influenced and changed the outlook of an individual philosopher can be judged by Kant‟s following words, “Rousseau has set our right .The boasted superiority has vanished; I am learning to respect mankind” .Kant was the most prominent but not the only philosopher to be influenced by Rousseau.
A reading of the Declaration of Human Rights (1789) shows why Napoleon commented that there would have been no revolution in France without Rousseau .Article 1 of Declaration says, “men born and remain free and equal in rights social distinctions can only be founded on social utility. Article 6 declares,” The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to take part personally or by their representatives in its formation.
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Reference
A. O. lovejoy‟s essay on the supposed primitivism of Rousseau‟s discourses on inequality in the history of ideas. Rousseau- discourses on inequality-72. Rousseau- Emile, English translation.
Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants Used by Dhimal Tribe of Jhapa and Morang Districts
Kul Prasad Shivakoti The Department of Botany Damak Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University Damak,Jhapa,Nepal
Abstract This paper deals with ethnoveterinary information on 22 plant species traditinally used by Dhimal Tribe of Jhapa and Morang Districts. Among these, 7 species are used for wounds, 5 species for fever of cattle, 3 species are useful in swelling, 2 species are used in diarrhoea, 2 species are useful in remedy of worms, 1 species each for eye problem, skin disease and urinary trouble.
Key words : Dhimal, Jhapa, Morang
Introduction Nepal is a multiethnic and multilingual Himalayan country. More than 60 different ethnic groups inhabit in this country. Among them, Dhimals, living in Jhapa and Morang districts, are one of the important tribes. They are of Mongoloid origin and speak Tibeto Burman language. Majority of the population of Dhimals live in rural areas of Jhapa and Morang districts and they have traditional knowledge about the uses of native plants and they are often called the children of forests. This is a description of the veterinary uses of some medicinal plants among Dhimal tribe in Jhapa and Morang districts. An attempt has been made to analyze the use of medicinal plants and other traditional practices for curing ailments of domestic animals. Materials and Methods A field work was carried out as part of an ethnobotanical study. Key informants (knowledgeable Dhimal people) were interiviewed regarding medicinal plants for veterinary uses. Information was confirmed further by repeated inquiries in different Dhimal villages of Jhapa and Morang districts. Specimens of collected species were identified and deposited in Department of Botany, Damak Multiple Campus, Damak.
Results and Discussion Altogether 22 species of medicinal plants of veterinary uses have been arranged in alphabetical order with botanical name followed by family in parenthesis and local name in italics (N-Nepali, D-Dhimal) along with used parts and uses.
Enumeration
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Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae). Lalgedi, N & D. The roots are crushed and applied in the eyes of cattle when they get whitened. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae). Apamarga, N.; Okarai, D. Root extraction is useful in fever of cattle. Acorus calamus Linn. (Araceae). Bojho, N.; Boj, D. Tuber is crushed and the extraction is given to cattle in fever. Alstonia scholaris Linn. (Apocynaceae). Chhatiwan, N. Barks are crushed and the decoction is given to cattle in fever. Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) DC. (Amaranthaceae). Bhiringi Jhar, N. The plant paste is useful in wounds of cattle. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae). Neem, N.; Neem pati, D. Oil extracted from the seeds is used to cure parasitic skin diseases of cattle. Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Dryand. (Asclepiadaceae). Ank, N.; Apangi, D. The fresh and warmed leaves are applied on body swelling of cattle. Cannabis sativa Linn. (Cannabaceae). Bhang, N & D. Plants are useful in diarrhoea of goat. Cassia fistula Linn. (Fabaceae). Rajbriksha, N.; Bichi joka, D. The fruits are heated and applied on the neck of cattle to reduce swelling. Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. (Poaceae). Bhirkaulo, N.; Ghansim, D. Roots are crushed and the extraction is given to calf for remedy of worms. Datura metel Linn. (Solanaceae). Dhatura, N & D. Seeds are useful in diarrhoea of goat. Eclipta prostrata Linn. (Asteraceae). Bhringraj, N. The leaves are crushed and black juice is applied to cure swelling of cattle. Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae). Aanp, N.; Torse, D. Bark is useful to cure urinary problem. Mimosa pudica Linn. (Fabaceae). Lajawati Jhar, N.; Chubrichui, D. Roots of Mimosa pudica and Ziziphus mauritiana are crushed and the extraction is given to pig in fever. Mirabilis jalapa Linn.
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(Nyctaginaceae). Lankasani Phool, N.; Lankasani Le, D. Crushed roots are applied to cure wormy wounds of cattle. Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Moringaceae). Sajiwan, N.; Sajini Sing, D. Paste prepared from roots is applied in wormy wounds of cattle.
Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent. (Bignoniaceae). Totelo, N. Crushed barks and flowers are useful in wounds. Polygonum barbatum Linn. (Polygonaceae). Pire Jhar, N.; Bisantali, D. Leaf extraction is applied in wormy wounds of cattle. It is also used as fish poison. Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch. (Rosaceae). Aru, N.; Chhatalu, D. Immature twigs are crushed and the extraction is applied in wormy wounds. Raphanus sativus Linn. (Brassicaceae). Moola, N.; Mulai, D. Juice of plant is given to calf for remedy of worms. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Kuntze. (Poaceae). Amriso, N.; Phesar, D. A decoction of the crushed root is used to cure wormy wounds of cattle. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae). Bayar, N.; Baguri, D. Root extraction is useful in fever of cattle. A total of 22 species of angiospermic plants used by Dhimal tribe of Jhapa and Morang districts have been recorded. These plants belong to 18 families and 22 genera. Dhimal people use 22 species of plants to treat 8 types of diseases of domestic animals. The common methods of preparing medicines are to make decoction from roots, leaves, barks, seeds, fruits either separately or in combination. From the analysis of data obtained from this work on ethnoveterinary medicinal plants, 7 species are used in wounds. 5 species are found to be used in fever of cattle, 3 species are useful in swelling, 2 species are used in diarrhoea. Two species are useful in remedy of worms. Mangifera indica is useful in urinary problem, Azadirachta indica is useful in skin disease. Abrus precatorius is used in eye problem. Polygonum barbatum is also used as fish poison. Traditional modes of herbal treatment is still alive in the study area. Further study of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants is most desirable.
Acknowledgements I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Sasinath Jha for his kind support to complete this work. I am also thankful to Dhimal people of Damak and Urlabari for their co- operation.
References
Bista, D.B. 1980. People of Nepal, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu. Manandhar, N.P. 1989. Ethnoveterinary medicinal drugs of central development region of Nepal. Bull. Med. Ethno. Bot. Res. 10 (3-4): 93-99.
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Shivakoti, K.P. 1999. Documentation of indigenous knowledge of Dhimal tribe of Jhapa district on plant resources. Department of Botany, P.G. Campus, T.U., Biratnagar. (M.Sc. Dissertation) Siwakoti, M.; Siwakoti, S.; Shivakoti,K.P. and Karki, B. 2005. Ethnobotanical uses of plants among Rajbanshi and Dhimal ethnic communities of eastern Nepal. J.Nat.Hist.Mus.Vol.22:41-56. Traditional Uses of Animals as Medicine Practiced by Dhimal People of Damak, Jhapa.
Jeevan Kumar Gurung The Department of Biology Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract Nepal is a multiethnic and multilingual country. There are more than 50 ethnnic groups in Nepal. Among them, Dhimals are also an ehnic group having own tradition, culture, language and indigenous skills. They are found to be settled mainly in two districts of Nepal – Jhapa and Morang. The study was carried out from May 2004 to April 2005. The main purpose of the study was to document the animals used by Dhimal people for medicinal purpose. direct involvement, interview and questionnaires methods were applied during the research work. Dhimals have preserved their traditional culture and indigenous knowledge to some extent. Overall 26 species were used in medicine. Dhimals used wild animals more than domesticated. They have sound indigenous knowledge about the traditional medicine against various diseases.
Key words: indigenous, ethnozoology, Jaundice, Varanus flavescens,, conservation.
Introduction Nepal is one of the richest country of the world for its ethnic diversity and cultural heritage. The prefix “ethno” is generally used to refer various types of indigenous knowledge widely prevalent among the different ethnic groups e. g. ethnozoology means the study of animals and animal products by the people of different cultures. The term indigenous knowledge is defined as the systems that are generated by internal initiative within a local community. Dhimals are moderately rich in ethnozoology. They utilize various animals for different purposes like medicine, food, agriculture, ritual value, recreation etc. They are related with different mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. An ethnic group is a social group of category of the population in a large society that is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, culture and nationality. In other words, ethnic group is an aggregate of people who are distinct in religion, language, culture or nationality from other member of the society where they live ( Rai et al. 2002 ). The different geoclimatic regions of Nepal are inhabited by various ethnic groups which have developed their own culture based on available national resources with respect to the biological diversity. Nepal has an extreme topographical differences and comprises almost all climatic zones of the world ( Hagen, 1961 ). More than 53 different tribes speaking about 75 different languages dwell in Nepal ( Singh, 1995 ). Dhimals belong to the ancient Nepalese ehnic group ( Chhettri, 2004 ). The rural areas of Damak municipality are mostly dominated by
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Dhimal community. So they are the major tribe of the place. Dhimals are distributed only in two districts of Nepal,Jhapa and Morang. Recently, very few numbers of Dhimal have settled in Sunsari as well. The origin place of Dhimals in Nepal is believed as Letang, Morang. The study site lies on Terai plain and bottom of Churiya mountains. The climate of Damak is tropical type. Due to urbanization and modern technology, many tribes have been forced to change their lifestyle, rituals and indigenous knowledge. It is, in fact, a very serious matter .Their traditional lifestyle should be protected ( Rai, 2005 ). Materials and Methods The research procedure incorporates different ways of getting the information about the ehnozoological data from the Dhimal people.The different materials needed to complete the work were such as ancient scripts, books, research papers, newspapers, journals, internet, camera, polythene bag, formalin, microscope etc. The following methods were applied to get the information of medicinal value of various animals. i. Field visits: Monthly visits were made to get the detailed information .At every visits, the information about their indigenous knowledge was collected from focused group like old persons, Vaidhya ( Ayurvedic physician ), wizard ( Dhami, Ojha ), knowledgeable men, local leaders, teachers and common people as well . The unknown animals collected during the visit were preserved in formalin and later classified with the help of specialists. ii. Interview: Interviews were conducted with local Dhimals to know their ethnicity, tradition, animal uses in different purposes especially in medication. iii. Questionaires: A list of questions pertaining to the survey is known as questionnaire ( Gupta, 1997 ). Mostly, objective and short questions were prepared . iv. PRA method: Participatory Rural Appraisal method refers to direct involvement in festivals, cerimonies, rituals or any functions to observe the things. Various ethnozoological data were collected by active participation. v. Presentation of data: The various animals used by Dhimals were classified and tabulated with respective order, family, scientific name, common name, local name and uses. Results The indigenous knowledge of Dhimals in various aspects were fishing, farming, exorcism, hunting, liquor making, food varieties, medicinal skills, knitting etc.This knowledge is passed from one generation to another. Dhimals still believe the sorcerers (Dhami, Ojha ) to diagnose and cure the diseases. They called Dhamis on delivery case and other rites. Some of Ojhas really had a bit knowledge about herbs and local medicines for common diseases like headache, fever, stomach pain, cuts, wounds etc. Dhimals have knowledge on traditional medicine. Such medicines have been being used since ancient time. Dhimals utilized altogether 26 species for medical purposes as given below. Wild fauna Mammals: i. Jackal (Canis aureus ): The meat of jackal has medicinal value for the patients of tuberculosis. The wine extracted from its flesh is beneficial for Arthritis. ii. Porcupine ( Hystrix brachyura ): Its dried faeces are useful in abdomen pain and continuous cough.
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iii. Bat ( Rhinolophus sp. ): The meat of bat is helpful in relieving the patient from asthma and night blindness. iv. Wild boar ( Sus scrofa ): Its fat is used to cure measles. v. Pangolin ( Manis sp. ): Its shell parts are used in necklace especially wreathed to the children. It is believed that necklace gives the energy to children. vi. Bear ( Melursus ursinus ): The gall bladder of bear is beneficial to the patient of body pain and arthritis. Aves: i. Crow ( Corvus splendens ): The blood of crow is externally applied on the ankle and cracks of sole of foot. ii. Common Myna ( Acridotheres tristis ): Its meat is eaten by the people suffering from jaundice. iii. Sandpiper ( Vanellus indicus ): Its meat or eggs are eaten by the patients of rheumatism for remedy. Reptiles: i. Sungohoro ( Varanus flavescens ): Its meat is consumed in physical weakness, laziness and fever. Dhimals believe that they are far from jaundice due to their habit of eating its meat . Its fat is applied on swelling and itching surface of the skin. ii. Kalogohoro ( Varanus bengalensis ): Its meat is beneficial to piles and asthma. The gall bladders is useful to malaria. iii. Turtle ( Lissemys sp. ): Its shell is used to treat several infectious diseases to children. A paste is prepared by rubbing the shell on a stone with water and applied externally to treat measles and tonsilitis. The paste is also applied on the open wounds. iv. Python ( Python molurus ): The gall bladder of python is used to cure the wounds and cuts. Amphibia: i. Frog ( Hoplobatrachus tigerinus ): Its meat is used to cure the malnutrition among children. Pisces : i. Magur (Clarias batrachus ): It is very nutritious and beneficial to them who are suffering from physical weakness. ii. Bam ( Amphipnous cuchia ): Its meat is consumed to get energy and to cure piles. Invertebrates: i. Scorpion ( Palamnaeus bengalensis ): The burning incense ( Dhoop ) of scorpion is used to warm the newly born baby to prevent from allergy in future ii. Earthworm. (Pheretima posthuma ): The young earthworms are used to cure the infected wounds and pneumonia. iii. Freshwater mussels( Unio sp. ): The shells of mussels are traditionally used to cut the cord ( Sal ) of newly born child to protect the child from tetanus. Their fried dishes are beneficial for the patient of diarrhoea. iv. Freshwater snails ( Bellamya bengalensis ): Its flesh enrich the eye sight. Domestic fauna Mammals : i. Pig ( Sus domestica ): The fat of pig is used to cure the pimples and smallpox. ii. Horse ( Equus sp. ): The brain of horse is used in typhoid and pneumonia.
