DOCSLIB.ORG

American Toad Anaxyrus Americanus (Formerly Bufo Americanus)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
American Toad Anaxyrus Americanus (Formerly Bufo Americanus) Fluvarium Fact Sheets Eastern American toad Anaxyrus americanus (formerly Bufo americanus) forest, open forest, forest edges and wetlands. They can even live in brackish waters. These toads are mainly nocturnal and take shelter under stones, moss, fallen logs and woodpiles during the day. Range This species is naturally found throughout eastern North America from southern Labrador in Canada down to Georgia and Louisiana in the United States. They range as far west as Manitoba, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma and Eastern American toads are found northern Texas. throughout southern Labrador and eastern An exotic species in Newfoundland, they North America. In Newfoundland they are mainly are found around Corner Brook where mainly found around Corner Brook where they were originally introduced. Natural and they were originally introduced in 1960. human aided expansions have lead to their Description patchy distribution around the island. American toads range in colour from grey- American toads can be found in Corner Brook, brown to red-brown with a complex pattern Gros Morne National Park, the Codroy Valley of black striping on the limbs. A and in St. John’s. characteristic shared by all individuals are This species establishes home ranges of black spots on their back with only one or around 0.16 acres and will repeatedly use two warts in it. The underside is usually particular known hiding places. In spotted, and mainly on the forward half. Newfoundland they are estimated to expand Like all toads, they have poison sacs called their distribution by 1 km per year. parotid glands, which look like enlarged bumps located on the back, just behind the Box 1: Definitions eye. These toads have two cranial crests or Amplexus – the mating clasp of male frogs or thin protrusions on the head surrounding the toads where they cling to the back or sides eye. of the female and fertilize the eggs as she Males and females are similar in releases them. appearance, except during the breeding Brackish water – water with a low salt level. season where the throat on the males turns a dark, almost black colour. Exotic species – a non-native species introduced to an area through human Size activity. Females are slightly larger than males. Parotid glands – poison sacs found in all Throughout most of their range: toads (Family Bufonidae). Located just • Female frogs range from 5.6-11.0 cm. behind the eye, these sacs release toxic • Male frogs range from 5.1-8.5 cm. secretions when broken. The toxins cause a Measurements are from head to tail and do burning sensation when in contact with not include the legs. mucous membranes in the eyes and mouth of a predator and induce vomiting. Lifespan Females usually live up to 5 years and males Diet usually live up to 4 years. • Adult toads are carnivorous and mainly eat Habitat terrestrial invertebrates including crickets, American toads are found in almost any worms, beetles, insect larvae, ants, moths, terrain where there is water and shelter. This spiders and slugs. includes open, rocky areas, prairie, dense The Suncor Energy Fluvarium Fact Sheets 1 Eastern American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) • Toad tadpoles are omnivorous and feed on and owls. In other parts of its distribution it organic debris and other suspended matter is mainly eaten by snakes and small in the water including algae, mammals. phytoplankton, and aquatic plants. They Relation to humans will also consume dead fish and tadpoles. In Newfoundland they are listed as an exotic Reproduction and development species. Males move into breeding sites and begin to Interesting facts call almost immediately after emerging from hibernation. In Newfoundland, this occurs as • This species was introduced to Corner early as mid-May and continues into the Brook from 1960-1963 using newly summer. metamorphosed toads from Toronto, ON. They breed in grassy, shallow, slow moving • Crows avoid breaking the poison sacs by to still waters in ponds lakes, streams and turning the frog on its back and eating its ditches. They generally choose sites with no belly. tadpole predators such as fish or other • American toads overwinter underground, species of tadpoles. just below the frost line. Male toads make a high-pitched, rapidly pulsed musical trill. Females choose their • An easy way to tell frogs and toads apart is mate based on the effort put into the call or that toads have warts. However, a person the rapid succession of the call. cannot get warts by handling a toad. After a female chooses their mate, the • “Project Frog” in the early 1980’s was a male climbs on her back and grasps her in an collaboration between The Natural History embrace called amplexus. She then Section of the Newfoundland Museum (St. successively lays two string of eggs as the John’s) and forty junior high schools male fertilizes them. A female lays between throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. 2000-20 000 eggs depending on the females They documented the occurrence and age and body size. Their toxic secretions are distribution of frogs and toads in the also deposited on their eggs to protect them province. from predators. At The Suncor Energy Fluvarium The transparent 1-2 mm eggs hatch after about 3-12 days. The tadpoles start to • See eastern American toads in our metamorphose into toads after about 50-60 terrariums on our fluvarium level. days. A whole brood of tadpoles will • Listen to the male’s mating call. transform into toads within 6 days. Additional resources They first start to acquire their back legs as Tyning, T.F. 1990. A guide to amphibians and their respiratory system changes from gills to reptiles. Stokes Nature guide. Little, Brown lungs. Their digestive system also goes and Company: Boston. pp. 400. through changes as the young toad switches Maunder, J.E. 1983. Amphibians of the from herbivory to carnivory. Their front legs province of Newfoundland. Canadian