Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces David A

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Volume 59 | Issue 2 Article 15

1968 Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces David A. Crown

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Recommended Citation David A. Crown, Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces, 59 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 298 (1968)

This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICE SCIENCE Vol. 59, No. 2 Copyright © 1968 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A.

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS AND TYPEFACES

DAVID A. CROWN

David A. Crown, M. Crim., is a Questioned Document Analyst, U. S. Postal Inspection Service and is currently assigned to the Washington Identification Laboratory. During the time that this article was in preparation Mr. Crown was Assistant Director of the San Francisco Identification Laboratory. He received his Master's degree in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley where he has continued his graduatestudies toward his D. Crim. Hehas published severalpapers in this and other technical journals and is a fellow in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and serves as the Secretary of the Questioned Document Section of that Academy.-Enrron.

The ever increasing number of foreign made situation did not always obtain. The Smith-Corona typewriters imported into the United States, as company, to cite one manufacturer, made well as the usage of foreign made typefaces on "matched" typefaces for years which approximated American made typewriters, has caused a basic the designs of competitive typefaces. Over the change in the document examiner's approach to years, several typewriter manufacturers have typewriter classification and differentiation. The supplied "Tower" typewriter models, marketed by earlier schemes for American typewriters based Sears, Roebuck & Company. The typefaces used upon gross form differences no longer suffice. on these machines, all bearing the same "Tower" While the primary problem in typewriting case- brand name, are the current typefaces used by the work has been, and will continue to be, the particular typewriter manufacturer. It is known individualization and identification of specific type- that the major typewriter manufacturers have sold writers, the problem of classification and differen- typewriters equipped with typeface designs of tiation of typewriting on the basis of manufactur- their competitors in order to comply with specific ing origin remains of frequent invesItigatory customer preference. Further, one should note the significance. manufacture of some Underwood and Monarch It is the purpose of this paper to codify and noiseless typewriters by Remington, using parts classify all the available data on foreign type- and typefaces identical to corresponding Reming- writers and foreign typefaces so as to provide a ton models. scheme for differentiation. No coverage is provided In spite of the fact that one could only dis- for American made typewriters equipped with tinguish typeface designs rather than typewriter American made typefaces. This paper supercedes manufacturers, the problems in classification were all prior compilations by the author on foreign relatively easy in the pre-1950 era. The American typewriter differentiation. (3, 4, 5) While every typewriters in the pica and elite size were all effort has been made to provide comprehensive spaced 10 characters to the horizontal inch and 12 coverage of the subject, no claim is made or im- characters to the horizontal inch, or a unit spacing plied of complete coverage of all past and present of 2.54 mm and 2.12 mm per character, respec- foreign typewriters and/or typefaces. tively. Differentiation was usually based upon Until the early 1950's, a knowledge of the gross characteristics, rarely upon subtle differences, common American made typefaces, i. e., Royal, assuming all pertinent characters were represented Remington, Underwood, Woodstock, Smith- in the exemplar. The published schemes of Hilton Corona, and IBM, sufficed for most document serve this purpose admirably. (11, 12) examiners in the United States. With certain ex- Foreign made typewriters began to enter the ceptions, each of the major American companies United States in quantity in the early 1950's. As produced its own distinctive typefaces and made the import of European typewriters increased, the periodic changes in its typeface designs. While it production of American typewriters, particularly was expected that Royal typefaces, for example, portables, declined in volume. American type- would be found only on a Royal typewriter, this writer companies began to manufacture type- 1968] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

writers in European factories and to market these sold these typefaces to other typewriter manu- typewriters in the United States under their own facturers, i. e., Consul. brand names. Certain American typewriter com- c. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers have panies started buying European typefaces for use manufactured their own typefaces and have sold on American made typewriters, also marketed typefaces to other typewriter manufacturers, i.e., under their own brand name. A consequential Olivetti. number of European typewriter manufacturers d. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers have initiated models with a unit spacing of 2.54 mm and produced their own typefaces at one time in their 2.12 mm, a departure from their usual unit spacing. corporate existence and have brought typefaces The consideration of European typewriters as a from typeface manufacturers at other times, i. e., problem separate and distinct from American Adler. typewriters ended, for all practical purposes, in e. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers have 1955 when the R. C. Allen Company imported bought typefaces from several different typeface Ransmayer and Rodrian typefaces from Germany manufacturers, sometimes at different times and for use on the Allen typewriters. sometimes concurrently, i. e., European Reming- In the post-World War I era, typewriter pro- ton. duction outside the United States was centered in f. Foreign typeface manufacturers sell their Western Europe, Central Europe, and Italy. In products to many different typewriter manufac- the last few years, the Japenese have entered into turers, i. e., Setag. large scale typewriter production and concurrent g. Foreign typeface manufacturers introduce export to the United States. (1) In the last year, a changes occasionally in their typeface designs, new development has taken place. German type- i. e., Ransmayer and Rodrian (RaRo). writer manufacturers have sold or transferred their h. Foreign typeface manufacturers do not manufacturing facilities to areas with lower labor ordinarily strive toward individuality in typeface costs, i. e., Portugal and Yugoslavia. (10) It is to be designs, but prefer to make their typeface designs expected that further developments in typewriter quite similiar to other typefaces on the market, manufacture will follow this trend toward produc- i. e., Tangens and RaRo. tion in areas with lower production costs. i. Foreign typewriter manufacturers use a Appendix 1 lists all the known foreign typewriter spectrum of letter spacings based upon the metric manufacturers, the country where manufactured, scale. For elite sized type, the following unit spac- and the dates when produced, plus a cross-index of ings or pitches are used; alternate brands names. It is to be noted that in 2.00 mm, 2.10 mi, 2.12 mm, 2.17 mm, 2.20 mm, addition to each typewriter manufacturer using 2.23 mm, 2.25 mm, 2.30 mm, 2.35 mm, 2.50 multiple brand names, in some cases, several mm, 2.54 mm, and 2.60 mm different typewriter manufacturers have used the For pica sized type, the following unit spacings are same brand name, i. e., "AMC". Typewriters used: bearing an "AMC" nameplate could have been 2.50 mm, 2.53 mm, 2.54 mm, 2.55 mm, 2.60 mim, made by Alpina, Japy, or Orga. Furthermore, the and a variety of spacings 2.60 mm plus. j. Foreign typewriter manufacturers products of the overseas factories of American tend to show some consistency in the unit spacings used on typewriter manufacturers must be considered their typewriters. Typewriter manufacturers may separate and apart from American produced type- produce typewriters with several different unit writers. spacings, but not all the possible spacings. The classification and differentiation of foreign k. The same typeface design of a typeface typewriters and foreign typefaces involves several manufacturer may be found on several different new factors, not normally encountered in American brand name typewriters with varied unit spacings. made typewriters. Tables 1 and 2 correlates the known usage of a. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers buy typefaces produced by the various major typeface their typefaces from typeface manufacturers, i. e., manufacturers with usage by the specific type- Torpedo. writer manufacturers with the indicated unit spac- b. Some foreign typewriter manufacturers have ings. The pattern of pitch usage and typeface manufactured their own typefaces and have not usage can be used for extrapolative and predictive DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