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Aves: i. Local hen ( Gallus gallus domesticus ): The fat of local hen is applied on burning part of the skin to reduce pain. ii. Pigeon ( Columba livia ): The hot soup of pigeon is consumed during common cold or flue. Discussion
Dhimal people are very close to nature. They worship nature such as land, river and forest. Most rural folk in Nepal depend on traditional medicine since most remote areas do not have access to modern medical services ( Shaha et al. 2004 ). The indigenous knowledge of ethnic people should be protected but sometimes their activities affect the biodiversity and natural resources in various ways. So conservation education is the must. i. Identification of the problem The problem exists by killing the protected animal species like monitor lizards, pangolin, turtle, bat etc. The leather of different animals is used to make the musical instruments ( Schleich et al. 2002 ). Majority of Dhimals are unknown to conservation act .It is really a serious problem. A special focus is necessary from the related agency. ii. Impacts of the ethnicity on wild fauna Since Dhimals are fond of meat, they kill or hunt animals. They kill some animals for medicine too. Anyway, wildlife and their habitat destruction cause negative impacts on the environment and natural balance. iii. Probable solution of over-exploitation of animal products Firstly, the ethnic people should be well educated so as to understand the value of animals and animal products. Awareness programmes should be carried out in local community. They should be encouraged to use alternative animals instead of endangered species. Besides the concept of wildlife farming may be developed. The conservation process may be practiced in a better way by local people‟s direct participation. Acknowledgment
I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Kaluram Rai , Mechi Multiple Campus, Bhadrapur for his continuous guidance and valuabe suggestions to complete my research work. I acknowledge sincere gratitude to Mr. Ganesh Tamang , lecturer, Hattisar Campus , Dharan for providing essential study materials. My thanks goes to Mr. Ram Bahadur Dhimal, Mr. Bhumi Nanda Dhimal and whole Dhimal community for their kind co- operation throughout the field visit.
References
Rai, K. R. (2003): Environmental Impacts, Systematics and Distribution of Herpetofauna from East Nepal, Thesis of Ph. D., T. U. Katmandu. Rai, S .K. & Dhungana P. ( 2002 ): Value of Plants in Cultural and Ritual Ceremonies of Mche Tribe In: Bishleshan, Vol. 5 , A multidisciplinary journal of NUTA, P. G. campus, Biratnagar, pp. 72-75. Shaha, K. B. & Tiwari, S. (2004): Herpetofauna of Nepl, A conservation Companion, IUCN Nepal, pp. 9-17. Singh, N. B.( 1995 ): Study on Ethnobiology of Endangered tribe, the Raute, Thesis of M. Sc., Central Department of Zoology, T. U. Kathmandu.
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Schleich, H. H. & Kastle, W. ( 2002 ): Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal, Biology, Systematics, field guide, A. R. G. Ganther Verlag K. G., Germany, pp.16-24.
Importance of Research Works in Current Situation
Dr. Ajaya Bhattarai Mahendra Morang M.Campus Biratnagar Ratna Bahadur Thapa The Department of Chemistry Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa Introduction: Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories. Research has been defined in a number of different ways. A broad definition of research is given by Martin Shuttleworth - "In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."1 Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states - "Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. 2 The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws".3 Research is any investigative activity that is carried out by a person or a group, with the goal of discovering something new, at least to them. Research can be conducted on existing published information, or can be conducted by making new observations. Research is not the same as training or education. These latter two activities involve the learning of information already obtained by someone else. Research cannot be learned - it must be conducted. Most scientific research is conducted in universities because these institutions give the greatest possible freedom to the investigators. Scientific research is guided by the Scientific Method. In the Scientific Method, observations are made of unexplained phenomena (in any discipline) and questions are posed about their origin. Scientific researchers then develop hypotheses to explain these phenomena and design experiments to collect the data that will best help them accept or reject these hypotheses. The main purpose of the experimental design is to remove bias. This imparts credibility to the results and allows the experiment to be repeated by others. This is important component of all
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research; the methods must be capable of being reproduced by others to produce similar results. Results from any scientific inquiry can result in new knowledge, help correct prior studies or be incorporated as part of the general knowledge base on a particular subject. In many cases, a researcher‟s conclusions can generate more questions and more hypotheses that build on our knowledge base. We must first understand what research is. It is another word for gathering of information. The more information we have the closer we get of making our own decision. Research is the result of advancing knowledge created in the past. There are people from all walks of life that contribute to gathered information. These are ordinary people and extraordinary people. They include, teachers, students, scientists, professors, scholars, business owners, librarians, book keepers, writers, politicians and many more unknown out there. These are everyday citizens we interact with. They all help with the flow information that people use for self help. Research is designed to solve a particular existing problems so there is a much larger audience eager to support research that is likely to be profitable or solve problems of immediate concern. We also must understand how research impact our decision making. Research requires time, effort, and sometimes money.
Why Research is Important Well-conducted research is vitally important to the global community. Not only does research form the foundation of program development and policies all over the world, but it can also be translated into effective global health programs. Research draws its power from the fact that it is empirical: rather than merely theorizing about what might be effective or what could work, researchers go out into the field and design studies that give policymakers hard data on which they can base their decisions. Furthermore, good research produces results that are examinable by the researchers‟ peers, methodologies that can be replicated, and knowledge that can be applied to real-world situations. Research is another word for gathering information. The more information we gather, the closer we get to our career target. Research skills help us make our own decisions. For example, research can mean talking to people about their jobs and asking them the right questions to get the information. Steps in conducting research The major steps in conducting research are: 4 Identification of research problem Literature review Specifying the purpose of research Data collection Analyzing and interpreting the data Reporting and evaluating research The steps generally represent the overall process, however they should be viewed as an ever-changing process rather than a fixed set of steps. 5 Most researches begin with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. 6 The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. The purpose of the research
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identifies a specific hypothesis. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as Empirical research. The results of the data analysis in confirming or failing to reject the Null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the end the researcher may discuss avenues for further research. Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: 1. Observations and Formation of the topic: Consistst of the subject area of ones interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic. 2. Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables. 3. Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. 4. Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study. 5. Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from and/or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable. 6. Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data in order to draw conclusions about it. 7. Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures and pictures, and then described in words. 8. Test, revising of hypothesis 9. Conclusion, reiteration if necessary
Research methods The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main: Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence Types of Research Research can also fall into two distinct types: Primary research Original findings Secondary research Summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research In social sciences and later in other disciplines, the following two research methods can be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of the research: Qualitative research
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Understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Asking a broad question and collecting word-type data that is analyzed searching for themes. This type of research looks to describe a population without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it is extremely expensive and time consuming, and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses. Quantitative research Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive). 2 Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. The Quantitative data collection methods, rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. 7 Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. 8 The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. Publications Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields; from the print to the electronic format. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is open access. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole
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journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web. Research funding Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: Corporate research and development departments; Private Foundations, for example, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and government research councils such as the National Institutes of Health in the USA9 and the Medical Research Council in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit.
The Social Psychology Network provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.
In the context of Nepal, there are a few funding agencies. For example, Research division, Tribhuvan University, University Grants Commission, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology; some NGOs and INGOs etc.
Conclusion
In conclusion research is very vital to our everyday decision making. It arms us from wrong informations and save time and money. It is important to our success as we take on life's challenges and career decisions making. But too much research without action on what we are learning is not good either. The question is how much information is enough? How much information can we afford? Information obesity can be research problem. Research plus action will most likely guarantee a successful research.
References 1. Shuttleworth, Martyn (2008). "Definition of Research". Experiment Resources. Experiment-Research.com. http://www.experiment- resources.com/definition-of-research.html. Retrieved 14 August 2011. 2. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. 3. "Research" in 'Dictionary' tab". Merriam Webster (m-w.com). Encyclopaedia Brittanica. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research. Retrieved 13 August 2011. 4. Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008 ISBN 10 0136135501 (pages 8-9). 5. Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003 ISBN 0 521 81689 0 (page 3). 6. Rocco, T.S., Hatcher, T., & Creswell, J.W. (2011). The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. 2011 ISBN 9780470393352.
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7. http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20 methods/DATA%20COLLECTION%20METHODS.htm 8. Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base. 9. "US Scientific Grant Awards Database". http://search.engrant.com/.
Comparative Study on Different Methods of Composting
Madan Bahadur Thapa The Department of Environmental Science Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract The present study was carried out to find out best method of composting in terms of nutrient content. For this objective biodegradable waste was allowed to decompose by pile method, pit method, bin method and vermi composting method. After the formation of compost, nutrient content of compost (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium and organic matter) was determined. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter content was1.85%, 4.10%, 5.45% and 35% respectively in vermi compost and 0.62%, 0.85%, 3.80% and 19.5% respectively in pit compost. Compost from two other methods had more or less equal amount of nutrient content. Vermi composting method took 53 days for the formation of compost. Other three methods took more than 53 days. Vermi composting method was better than other methods. Key words: Solid waste, nutrient, vermi composting Background Composting is one of the methods of solid waste management strategy. It is the process of biologically converting biodegradable organic material into the stable end product, commonly known as compost, by microbial activities. This process can occur both by aerobically and an aerobically. Aerobic composting occuring in the presence of oxygen is more efficient than anaerobic composting which occurs in the absence of oxygen. Composting can be defined as the method of solid waste management where by the organic component of the solid waste is biologically decomposed under controlled conditions to state in which it can be handled, stored and /or applied to the land without adverse effect to the environment. In Nepal, the modern technique of solid waste management was introduced only after the establishment of Nepal Solid Waste Management Broad in1979. Methodology The solid waste was segregated into two parts: biodegradable and non - biodegradable. The biodegradable waste was taken for composting. The different methods of composting applied were: Pile Composting: The waste was piled up in the ditch size of 1.5m*1.0m .When the height of the pile reached 1.0 foot, the perforated plastic pipes were placed above the waste horizontally to maintain the aerobic condition. The effective microbes were spread over the waste as additive. The pile was covered with plastic to prevent the evaporation of water from it.
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Pit Composting: The waste was piled up in the ditch size of 1.5m*1.0m.After the ditch was completely filled up, and then it was covered by layer of soil, so that system was totally anaerobic. Bin Composting: The waste was piled up in Polythene drum having capacity1000 litre .There were holes in the side of the bin so that the systed was aerobic. Vermin composting: The waste was piled up in the wooden box of size 50cm*18cm*35cm. 1000 earth worms were released in box for casting waste. Results and Discussion The maximum temperature recorded at the 5th record was 61C of pile method and minimum was 21C of vermi composting (Table1). Table1: Temperature (c) during the process of composting Recorded Pile Pit Bin Vermi time(once in composting composting composting composting 5 days) 1st 24 22 22 15 2nd 35 36 34 16 3rd 41 39 40 18 4th 52 49 47 22 5th 61 58 57 21 6th 55 55 56 19 7th 46 44 50 17 8th 33 36 41 15 9th 28 33 36 14 10th 28 29 27 15 The total nitrogen content was highest in vermi compost (1.85%).The highest conxevtration of phosphorus (4.10%) and potasiun (5.45%) were recorded in vermi composting (Table2). The organic matter content was highest in vermi compost (35%) and lowest in pit compost (19.5%). From the result, it was concluded that compost from vermi composting method was superior to other three methods of composting, in terms of nutrient content. Table2: The nutrient content of compost Total Total Potassium Organic Method of Composting Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (%) (%) matter (%) Pile method 1.32 2.92 4.11 21 Pit method 0.62 0.85 3.80 19.5 Bin method 118 2.45 3.80 18 Vermi method 1.85 4.10 5.45 35
Table3: Time taken for the formation of compost
Black color compost was formed within 53 Method of Time days by vermi composting method (Table3) Composting Taken(Days) and pit method took 103 days for the formation Pile Method 63 of compost. Thus, vermi composting method Pit Method 103 converted waste into compost faster than other Bin Method 68 methods. Vermi composting 53 Conclusion: It was concluded that vermi composting method is the best method of composting if high nutrient content compost is required.