Field develop as their tail starts to shrink and get Naturalist, 97: 33-46. absorbed for nutrients. After getting their front legs, the toads leave the water and completely absorbed their tail within 2 days. For more information, please contact: Males reach sexual maturity in their second The Suncor Energy Fluvarium summer after metamorphosis and breed the 5 Nagle's Place, following spring. Females mature at around St. John's, NL, Canada 3-4 years of age. A1B 2Z2 Predation Telephone: (709)754-3474 Tadpoles and eggs are preyed upon by • Email: [email protected] diving beetles, giant water bugs and dragonfly larvae. Website: http://www.fluvarium.ca • Adult American toads are eaten occasionally by birds such as ducks, crows The Suncor Energy Fluvarium Fact Sheets 2 Eastern American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Toad (Anaxyrus Americanus) Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus Fowleri
    Vermont has eleven known breeding species of frogs. Their exact distributions are still being determined. In order for these species to survive and flourish, they need our help. One way you can help is to report the frogs that you come across in the state. Include in your report as much detail as you can on the appearance and location of the animal; also include the date of the sighting, your name, and how to contact you. Photographs are ideal, but not necessary. When attempting to identify a particular species, check at least three different field markings so that you can be sure of what it is. To contribute a report, you may use our website (www.vtherpatlas.org) or contact Jim Andrews directly at [email protected]. American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) The American Bullfrog is our largest frog and can reach 7 inches long. The Bullfrog is one of the three The American Toad is one of Vermont’s two toad species. Toads can be distinguished from other green-faced frogs in Vermont. It has a green and brown mottled body with dark stripes across its legs. frogs in Vermont by their dry and bumpy skin, and the long oval parotoid glands on each side of their The Bullfrog does not have dorsolateral ridges, but it does have a ridge that starts at the eye and goes necks. The American Toad has at least one large wart in each of the large black spots found along its around the eardrum (tympana) and down. The Bullfrog’s call is a deep low jum-a-rum.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Population of The
    Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Population of the Boreal Toad, Anaxyrus boreas boreas Prepared by the Western Colorado Ecological Services Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction, Colorado EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This species status assessment (SSA) reports the results of the comprehensive biological status review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) for the Eastern Population of the boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas) and provides a thorough account of the species’ overall viability and, therefore, extinction risk. The boreal toad is a subspecies of the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas, formerly Bufo boreas). The Eastern Population of the boreal toad occurs in southeastern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and most of Utah. This SSA Report is intended to provide the best available biological information to inform a 12-month finding and decision on whether or not the Eastern Population of boreal toad is warranted for listing under the Endangered Species Act (Act), and if so, whether and where to propose designating critical habitat. To evaluate the biological status of the boreal toad both currently and into the future, we assessed a range of conditions to allow us to consider the species’ resiliency, redundancy, and representation (together, the 3Rs). The boreal toad needs multiple resilient populations widely distributed across its range to maintain its persistence into the future and to avoid extinction. A number of factors influence whether boreal toad populations are considered resilient to stochastic events. These factors include (1) sufficient population size (abundance), (2) recruitment of toads into the population, as evidenced by the presence of all life stages at some point during the year, and (3) connectivity between breeding populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Signs of the Seasons: a New England Phenology Program Indicator
    Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program Indicator Species Fact Sheet Eastern American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus The American toad is commonly found throughout New England and is native to eastern North America. Considered habitat generalists, these toads can be found anywhere that moisture and ample food are available, including multiple forest types, fields and urban areas. Toads play an important ecosystem role as insect consumers, thereby keeping populations in check. Appearance: Toads are shades of brown in color and are covered with warts. They have a wide head and short front limbs. Behind the eyes, there are kidney bean shaped glands; J.D. Willson, USGS Savannah River Ecology Lab, http://srel.uga.edu/ these paratoid glands produce toxins that give the toad an unpleasant taste. The toads range in length from 2-4 ½ inches. Females are slightly larger than males and lack the characteristic dark colored throat seen on males. Feeding: American toads are known to feed from early morning into the evening. They consume what is available and may eat a variety of larval insects, slugs, spiders, and centipedes, for example. Tadpoles feed on algae within their pools. Life History: Breeding season is triggered by the arrival of warmer temperatures and longer days. It begins in March or April when the toads arrive at shallow, fresh water pools. Males grasp the females around the belly in order to fertilize the eggs as they are laid. Between 4,000-12,000 eggs are laid in long parallel strands. They will hatch in 3-12 days, requiring 5-10 weeks to complete metamorphosis and 2-4 years to reach sexual maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife in Your Young Forest.Pdf