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(12 4, 4, 40 4, rn H4, TABLE 2-PICA SIZE TYPEFACE AND UNIT SPACING USAGE BY TYPEWRITER MANUFACTURERS

Typeface______Unit Spacing Manufacturer 2.5 nn 2.54 mm 2.55 mm 2.6 nun

Adler, West German Adler Adler

Barlock, English Barlock Bar-let Brother, Japanese Brother

Caracteres S. A. (CSA), Swiss Hermes Halda Facit Norden "East", East German Groma Rheinmetall Erika Mercedes Ideal Fortuna Urania Combina Empire, English Empire Everest, Italian Montana Everest Everest

Iris, West German Everest Wanderer Hermes Rlheinmetall Kappel Invicta Urania Mercedes Torpedo Adler Swissa

Oliver, English Oliver Oliver

Olivetti, Italian Hermes Olivetti SIM Olivetti Japy Antares Everest Montana Montana Japy SIM Patria Capri Underwood Olympia East* (Optima), East German SIM SIM Olympia AEG AEG Rheinmetall Olympia Optima Olympia West, West German Olympia

Ransmayer & Rodrian (RaRo), West Montana R.C. Allen Torpedo German Hermes Hermes Rooy ABC Halda ABC Princess Facit Silver Reed Japy Antares Gossen Rooy Royal Princess Olivetti Voss Remington Brosette Smith-Corona Siemag Jaguar Alpina Singer Adler Nippo Olympia Royal Diana Remington Groma Triumph * 2.53 mm pitch, Olympia East (Optima) typeface is found on some SIM machines. 302 1968] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS 303

TABLE 2-Coninued - Unit Spacing Manufacturer 2.5 mm 2.54 mm 2.55 mm 2.6 mm

Ransmeyer & Rodrian (cont.) Continental Urania Mercedes Everest Superia Halberg Orga Patria Regina SIM Swissa Kappel MAP Norden Oliver Consul Halda Olivetti Ideal Invicta Japy Juwel Rooy, French Rooy Seidel & Neumann, (S&N), East Ger- Erika man) Ideal Groma Setag, Swiss Hermes Antares Diana Royal Underwood Royal Calanda AMC Japy Japy Princess Patria (Sp.) Halberg Swissa Underwood Siemag Singer Halberg Juwel Remington Meteor J. H. Shand, English Royal Empire-Corona Smith-Corona Tangens, West German ABC Remington Remington Hermes Singer Voss Alpina Adler Rooy Torpedo Juwel Union, West German Princess Alpina Princess Halberg Voss G. Webb, English Imperial Zeta, Czech Consul Consul Forto Claudia DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 3A-Eir= Size TYPEFACES KNOWN USAGE OF SPECIFIC TYPEFACE FoRmATIONS

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.00 mm Pitch 2.10 mm Pitch (cont.) CSA 2A ...... Hermes Std and Port 1942-51 Setag 7 ...... Patria Port 1949 CSA 2B ...... Hermes Std and Port 1949-54 Swissa Port 1950- Olivetti 7A ...... Hermes Std and Port 1940-50 Remington Travelriter Port RaRo 7B ...... Hermes Std and Port 1931-60 Patria Port (Spanish) RaRo7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Tangens 12B ...... Torpedo Port 1954- 62 Remington Travelriter Port RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo, typeface 1961- 1953- 65 Rooy RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Tangens 12C ...... Singer Graduate (Remington) 65 Port 1963-Dl RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Zeta 2 ...... Consul Std and Port 1946- D RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964-- 2.12 mm Pitch D Barlock 4 ...... Barlock Std Setag 7 ...... Hermes Std and Port 1948-D Barlock 5 ...... Barlock Std Japy Std CSA 2A ...... Halda Std 1942-50 Calanda CSA 2B ...... Halda Std 1950-51 Setag 7A ...... Hermes Facit Std Webb 3 ...... Imperial CSA 29 ...... Facit Std and Port -D 2.10 mm Pitch East 3BA ...... Rheinmetall Empire 4 ...... British Empire Adler 4 ...... Adler Std and Port 1920-45 Empire 5 ...... Empire Brother 2 ...... Brother Port 1962-Dl Everest 7C ...... Everest Std 1961- CSA 2A ...... Patria Port 1945-49 Olivetti 7A ...... Olivetti Std 1959- Swissa Port 1950-53 Olivetti 7B ...... Olivetti Electric Port CSA 2B ...... Patria Port 1949 Oliver 5 ...... Oliver Model 15 (English) Swissa Port 1950- Olympia W8C ...... Olympia Std 1957- Olivetti 7A ...... Patria Port 1945-49 Olympia W8D ...... Olympia Std 1967- Swissa Port 1950 RaRo 7A...... Stoewer Std 1920-30 Olivetti Port (Spanish) RaRo 7B ...... R. C. Allen 1955 only RaRo 7B ...... Torpedo Port 1930-58 Stoewer Std 1929-30 Remington Port 1946-53; 1957- Halda Std 1930-40; 1950-58 58 Royal Std (German) 1957-59 Adler Std and Port 1929-58 Triumph Patria Port RaRo 7B1 ...... Olympia Std 1958- Rooy RaRo7B2 ...... R. C. Allen 1955- RaRo 7B3 ...... Torpedo Port 1957- RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- 62 52 Facit Std and Port 1958-62 Torpedo Port 1958-62 Royal Std 1958-62 Remington Port 1958-62 Triumph RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- 65 RaRo 7C3 ...... Olympia Std Adler Std RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- 65 65 RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- 65 D Adler Port 1962-Dl RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- D 19681 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

TABLE 3A-Continued Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.12 mm. Pitch (cont.) 2.20 mm Pitch (cont.) RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7A ...... Mercedes Std 1920-25 D Rheinmetall Std 1920-29 Ransmayer RA ...... Stoewer Std 1920-25 Urania Std 1920-32 Setag 7 ...... Traveler Port Fortuna Std 1923-33 Oliver Std and Port (English) Orga Std 1923-35 1956- RaRo 7B ...... Urania Std and Port 1931-50 Hermes Std Gossen Tippa Port 1948-58 Remington Travelriter Port Superia Std 1950-53 Shand lE ...... Empire-Corona Skyriter 1958- Adler Tippa Port 1956-58 Shand 2E ...... Smith-Corona Port Triumph Tippa Port 1956-58 Sears Scout Port Torpedo Port 1938-58 Tangens 12C ...... Remington Std (U.S. and Fortuna Std 1930-48 Italian) Orga Std 1933-50 Remington Port (Dutch) 1961- RaRo 7B3 ...... Torpedo Port 1957- D RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Rooy 62 Torpedo Port Torpedo Port 1958-62 Webb 4 ...... Imperial Std and Port Adler Tippa Port 1958-62 Webb 5 ...... Imperial Good Companion Port Triumph Tippa Port 1958-62 Imperial Model 66 RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Zeta 2 ...... Consul Std and Port 1946- 65 Zeta 3 ...... Century Port (Czech) Torpedo Port 1961-66 Nippo Port 1961- 2.17 mm Pitch RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- ,ansmayer RA ...... Torpedo Std 1920-32 65 RaRo 7A ...... Torpedo Std 1920-32 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7B ...... Torpedo Std 1930-60 D RaRo 7C ...... Torpedo Std 1958-60 Torpedo Port RaRo7B3 ...... Torpedo Std 1957-60 RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- D 65 Ransmayer RA ...... Mercedes Std 1920-25 RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Urania Std 1920-31 65 Rheinmetall Std 1920-29 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Orga Std 1923-34 D Setag 7 ...... Royalite Port (Dutch) 1955-D RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- 2.23 mm Pitch D East 3A ...... Continental Std 1946-56 2.20 mm Pitch Groma Std and Port 1946-56 East 3A ...... Fortuna Std 1946-50 East 3B ...... Groma Kolibri Port 1957- Groma Combina Port 1957- Urania Std and Port 1946-54 Everest 7A ...... Everest Std and Port 1948- Rheinmetall Port 1950-56 Brillant Port 1958- East 3B ...... Rheinmetall Port 1954- Everest 7B ...... Everest Iris 3 ...... Mercedes Std 1924-30 Iris 133 ...... Everest Rheinmetall Std 1928-33 Olivetti 7A ...... Olivetti Std and Port 1935- Urania Std and Port 1928-33 Everest Std and Port 1937-52 Iris 133 ...... Mercedes Std 1928-30 Underwood Port Urania Std and Port 1937-51 Olivetti 7B ...... Olivetti Port 1960-D Rheinmetall Std and Port RaRo 7A ...... Continental Std 1920-32 1932-45 Groma Std 1924-35 Nippo ...... Nippo Port Kappel 1920-34 DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 3A-Conlinued