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References Miller, G.T. (2005), Living in the Environment, Thirteen Edition Thomson learning Inc., USA, Udash, R. (2204), Composting as an option in the municipal solid waste management of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, M.Sc. Dissertation, School of Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Pokhara University, Nepal
Vegetation Analysis of Charkoshe Jhadi of Eastern Nepal
Basudev Kafle The Department of Biology Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract: Dominant tree species in protected (site I) and disturbed (site II) sites of Charkoshe Jhadi (forest) in eastern Nepal was Shorea robusta whereas degraded site (site III) of the forest was dominated by Schleichera oleosa.The number of trees species were 19,16 and 11 respectively in site I, II and III.Tree density was highest (1310 treesha-1) in site I followed by site II (760 treesha-1),however, basal area of trees was maximum in site III.Species richness was maximum in site I.The value of similarity index among the three sites ranged between 38.46 and 68.57. Key words: Basal area,charkoshe jhadi, density,frequency, Sorenson‟s similarity index Introduction: In Nepal Bhawar zone is the northern limit of terai ( a part of the Indo-Gangetic plain) adjacent to siwalik ( Churia ranges).It consists of deposits of gravels and boulders.Bhawar zone is also known as Charkoshe Jhadi because of its forests which extends from east to west of Nepal in 8 to 12 km. wide area.This zone experiences three distinct seasons in a year,viz.monsoon (mid June to October),winter (November to February) and summer (March to mid-June).It receives 1523,51 and 274 mm rainfall during monsoon, winter and summer seasons respectively. The average aerial temperature is 26.3,18 and 250c respectively for monsoon, winter and summer seasons. This study deals with vegetation composition (density,frequency,basal area,IVI,Shannons diversity index,dominance,species richness and evenness) found at three different sites (protected,disturbed and degraded) of the Charkoshe Jhadi forest located at 26045‟N longitude 87017‟E and altitude 295m. Materials and methods A specified part of Charkoshe jhadi located in south of Dharan municipality and north of regional agricultural research station (RARS) Tarahara and Hansposa V.D.C of Sunsari District was selected to analyze vegetation distribution. The field visit of forest was undertaken during different seasons of 2001 and the study site was divided in to three distinct sites namely Protected Forest (Site I), Disturbed Forest (Site-II) and Degraded Forest (Site-III)
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During the reconnaissance of the sites, requisite size (10mx10m) of forest plot was determined through species area curve method (Misra, 1968).Ten permanent plots (10mx10m) were established randomly in each site. Girths of all trees at breast height (1.37m from the soil surface) were measured with the help of measuring tape. A maximum of nine girth classes(10-30cm,30-60cm,60-90cm,90-120cm,120- 150cm,150-180cm,180-210cm,210-240cm and>240cm were established. Plant specimens were identified with the help of available literature and herbarium specimens at Post Graduate College Biratnagar.The nomenclature of the species strictly follows Hara et al. (1978) and Press et al. (2000). Vegetation analysis parameters like frequency,relative frequency,density,relative density,basal area and relative basal area have been used.These parameters were calculated by the methods described by Misra(1968).Intersite comparisions of vegetation omposition were made through Sorenson‟s similarity index(Is) between each paired combination as described by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg(1974). Results A total of 25 species of trees belonging to 18 families were recorded from the study area (Table 1). Among the trees species found at site I, density ranged from 10-520treesha- 1,frequency ranged from 10-100%, basal area from 0.24-343.29 m2ha-1 and IVI from 2.27-61.57 (Table-2).The maximum value of density and frequency were found in Shorea robusta but the maximum value of basal area was found in Adina cordifolia (343.29m2ha-1).The minimum value of density and frequency were recorded for Sapum insigne,Dalbergia latifolia and Bridelia retusa.Similarly the minimum basal area was for Bridelia retusa.On the basis of IVI dominant Species were Shorea robusta(61.57) and Adina cordifolia (37.55). In site II density,frequency and basal area ranged 10-230treesha-1,10-80% and 2.71-341.31m2ha-1respectively and IVI ranged from 4.35-56.63 (Table-3).The greater density values were found in Shorea robusta(230treesha-1), Lagerstroemia parviflora (90treesha-1) and minimum values for Trichilia connaroides and Syzygium cumini (10treesha-1).The greater frequency values were found in Shorea robusta (80%) and the least frequent species were Sapum insigne,Elaeagnus infundibularis,Trichilia connaroides and Syzygium cumini (10%).On the basis of IVI values Shorea robusta (56.63) and Bombax ceiba (46.26) were dominant species. In site III the density, frequency and basal area ranged from 10-40treesha- 1,10-40% and 55.45-171.28m2ha-1 respectively and IVI ranged from 16.62-63.33 (Table-4).The greater density values were recorded in Schleichera oleosa (40treesha- 1) and Adina cordifolia (30treesha-1) and minimum values(10treesha-1) for all other species.The frequency values were in the order of Schleichera oleosa> Adina cordifolia. Table:-1 Alphabetical enumeration of trees found in the study area of Charkoshe Jhadi. S. Botanical Name Local Name Family N. 1 Acer oblongum Wall.ex.Dc Phirphire Aceraceae 2 Adina cordifolia(Willd.ex.Roxb)Benth&Hook.f.ex.Bran Karam Rubiaceae 3 Alangium salvifolium(L.f.) Wangerin. Asare Alangiaceae
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4 Albizia sp. (L.) Benth. Siris Fabaceae 5 Bombax ceiba L. Simal Bombacaceae 6 Bridelia retusa(L.) Spreng. Gayo Euphorbiaceae 7 Cassia fistula (L.) Rajbrikshya Fabaceae 8 Croton roxburghii N.P. Balakar. Aaulea Euphorbiaceae 9 Dalbergia latifolia,Roxb. Satisal Fabaceae 10 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Tantari Dilleniaceae 11 Diospyros tomentosa Roxb. Kalikath Ebenaceae 12 Elaeagnus infundibularis Momiy. Gunyelo Elaeagnaceae 13 Grewia asiatica Auct.Non L.Wall. Syalphoshro Tiliaceae 14 Holarrhena pubescens(Buch-Ham)Wall.ex.DC Bankhirro Apocynaceae 15 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Boddhainyaro Lathyraceae 16 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)Mull.Arg. Sidhure Euphorbiaceae 17 Sapium insigne(Royale)Benth.ex.Hood.f. Pahadekhirro Euphorbiaceae 18 Schleichera oleosa(Lour) Oken Kusum Sapindaceae 19 Shrea robusta Gaertn. Sal/Sakhuwa Dipterocarpaceae 20 Syzygium cumini(l.) Skeels Jamun Myrtaceae 21 Terminalia alata.Heyne,ex.Roth. Saj/Asna Combrataceae 22 Terminalia bellerica(Gaertn) Roxb. Barro Combrataceae 23 Terminalia chebula Retz. Harro Combrataceae 24 Trichilia connaroides(Wight&Arn)Bent.V. Akhataruwa Meliaceae 25 Zizyphus rugosa Lam Rukhbayar Rhamnaceae The remaining species were less frequent.The maximum and minimum values of basal area were found in Bombax ceiba (553.35) and Terminalia chebula (55.45) respectively.On the basis of IVI values Schleichera oleosa (63.33) and Adina cordifolia (58.44) were dominant species. Data pooled from all sites shows maximum density values for Shorea robusta (250treesha-1) and minimum value of density 3.33treesha-1 for Acer oblongum, Terminalia chebula and Bridelia retusa (Table-5).Shorea robusta was most frequent (60%) while Terminalia chebula,Bridelia retusa,Acer oblongum,and Elaeagnus infundibularis (3.33%) were least frequent.The maximum value of basal area were found in Bombax ceiba (391.47) and the least values were found in Zizyphus rugosa (0.10). Table:-2 Density, frequency, basal area and IVI of the trees species(>10 cm GBH) in Site I of study area. Density Frequency Basal S.N Species IVI (treesha-1) (%) Area(m2ha-1) 1 Shorea robusta 520 100 72.87 61.57 2 Adina cordifolia 20 20 343.29 37.25 3 Bombax ceiba 10 10 279.75 28.92 4 Dillenia pentagyna 70 50 97.60 22.10 5 Mallotus philippensis 120 80 6.49 21.72 6 Diospyrus tomentosa 100 60 8.30 17.38 7 Lagerstromia parviflora 110 40 20.33 16.31 8 Terminalia bellerica 40 40 80.33 16.68 9 Alangium salvifolium 60 50 15.96 13.56 10 Schleichera oleosa 30 30 62.04 12.68
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11 Cassia fistula 60 50 1.37 12.17 12 Albizia spp. 50 40 2.56 10.03 13 Trichillia connaroides 20 20 22.91 6.70 14 Croton roxburghii 30 10 11.18 4.85 15 Grewia asiatica 20 20 2.15 4.72 16 Zizyphus rugosa 20 20 0.31 4.55 17 Sapium insigne 10 10 20.32 4.19 18 Dalbergia latifolia 10 10 0.96 2.34 19 Bridelia retusa 10 10 0.24 2.27 Total 1310 670 1049 Table:-3 Density,frequency,basal area and IVI of the trees species(>10 cm GBH) in Site II of study area. S. Density Frequency Basal Species IVI N. (treesha-1) (%) Area(m2ha-1) 1 Shorea robusta 230 80 68.44 56.63 2 Bombax ceiba 20 10 341.31 46.26 3 Lagerstromia parviflora 90 50 57.07 30.02 4 Croton roxburghii 90 50 12.61 24.45 5 Terminalia alata 30 30 108.31 24.09 6 Adina cordifolia 40 20 83.31 20.12 7 Alangium salvifolium 50 40 7.35 16.29 8 Dillenia pentagyna 30 30 36.15 15.05 9 Mallotus philippensis 30 30 13.97 12.27 10 Diospyrus tomentosa 40 30 2.71 12.19 11 Holarrhena pubescens 30 30 11.90 12.01 12 Dalbergia latifolia 20 20 5.90 7.76 13 Sapium insigne 20 10 26.62 8.17 14 Elaeagnus infundibularis 20 10 3.12 5.23 15 Trichillia connaroides 10 10 12.63 5.08 16 Syzygium cuminii 10 10 6.81 4.35 Total 760 460 798.21 Table:-4 Density,frequency,basal area and IVI of the trees species(>10 cm GBH) in Site III of study area. S. Species Density Frequency Basal IVI N. (treesha-1) (%) Area(m2ha-1) 1 Schleichera oleosa 40 40 171.28 63.33 2 Adina cordifolia 30 30 323.21 58.44 3 Bombax ceiba 10 10 553.35 45.60 4 Terminalia bellerica 10 10 169.80 23.24 5 Sapium insigne 10 10 135.70 21.25 6 Acer oblongum 10 10 91.42 18.67 7 Lagerstromia parviflora 10 10 90.89 18.64 8 Syzygium cuminii 10 10 67.83 17.29 9 Terminalia chebula 10 10 55.45 16.66 10 Terminalia alata 10 10 56.29 16.62 Total 150 150 1715.22 Table:-5 Density, frequency, basal area and IVI of the trees species(>10 cm GBH) data pooled from all site S. Density Frequency Basal Species IVI N. (treesha-1) (%) Area(m2ha-1) 1 Shorea robusta 250 60 47.10 39.40 2 Bombax ceiba 13.33 10 391.47 40.24
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3 Adina cordifolia 30 23.33 249.94 38.60 4 Schleichera oleosa 23.33 23.33 77.77 25.34 5 Lagerstromia parviflora 70 33.33 56.10 21.66 6 Terminalia alata 13.33 13.33 54.87 13.57 7 Terminalia bellerica 16.67 16.67 83.39 13.31 8 Dillenia pentagyna 33.33 26.67 44.58 12.38 9 Mallotus philippensis 50 36.67 6.82 11.33 10 Sapium insigne 13.33 10 60.82 11.20 11 Alangium salvifolium 36.67 30 7.77 9.95 12 Diospyrus tomentosa 46.67 30 3.67 9.86 13 Croton roxburghii 40 20 7.93 9.77 14 Syzygium cuminii 6.67 6.67 24.88 7.21 15 Acer oblongum 3.33 3.33 30.47 6.22 16 Terminalia chebula 3.33 3.33 18.48 5.55 17 Cassia fistula 20 16.67 0.46 4.06 18 Holarrhena pubescens 10 10 3.97 4 19 Trichillia connaroides 10 10 11.84 3.93 20 Dalbergia latifolia 10 10 2.29 3.37 21 Albizia spp. 16.66 13.33 0.85 3.34 22 Grewia asiatica 6.67 6.67 0.72 1.57 23 Zizyphus rugosa 6.67 6.67 0.10 1.52 24 Bridelia retusa 3.33 3.33 0.08 0.76 25 Elaeagnus infundibularis 6.67 3.33 0.04 0.57 Total 739.99 426.66 1187.47 300.00 The Diversity index (H1) for the trees ranged from 2.19 -2.38 (Table-7) .The maximum values was found in site I. The concentration of dominance was recorded as 0.19, 0.14 and 0.15 for site I, II & III respectively. The species richness values for site I, II &III were 2.51, 2.26 &1.80 respectively. Similarly 0.76, 0.86 &0.95 were the value of evenness for site I, II &III respectively. The matrix of similarity index shows that site I vs. II shows maximum similarity (68.57%) while site IvsIII and site IIvs III were 41.38% and 38.46% respectively. (Table-8) Table:-6 Species content,frequency,density and basal area of trees at different sites of study area.
S. Forest Sites Parameters N. Site I Site II Site III Data pooled* 1 Number of tree species 19 16 10 25 2 Density (treesha-1) 1310 760 150 39.99 3 Frequency (%) 670 460 150 426.66 4 Basal Area (m2ha-1) 1049 798.21 1715.22 1187.47 5 IVI 299.99 298.97 299.74 298.71 *Data pooled from all sites
Table:-7 Diversity parameters of tree species at different sites of study area. Forest sites S.N. Parameters Site I Site II Site III 1 Diversity index(H1)* 2.24 2.38 2.19 2 Concentration of dominance(cd) 0.19 0.14 0.15 3 Species richness(d) 2.51 2.26 1.80 4 Evenness(e) 0.76 0.86 0.95 *H1 is Shannon-Weiner (1963) diversity index.
