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8820 Volume 7, Number 3 September 2015 ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 3 September 2015 2015 Editor-in-Chief Scope and policy of the journal for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ The editorial board reserves rights to reject Tsanko Yablanski – an International Scientific Journal of manuscripts based on priorities and space Faculty of Agriculture Agricultural and Technology Sciences is availability in the journal. Trakia University, Stara Zagora published in English in one volume of 4 The journal is committed to respect high Bulgaria issues per year, as a printed journal and in standards of ethics in the editing and electronic form. The policy of the journal is reviewing process and malpractice to publish original papers, reviews and statement. Commitments of authors Co-Editor-in-Chief short communications covering the related to authorship are also very aspects of agriculture related with life important for a high standard of ethics and Radoslav Slavov sciences and modern technologies. It will publishing. We follow closely the Faculty of Agriculture offer opportunities to address the global Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Trakia University, Stara Zagora needs relating to food and environment, http://publicationethics.org/resources/guid Bulgaria health, exploit the technology to provide elines innovative products and sustainable The articles appearing in this journal are development. Papers will be considered in indexed and abstracted in: EBSCO Editors and Sections aspects of both fundamental and applied Publishing, Inc. and AGRIS (FAO). science in the areas of Genetics and The journal is accepted to be indexed with Genetics and Breeding Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, the support of a project № BG051PO001- Production Systems, Agriculture and 3.3.05-0001 “Science and business” Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria) Environment and Product Quality and financed by Operational Programme Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria) Safety. Other categories closely related to “Human Resources Development” of EU. Max Rothschild (USA) the above topics could be considered by The title has been suggested to be Ihsan Soysal (Turkey) the editors. The detailed information of the included in SCOPUS (Elsevier) and Horia Grosu (Romania) journal is available at the website. Electronic Journals Submission Form Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria) Proceedings of scientific meetings and (Thomson Reuters). Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria) conference reports will be considered for special issues. Address of Editorial office: Nutrition and Physiology Agricultural Science and Technology Submission of Manuscripts Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria) Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora Peter Surai (UK) All manuscripts written in English should Bulgaria Zervas Georgios (Greece) be submitted as MS-Word file attachments Telephone.: +359 42 699330 Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria) via e-mail to [email protected]. +359 42 699446 Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in www.agriscitech.eu Production Systems accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website Technical Assistance: Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria) Bogdan Szostak (Poland) www.agriscitech.eu and the instructions Nely Tsvetanova Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria) on the last page of the journal. For each Telephone.: +359 42 699446 Banko Banev (Bulgaria) manuscript the signatures of all authors E-mail: [email protected] Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria) are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for Agriculture and Environment correspondence. They have to be presented by a Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria) submission letter signed by all authors. Ramesh Kanwar (USA) The form of the submission letter is Martin Banov (Bulgaria) available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be Product Quality and Safety downloaded from the website of the journal. Manuscripts submitted to this Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria) journal are considered if they have Stefan Denev (Bulgaria) submitted only to it, they have not been Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria) published already, nor are they under consideration for publication in press English Editor elsewhere. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria) right to improve style and return the paper ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 3 September 2015 2015 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 3, pp 344 - 349, 2015 Groundwater quality as a source for irrigation in Strumica valley, Republic of Macedonia B. Kovacevik*, S. Mitrev, B. Boev, I. Karov, V. Zajkova Panova Laboratory for Plant Protection and Environment, Goce Delcev University of Stip, Krste Misirkov, 2000 Stip, Republic of Macedonia Abstract. The quality of groundwater was investigated for possible agriculture pollution in the traditional agriculture region of Strumica, situated in the southeast part of the Republic of Macedonia. Almost 200 samples of water from boreholes in 14 different points were collected and analyzed by relevant + + 2+ 2+ + - - 2- - - 3- standard methodsfor a total content of Na , K , Ca , Mg , NH4 , Cl, HCO3 , SO 4 , NO 3 , NO 2 , and PO4 . The results showed that groundwater in the studied area 2+ 2+ + + - - 3- 2- is generally neutral to slightly alkaline. The abundance of the major ions is Mg >Ca >K >Na and HCO3 >Cl >PO4 >SO 4 . Concentration range of the main + + 2+ 2+ + cations Na , K , Ca Mg and NH4 is 1.40 – 36.71mg/L, 0.68 – 354.44 mg/L, 7.43 – 411.18 mg/L, 1.07 – 96.14 mg/L and < LOQ (limit of quantification) – 55.89 - - 2- - - 3- mg/L, respectively. Regarding anions Cl , HCO3 , SO 4 , NO 3 , NO 2 , and PO4 concentration range is 4.19 – 614.31mg/L, 0.04 – 750.97 mg/L, < LOQ – 300.45 mg/L 0.14 – 284.44 mg/L, < LOQ – 35.85 mg/L and < LOQ – 7.80 mg/L, respectively. A multivariate statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the possible interrelationship within a set of variables. Statistical and hydrochemical analysis suggest that the quality of groundwater is mainly affected by the geological composition of the area. Factor analysis (FA) revealed five significant factors of 14 variables and account for 71.54 % of the total variance. Although nitrates are considered a significant source of widespread groundwater contamination, when it comes to agricultural areas the result didn't show any severe contamination except in the periphery of the valley which is considered to be related to the thickness of the basal lithozone represented by sandstones and the shallow aquifers. Keywords: irrigation quality parameters, hydrochemical analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, agricultural pollution. Introduction health threat. Its concentrations in groundwater can reach high levels of leaching or runoff from agricultural land or contamination Groundwater is a significant water supply in many developed from human and animal wastes as a consequence of the oxidation of and rural area. It often occurs in association with geological ammonia (US EPA, 1994). Nitrate pollution in groundwater has been formations thus containing higher concentrations of dissolved salts announced in many agriculture developed areas of Europe such as compared to surface waters. Naturally groundwater contains Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Romania and the dissolved solids in concentrations ranging from few mg/l to several Slovak Republic (EEA, 1999). Slovenia published that in almost 25% hundred mg/l. Major dissolved components of groundwater include of sampled wells, concentrations of nitrates in groundwater the anions bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate and the cations exceeded 25 mg/L. In Moldova this value exceeded MCL of 50 mg/L. sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium (Karanth, 1987). The In Northern Europe (Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden) nitrate type and concentrations of major ions depend on the geological concentrations in groundwater are relatively low (EEA, 2012). In composition of the unsaturated zone and the aquifer. The Bulgaria, in a region with high anthropogenic impact from industry concentrations of these major ions in the groundwater may increase and agriculture Georgieva et al. (2011) established in groundwater - - due to the impact of the anthropogenic factor and make it unsuitable from drilled wells levels of NO3 up to 140 mg/l, NO2 up to 0.352 mg/l + -- + for domestic or agriculture use. The most recognized pollutants are and NH4 up to 0.260 mg/l. The results of PCA for NO3 , NO 2 and NH4 industry, agriculture and sewages. The pollution of groundwater is showed that two rotated principal components (varifactors), with recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems in eigenvalues higher than 1, were extracted (they described about many areas, worldwide. Since the 1980s the concern over 70.3% of the overall variance). The correlation matrices revealed - - groundwater agricultural pollutants in Europe has been growing. positive mutual relationships between NO3 and NO2 , and between Agriculture has been cited as a leading non-point source of - + NO2 and NH4 contents. In the same region Kostadinova (2014) has groundwater pollution in many areas of the world (FAO, 1996; Ignazi, investigated the presence of nitrates during a period of one year and 1993; EEA, 2012). The European Community responded with the found out that the concentrations are higher in the low underground groundwater Europe legislation focused on controlling groundwater water period, from October till December with maximum pollution from industrial and urban sources – Directive 80/68/EEC
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