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.23 mm Pitch (cont.) 2.25 mm Pitch (cont.) RaRo 7B ...... Siemag Std 1949-59 RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Continental Std and Port 1930- 65 56 RaRo 7DI ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Kappel Std 1930-45 65 Brosette Port 1953-59 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Groma Std and Port 1931-45 D Olivetti Std and Port 1931-37: RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- 1957-59 D RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- S&N 104A ...... Ideal Std 1920-32 62 Erika Port 1920-32 Siemag Std 1958-62 S&N 104B ...... Ideal Std 1931-45 Brosette Port 1958-62 Erika Port 1932-48 Olivetti Std and Port 1958-62 S&N 104C ...... Erika Port 1948- RaRo 7B3 ...... Olivetti Port 1957- Ideal Std 1954- RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Tangens 12B ...... ABC Port 1955-57 65 RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- 2.30 mm Pitch 65 East 3A ...... Mercedes Std and Port 1946-56 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- East 3B ...... Mercedes Std and Port 1954- D Iris 3 ...... Mercedes Std 1930-34 RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Iris 133 ...... Mercedes Std and Port 1930-50 D Adler Std and Port 1938-45 Ransmayer RA ...... Kappel Std 1920-30 Triumph Std and Port 1935-48 Continental Std 1920-32 Olympia E8 ...... Olympia Std and Port 1930-52 Setag 7 ...... Halberg-Traveler Port Diplomat Std and Port 1931-45 DM Std and Port 1931-45 2.25 mm Pitch Kappel Port 1931-45 CSA 2B ...... Halda-Facit Std and Port 1951- Olympia W8B ...... Orbis Port 1949 60 Olympia Std and Port 1949- CSA 29 ...... Halda Port Olympia W8C ...... Olympia Std and Port 1957- Facit Std Olympia W8D ...... Olympia Std and Port 1967- East 3A ...... Rheinmetall Std 1948-56 RaRo 7A ...... Triumph Std 1920-31 Groma-Gromina Port 1951-56 Merz Port 1926-34 East 3B ...... Rheinmetall Std 1954- RaRo 7B ...... Diana-Royal Administrator Groma-Kolibri Port 1955- Port 1952-58 Erika Port 1955- Triumph Std and Port 1929-58 Groma-Gromina Port 1954- Adler Std and Port 1931-58 Ideal Std 1955- Olympia Std 1953-58 Brillant Port 1958- Princess Port 1954-58 East 3BA ...... Rheinmetall Merz Port 1931-39 Everest 7A ...... Everest Std Alpina Port 1951-58 Olympia E8A ...... Optima Std and Port 1951-56 Voss Port 1948-58 Olympia E8B ...... Optima Std and Port 1955- Siemag Std 1958-59 Olympia E8C ...... Optima Std and Port 1957- RaRo 7B1 ...... Olympia Port 1958- RaRo 7B ...... Halda-Facit Std and Port 1950- RaRo 7B2 ...... Triumph Electric Std 58 RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- ABC Port 1956-58 62 RaRo 7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Torpedo 1960- 62 Royal Century Port (Dutch) Facit Std 1958-62 Siemag Std 1958-62 ABC Port 1958-62 Triumph Std and Port 1958-62 1968] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

TABLE 3A-Confhnued

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.30 mm Pitch (cont.) 2.50 mm Pitch (Elite) (cont.) RaRo 7X (cont.) Setag 7 ...... Hermes Std 1948- Princess Port 1958-62 Princess Port 1951-52 Adler Std and Port 1958-62 Calanda Alpina Port 1958-62 Japy Royal Diana Port (German) 1958-59 2.54 mm Pitch (Elite) Royaluxe Port 1959-62 CSA 2A ...... Halda Std 1942-51 RaRo 7C1 ...... Olympia Port 1957- CSA 2B ...... Halda-Facit 1950-60 RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- RaRo 7B ...... Antares-Jolson Alma Port 65 Halda RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Norden 65 RaRo7C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Triumph Std and Port 1959- 62 Adler Std and Port 1959- RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- RaRo 7D2 ...... Olympia Std and Port 1958- 65 RaRo7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- D 65 Adler Std and Port RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Triumph Std and Port D Princess Port RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- D D S &N 104B ...... Erika Port Ransmayer RA ...... Triumph Std 1920-31 S &N 104C ...... Erika-Aztec Port 1954- 2.60 mm Pitch (Elite) Setag 4 ...... Juwel Port 1955- Setag 7 ...... Princess Port 1952-55 CSA 2A ...... Patria Port 1945-49 Tangens 12A ...... Voss Port 1951-52 Swissa Port 1950-53 Tangens 12B ...... Voss Port 1951- CSA 2B ...... Patria Port 1949 Alpina Port 1951- Swissa Port 1950- Juwel Port 1960- Olivetti 7A ...... Patria Port 1945-49 Union 8,34 ...... Princess Port 1952- Swissa Port 1950- RaRo 7B ...... Voss Port 1948-50 2.35 mm Pitch Olivetti Std and Port 1931-37 Brother 1 ...... Brother Port 1962-D RaRo 7 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- 62 2.50 mm Pitch (Elite) RaRo 7C2 ...... Swissa Port CSA 2A ...... Hermes Std 1942-51 RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- CSA 2B ...... Hermes Std 1949-51 65 RaRo 7B ...... Hermes Std 1931-50 RaRo 7DI ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Montana Port 1951-59 65 RaRo7C ...... Montana Port 1958-62 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- D 65 RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- RaRo 7D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- D 65 Setag 7 ...... Patria Port 1949 RaRo 7E ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Swissa Port 1950- D Japy Port RaRo 7E1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Tangens 12A ...... Voss Port 1950-52 D Tangens 12B ...... Voss Port 1951-52 DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 3B-PicA Sizvn Tv'EFAcES