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Table:-8 Matrix of Sorenson’s similarity indices of trees between different sites of study area. Forest sites Forest sites Site II Site III Site I 68.57 41.38 Site II 38.46
Discussion: The site I of the present study was dense forest and was dominated by sal (Shorea robusta),which represented the moist sal forest.Site II was slightly disturbed by human interference and the number of sal trees were comparatively less in this site.In the degraded site (site III) there was complete absence of sal trees and the canopy of the forest was open and dominated by the shrubs and herbs species.This was due to the high anthropogenic pressure for timber, firewood and fodder as this site is near from the human settlement. In the present study highest value of trees density was observed in site I (1310treesha-1) followed by site II(760treesha-1) whereas the lowest density was in site III(150treesha-1).This may be due to the nature of forest as site III is highly disturbed forest.The total tree density value(150-1310tha-1) in three different sites was comparable to the findings(1110-1730treesha-1) of Bhandari(2001) in the natural forest of Charkoshe Jhadi and (57-1326treesha-1) of Shrestha(1997) in the natural forest of Riyale in Kavrepalanchok. Shorea robusta was most frequent species in site I & II with frequency values 100 & 80% respectively,which was similar to the findings of Saijwal(1994) for Royal Chitwan National Park and Shrestha(1996) for Chittrepani, Kavrepalnchok.Earlier Bhandari(2001) reported 100% frequency of Shorea robusta in Charkoshe Jhadi.In site III the most frequent Species was Schleichera oleosa showed only 40% frequency value. The values of basal area was maximum in site III(1715.21 m2ha-1) which was higher than the findings of Bhandari(2001) reported for Charkoshe Jhadi.The higher values of basal area in site III was due to large and widely dispersed trees. Dominance of species was charactrised on the basis of IVI.On the basis of sitewise data the IVI values of Shorea robusta in site I(61.57) was comparable with value (93.42) in the Charkoshe Jhadi by Bhandari(2001) whereas Aryal(1997) estimated (108.47) at Terai pure stand of Royal Bardia National Park.The IVI values obtained were lower than (174.00) for sal forest of central himalaya(Rana et al.1988) and Tropical moist sal forest(183.00) of eastern Nepal(Mandal (1999). In site III, IVI value of Schleichera oleosa was highest as there was less no of larger trees and complete absence of Shorea robusta. Shannon –Weiner index of diversity of tree species in the study area ranged from 2.19-2.38 and species richness ranged from 1.80-2.51 which were quite similar values with Bhandari(2001) at Charkoshe Jhadi but comparatively lower than the findings of Rikhari and Palni(1991) in open canopy forest after fire events in Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary,India.The values were higher than reported by Mandal(1999) for tropical moist sal forest of Eastern Nepal(H1=1.66).This suggest that Bhabar Salforest of present study is relatively more diversified than plateau sal forest as reported by Mandal(1999).
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The concentration of dominance of trees in present study ranged from 0.14- 0.19.This lower value may be due to higher diversity values.Bhandari(2001) reported the values from 0.104-1.242 in the Charkoshe Jhadi.Similarly high value of concentration of dominance of trees(20-30) resulted in to low tree diversity value(1.66) as reported by Mandal(1999) in tropical moist sal forest of Nepal. The value of similarity index showed that site I and II were nearly similar (68.57) which may be due to similar species composition. In the present study altogether 25 tree species were recorded.Among them majority of the trees were found in site I.Due to the human enchrrochment for timber,firewood and fodder several species were absent in site II and III. Aknowledgements: The author expresses sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Sashinath Jha,Dr. T.N. Mandal and Mr. Bhabindra Niroula for their constant support and untiring guidance.I am thankful to the Post Graduate college Biratnagar for allowing me to use the library and laboratory facilities.I am very greatful to Koshi Basin,Dharan & all my family members and friends who helped me in various ways.
References:
Aryal,B. 1997.Vegetation analysis of the Royal Bardia National Park,Nepal.M.Sc. Thesis,Central Department of Botany,Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal. Aryal,B. A.Giri,K.K.Shrestha,S.K. Ghimire and P.K.Jha,1999. Vegetation analysis of Shorea robusta forest in Royal Bardia National Park,Nepal.Bangladesh journal of Botany 28(1):35-46. Bhandari, H.C.2001 Vegetation analysis and biomass estimation of trees in Charkoshe Jhadi of eastern Nepal.M.Sc. Thesis,Department of Botany,Tribhuwan University,Kathmandu,Nepal. Chaudhari, R.P.1999 Plant Biodiversity of Nepal.Nepal Natures Paradise (eds.T.C.Majupuriya &R.K. Majupuiya) published by M.Devi,Gwalior,India:527- 568. Hara,H.and L.H.J.Williams1979.An enumeration of flowering plants of Nepal Vol.2,British Museum (Nat.Hist),London Mandal, T.N.1999.Ecological analysis of recovery of landslide damaged sal forest ecosystem in Nepal Himalaya. Ph.D. thesis,Center of advanced study in Botany,Banaras Hindu University,Varanashi,India. Margalef, R.1958.Information Theory in Ecology.General systematic, 3:36-71. Misra,R. 1968.Ecology workbook.Oxford publishing co. New Delhi. Muellar-Dombois,D.and H.Ellenberg 1974.Aims and methods of vegetation ecology.John Wiley and Sons New York. Pielou, E.C.1966.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections.Journal of Theoretical Biology 13:131-144. Press,J.R.,K.K.Shrestha and A.Sutton.2000.Annonated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal.The Natural History Museum,London. Rana,B,S.Singh and R.P.Singh 1989.Biomass and Productivity of Central Himalayan sal Forest.Tropical Ecology 29(2)1-5. Rikhari,H.C.and L.M.S. Palni.1999.Fire affects ground flora dynamics of forest ecosystem:A case Study from Central Himalayan.Tropical Ecology 40(1):145-151. Sejuwal, M, 1994.Aboveground biomass estimation in tropical forest of Royal Chitawan National Park,Nepal.M.Sc. Thesis,Central Department of Botany,Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Shhanon,C.E.and W.Weaver.1963.The mathematical theory of communication.University of Illinois Press Urbana.
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Shrestha, R.1997.Ecological study of natural and degraded forest of Chhitrepani, Makawanpur, Nepal. M.Sc. Thesis,Central Department of Botany,Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Shrestha,S.1997.Ecological study of degraded,regenerating and natural forest of Riyale,Kavrepalanchok,Nepal. M.Sc. Thesis,Central Department of Botany,Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal.
Thin Solid Films and Nanomaterials for Solar Energy Conversion and Energy Saving Applications.
Bhishma Karki The Department of Physics Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract Important new applications are possible today in the fields of energy conversion and storage by the application of thin and nanostructured solid films on surfaces. These special films, or multiple films, will be integral parts of the energy systems in the near future for the production of useful thermal and electrical energy and for energy saving applications, especially in buildings. We review the research in this direction. As we are facing the threats of insufficient energy supply and the greenhouse gas emissions from the intense use of fossil sources, we realize that the impacts as well as the future of the solar energy systems have been greatly underestimated. We review the work on solar thermal systems and energy saving applications. The efficient use of solar thermal technologies is very important for the introduction of a sizeable share of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. New and nano structured materials along with the design and the geometry of advanced systems, capable of achieving high temperatures, as well as on integrated collection and storage systems have been proposed. Recent progress in high-vacuum technology and new materials had a remarkable effect in thin-film quality and cost. As a result new thermal absorbers have appeared along with new evaluation methods. We also present work on low-e coatings and electrochromic thin films that are very important for thermal energy savings in buildings and increase the efficiency of devices. For the photovoltaic solar energy conversion. we present results on thin film solar cells and the efforts on dye sensitized nanostructured and organic solar cells. Keywords: Solar photovoltaic system, sustainable, nanotechnology, solar thermal system, environment.
Introduction
In the near future nanotechnology may contribute to efficient and low-cost systems for generating, storing, and transporting energy. Materials and structures that are designed and fabricated at the nanoscale level and thin films can offer the potential to produce new devices and processes that may enhance efficiencies and reduce costs in many areas, as solar photovoltaic systems, hydrogen production, fuel cells, solar thermal systems and energy saving technologies as low e-coatings and electrochromic devices for smart windows. It is often overlooked that the portion of
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contribution of renewable energy sources to the total energy budget will come from all possible forms of applications and sources and to be effective it must be combined with energy saving technological breakthroughs. It is essential to evaluate the energy sources and technologies of conversion, realizing that we may underestimate the contribution and the potential for some of them. For example, wind power is commonly considered more important than solar thermal. However, in terms of worldwide installed capacities and overall energy produced, solar thermal surpasses both wind power and photovoltaic.
It is usually less expensive and more energy efficient to exploit the thermal uses of solar energy, both direct and indirect as an intermediate step for further transformations.ESTIF, the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation has published detailed statistics [1], (2nd European Solar Thermal Energy Conference Freiburg, Germany, 21-22 June 2005). The ESTIF statistics cover all EU-25 countries, and present data both in terms of capacity (kilowatt-thermal, kWth) and in the traditional unit (m2 of collector area).We note that the European (EU-25 plus Switzerland) market grew by about 12% in 2004 and 2005. For example,1.110 MWth (1.586.000 m2)of new capacity was installed in Europe in 2004, compared with 991MWth (1.415.598 m2) in 2003.It is obvious that this trend will be amplified more in the future if oil prices continue to rise.
Germany is currently the leader in terms of market volume, (47% of the European market). It is followed by Greece (14%), Austria (12%) and Spain (6%). In terms of capacity in operation per capita, the European leader is Cyprus, with 430 kWth/1.000 inhabitants, followed by Austria and Greece, both at 180 kWth/1.000 inhabitants. The EU average is only 21 kWth/1000 inhabitants, as the solar thermal market has just started to develop in some countries. Europe is well established in the solar thermal technology, but represents only 9% of the global market. China alone holds about 80% of the world market.Mechanical and electrical power can also be derived from thermal systems. However, large volume exploitation of these systems is still lacking today. Heat storage is another area that may have a tremendous impact in the future. In this article we intend to point out few ideas that have been considered and have made impact already, as well as future trends.We present in this short paper our work on solar thermal and solar energy materials during the past years. This includes, among other topics, work in the fields of electrochromic (EC) and low emittance coatings, development of materials suitable for energy saving applications in buildings and advanced-glazing. Our experimental facilities include electron beam gun deposition systems,and many other vacuum chambers for thermal deposition and supporting activities.
Thin films and nanotechnology for solar thermal systems
There are many areas of thin films and nanotechnology that can affect the development of solar thermal conversion as well as of other systems. Today there are many research efforts and ideas that are at the stage of development. Research in
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nanoscience, nanotechnology and thin films will contribute to the achievement of fundamental breakthroughs in energy systems. Our aim should be to achieve a combination of high efficiency with moderate cost. Optical systems will play an important role to the design of advanced concentrating systems for high temperature applications and for the indirect conversion to electrical energy. Mirrors and heat mirrors can be created by vacuum deposition of multiple thin films. They can also be used for solar energy collection and energy saving applications. We employ metal (M) thin films ~150 Ǻ thick that are partially transparent to solar (visible and near infrared) range of wavelengths. They can be combined with two dielectric layers (D) as a multilayer combination of the form D/M/D. The dielectric layers are chosen so that they antireflect partly the metal film in the visible spectral range and increase transmission. At the same time, one of the dielectric layers also protects the metal film.A physical condition imposed on the materials of the dielectric layers is to have high transmittance in the infrared so that it preserves the high reflectance of the metal in the infrared region. We have developed theoretical tools and computer code to calculate the optical properties and to design suitable multilayers. By applying these tools, the multilayer films can be optimized in such a way that the transmitted spectral region is varied for special optical effects. The deposition and optical properties of optimized thin films for energy saving applications have been studied extensively as for example the system ZnS/Ag/ZnS [2]. In general, we obtain results on systems of the type: ZnS/M/ZnS with M = Ag, Al, Cu, and Au. Some results are shown in Figure 1. Other dielectrics that are reported in literature are: ZnO, TiO2, Al2O3, Bi2O3 and SiO2.
Figure 1 Some results on the transparency as a function of wavelength, for systems of the type: ZnS/M/ZnS and ZnS/M1/ZnS/M2/ZnS with M, M1, M2 = Ag, Al, Cu, and Au.
Polymers like polyvinyl fluoride and chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene, which can be used as an alternative, according to the desired properties of the final products are also used. Today there is an on going search for improved polymers as substrates on which to deposit the films for heat mirrors, reflectors and for other important energy applications as electrochromics, flexible photovoltaics and other devices. The characterization and stability of low-emittance multiple coatings for
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glazing applications is already in an advanced state [3, 4], as is the integration of lowemittance films in electrochromic devices, as for example the ZnS/Ag/ZnS transparent conductor coatings [5]. A special need arises for transparent electrodes in many applications, including photovoltaics. The multilayer type of the form D/M/D can be used for this purpose, instead of the more traditional doped semiconductor films. Development of multilayer transparent conductive coatings has been described in detail previously [6]. Doped semiconductor films are used: In2O3:Sn (ITO), SnO2:F, SnO2:Sb and others. For these materials we have high charge carrier concentration and mobility greater than 10 cm2/V·sec, as well as high lattice relaxation frequency and effective mass. Other materials that may be used are those known to exhibit electrical conduction of Drude–type (like borides, rare earth oxides, carbides and transition metal nitrides). Another area of interest concerns the design of new absorber surfaces used for photo thermal energy conversion. In this case, accelerated aging tests for solar absorber surfaces are used to estimate the service lifetime of model solar collectors and an acceptable service minimum lifetime of 25 years is set as a limit for designing new absorbers. This service lifetime of an absorber coating is reached if the annual solar fraction of a domestic hot-water system is decreased by 5% due to deterioration of its optical properties caused by degradation. The absorber can be used after this maximum service lifetime, but at a lower performance. Tests are conducted under different conditions of temperature, humidity, condensation and air containing SO2. The IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (IEA SHC) Working Group „„Materials in Solar Thermal Collectors‟‟ has proposed a procedure based on these tests as a standard to the ISO TC 180 „Solar Energy‟. For estimating the acceptable service life of an absorber coating, the IEA SHC Task X has proposed the performance criterion function (PC): PC ∆α0.25 ∆0.05, where α is the total hemispherical (at air mass 1.5) solar absorptance, and the total hemispherical thermal emittance (at 100 °C) of the absorber samples. When the value of the PC function has been increased to 0.05, the solar fraction of a domestic hot water system has been reduced by around 5%.The absorber is then considered to have considerable degradation in optical performance. Absorber surfaces made by sputtering deposition systems on an industrial scale (roll coatings) are currently considered the state of the art. Various materials are used for research purposes and many are already in the market. For example, C/Al2O3/Al has been used, where C stands for graphite. Also TiOx, as well as other oxides that have excellent properties, can be deposited to many substrates. They can be combined with a variety of antireflective coatings. The spectral selectivity can be exploited to obtain absorbers that are very efficient for the conversion of solar energy to thermal. We are now in a position to design such absorbers by our theoretical tools and produce the surface coatings by physical vapor deposition, spray pyrolysis or other processes, as electrochemical or sol gel.
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Solar thermal collectors The most well known application of a solar thermal conversion system is for domestic hot water. It is of interest that the solar thermal conversion technologies have been greatly underestimated. There are so many forms of solar thermal systems and applications in everyday use that we tend to overlook their contribution and their future potential. A partial list of solar thermal devices and applications includes flat plate solar collectors for water and space heating, industrial as well as agricultural uses and concentrating systems for low, intermediate and high concentration and temperatures. In addition, solar ponds and other solar thermal systems can provide heat at a low temperature for various applications. Solar ponds, cookers and dryers are now used in relatively few cases, as oil prices were relatively low until recently. The field of solar thermal collectors is very dynamic and of special interest, offering direct saving of electrical energy that is used in many circumstances to heat water at relatively low temperatures.Even now, after more than three decades of installation at accelerating rates and the introduction of special tax measures by few countries, some of which were subsequently withdrawn, a large amount of costly electrical energy is consumed for water heating. It is obviously meaningless to produce electricity using expensive solar cells at an average efficiency of 15%, while we can save it in a simple way. We have worked in this field for many years with the vision of research and development of new and diverse systems that can help spread the use of solar thermal beyond the flat plate collector and at the same time to widen the possible fields of applications. A non-exhaustive short account is given here. The integrated collector-storage systems were proposed as more effective and esthetically compatible systems that could be designed to suppress thermal losses [7, 8]. The basic goal was to develop simple, inexpensive and durable systems. We have also attempted to use concentrating systems of low concentration and moderate price, as the CPC solar collectors with various absorbers, including the flat bifacial absorbers [9]. It can be shown that we can have an efficiency improvement using stationary concentrating solar collectors without vacuum protection [10]. By implementing the above concepts, low cost solar collector-storage systems can be developed [11]. Double pass solar concentrating collector designs were also proposed, constructed and tested [12]. Stationary concentrating solar air collectors with a low concentration ratio proved to be a viable alternative to the common flat plate collector [13], as well as solar water heaters with booster mirrors [14]. CPC solar collectors with multi channel absorbers [15, 16] and asymmetric reflector solar collectors were validated by outdoor experiments, compared with detailed model calculations [17]. Cost effective asymmetric CPC solar collectors were designed and tested further [18]. The modeling of line-axis solar concentrators in the medium temperature range was also examined in detail and compared with experimental data obtained from constructed prototypes [19].
Electrochromic smart windows and passive solar and energy conscious design
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It has been estimated that more than 50% of the energy needed to run a building can be saved, with moderate costs, using the passive solar design, including energy saving windows. In addition, these buildings provide comfort and a well being feeling to the occupants and increase productivity. More importantly, the reduced use of fossil fuels affects in a positive way the microclimate of the region. The passive solar design is meaningful mainly for new buildings, but many related concepts could be applied during renovation of old buildings, for example advanced glazing when replacing windows. Advanced new materials and devices can be used for energy conservation in buildings. There are many examples as the high performance angular selective window coatings.The modern passive solar design of buildings includes careful building orientation, use of thermal mass and appropriate openings, fenestration and if possible smart control of the entrance of sunlight and airflows. Heat is stored, when available, and can be used when required. Cooling airflows are also used. Phase change materials can be used for storage of large quantities of heat. Daylighting is the admittance of solar radiation in the interior of buildings making the work or living more enjoyable without artificial lights. The distribution of light should be such that it provides better quality of illumination. This creates in general healthier and more stimulating environment than the energy intensive traditional way. The modern passive solar design of buildings includes careful building orientation, use of thermal mass and appropriate openings, fenestration and if possible smart control of the entrance of sunlight and airflows. Heat is stored, when available, and can be used when required. Cooling airflows are also used. Phase change materials can be used for storage of large quantities of heat. We have worked mainly on smart windows and especially on the electrochromic films that can be deposited on glass permitting a dynamic control of the light entering the building. An electrochromic window can out-perform the best currently available window systems (in most applications) and has lower annual energy performance than an opaque insulating wall. The primary energy benefits are: reduced cooling, heating and ventilating loads and the ability to reduce electric lighting use by managing daylight admittance. The architectural, functional and aesthetic appeal of a dynamic coating that the electrochromic technology offers is difficult to quantify but it will be a major factor for many buildings in the future. After all many design decisions are made not on the economic basis of but rather on style and appearance. Thin films of electrochromic oxides, ion storage layers and transparent conductors are important for smart windows and all can be effectively fabricated by vacuum techniques. Appropriate polymer electrolytes are also needed and can be developed by chemical methods. All the above materials must be characterized by advanced methods to provide information on their surface and interface morphology, their structure, composition and physical properties. Electrochromic devices were fabricated and characterized by electrochemical techniques that determined the coloration efficiency, cycling reversibility and durability of the materials used, as well as the diffusion and mobility parameters of ions into the electrochromic films. Theoretical investigations were carried out to
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determine the mechanisms of ion transport and coloration of the materials involved and to predict the heat flow through an electrochromic evacuated glazing. A wealth of information was obtained that allowed us to optimize the window properties and choose the most suitable combination of materials. The technique of vacuum sealing is used to provide a durable contiguously sealed double-glazing. Electrochromic evacuated window prototypes with dimensions ranging from 20cm 20cm and up to 40cm 40cm were fabricated using a triple glass arrangement in our laboratory. We have developed and constructed various EC devices. A typical configuration of an electrochromic prototype includes K-Glass™/ WO3/ electrolyte/MgF2 /K- Glass™. The speed of coloration and bleaching of an EC device is governed by the mobility of the metal ions intercalated into the electrochromic layer. For some of the devices a liquid or gel (polymer) electrolyte supplies lithium ions (Li+) that intercalate into WO3 when the appropriate voltage is applied. This diffusion process of Li ions within the WO3 matrix depends on the oxide structure. High degree of disorder, large pores and other extended defects increase the rate of Li+ intercalation. Electron beam evaporated WO3 films deposited on substrates at room temperature are amorphous, with a columnar morphology. These characteristics make them suitable for application in EC devices. The typical thickness of the WO3 and MgF2 thin films that we routinely deposit is 350 nm and 150 nm respectively, while the electrolyte layer in most of the prototypes is 0.8 mm thick. In our earlier work we have used various techniques to prepare EC devices, based on WO3 and MoO3 thin films with satisfactory stability and performance. We have also developed devices with ion storage layers, and Ag based low emittance coatings; the last can be used also as transparent conductor for special applications. We developed laboratory prototypes with dimensions up to 40 cm 40 cm, exhibiting great uniformity and excellent properties. Details on all this work can be found in the literature [20-28]. The equipment used is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. (a) The vacuum chamber for the fabrication of the 40cm 40cm electrochromic samples. (b) Schematic representation of the position of the electron beam gun that is used for thin film deposition on glass. (c) Thickness mapping of a sample. A vacuum glazing using a low emittance film was formed in a special vacuum chamber. One outer glass surface was treated with the active electrochromic
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material before lamination. Using a polymer electrolyte this was laminated to the third glass sheet with the ion storage layer to produce a combined evacuated electrochromic glazing. The prototypes were tested for durability and performance. A series of experiments were carried out to determine their optical and thermal properties at various coloration stages. The prototypes were tested indoors under a controlled environment and outdoors under real conditions. In both tests, they were subjected to continuous coloration / bleaching cycles to accelerate the aging mechanisms of the active materials. The vacuum integrity after prolonged operation was also assessed. This series of tests provided definitive results for the performance and durability of the devices and was used as feedback for necessary improvements. The study included optimized electrochromic, ion storage and electrode materials and optimized polymer electrolytes. Theoretical models were also developed for the ion transfer from the electrolyte into the electrochromic material. U-values of the window at various coloration stages were found after the fabrication of electrochromic evacuated glazing prototypes, which were assessed for performance and durability. The objective was to develop an electrochromic evacuated glazing that will combine optimum control of the solar radiation penetrating into buildings, with a high degree of thermal insulation.
Using electrochromic windows as active elements in a building envelope can save up to about half of the energy used for air-conditioning. Better thermal insulation is provided with a reduction of the amount of space heating required during winter. Furthermore, such a glazing will facilitate better daylighting of buildings and offices. A standard electrochromic window will allow a continuous modulation of the luminance between two extreme values during daytime (900 and 300 lux in the bleached and colored state respectively). This can lead to significant improvement of workers productivity and a better feeling for the occupants in general. Improved day lighting can also be achieved by use of larger electrochromic evacuated glazing areas without undesirable increase of solar gain. During early morning and late afternoon hours, the electrochromic glazing can become transparent to improve natural lighting conditions, saving energy that is normally used for artificial lighting. An optimized electrochromic evacuated glazing allows dynamic solar control and can be integrated into the building energy management system, while it is capable to respond to user needs and climatic variations. We have prepared many large (40cm 40cm) electrochromic samples in our laboratory, such as the one displayed in figure 3 in the coloured and the bleached state.
Figure 3. The 40cm 40cm electrochromic samples in the coloured and the bleached state. Electrochromic evacuated glazing must be cost competitive, meeting market expectations for solar control window products. Large volume sales in the highly
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competitive architectural glass market will require pricing to be aggressive. For significant market penetration to occur, electrochromic evacuated glazing prices will need to be reduced by one order of magnitude to around 150 euro/m2, which is comparable to prices for low-e incorporating mechanical blind systems for light and energy control. Electrochromic windows have several advantages compared to conventional shading and solar control devices. They do not impede visibility, as with blinds and curtains, while it provides glare control and thermal comfort management. It has no moving parts and as a result, they have minimum maintenance costs. It requires low voltage power supply (it can even be powered by photovoltaics) and it can be integrated into the central power management of the building. It has practically infinite coloration stages. It can block both direct and diffuse solar radiation, unlike passive shading devices. It can become transparent during the early morning and afternoon hours, to improve natural lighting conditions, unlike tinted glass. The thermal properties can be evaluated by various methods. We have developed a dynamic simulation method using a suitable test cell that we have constructed and calibrated over the years [29]. In general, the test cell methodology is very important in order to check the results of new technologies and materials [30].