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.50 mm Pitch 2.50 mm Pitch (cont.) Adler 2 ...... Adler Std to 1948 Tangens 19 ...... ABC Port 1955-58 Adler 3 ...... Adler Std and Port to 1948 Hermes Brother 3 ...... Brother Port 1962-D Union 16 ...... Princess Port 1954-59 CSA 4 ...... Hermes Port Zeta 1 ...... Consul Port (Czech) 1946- CSA 5 ...... Hermes Port Forto Port (Dutch) CSA 6 ...... Hermes Port Zeta 1A ...... Claudia Port (Czech) Everest ...... Montana Port Zeta lB ...... Zeta Iris 8 ...... Everest Port Type L ...... Urania Perkeo Port Iris 207 ...... Hermes Port 1935-54 Type N ...... Juventa Port Hermes Std 1942-55 Olivetti 1 ...... Hermes Std 2.53 mm Pitch Japy Olympia El ...... SIM Port Montana Olympia El ...... SIM Port 2.54 mm Pitch AEG Std Barlock 1 ...... Barlock Std RaRo 1A ...... Montana Port 1950-58 Barlock 2 ...... Barlock Std Hermes Port Barlock 3 ...... Bar-let Port ABC Port 1957- CSA 4 ...... Halda Princess Port to 1954 Norden Japy Facit Std Rooy CSA 5 ...... Halda Std and Port RaRo 1B ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Facit Std and Port 62 CSA 6 ...... Halda Std and Port Rooy Port 1958-62 Facit Std and Port Montana Port 1958-62 Empire 1 ...... Empire RaRo 1C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Empire 2 ...... Empire 64 Empire 3 ...... Empire RaRo iC1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Everest ...... Everest Std 1948- 64 Oliver 1 ...... Oliver Std (English) RaRo ID ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Oliver 2 ...... Oliver Std and Port (English) D Oliver 3 ...... Oliver Std (English) RaRo IDI ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Olivetti 1 ...... Olivetti Std 1959- D Antares Port Setag 6B ...... Hermes Port-D Possibly: SIM-Montana Port Capri Port (Italian) Royal RaRo 1A ...... R. C. Allen 1955 only Calanda Hermes Port Japy Halda Std and Port 1930-40; Princess 1950-58 Setag 6C ...... Hermes Std and Port 1947-D RaRo lB ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Japy Std 62 Princess Port to 1954 Halberg Port Antares Port 1958-62 Royal Std (Dutch) 1958-62 Underwood 18 (Antares) Port Possibly: Facit Std and Port 1958-62 Royal Possibly: Calanda Olivetti Setag 6D ...... Royal Port (Dutch) 1962-D Remington Singer Scholastic Port Smith-Corona Setag 6E ...... Princess Port RaRo IBI ...... Smith-Corona Galaxie Port Shand IP ...... Royal Port (Dutch) 1959- (Canadian) CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

TABLE 3B-Confinuid Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.54 mm Pitch (cont.) 2.60 mm Pitch (cont.) RaRo lB1 (cont.) Everest 1 ...... Everest Std and Port 1948- Jaguar Port (Japanese) Iris 8 ...... Wanderer Port Singer Graduate Port (French) Rheinmetall Std 1930-34 RaRo 1A1 ...... R. C. Allen 1955- Kappel RaRo 1C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Invicta 64 Urania Std and Port 1928-34 Nippo P-100 Port 1965-D Mercedes Std 1930-34 Royalite Torpedo Std 1927-30 RaRo ICI ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Torpedo Port 1927-47 64 Iris 117 ...... Adler Port RaRo 1D ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Mercedes Std and Port 1931-50 D Rheinmetall Std and Port 1932- RaRo 1D1 ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- 37 D Iris 201 ...... Swissa Port 1944- Setag 6D ...... Antares-Underwood Port 1961- Oliver 2 ...... Oliver Port (English) D Olivetti 1 ...... Olivetti Std and Port 1932-D Shand IP ...... Empire-Corona Port 1958- Everest Jolson Port 1948-56 Sears-Tower Port Japy Shand 2P ...... Smith-Corona Port Patria Port Sears Tutor Port Underwood-Olivetti Port Tangens 11 ...... Remington Port Olympia El ...... Olympia Std and Port 1928-49 Remington Std (U. S. and Rheinmetall 1945-48 Italian) Olympia E2 ...... Optima Port 1949- Singer Graduate Port (Dutch) Optima Std 1947- 1963-D Olympia E2A ...... Optima Std Tangens 19 ...... Remington Port 1961-Dl Olympia W1 ...... Olympia Port 1949-52 Torpedo Port Olympia W2 ...... Olympia Std and Port 1952- Webb 1 ...... Imperial Std and Port Olympia W3 ...... Olympia Port 1959-62 Webb 2 ...... Imperial Olympia W3A . ... Olympia Port ca. 1962- Type K ...... Orga Olympia W4A ...... Olympia Std to 1960 Olympia W4B ...... Olympia Std 1960- 2.55 mm Pitch Olympia W4C ...... Olympia Std and Port 1967- Olivetti 2 ...... SIM Port RaRo 1A ...... Torpedo Std and Port 1930-58 Olympia El ...... SIM Port Gossen Tippa Port 1948-58 Olympia Std 1928-40 Princess Port 1954-58 Port 1947-58 KEG Std Voss Brosette Port 2.60 mm Pitch Siemag 1951-58 Adler 1 ...... Adler Noiseless to 1948 Alpina Adler 1931-58 Adler 2 ...... Adler Std and Port to 1948 East I ...... Kolibri Port 1955- Olympia Std Administrator Groma Port 1950- Diana-Royal Rheinmetall Port 1950- Port Combina Port 1957 European Remington Port Erika Port 1953- 1964--53 Mercedes Port 1950- Groma 1924-45 Ideal Std 1955- Triumph Std and Port Possibly: Continental Std Fortuna Royal Port (Dutch) Urania Possibly: East 2 ...... Rheinmetal Std and Port Urania, Mercedes, Combina Port Everest, Superia, DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 3B-Continued

Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It Typeface Formation Typewriters Using It

2.60 mm Pitch (cont.) 2.60 mm Pitch (cont.) RaRo 1A (cont.) Setag 6C ...... AMC Port 1956-58 Halberg, Orga, Patria, Japy Port Regina, SIM, Swissa, Patria Port (Spanish) 1948-56 Kappel, MAP, Norden, Swissa Port 1950- Oliver, Consul, Halda, Siemag Olivetti, Ideal, Japy, Halberg Port Imperial, Invicta, Juwel Juwel Remington Travelriter Port RaRo 1B ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1958- Royal 62 Meteor (Spanish) Diana-Royal Administrator RaRo 1Di ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Port 1958-62 D Rooy Port 1958-62 Adler Port Triumph Std and Port 1958-62 Triumph Port Torpedo Std and Port 1958-62 Tangens 11 ...... Remington Travelriter Port Siemag Std 1958-62 1953- Voss Port 1958-62 Voss Port Princess Port 1958-62 Alpina Port 1951-D ABC Port 1957- Adler 1949 Alpina 1958- Rooy Adler Std and Port 1958-62 Possibly: European Royal Std Torpedo Royal Port (Dutch) Tangens 19 ...... Juwel Starlet Port 1960- RaRo IBI ...... Triumph Std Union 16 ...... Alpina RaRo 1B2 ...... Olympia Std 1957- Princess Port RaRo 1C ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Halberg 64 Possibly: Torpedo Std and Port Voss Triumph Std and Port Zeta 1 ...... Consul Port 1949-D Type B ...... Erika Port RaRo ICI ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1961- Wanderer Port 64 Mercedes RaRo ID ...... Standard RaRo typeface 1964- Type C ...... Mercedes Std D Type D ...... Rheinmetall Silver Reed Port (Japanese) Type F ...... Wanderer Port 1966-D Type G ...... Wanderer Port Adler Std and Port Princess Port Type A ...... Ideal Std Type j ...... Continental Std Triumph Std and Port Type M ...... Urania Port ABC Std and Port Type P ...... Kappel RaRo 12 ...... Olympia Std Rooy ...... Rooy Port 1940-60 2.60 mm plus Pitch S&N 120A ...... Erika Port 1931-56 Ideal Std 1932-45 Adler 2 ...... Adler Std Groma and Gromina 1951-54 CSA 5 ...... Halda Port S&N 120B ...... Erika Port 1955- Iris 8 ...... Merz Setag 6A ...... Diana-Royal Port Type B ...... Orga Privat Port I purposes. From the tables it can be noted, for typeface design. On the other hand, RaRo type- example, that 2.17 mm pitch and 2.35 mm pitch are faces can be found on a broad selection of type- used only by two typewriter manufacturers, writers, regardless of pitch, while Caracteres S. A. Torpedo and Brother, respectively, regardless of (CSA) typefaces are used by only a few typewriter 1968] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

manufacturers, i. e., Hermes, Patria-Swissa, and poses of differentiation. The following characters Halda-Facit, each with a different pitch. are used for this purpose: Tables 3A and 3B lists by pitch the known usage Upper Case: M, E, T, N, S, D, R of the various typeface designs by the indicated Lower Case: a, w, m, f, i, g, p, z, d, j, t, r, n typewriter manufacturers. The type of machine, Numerals: 3, 4, 7, X i. e., standard (office) or portable, as well as the It is recognized that the letter "z" and the symbol dates of usage are given when known. The usage "Y2 " have a very low frequency in the average data have been derived from comparison of sped- questioned document. However, because of the mens, inspection of machines, and from available complexities of differentiating foreign typefaces, data. Credit for much of the outstanding work in the author has found specific need of these char- this field must be given to two diligent document acters to differentiate similiar appearing type fonts. examiners-Krininalhauptkommissar Josef Haas, It is a fact that the foreign typeface manufacturers of Stuttgart, Germany, and Mr. Jan Beck of have striven to make their designs similiar rather Seattle, Washington. (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9) than distinctive. The only broad exceptions to this The designations of the various typeface for- practice have been the Olympia typefaces, both mations are somewhat arbitrary. In some cases, the East (E) and West (-W). The format used is not designation conforms with the typeface manu- the only way of presenting data, but it is the facturer's symbol on the typeblock, i. e., "CSA clearest, considering the problems involved. 29", in other cases, the designation is an arbitrary The following list illustrates and summarizes designation by the author, i. e., "RaRo 7E". the differences between the various designs of Some attempt has been made to follow the designa- characters used for differentiation. tions used by Haas; however, complete compara- bility has not been possible. Wherever possible, Upper Case the name of the typeface manufacturer has been Mi laM 1bM used in designating the same of a typeface formation. The name of the typewriter manufacturer is used where it is known that the typewriter manufacturer produces or has produced his own type- 2a M 2b M 2c M2d M faces. In some instances, typeface designs which can 3"M -o . be differentiated from all other known typeface formations have become available only as sped- men strike-ups. In the absence of information on M-la Low center, unbalanced feet typeblock symbols, these typeface formations have lb Low center, balanced feet been designated "Type A", etc. Should informa- 2a High center with short connections from tion become available as to the source of the type- staff to diagonals faces, then the designation can be changed to 2b High center without connections indicate the manufacturer. 2c Very shallow center portion Because of the ubiquitous usage of RaRo type 2d Normal depth of center portion and the need for extrapolation, recent RaRo type- 3 Middle section staff faces are listed in each pitch category even though no data are available to indicate that any type- E IE 2E writer manufacturer has used these RaRo type- E-1 Normal serif on center bar faces in that unit spacing. It should be stressed again that these tables are not absolutely complete 2 Shortened serif on center bar or all-encompassing in the sense that they can be used for purposes of exclusion. These tables reflect T 1T 2T all the data currently available from public and T-1 Vertical serifs on top cross bar private sources. No coverage is provided for minor 2 Canted'serifs on top cross bar typeface manufacturers such as Feler. Table 4 presents a dichotomous-type scheme for differentiating all the typeface designs referred to in Table 3. These schemes were predicated upon N-1 Wide form the basis of full strike-ups being available for pur- 2 Narrow form DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

lc Center bar as wide as foot on left side, s IS 2S shorter on right side 2 Center bar shorter on left side S-1 Terminus and serif project to left of upper curve 2 Terminus and serif flush with upper £ I&J lb 1 cl Id curve Di1D 2 D 2j D-1 Long serifs i-la Upper serif flush with foot 2 Short serifs lb Upper serif flush with foot, narrow form Ic Upper serif flush with foot, dot placed i1R 21R high Id Upper serif flush with foot, dot centered R-1 Right leg inset with rounded connection to left to foot 2 Upper serif shorter than foot 2 Right leg only slightly inset with angular connection to foot gig Lower Case a la 2a 2a g 2b g2c g a-1 Terminus does not curve upward 2 Terminus curves upward g-l Gooseneck form 2a Slanted left back WIiaWibW 2b Straight left back 2c Inset connector 2W pip 2 p p-1 Balanced foot 3a W 3b W 2 Unbalanced foot w-la Low center, median height Z 1Z 2Z lb Low center, very low z,-l Normal width 2 High center without center serif 2 Narrow form 3a High center with middle serif, normal width did 2d 3b High center with middle serif, narrow form d-1 Normal upper serif S1 MTJ 2 Short upper serif Ji

2a M 2b m j-l Dot centered over staff m-1 No serif on center leg 2 Dot to left to staff 2a Serif on center leg, balanced feet t lat lbt 2b Serif on center leg, unbalanced feet f la flb flcf 2& 2bt

t-la Short balanced cross bar 2f lb Wide balanced crossbar f-la Center bar as wide as foot 2a Broad unbalanced crossbar lb Center bar as wide as foot, narrow form 2b Moderate sized unbalanced crossbar 168] CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS 313