High Temperature applications and Solar Furnaces
There are so many important high temperature applications that we can hardly mention all of them. I shall mention those with a research interest to us. The most common are industrial applications requiring steam under pressure. In order to achieve this, concentrating systems that can follow the sun are designed. Knowledge of the principles of non-imaging optics and ray tracing techniques are routinely used as a design tool. Many shapes and geometries can be used of mainly asymmetric forms and proper reflecting materials must be chosen. Many examples can be found in the literature. Because of the importance of Hydrogen as a fuel in the future and in relation to our research interest in fuel cells the high-temperature solar thermo chemical water-spitting experiments have been developed. Formation Solar furnaces are also very important. A solar furnace uses a heliostat that tracks the sun to direct sunlight onto, for example, a mirrored parabolic dish. Because the focal point of the dish can be designed not to move, it is simple to install experiments. The power level of the furnace is adjusted using attenuators that work like a Venetian blind located between the heliostat and the dish other layouts are also used. Applications include investigations of the physical properties of materials in concentrated sunlight, including spectral emissivity and absorptivity, mechanical properties, thermal expansion, conductivity and diffusivity, specific heat and others. Also, the performance and failure thresholds of high-temperature ceramic and special purpose materials, some of which can be nano, can be determined. The solar thermal power plants are using various concentrating systems. One of the most costeffective is the parabolic trough power plant. A curved trough, which reflects sunlight onto a hollow tube running along above the trough, is used. The trough tilts during the day so that light remains focused on the hollow tube. A working fluid passes through the tube. Heat transfer oil is used. The oil passes through a heat exchanger, creating steam, which runs a steam turbine. Full-scale
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parabolic trough systems consist of many troughs laid out in parallel. Solar thermal systems using this principle are in operation in many countries. Parabolic trough systems can also create steam directly in the tubes; this concept has been proposed for cheaper overall designs. Central Tower power plants with Heliostats use an array of flat mirrors to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower. The concentrated sunlight is absorbed at the top of the tower where a special absorber is placed, heating liquid sodium or other metal of high heat capacity. The energy can be used in steam turbines. This system allows for power generation during the evening. Examples of heliostat power plants are at the 10 to 20 MW in several locations. Dish systems are also used for the same purpose. A parabolic dish with reflective surface focuses the solar radiation to a point, where an absorber is used to capture the heat. Dish systems can achieve high temperatures due to the higher concentration of light. Typically the dish is coupled with a Stirling engine, but sometimes a steam engine is coupled with the electric generator. Photovoltaics While work is still being done on PV cells based on the classical silicon (Si) technology, which dominates commercially, it appears that this work is reaching its limits. The new ideas about high efficiency cells are now realized in the laboratories.[31] The cost of the commercial production for these devices in the future is expected to be high [32]. However, the market share for highly efficient PV cells is expected to rise in the future. Thin film deposition by modern methods may allow the development of new products for PV solar energy conversion. The current status of photovoltaics is very interesting for us regarding the field of new and the emerging technologies and materials. In 2006, the worldwide solar photovoltaic industry reached a production 2.1GW at peak conditions, with an annual growth of about 30 percent for the last ten years. Now, the photovoltaic industry is in the process becoming a mature, mass-producing industry. Currently, the market is dominated by solar cells based on mono and multi-crystalline silicon technologies. The market size and the future growth are of interest to us as well as the emerging technologies. It is projected that the demand for non-silicon based solar cells will be strong in the future. Current problems with Si are centered on the adequate supply of feedstock material. We also look for higher efficiency and cost reduction. The new emerging solar cell technologies are: Organic and Polymer, Dye-sensitized cells, Nanocrystalline, Thin-film Amorphous, and other Thin-film technologies such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Cadmium Telluride, Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS), and Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS). The prospect of roll-to-roll processing for organic materials is of interest for future photovoltaic devices. However, efficiencies are not yet high enough for organic devices to be commercially viable. One of the possible methods to achieve higher efficiencies could be realized by mixing electron donor type polymers with suitable electron acceptors. Organic solar cells have been developed based on the bulk heterojunction concept of a conjugated polymer and a soluble derivative of the fullerene (C60 or C70) with power conversion efficiencies of about 3%. Improvement of the energy conversion efficiency of these devices relies on optimizing: the charge carrier generation, the selective transport and collection of charges at the electrodes; and the absorption of light. The generation of electron and hole pairs and their subsequent collection at the opposite electrodes affects the efficiency. Morphology and ordering in the active layer is of interest. One of the factors that play an important role is the entropy of mixing between two polymers. When a polymer
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blend is spin coated from a well-mixed solution, the faster the solvent evaporates, the less time the polymer has to rearrange itself into discrete domains. Phase separation is then taking place and domain sizes of a few nanometers to several microns are created. Controlling the morphology of the phase separation to achieve an interpenetrating bi-continuous network of donor and acceptor phases on a nanoscale (of the order of 10 nm), one can achieve a high interfacial area within a bulk heterojunction blend. Annealing the film after spin-coating, exposure to solvent vapors or controlling the rate of solvent evaporation could alter the morphology of the blend and a phase separation of 10 nm can be achieved. Hole transport (p-type) conjugated polymers that have been used are: the poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs), poly(p-phenylene)s, polythiophenes as well as their derivates. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the best candidates due to low energy band gap suitable for red light absorption, the high charge carrier mobility and the excellent solubility in organic solvents. Electron accepting materials (n-type) with high electron affinity have recently been synthesized and investigated. Main chain polyquinoxalines, [33] are representative class of materials, which combine the high electron affinity with high thermal and oxidative stability, outstanding mechanical properties and good film-forming ability [34]. Many oxadiazole- containing polymers have been employed as electron transporting materials in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) [35]. This ability to carry electrons is believed to arise from the high electron affinity of the oxadiazole ring in the molecule. However, they exhibit low solubility and poor solution processability. Efforts have been made to incorporate conjugated oligomers into polymers either as polymer backbones or as side chains in order to improve their solubility [36]. As an example, we refer to the synthesis of four main chain 1,3,4-oxadiazole copolyethers by the nucleophilic poly condensation reaction with optical characterization. Moreover, a fluorene copolymer containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole unit (PFOXD) was also synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. In addition, a detailed AFM study of the surface morphology of the blends consisted of the regioregular poly(3- hexyl)thiophene with TSTPOXD and PFOXD as thin films was performed. Finally, the photovoltaic response of the TSTPOXD or PFOXD with the P3HT as bulk heterojunction mixtures and a single layer device of the PAFOXD were investigated [37]. Dye-sensitized solar cells present considerable scientific interest. They are based on dyesensitized mesoporous films of TiO2 and are also possible low cost alternatives to conventional solar cell devices. [38]. The fundamental aspects of these cells are connected with the theory of spectral sensitization. The suitability of dye molecules is examined with respect to their energy levels in relation to the semiconductor on which they are adsorbed. Charge transfer from the dye to the semiconductor upon photo-excitation and related phenomena in the dark are important. The efficiency of sensitization depends on many factors, such as the form of aggregation and the presence of charged defects. Spectral sensitization is a photo process requiring times of the order of 10-10 seconds, for the relevant transitions between energy levels. The understanding of the complex phenomena related to the spectral sensitization process is based on the comparison of the energy levels of adsorbed molecules with the corresponding energy levels of the mesoporous films. Figure 4 shows an I-V and power plot for a dye sensitised nanostructured solar cell produced in our laboratory, sensitised with Rodamine B. The fill factor of this particular cell was calculated to be 0.51.
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A distribution of energy levels of the dye molecules exist, with a range of the order of 1 eV, due to the Coulomb interaction of the molecules with the defects of the substrate. This results from Quantum Mechanical calculations, followed by Monte Carlo type simulations for the generation of the distribution. The effect of the distribution of energy levels plays a crucial role in the primary electron transfer from the dye to the semiconductor upon photo-excitation. [39-42]
Figure 4. I-V plot for a dye sensitised nanostructured solar cell produced in our laboratory. The power produced by the solar cell is also presented, on the secondary axis An interesting issue is also the combination of electrical and thermal output. In this category we include the hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collectors (PV-TC) and solar systems [43, 44]. The efficiency of solar cells drops with increasing operating temperatures. Natural circulation of air is the easiest way to remove heat from the PV modules. Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector (PVTC) systems are under development in order to achieve high efficiency by simultaneous electricity and heat generation. As the energy efficiency of the systems becomes higher, the cost of production and installation is expected to become more affordable. This is very important for the wider use of solar energy in buildings and for the market penetration of PV. The hybrid systems can give higher efficiencies of photovoltaic conversion to electricity, because they allow the PV panel to work at lower temperatures, while at the same time they can preheat the working fluid, in most cases water or air, for thermal applications. They may be more attractive at places of high ambient temperatures and they can be effective at well-designed installations that consume large quantities of warm water, as for example swimming pool heating. Colored solar thermal and hybrid PV-TC systems for aesthetically sensitive applications, as in locations with a special character, for example in the Greek islands, have been also proposed and studied [45]. Diffuse reflectors can also help to increase the radiation per unit PV area, as well as additional transparent covers for increased thermal efficiency [46].
Concluding remarks
Modern technology in the field of thin film deposition may allow the development of new products for solar energy conversion. The new products are
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required to have very stringent properties to satisfy users, be cost effective, compete with conventional sources and take into account the environmental concerns. Only in this way the field of solar energy conversion will penetrate the conventional energy system at an expanding rate.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks to prof. Dr. V.N. Bhoroskar Head of the Department of Physics University of Pune Ganeshkhind Pune-411007 (India) for his continuous support and motivation.
References http://www.estec2005.org G. Leftheriotis, P. Yianoulis, D. Patrikios, Thin Solid Films 306 (1997), p. 92 G. Leftheriotis and P. Yianoulis. Assessment of low-e soft coatings for advanced glazing applications. Proceedings of the 5th World Renewable Energy Congress, Sept. 1998, Florence, Italy, Vol. 3, pp. 1587-1590. G. Leftheriotis, P. Yianoulis, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 58 (1999), p. 185 G. Leftheriotis, S. Papaefthimiou, P. Yianoulis, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 61(2000), p. 107 G. Leftheriotis, S. Papaefthimiou, P. Yianoulis, Solid State Ionics 136-137 (2000), p. 655 Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, P. Yianoulis, Solar Energy 48 (1992), p. 31 Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis Proc. International Conf.:"Applied Optics in Solar Energy II", Prague, 7-9 July 1987, pp. 297-299. Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, P. Yianoulis, S. Papaefthimiou, S. Zafeiratos,Solar Energy 69 (2000),p.191 Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis Proc. International Conf.: "Applied Optics in Solar Energy III", Prague, 2-6 October 1989, pp.118-123. Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis. Proceedings of Northsun '90, University of Reading,U.K., 18-21 Sept.1990, Pergamon Press, pp. 346-350. Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis. ISES Solar World Congress, 19-23 August 1991,Denver, Colorado, USA. Vol.2 part II, 2238 (1991). Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis. ISES Int. Conf. Budapest, p.827 (1993) Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis. Int. Conf. WREC III, Reading, UK, Proc. Part III,p.1908 (1994). Y Tripanagnostopoulos, P. Yianoulis. ISES Solar World Congress, Proc. Abstract p. 159,Harare, Zimbabwe (1995). Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, P. Yianoulis, Solar Energy 58 (1996), p. 49 P. C. Eames, Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, P. Yianoulis and B. Norton. ISES Solar World Congress,Proc. Abs. 238, Harare Zimbabwe (1995).
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Population Census in Nepal: Past and Present
Lekhanath Luitel The Department of Population Education Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract The most fundamental source of data for the study of population is the population census. In fact, the very purpose of a census in modern time is to produce statistical data on various aspects of any population. Keeping keen consideration on that fact, this study deals about various aspects of census in past and present in terms of Nepal.
Introduction The word "census" is derived from the Latin word 'censere' and it's actual meaning is "value or tax". In very ancient time census was bounded only for tax purpose and become popular for military purpose later. So, in an ancient time, population censuses were prepared in order to identify the person who could be taxed and recruited for military forces. At present, in a population census, the total number of household and their population are counted. it collects the information about the various aspects of population. The process of enumeration of entire population of a country or a region at a particular time is known as census. Generally, census is conducted in every 10 years and provides information about age, sex, caste, religion, marital status, literacy, occupation and so many other socio- economic as well as demographic events. Population censuses are taken to obtain information on the state of the population at a given time. In other words, a national population census is a nationwide counting of a people at a specific period of time. A population census is believed to be the best method of counting the total number of inhabitants for an area at a certain point of time. In addition to the count of all people in a specified area at a given period, present day census also collects other demographic, social, economic and so many others information. It is a complex, large scale and major statistical activity of a country that requires a
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considerable amount of economic as well as human resources. This might be one of the reasons that many countries take censuses at intervals of no less than 5 years or often of 10 years. In Nepal, like in many other countries, population censuses have been taken in every 10 years. The typical scope of a census is the size, distribution and characteristics of the population. In countries without adequate registration of vital events, however, population census includes questions about birth and death of household members in the period preceding the census. According to United Nations Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, "A census of population may be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing, and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time to all persons in a country or in a well defined territory." This means population census not only provides information about demographic events besides this it also provides information about social, political, cultural, economic and so many other events and population situation of a country. A complete canvass of the population would always be recognized as census. Most national censuses do aim at a complete count or listing of the inhabitants. A census implies that each individual is separately, but only once, enumerated and that some important characteristics of each persons are separately recorded. The census covers a precisely defined territory, such as the entire country or a well defined part of it. A reference period is pre determined for the enumeration and the entire population is counted with reference to that point of time. A census is taken at regular intervals. Population census is the primary sources of basic national population data required for administrative purposes and for many aspects of economic and social planning and research. It provides us with information on trends in population growth, changes in the age and sex structure of the population, the course of fertility and mortality, migration and urbanization. The census also contributes to our knowledge of the changes in the nation's occupational and industrial composition, in it's levels of literacy and educational attainments, in its level of living and other cultural characteristics such as religion and languages. It is also useful in providing a base for drawing up samples for various kinds of surveys. The main objective of population census is the determination of the number of inhabitants.
Nepal doesn't have a long history of census taking. The first census in Nepal was recorded in 1911 A.D. Then after every decade, the census has been taken. But the census conducted in 1952/1954 was recognized as the first scientific census which was conducted with taking the technical assistance from the United Nations. Latest census taken in 2011 A.D. was conducted by
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skilled and trained personnel. It is the 11th decennial in the history of census taking in Nepal.
The size of population of Nepal in different censuses is shown in the table given below: Table No. 1 Population size, Intercensal change, Annual growth rate and Persons per Sq. Km
Total Intercensal Annual Growth Persons per sq. Population Change Rate (%) km. 1911 56,38,749 - - 38.31 1920 55,73,788 -64,961 -0.13 37.87 1930 55,32,574 -41,214 -0.07 37.59 1941 62,83,649 7,51,075 1.16 42.69 1952/54 82,56,625 19,72,976 2.30 56.10 1961 94,12,996 11,56,371 1.65 63.96 1971 1,15,55,983 21,42,987 2.07 78.52 1981 1,50,22,839 34,66,856 2.66 102.07 1991 1,84,91,097 34,68,258 2.10 125.64 2001 2,31,51,423 46,60,326 2.25 157.30 2011* 2,66,20,809 34,69,386 1.40 181
Source: CBS, 1911 to 2011. * Preliminary Report of Census year 2011.