TABLE 4A-ELiT Di PNmON SCHEmE al..wi..33 ...... Olympia E8B 34..t...... Olympia E8C t 2. .i ...... Olympia W 8C ...... Olympia W8D w .. M ...... Olympia 8 M2 .. gl ...... East 3A g . .45 ...... Brother 2 41..f...... Brother 1 fi..Si ...... Olympia W8B S2 ...... Olympia E8A M I..4 ...... Oliver 5 t2 ...... S&N 104A 41 ...... W ebb 3 42...... Iris 133 a2. .v .. g J. ib ...... Adler 4 fl ...... Em pire 5 gi. r ...... RaRo 7C2 r...... Setag 4 wi..M ...... Everest 7C m2 .. ti..44 ...... Shand lE 42 ...... Olivetti 7B t2.. 3a ...... S&N 104C 34..41..fl ...... RaRo7Bl f2..ri ...... RaRo 7C3 r, ...... RaRo 7D2 42..fj..m2b ...... Tangens 12A mi .. r ...... RaRo 7B2 3 ...... r1b. . 4b...... Setag 7 34..M2 ...... Setag 7A Mb ...... CSA 2B fs..ii. .p2...... Nippo p ...... RaRo7D1 is ...... RaRo 7E1 w .32..wa ...... Barlock 5 W b. 71...... East 3B 72 ...... East 3BA 31 ...... Zeta 3 32. .2...... R aR o 7A fi..g ...... Iris 3 g2..h ...... Barlock 4 t2 ...... S&N 104B 33b..-TI ...... RaRo 7B3 T 2. . t2 ...... Everest 7B tib..Ni ...... Everest 7A N 2 ...... Olivetti 7A 34b. .z2 ...... Zeta 2 z ...... CSA 2A j ...... CSA 29 3 .. 421 ...... RaRo 7C1 fi..g ...... W ebb S g...... W ebb 4 42.-:Js..r.b..i...... RaRo7D i2 ...... RaRo7E ra..n ...... Shand 2E ...... RaRo 7C f..r...R ...... RaRo7B R2 ...... Union 8,34 r1. ib..d2 ...... Empire 4 d, ...... Ransmayer RA isa. .Y2 ...... Tangens 12B M 2...... Tangens 12C * %vsincludes both subgroups w3. and Wab, high center with middle serif. DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

TABLE 4B-PIcA DIrFERENTiATnoN ScHEmE al..w2..3, ...... Zeta 1 33 ...... Zeta 1B 34 ...... Zeta 1A wi..M ud..E, ...... Olympia W 3 E2 ...... Olym pia W 3A M 2..El ...... Olym pia W 4A

2. .ii ...... Olympia W 4B il ...... Olympia W 4C

W3. .g2b. .fl..i ...... Olympia El i2 ...... Olympia W 1 f23 Ei ...... Olympia W 2 E2 ...... R aRo 12 g .. f2..ib.. 4 1 ...... Iris 117A 42 ...... TypeD ia...... Brother 3 f£ .. ti ...... W ebb 1 t2-34 ...... Olympia E2 33 ...... Olympia E2A 32 ...... Type C a2..w 2..r3 ...... Em pire 1 r1 .. t2 ...... A dler 2 ti ...... Adler 3 w .. mi ...... Everest 1 M 2..r3 ...... S&N 120B rl.fIfi .. b...... CSA 6 ii.. rio ...... Setag 6D r... J2 ...... RaRo 1A1 j: ...... Setag 6C fib..tl ...... Setag 6E t2. W1 ...... Setag 6B Wib ...... CSA 5 f2. .42. r...... RaRo IBL rib. .i ...... RaRo ICI i ...... RaRo LD i 41 ...... RaRo 1B2 W3..M 2 ...... Shand IP M 1..g2. ti. i...b...... Oliver 1 ill. .3 ...... Type N 33 ...... Barlock 1 34 ...... Type R tib..rl ...... W ebb 2 r3.. T ...... S&N 120A T2 ...... Union 16 t2..33..42 ...... East 1 41 ...... East 2 34..i2 ...... Type B il... 2 ...... Type G f1. .tb ...... Type A t2..rs ...... Iris 8 r...... TypeK 32 J...... Oliver 3 j2. .r 3 ...... Empire 2 r..id...... Type J i ...... Type P CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

TABLE 4B-Continued a2. .w,. -M i. .gi.h.. p .. 2...... Shand 2P f1...... Oliver 2 7 P2.. 1b ...... Rooy 1 71a ...... CSA 4 t2..3 .. ri...... Olivetti 1 r2 ...... Olivetti 2 32. .p2.ii...... Type F 1ib ...... Type L p1..n ...... Barlock 2 n2 ...... Barlock 3 34. .f l.r - P..pl.ib ...... Empire 3 ia. .Mlb. .1 ...... Tangens 11 42 ...... Setag 6A Mia ...... Iris 201 p2. .ta. .2 ...... Type M ii ...... RaRo 1A t2b ...... Iris 207 rib ...... Adler 1 r..r...D ...... Tangens 19 Di ...... RaRo 1B r.b.i...... RaRo IC i2...... RaRo ID

3a Round top with downward openings nif1n 2f 3b Round top with horizontal openings n-1 Balanced right'foot 4a Flat top without projection 2 Unbalanced right foot 4b Flat top with downward projection rlaribrier 414 24 34

44 54 4-1 Open top, straight cross bar 3r 2 Closed top, without foot r-la Balanced foot, upper serif flush with 3 Closed top, with foot left side of foot 4 Cross bar with reverse curve lb Flush left side, unbalanced foot 5 Small gap between staff and diagonal lc Flush left side, narrow foot 2 Short upper serif 7 1a 71b7 3 pump handle projection Numerals 27 313 23 7-la Simple diagonal staff with slight projection lb Simple diagonal staff with long projec- 3a 3 3b 3 tion 2 Compound diagonal staff

k413 2 4a 3 4b3 3-1 Round top with terminal dot Y2-1 Diagonal bar 2 Flat top with terminal dot 2 Horizontal bar DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

It should be noted that the pertinent characters in which can be used for differentiation, if less than all the type fonts covered fit into only one of the the total number of known typeface designs is categories for each character. While the "4" in a under consideration. specimen might not look precisely like the illustra- In communicating the results of examinations, tions of the various types of "4"s, it can be placed it is best to report that the document was prepared in only one of the categories by virtue of the listed on a typewriter equipped with RaRo style type- differentiating criteria. If just a "2" is used in the faces, for example, and that with a specific unit scheme to denote a style of letter, rather than sub- spacing, certain typewriters have been equipped divisions "2a", "2b", or "2c", etc., for example, it with this typeface design. Reporting that a docu- covers all the described subdivisions. ment was typed on a certain brand typewriter The practicalities of coping with the differentia- could lead to problems if "copied" type is involved tion of foreign typewriters involves two determina- or alternate brand names. tions-that of pitch and of typeface design. Each Because of the lack of of these will serve to limit the possibilities as out- complete data it is always well to include a clause lined in Tables 1 and 2. Pitch determination is such as "and possibly other foreign made type- ordinarily accomplished using specially ruled glass writers", after the listing of typewriter manu- plates. Accurate plates are a necessity since the facturers known to have used a certain typeface difference between 2.10 mm and 2.12 mm, for design. example, is very slight. One should be very cautious REFERENCES in making any pitch determinations with photo- 1. BEcK, JAN, The Japanese Typewriter Industry, copies, unless they are exactly one to one in size. American Society of Questioned Document In some of the 'reproductive processes there is a Examiners, August 1966 Conference. slight but significant change in the relative size of 2. BECK, JAN,privately circulated communications. 3. CRowN, DAvD A., A Preliminary Scheme forDif- the copy. ferentiating European Typewriters, June 1959. In the absence of all the significant characters 4. CROwN, DAvID A., The Differentiation of Type- Writers Using European Typefaces, 1960 necessary for complete typeface differentiation, Edition. much can be done otherwise. Classification first by 5. CRowN, DAvm A., AND CONwAy, JAMEs V. P., pitch will delimit the possibilities so that the Class Characteristics of European Typewriters, California Association of Criminalists, July 1962 entire scheme in Tables 4A and 4B need not be Conference. necessary. The list of possible typeface designs for 6. HAAS, JOSEP, Determining Class Characteristics each specific pitch can be determined from of Typewriting, KRDUNALISTIK, No. 2, April Table 1954, p. 13. 3. Using this restricted list of typeface possibilities, 7. HAAS, J., Class Characteristics of Olympia Type- the scheme in Tables 4A and 4B may become more writers; ARcH. r. KRnr., Vol. 121, No. 5/6, 1958, p. 126. workable in the light of the characters available 8. HAAS, J., Determining the Make and Model of for use in differentiation. In any event, reasoned Typewriters Based on Elite Type, ARcH. F. extrapolations can be made with the data available KxIm., Vol. 123, No. 3/4, 1959, p. 65. 9. HAAS, J., Determining the Make and Model of in this paper. Typewriters on the Basis of Ransmayer and Accurate determination of typeface designs Rodrian Style "Ro 7" (Elite) Type; ARcr. P. should involve comparison of all characters with a KRin., Vol. 125, No. 1/2, 1962, p. 2. 10. HAAS, J., Letter dated May 10, 1967. complete strike-up of the typeface design. Speci- 11. IHILTON, ORDWAY, A Systematic Method for mens on hand should be categorized by pitch and Identifying the Make and Age-Model of a Typewriter From Its Work, J. or C. L. & C., typeface design so that they can be used for this Vol. 41, No. 5, 1951, p. 661. purpose. Defects in the examiner's reference file 12. HILTON, ORDwAy, SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF should be made up as is possible. In collecting QUESTIONED DOCUmENTS, Callaghan, Chicago, 1956, p. 50. specimens, care should be taken to include a sketch 13. MAULY, W. The Identification of Typewriters, of the typeblock symbol for use in determining KRnNALisTiE, May 1956, p. 182. 14. Scnmm, LISTE DER HERSTELLUNOSDATEN typeface manufacturer. A study of full strike-ups SCHREIBmASCHINEN, Burghagen Verlag, Ham- of the various designs will reveal other characters burg, 1962. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

APPENDIX 1 FoREIGN Tyvwra PRoDucTioN AND B ,RANDNAME CROSS-INDEX

Name Produced Dates

ABC West Germany 1955-1966 ABC Standard Portugal 1967- Adler West Germany 1900-D ("date") Admiral (see Montana) Alba (see Antares) Amina (see Torpedo) Administrator (see European Royal) ADS (see ABC) AEG Germany 1914-1930 Agar (see Juventa) Aigle (see Adler) Ajax (see Imperial) Ala (see Hermes) Al Abram (see Rheinmetall) Alfa (see Minerva) Amata Austria 1923-1925 Ambassador (see Hermes) AMC (see Alpina, Japy, or Orga) Annabelle (see Antares) Antares Italy 1954-D Archo Germany 1920-1941 Aristocrat (see Empire or Urania) Astoria (see SIM-Montana) Athena (see European Remington (Holland)) Atiantida (see Japy) Atlas Japan 1935-? Augusta (see SIM-Montana) Avona (see ABC, Alpina, or Juwel) Aztec (see Erika) Azzurra (see Hermes) Baby (see Hermes or Torpedo) Baka V (see Stoewer) Balila (see Montana) Baltica (see Norden) Bambino (see Olympia (East)) Bar-let (see Barlock) Barlock England 1887-1953 Bart Stevens Deluxe (see Consul) Beaucourt (see Japy) Bel Air (see European Remington) Beta (see Consul) Bijou (see Erika or Rooy) Blitz (see Juwel) Blue Bird (see Torpedo) Bradford (see Brother) Brillant (see ABC, Everest, or Groma) Briton (see Imperial) Brosette West Germany 1953-1959 Brother Japan 1961-D Byron England 1952-1954? Byron (see also Japy or Swissa) DAVID A. CROWN [Vol. 59

APPENDIX 1-Continued

Name I Produced Dates

Calanda Switzerland 1942-1956 post-war Campus Japan Capri (see Antares) Century (see Consul or European Royal) Champion (see Consul) Cicero (see European Remington (Holland) or Halda- Facit) Cito (see Stoewer) Classic (see Torpedo) Claudia (see Consul) Cole Steel (see ABC) Collegiate (see ABC) Combina (see Groma) Comet (see Consul, European Remington, or Halberg) Commodore (see Consul) Concentia (see Orga) Concord (see Merz) Concordia (see Urania) unknown Condor Japan 1949-D Consul Czechoslovakia 1922-1933 Contin France 1904-1956 Continental East Germany Cosmopolitan (see Mercedes) 1903-1927 Courier Austria Courier (see also Japy) Crisler (see Rooy) CZ (see Consul) 1935-1939 Dankers Germany Dansk (see Norden) Dart (see European Royal (Holland)) Davis (see Empire) Definitiv (see Alpina) Dejur (see Triumph) De-Lux (see Olympia (West)) De Luxe (see Siemag) 1909-1926 Deutschland Germany Diana (see European Royal) Diaspron (see Olivetti) Diplomat (see Olympia (East)) DM (see Olympia (East)) Domus (see Antares) Drake-London (see Mercedes) Durabel (see Triumph) Dynacord (see Torpedo) Edida (see Triumph) El Dorado (see European Royal) Electa (see Invicta) Elektra (see Mercedes) Elematic (see Everest) E.M.A. (see European Remington) 1952- Emona Yugoslavia 1897-1958 Empire England Empire-Canadian (see Empire) 1958-D Empire-Corona England APPENDIX I-Continuedi

Name Produced Dates

Engadine Italy Current production Erika East Germany 1910-D European Remington England, Holland, 1946-D France, Italy European Royal West Germany 1933-1961 European Royal Holland 1955-D Everest Italy, Argentina 1937-Dl Everlux (see Antares) Express (see Mercedes) Facit (Ex-Halda) Sweden 1957-D Fairbanks-Ward (see Consul) Favorit (see Adler or Mercedes) Filius (see Juwel) Fix (see Juwel) F.K. Poland 1932-1939 F.K. Mala Poland 1938-1939 F.K. Mala (see also Hermes) Flott (see Juwel) F.N. (see MAP) Forto Holland Dutch assembly of Consul Fortuna Germany 1922-1950 ? Fortuna (see also SIM-Montana) Forward (see European Royal) Futura (see Princess) Gabrielle (see Adler or Triumph) Gallia (see Urania) Gazelle (see Japy) Good Companion (see Imperial) Gossen West Germany 1948-1958 Grand Chariot (see Rooy) Graphika (see Olivetti) Groma East Germany 1924-D Gromina (see Groma) Haddad (see Urania) Halda Sweden 1902-1958 Halberg Holland 1952-1954 Harrods (see Olivetti) Hermes Switzerland 1921-fl Hispano (see Olivetti) Holiday (see European Remington or Torpedo) Hosraito Japan unknown Ideal East Germany 1900-D Imperator (see Urania) Imperia (see SIM) Imperial England 1908-D Invicta Italy 1921-1950 Iris (see Montana) Ivriah (see Olivetti) Jaguar Japan Current production Japy France 1910-D Jolson Alma (see Antares) Jolson Everest (see Everest) Junior (see ABC, Adler, or Swissa) Juventa Germany 1923-1928 Juwel West Germany 1936-D APPENDIX 1-Continued