From the above table and figure, it can be clearly stated that the total size of the population of our country was decreased in previous census years 1920 and 1930 AD. There were two reasons behind it. The first was young people from our country used to migrate to different countries for recruiting in foreign army during the period of the first world war and the second reason
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was that the census was conducted using the manpower having less technical knowledge and experiences. Census of the year 2011 is the latest one in the history of census taking in Nepal. So, the major findings of this census according to preliminary report is better to be illustrated here. This is given below: Major Highlights of the Preliminary Results; 2011.
1. Population of Nepal as of census day, june 22, 2011 stands at 26.6 million. 2. Total addition in the population of Nepal during last 10 years is recorded as 3.45 million with an annual average growth of 1.4 percent. 4. Population density of Nepal is estimated 181 per sq. km. Kathmandu district has the highest density (4408) and Manang (3) has the least. 5. Kathmandu has recorded the highest decadal population growth (60.93%) compared to all Nepal (14.99%) and lowest in Manang (-31.92%). 6. Tarai constitute 50.15% of population while hill constitutes 43.1% and mountain 6.75%. 7. Central development region records highest population (36.5%) and far western development region record the lowest (9.6%) Sex ratio is estimated to be 94.41 (male per 100 female) in the current census as compared to 99.80 in the previous census 2001. 8. National average household size has decreased from 5.44 in 2001 to 4.70 in 2011.The household size is recorded to be highest in Rautahat (6.33) and lowest (3.71) in Kathmandu. 9. Absent population of Nepal is recorded as 1.92 million against 0.762 million in 2001. 10. As per the census results, out of total population, 17% (4.5 millions) reside in urban areas.
References Bhende, Asha and Tara Kanitkar ( 2001). Principle of Population studies (Mumbai: Himalayan Publishing House), Fourteenth Edition.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2003), Population Monograph of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2003), Population census 2001, selected table. National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2011), Preliminary results of National Population Census, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Shah, Dr. R.K.(2006). Population Education with Mathematics. Pp.104- 106.
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Shryock, Henry S., Jacop S. Seigel and associates (1971). The Methods and Materials of Demography, Vol I and II (Wasington D.C.: Bureau of the census).
Gender Equality and Economic Development
Radhika Subedi The Department of Economics Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa
Abstract
Many movements are made for elimination of gender discrimination in the world. However, women are still back in every sector than men. In the developed countries where there is no discrimination of sex, has made economic growth themselves. On the other hand, where there is high gender inequality, the countries are not economically, socially, culturally and politically sustainable. In most of the developing country‟s women‟s right is restricted to mention in constitution and some countries, where there is the provision of equal right in constitution but it is not in well practiced. At first, women are human beings, so they must consume Human Rights as men. Some special rights, opportunities and facilities should be provided to women for balanced development of all sectors. Otherwise country cannot get success in economic development. This research paper has tried to provide general information how, where and why women are discriminated, their challenges and some ideas to eliminate it.
Gender equality and economic development are interrelated; without gender equality economic development is impossible and gender equality is not possible without woman empowerment. Empowered women are valuable assets for their family, society and nation. It provides a chance to make their own choice; challenge the worthiness of old tradition and opportunities for jobs and self employment. Women need to empower to prevent and recover from discrimination and abuse as well as to exercise their political and civil rights. It helps to fulfill various requirements of their family, society and nation for development. Equal access to education, training, science and technology: Pathway to decent work for women. That‟s why gender equality is necessary for substantial economic development.
The theme of international woman's day 2010 was “Equal rights; equal opportunities; progress for all”. In his message to the current international woman's day the Secretary General of the United Nation, Ban-ki- Moon explained the meaning of the theme by stressing once again the duality to gender equality and woman's empowerment. Both aims are a matter of human rights and beyond that; they have an economic and social imparity which means "until woman and girls are liberated from poverty and injustice, all our goals, peace, security sustainable development stand in Jeopardy"
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According to Human Development Report 2011, the World Bank categorizes countries into following four types on the basis of gender equality and women empowerment; Very high human development countries Sweden, Netherland, Denmark, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Germany, Singapore, Island, France, Canada, Japan, United State, UK etc. lie in this category where the value of gender inequality index is very low and woman empowerment is high. Most of the high developed countries lie under this category. (HDR 2011 table 4) High human development countries Uruguay, Cuba, Malaysia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Russian Federation, Albania, and Kostunica etc. lie in this category, where gender inequality index is low and woman empowerment is high. Other 47 developed countries lie under this category. (HDR 2011 table 4) Medium human development countries Jordan, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Mongolia, Maldives, Egypt, Iraq India, Bhutan etc. Where gender inequality index is high and women empowerment is low. Other 47 developing countries lie in this category.(HDR 2011 table 4) Low human development countries Kenya, Nepal, Bangladesh, Haiti, Gambia, Pakistan, Yemen, Cameroon, Sudan, Angola etc. are lied under this categorizes where gender inequality is very high and woman empowerment is very low.Except all aforementioned countries are under this categories.(HDR 2011 table 4)
Gender equality is first and foremost a human rights issue, where men and women are initiated to live in dignity and in freedom for desire. It is achieved when men and women have equal rights, freedoms, conditions and opportunities for realizing their full potential and for contributing to, and benefiting from economies, cultural, social and political development. Gender equality consists of three dimensions such as; The capabilities domain refers to basic human abilities as measured through education, health and nutrition. These are fundamental to individual well-being. The access to resources and opportunities domain refers primarily to equality in the opportunity to use or apply basic capabilities through access to economic assets (such as land, property or infrastructure) and resources (such as income and employment) as well as political opportunity. The security domain is defined to mean reduced vulnerability to violence and conflict, which result in physical and psychological harm and lessen the ability of societies to fulfill their potentiality. ( Millennium Project),
Eventhough women are the major founders of the society, yet women have not achieved equality with men. There are 1.3 billion poor people in the world, it is estimated that nearly 70 per cent are women. Between 75 and 80 per cent of the world‟s 27 million refugees are women. There are many countries where women are considered as second-class citizens and subordinate, though the equal rights are preserved in the constitution (Kiran/status of women in Nepal). Societal norms and rules
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may exclude women form particular types of paid employment or leadership position on the other hand men may be excluded from child care and home sphere which is considered the woman's territory. In developing countries large numbers of women are still subjective to domestic violence, lack of access to resources to finance, land, inherent rights, and health care nutrition.
Nepalese women are too severe to compare with men. Woman‟s situation is very poor in health, education, participation, income generation, self-confidence, decision-making, access to policymaking, and human rights. National statistics shows that women‟s literacy rate is 30 percent while 66 percent to male (CBS, 2011). The enrollment of women in higher education is only 24.95 percent. Women‟ involvement in technical and vocational education is also lower than men. A large part of women‟s work is not considered as economic activity. On the Nepalese context, most of the women contribute in the agricultural area and house worker but their work is invisible to their familiy, communitiy and countriy. Most women are self employed but their experience and expertise are not recognized. Women‟s average work burden has 10.9 and men‟s average work burden presently is 7.8 hours a day, 3.1 hours less than that of women (Nepal report). Participation of women in politics is negligible. Women are excluded economically, socially and politically in Nepal. In Nepal, the violence against women is rampant. Several research projects have indicated that 66 percent of women have to endure verbal abuses, 33 percent emotional abuse, while 77 percent of the perpetrators were family members (UNICEF 2001) Untouchability, Kamaya System, Deuki custom, Jhuma custom, dowry, Chhaupadi cultural,Kamalari culture, salvery system, girls trafficking etc are main socio-cultural evils which adversely affect in gender equality, women empowerment and economic development in Nepal.
According to interim constitution of Nepal 2006, it has made provision for the rights of woman under fundamental rights as follows; No women shall be discriminated against in any way on the basis of gender. Every woman shall have rights to reproductive health and other reproductive rights. No physical, mental or other form of violence shall be inflicted on any woman and such an act shall be punishable by law. Sons and daughters shall have equal rights to ancestral property. (Article 20)
While reading the provision under constitution of Nepal 2006, it seems that will be no gender discrimination and no violence against woman in Nepal but it is not in practice. There are several typical and cultural practices that have established masculine hegemony. The Fossil of stereotypical ideology still prevails in Nepal. The discrimination is also realized in act and regulations. Some instance of gender discrimination under legal system is as follows:
Citizenship: - There is bias provision that a woman of forging nationality who is married to Nepali citizen may acquire naturalized citizenship where as there is no
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provision for a foreign man who is married to Nepali woman to occur citizenship (article 8 (6)) Property: - Married women do not hold the share in ancestral property; it is inherited only by the male. (Civil art) Employment: - Army, police acts has provision that she should be single (unmarried or widow) to go in army police and it is restricted to only woman to marry during training (Army Police regulation 4 (3) and 4 (4)) Reproductive health:-Eventhough Interim constitution of Nepal 2006 has guaranteed reproductive health and reproductive rights there is no clear provision to regulate rules and regulation. There is no provision regarding pregnant level in some law of civil services (Labor regulation) Court Procedure: - Personal detail for legal identity is made by father or husband name only (district Court Regulation) The main challenges of women‟s empowerment and economic development can be mentioned as follows: No control of woman leadership over the state mechanism. Lack of opportunities and access over control and over resources. Difficulties to manage the time for political and empowerment program participant. Challenges to be updated on human rights inclusive democracy and women empowerment issues including international treaties and provision. Challenges to cope barriers to cultural values and practices that are family entrenched in system and structure of society patriarchal structure of society hinders women‟s social, cultural , economic and political participant Challenges to upgraded and rise the illiteracy rate of women in Nepal which severely limits women's participant in politics. Rampant violence against woman limits interest and active involvement in political activities. Families regard female members as weak and in need of protection throughout their lives and women who interact outside prescribed relation are viewed with suspicion of concept. Thus, these challenges to overcome such concept. Challenges to unhealthy power relationship etc.
In conclusion, it is obviously clear that men and women are the two wheels of a cart, if there is something wrong in one side of the cart, it can‟t move properly. Similarly, if there is any obstacle in one of the part of the human being, there is less chances of economic development of the world. In this 21st century, if we neglect the convention of „Gender Equality‟, we should face the absence of „Economic Development‟. Thus, „Gender Equality and Economic Development‟ are interrelated as men and women in this global world.
Recommendations
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The followings are the essential factors behind the changes for social attitudes towards women and gender equality, and economic development. Greater involvement of women in all fields should be ensured, Provision for education and training for women to enable gainful employment in small scale industries in rural and urban areas, At least 50 percent reservation of seats for requirement of women in government and privet sectors for a certain period, Free education for women, Provision of equal wealth, equal authorities and responsibilities even in the household works, Provision of micro finance facilities through bank and cooperative societies.etc.
References
( Millennium Project Pg.ii&iii) ,Nancy Birdsall , Amina J. Ibrahim, Geeta Rao Gupt, February 1, 2004 Task Force 3 Interim Report on Gender Equality www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/tf3genderinterim.pdf Kiran,Status- of-women-in-Nepal .http://www.everestuncensored.org/3411/2008/12/02/status-of-women-in-nepal/ . "Declarations, Reservations and Objections to CEDAW". Un.org. Retrieved 2011-09-27. "'Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women'". Treaties.un.org. Retrieved 2011-09-27. Note: See New Zealand No 47 Declarations and Reservations New Zealand has signed this treaty on behalf on Niue Secretary-General's Message on International Women's Day 8 March 2011 .International Women's Day, 8 March 2011 www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2011/sg_message_2011.shtm Violence against women in South Asia www.unfpa.org.np/pub/vaw/VAW_REG_Analysis.pdf Women in the labor force in Japan: Catalyst Women‟s Representation in World Parliaments (March 07, 2011) www.sweden.se/eng/Home/.../Gender-equality-in-Sweden/(August 2011) Nepal- report on the State of Women in Urban Local Government www.unescap.org/huset/women/reports/nepal.pdf Gender Inequality Index and related indicators hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pd .The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007 - Wel come to Constitution of ... hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pd UNICEF 2011, Violence against women www.worecnepal.org/programs/violence-against-women - Women's representation in the Parliament of Nepal - Wikipedia, the ... www.sambidhan.org/the%20interim%20const%20nep%2007_en.htm Dr. Meena Acharya :Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women in Nepal Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women in Nepal 2007
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nepal.unfpa.org/pdf/Gender%20Equality.pdf constitution of Nepal 1990.
Income Tax Liability to Natural Resident Person
Tej Prasad Acharya The Department of Management Damak Multiple Campus Damak, Jhapa 1. Introduction 1.1 Meaning of tax Tax is a compulsory levy and those who are taxed have to pay it without getting corresponding benefit of services or goods from the government. Adam Smith defined tax as a contribution from citizens for the support of the state. According to Plehn, taxes are general contribution of wealth levied upon natural person or corporate to defray expenses incurred in conferring common benefits upon the residents of the states. 1.2 Income Income means a person‟s income from any employment, business, profession, investment or casual gain and total of that income as calculated in accordance with Income tax Act for the provision of labor or capital. Income received for the provision of capital is called income from investment, income received for provision of labor is called income from employment, income received for the provision of capital and labor is called income from business or profession and incomes without providing labor or capital are casual income or windfall gain. Amount received from lottery, money found in street, prize from chow-chow etc. are casual income. Casual gains are subject to a deduction of advance tax at 25% (final). 1.3 Natural resident person An individual is said to be a resident individual in an income year if his or her normal place of abode is in Nepal, if he or she is deputed by Government of Nepal to a foreign country in any time of the income year, if foreign citizen has resided in Nepal for 183 days or more during a continuous period of 365 days. Therefore, tax is a permanent instrument of collecting revenues for the government. It may be levied on income, property and even at the time of purchasing a commodity. It is a legal duty of every citizen of the country to pay honestly. The main objective of taxation are raising more revenue for the development and welfare activities, to regulate and boost up the economy in accordance with the needs of the country, preventing concentration of wealth in few hands of the rich people, redistribution of wealth in the country, and removing regional disparities. 2. Amounts included in taxable income 2.1 Amounts included in employment income Employment is a contract between two parties i.e. employer and employee. An employer is a person or institution that hires employees to get mental or physical
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service against a regular payment of salary, wages and other benefits. Following amounts are included in employment income. Salary, wages, pay for overtime, festival allowance, prize or gift related to employment, bonus, tips, leave pay, different types of allowances Reimbursed or paid by employer of employee‟s personal expenses Contribution to retirement fund by employer Amounts of vehicle facility provided by employer ( 0.5% of salary) Accommodation facility provided by employer (2% of salary) Life insurance premium(LIP) , medical expenses of employee paid by employer Any meal, refreshment or entertainment facility provided by employer not in similar basis Underpayment of interest to employer Amount of services related to drinking water, electricity, telephone bill of employee paid by employer Amount of services of house keeper, chauffer, gardener, cook provided by employer Payments by the employer for petty expenses relating to tea expenses, stationeries, prize and emergency medical treatment above than Rs. 500 at a time Encashment of accumulated leave accrued after Chaitra 18, 2058 Pension income with Dashain allowance Gratuity received (50% of gratuity after Chaitra 18, 2058 or Rs. 5, 00,000 whichever is higher is not taxable income. It is also noted that gratuity before Chaitra 18, 2058 is not taxable) 2.2 Amounts included in professional or business income Generally, business is a commercial activity undertaken with a profit motive consisting of the combined provision of labor and capital according to act. Income tax Act 2058 has defined as an industry, a trade, a profession or the isolated transaction with a business character. Following amounts are included in profession or business income. Service fees (Consultancy fee, Visiting fee, Audit fee, Tuition fee, Examiner‟s fee etc.) Commission, Bonus Gift or prize from client Motor vehicle facility provided by clients (1% of market value of vehicle) Accommodation facility provided by clients (25% of actual or prevailing rent) Bad debt recovered Disposal of trading stock Sale of old newspaper, journal Compensation on loss of stock Net gain from disposal of business stock Discount received, Fees from writing articles Exchange gain, Miscellaneous income Underpayment of interest Gain from disposal of pool of depreciable assets Other professional receipts To find the assessable income from business and profession, revenue natures business and profession expenses should be deducted. 2.3 Amounts included in investment income Income from investment refers to incomes generated from provision of capital. Following amounts are included in investment income.
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Royalty income Payment received from natural resources Rent received without tax deduced at source Interest from private money lending Gift received in respect of the investment Bad debt recovered in respect of investment Amount received for compensation in respect of investment Exchange gain in respect of investment Underpayment of interest in respect of investment Income received from joint investment Net gain from non-business chargeable assets (Gain from sale of share, debenture, land and building) Amount received in lieu of accepting any restrictions regarding investment To find the assessable income from investment, revenue natures of investment expenses should be deducted. 3 Tax exempt amounts 3.1 Income tax Act, 2058 has exempted following amounts from income. Amount received by a person entitled to tax exemption privileges under a bilateral treaty between the Government of Nepal and a foreign country or an international organization Amount received from the public fund of foreign country by an individual who is not a citizen of Nepal Allowances paid by the GON to widow, elder citizen or disabled allowance Amount received by way of bequest, inheritance or scholarship Pension received by a Nepali citizen retired from the army or police service of a foreign country 3.2 Following final withholding payments (after tax payments) are not shown in income by a natural resident person Dividend from resident company (withholding rate is 5%) Interest from bank, financial institutions, debentures, bonds (5%) Rent received by an individual other than conducting business with source in Nepal(10%) Meeting allowance, TADA for office purpose (Withholding rate is 15%) Retirement payment by approved retirement fund (5%) Gain from investment insurance or amount received from life insurance (5%) Casual gain (25%) Teaching on part-time basis, remuneration from part time job (15%) 3. Deductible common expenses Following payments are allowed for reduction from the total assessable income to find the taxable income of an individual. 3.1 Retirement contribution to an approved retirement fund Contribution to an approved retirement fund, Citizen Investment Trust (CIT) can be deducted in an income year is Rs. 3,00,000 or one-third of total assessable income or actual contribution to approved retirement fund and Citizen Investment Trust (CIT) ; whichever is lowest. 3.2 Donation Donation given to an approved tax exempt or non-profit motive Nepalese organization is deductible up to a maximum limit of Rs. 1, 00,000 or 5% of adjusted taxable or actual donation, whichever is lowest. However, the Government of Nepal (GON) may prescribe by a notification in the Nepal Gazette as to allow full deduction of the donation at the time of assessing taxable income.
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3.3 Reduction for the life insurance premium of tax payer‟s is allowed maximum Rs. 20000 per annum, 3.4 Reduction for remote area exemption up to Rs. 50000 per year depending upon the location of remote area prescribe by GON worked by individual (Rs. 50000, 40000, 30000, 20000 and 10000 for remote area A, B, C, D and E respectively) 3.5 Reduction of 50% of basic exemption limit by a disabled individual. 3.6 Reduction of 25% of basic exemption by individual having pension income 3.7 Reduction of 75% of foreign allowance by a Nepalese diplomats 4. Tax rates 5.1 Income tax Act, 2058 has specified following tax rate applicable to a resident individual, couple having taxable income from employment, profession, business and revenue investment income to the income year 2067/68. For Individual for Couple, Widow, Widower Basic exemption Rs. 1, 60,000 @1% Basic exemption Rs. 2, 00,000 @1% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 22, 40,000 @25% Next Rs. 22, 00,000 @25% Balance sum ……………. @35% Balance sum ….....……. @35% 5.2 A resident individual, couple, widow, widower having taxable income from business, profession and revenue investment income is taxed as under. For Individual For Couple, Widow, Widower Basic exemption Rs. 1, 60,000 @0% Basic exemption Rs. 2, 00,000 @0% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 22, 40,000 @25% Next Rs. 22, 00,000 @25% Balance sum …………… @35% Balance sum ………. @35% 5.3 For gain on sale of non-business chargeable assets or gain on sale of share, debenture, land and building: i) Gain from disposal of securities is taxed at 10% ii) Gain from sale of house and land : If the ownership has been more than five years, only 5% tax is applicable If the ownership has been less than five years, 10% tax is applicable on such gain 5.4 An individual engaged in operation of special industry (Special industry refers to a manufacturing industry other hand related to a liquor or tobacco) for the whole year is taxed as under. For Individual For Couple, Widow, Widower Basic exemption Rs. 1, 60,000 @0% Basic exemption Rs. 2,00,000 @0% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% Next Rs. 22, 40,000 @20% Next Rs. 22, 00,000 @20% Balance sum ……. @28% Balance sum …………. @28% 5.5 Tax rate of casual gain is 25% Special provisions 1. A resident woman having employment income only is granted a rebate of 10% from her total tax liability. 2. A resident individual may claim a medical tax credit for the medical expenses (treatment expense and health insurance premium) of tax payer .The maximum medical tax credit will be lower of Rs. 750 or 15% of approved medical expenses. If 15% of medical expenses are greater than 750, balance medical tax credit can be carried forward to following income years. To enjoy medical tax credit facility, a tax payer is required to fill up “Medical Tax Credit Claim Form.”
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3. A resident person may claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income tax paid abroad according to average rate of Nepalese income tax. 4. The royalty earned from export of intellectual properties by a person is exempted 25% on applicable income tax rate. 5. The royalty earned from export of intellectual properties by a person is exempted 25% on applicable income tax rate. 6. The income earned from sale of intellectual properties by a person is exempted 50% on applicable income tax rate. 7. A special relief has provided to resident individual tax payers running small businesses, whose annual income and annual turnover (Sales) do not exceed Rs. 2,00,000 and Rs.20,00,000 respectively, annual taxed as under. Metropolis or sub-metropolis Rs. 3500 Municipality Rs. 2000 Other places Rs. 1250 Some examples Example – 1 Mr. Aryan Rai joined a public campus on first Shrawan of previous income year. He furnished following particulars relevant to the previous income year. Salary - Rs 20,000 p.m. Festival(Dashain) allowance equal to one month‟s salary Contribution to recognized provident fund by campus -10% of salary Dearness allowance – Rs. 1200 p.m. Department head allowance –Rs. 1000 p.m. Meeting allowance – Rs. 1700 (net) Best teacher award received from campus – Rs. 20000 Prize received from Rum-Pum chow-chow – Rs.75000(after TDS Rs. 25000) Income from writing articles – Rs.50000 Income from tuition– Rs. 200000 Overtime pay from campus – Rs.25000 p.a. He enjoyed a quarter facility from campus This campus is located in remote area “E” Classified by GON He claimed for deduction Life insurance premium (own self) – Rs.22000 Medical expenses incurred by him – Rs.8000 Donation to registered political party – Rs.6000 Donation to local health post– Rs. 3000 Contribution to provident fund – 10% of salary Contribution to Citizen Investment Trust(CIT) – Rs. 3000 per month Collection charge of tuition fee – Rs. 5000 Domestic expenses– Rs. 120000 School‟s tuition fees of children– Rs. 60000 He elected to be assessed as a couple Tax deducted at source(One percent of salary)- Rs.2400
Required
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1. Taxable income 2. Tax liability and tax payable
Solution Computation of taxable income of Mr. Aryan Rai for the income year 2067/68 Particulars Amount Income From Employment 1. Salary (20000*12) Rs. 2,40,000 2. Festival allowance (One month‟s salary) 20,000 3. Contribution to provident fund by employer (10% of salary) 24,000 4. Dearness allowances 14,400 5. Department head allowance 12,000 6. Best teacher award from campus 20,000 7. Over time pay 25,000 8. Quarter facility provided by campus ( 2% of salary) 4,800 Assessable income from employment Rs. 3,60,200 Income From Profession 1. Income from writing articles Rs. 50,000 2. Income from tuition 2,00,000 Gross income Rs. 2,50,000 Less, Collection charge of tuition fee 5,000 Assessable income from profession Rs. 2,45,000 Total assessable income(Employment and Profession) (360200+245000) Rs. 6,05,200 Less, Common expenses 1. Contribution to retirement fund Rs. 84,000 [1/3 of total assessable income = 2,01,733 Or, Maximum =3,00,000 Or Actual contribution to P.F. and CIT =84,000, whichever is less ] 2. Donation Rs. 9,000 [ 5% of adjusted income (605200 – 84000 = 521200*5% = 26060 Or, Maximum = 100000 Or, Actual donation = 9000, whichever is less ] Total taxable income Rs. 5,12,200 Less, Life insurance premium Rs. 20,000 [Maximum = 20000 Or, Actual = 22000, whichever is less ] Less, Remote area exemption (Area – E) Rs. 10,000 Taxable income Rs. 4,82,200
Calculation of tax liability and tax payable Couple‟s basic exemption: Rs. 2, 00,000 @ 1% = Rs. 2,000 Next Rs. 1, 00,000 @15% = Rs. 15,000 Balance Rs. 1, 82,200 @ 25% = Rs. 45,550 Total tax liability = Rs. 62,550 Less, Medical tax credit 15% of medical exemption =Rs. 1200 Rs. 750 (8000*15%=1200) { Or, Rs. 750, whichever is less] }
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Less, Tax deduction at source Rs. 2,400 Tax payable by Mr. Aryan = Rs. 59,400 Example -2 Mr. Krishna received following amounts as retirement payment from a reputed firm who is joined 18 years ago. Total amount Amount due before Heads of income received 2058/12/19 1. Employee provident fund Rs. 8,25,000 Rs. 3,12,500 2. Gratuity 4,00,000 1,60,000 3. Leave pay 2,50,000 1,50,000 Additional cash received as medical expenses at the time of retirement (Lump sum) Rs. 2, 20,000
Compute the tax liability of Mr. Krishna Solution: Taxation of retirement fund benefit of Mr. Krishna Particulars Amount 1. Employees provident fund after 2058/12/18 Rs. 512500 2. Gratuity after 2058/12/18 240000 3. Leave pay after 2058/12/18 100000 4. Medical expenses above than Rs. 1,80,000 40000 Total Rs. 892500 Less, 50% of total retirement payment = 446250 Rs. 500000 Or, 500000, whichever is higher Taxable income Rs. 3, 92,500 Tax liability at source = Rs. 3, 92,500*5% = Rs.19, 625 Mr. Krishna will receive at the time of retirement = Rs. 825000+400000+250000+220000 – Rs. 19625 =Rs. 16, 75,375 Note: Retirement payments before 2058/12/19 are tax free.
Reference
1. Adhikari, B.D. (2059). Income Tax Law Past and Present.Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic Publication 2. Bhagawati,p. (1998-99).Direct Taaxes: Law and Practice (33rd ed.) New Delhi: Wishwa Prakashan 3. Bhattrai, Ishwor and Koirala, G.P.(2068). Taxation in Nepal (7th ed.) Kathmandu: Asmita Books Publishers and Distributors 4. Government of Nepal . Income Tax Act, 2058. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs 5. Inland Revenue Department. Income Tax Manual 2067,Kathmandu
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6. Kandel, P.R. and Ram Babu (2066).Tax Laws & Tax Planning, Kathmandu Websites
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