Name Produced Dates

Kappel Germany 1914-1945 Kappel-Fips (see Olympia (East)) Kappel-Knirps (see Olympia (East)) Karin (see Voss) Kenbar (see Rheinmetall) Koh-i-nor (see Triumph) Kolibri (see Groma) Kolumbus (see Mercedes) Lafayette (see Torpedo) Leoma (see Alpina) Lettera (see Olivetti) Lexicon (see Olivetti) Libelle (see Consul) Liberte (see Japy) Littoria (see Invicta or SIM-Montana) Lloyd (see Imerpial or Stoewer) Majestic (see Alpina or Brother) MAP France 1922-1954 Marion (see Consul) MAS (see SIM-Montana) Master (see Rooy) Masteriter (see European Remington (Holland)) Matura (see Triumph) MBM Mercury (see Consul) Mead (see Torpedo) Media (see Hermes or Montana) Meister (see Erika) Meisterin (see Siemag) Melitta (see Mercedes) Mercedes East Germany 1907-D Merz Germany 1926-1939 Messa (Ex-ABC) Portugal 1967- Messa (see also Siemag) Meteor Spain Current production Micro (see Antares) Mignon France 1904-1932 Mirian (see Montana) Mitex (see Barlock) Mobdiale (see Triumph) Monarch (see European Remington) Monica (see Olympia (West)) Montana (Ex-SIM) Italy 1950-1966 Montana (see also SIM) Nagri (see Orga) Nippo Japan 1961-D Norden Denmark 1928-? Norma (see Princess) Nuova-Levi (see SIM) Odoma Germany 1921-1937 Ofrex (see Everest) Oliver England 1928-1959 ? Oliver (see also Fortuna, Halda, Japy, or SIM) Olivetti Italy, Argentina 1911-D Olympia (East (Ex-AEG) East Germany 1930-1950 Olympia-Erfurt (see Olympia (East) and Optima) APPENDIX 1-Conlinued

Name Produced Dates

Olympia (West) West Germany 1949-D Optima (Ex-Olympia-E) East Germany 1950-D Orbis (see Olympia (West)) Orga West Germany 1923-1950 Orga (see also European Royal (German)) Orga Privat (see European Royal (German)) Oriette (see Olympia (West)) Orven (see Atlas) P-100 (see Nippo) Paretto Japan unknown Parva (see Antares) Passat France 1948-1950 Patria Switzerland 1937-1950 Patria (Spanish) Spain 1948-D Patria (see also Japy, SIM, or Swissa) Patricia (see Japy) Perfect (see Empire) Perfekt (see Triumph) Perkeo Germany 1912-1933 Perkeo (see also Urania) Piccola (see Adler, Erika, Swissa, or Urania) Pilot (see Gossen) Plana (see Olympia (East)) Pluma (see Olivetti) Pontiac Minor (see Montana) Porto-rite (see Torpedo) Prestige (see Brother) Prima (see Mercedes) Primus (see Adler or Triumph) Princess West Germany 1948-D Privat (see Adler, Orga, Triumph, or Voss) Professional (see Consul) Progress (see Olympia (East)) Protos (see Mercedes) Queen (see Rooy) Racer (see Rooy) Rapid (see Juwel) Rapide (see Empire) Rapid-riter (see European Remington) Record (see Adler) Referent (see Olympia (East)) Regent (see Hermes) Regina Germany 1902-1934 Rekord (see Stoewer) Rembrandt (see European Remington) Remington Junioriter Holland 1933-? Remington Masteriter Holland 1950-D Remington Quietriter England, Norway 1951-? Remington Senioriter (see Torpedo) Remington Superiter England, France, Nor- way, Japan, Holland, Italy 1950-Dl Remington Travelriter (Ex-Halberg) Holland 1933-? Rem-riter (see European Remington (Holland)) Remtor (see Torpedo) APPENDIX I-Continued

Name Produced Dates

Rheinmetall East Germany 1920-D Rheinmetall (see also Stoewer) Rocket (see Hermes) 1937-D Rooy France Rosanta (see Triumph) Roxy (see Rooy) Royal Express (see Empire) Royalite (see European Royal (Holland)) Royaluxe (see European Royal (Holland)) RUF (see Alpina) Sabaudia (see Invicta) Saleem (see Urania) Salter (see Empire) Sava (see Alpina) 1967- Sava (Ex-Alpina) Yugoslavia Scholastic (see European Remington) Scribe (see Olivetti) Scriva (see Triumph) Select (see Japy) Selecta (see Mercedes) Serio (see Everest) 1948-1966 Siemag West Germany Signature (see Brother) Signet (see European Royal) Silenta (see Continental or Olympia (East)) Current production Silver Reed Japan 1931-1951 SIM Italy SIM (see also Montana) Simplex (see Adler, Erika, Groma, Merz, or Torpedo) Simtype (see SIM-Montana) Singer Graduate (see European Remington (Holland)) Singer Scholastic (see European Royal (Holland)) Skylark (see European Remington) Skyriter (see Empire-Corona) Splendid (see Olympia (West)) Solid (see Siemag) Solitaire (see Torpedo) Star (see Halda-Facit) Star-tab (see European Remington) Starfire (see European Remington) 1958- Starlet Germany Starlet (see also Juwel) Sterling (see Siemag) 1903-1930 Stoewer Germany Studio (see Olivetti) Style (see Japy) Superba (see Mercedes) 1950-1953 Superia West Germany Superia (see also European Royal (German)) Supermetall (see Rheinmetall) Supra (see Montana) Swift (see Stoewer) 1950-D Swissa (Ex-Swiss Patria) Switzerland Tell (see Barlock) Tippa (see Adler, Gossen, or Triumph) CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS

APPENDIX 1-Confiied Name I Produced IDates

Torpedo West Germany 1907-1966 Toshiba Japan post-war Tower Attache (see Empire-Corona) Tower Capri (see European Remington) Tower Centurion (see European Remington) Tower Script (see Japy) Traveler (see Halberg) Travelriter (see European Remington (Holland)) Triumph West Germany 1909-DI TVB (see Brother) Typo (see Japy) UHU (see Alpina) UjIaki (see Urania) Urania East Germany 1909-1954 Urania (see also Erika) Underwood (see Olivetti) Underwood 18 (see Antares) Unitype (see Torpedo) Universal (see Adler or Merz) Urdu (see Urania) US Mirsa (see Ideal) Valiant (see Brother) Viking (see Montana) Voss West Germany 1947-D Wanamaker (see Empire) Wanderer (see Continental) Wards Signature (see Brother) Webster (see Brother) Wizard Tin-Type (see Brother) Z-2 (see Consul) Zbojovka-2 (see Consul) Zeta (see Consul)