    WILDLIFE IN YOUR Young Forest 1 More Wildlife in Your Woods CREATE YOUNG FOREST AND ENJOY THE WILDLIFE IT ATTRACTS WHEN TO EXPECT DIFFERENT ANIMALS his guide presents some of the wildlife you may used to describe this dense, food-rich habitat are thickets, T see using your young forest as it grows following a shrublands, and early successional habitat. timber harvest or other management practice. As development has covered many acres, and as young The following lists focus on areas inhabited by the woodlands have matured to become older forest, the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis), a rare amount of young forest available to wildlife has dwindled. native rabbit that lives in parts of New York east of the Having diverse wildlife requires having diverse habitats on Hudson River, and in parts of Connecticut, Rhode Island, the land, including some young forest. Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire, and southern Maine. In this region, conservationists and landowners In nature, young forest is created by floods, wildfires, storms, are carrying out projects to create the young forest and and beavers’ dam-building and feeding. To protect lives and shrubland that New England cottontails need to survive. property, we suppress floods, fires, and beaver activities. Such projects also help many other kinds of wildlife that Fortunately, we can use habitat management practices, use the same habitat. such as timber harvests, to mimic natural disturbance events and grow young forest in places where it will do the most Young forest provides abundant food and cover for insects, good. These habitat projects boost the amount of food reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Frogs and Toads Defined
    by Christopher A. Urban Chief, Natural Diversity Section Frogs and toads defined Frogs and toads are in the class Two of Pennsylvania’s most common toad and “Amphibia.” Amphibians have frog species are the eastern American toad backbones like mammals, but unlike mammals they cannot internally (Bufo americanus americanus) and the pickerel regulate their body temperature and frog (Rana palustris). These two species exemplify are therefore called “cold-blooded” (ectothermic) animals. This means the physical, behavioral, that the animal has to move ecological and habitat to warm or cool places to change its body tempera- similarities and ture to the appropriate differences in the comfort level. Another major difference frogs and toads of between amphibians and Pennsylvania. other animals is that amphibians can breathe through the skin on photo-Andrew L. Shiels L. photo-Andrew www.fish.state.pa.us Pennsylvania Angler & Boater • March-April 2005 15 land and absorb oxygen through the weeks in some species to 60 days in (plant-eating) beginning, they have skin while underwater. Unlike reptiles, others. Frogs can become fully now developed into insectivores amphibians lack claws and nails on their developed in 60 days, but many (insect-eaters). Then they leave the toes and fingers, and they have moist, species like the green frog and bullfrog water in search of food such as small permeable and glandular skin. Their can “overwinter” as tadpoles in the insects, spiders and other inverte- skin lacks scales or feathers. bottom of ponds and take up to two brates. Frogs and toads belong to the years to transform fully into adult Where they go in search of this amphibian order Anura.
    [Show full text]
  • Yosemite Toad Conservation Assessment
    United States Department of Agriculture YOSEMITE TOAD CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT A Collaborative Inter-Agency Project Forest Pacific Southwest R5-TP-040 January Service Region 2015 YOSEMITE TOAD CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT A Collaborative Inter-Agency Project by: USDA Forest Service California Department of Fish and Wildlife National Park Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Coordinators: Cathy Brown USDA Forest Service Amphibian Monitoring Team Leader Stanislaus National Forest Sonora, CA [email protected] Marc P. Hayes Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Research Scientist Science Division, Habitat Program Olympia, WA Gregory A. Green Principal Ecologist Owl Ridge National Resource Consultants, Inc. Bothel, WA Diane C. Macfarlane USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region Threatened Endangered and Sensitive Species Program Leader Vallejo, CA Amy J. Lind USDA Forest Service Tahoe and Plumas National Forests Hydroelectric Coordinator Nevada City, CA Yosemite Toad Conservation Assessment Brown et al. R5-TP-040 January 2015 YOSEMITE TOAD WORKING GROUP MEMBERS The following may be the contact information at the time of team member involvement in the assessment. Becker, Dawne Davidson, Carlos Harvey, Jim Associate Biologist Director, Associate Professor Forest Fisheries Biologist California Department of Fish and Wildlife Environmental Studies Program Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest 407 West Line St., Room 8 College of Behavioral and Social Sciences USDA Forest Service Bishop, CA 93514 San Francisco State University 1200 Franklin Way (760) 872-1110 1600 Holloway Avenue Sparks, NV 89431 [email protected] San Francisco, CA 94132 (775) 355-5343 (415) 405-2127 [email protected] Boiano, Daniel [email protected] Aquatic Ecologist Holdeman, Steven J. Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks Easton, Maureen A.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptiles and Amphibians Despite General Public Revulsion Have a More Positive Than Negative Potential
    . REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS-A MANAGEMENT DILEMMA WILLIAM D. FITZWATER, Senior Biologist, Operations Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, . Washington, D. C. ABSTRACT: Reptiles and amphibians despite general public revulsion have a more positive than negative potential. On the positive side are food, scientific and educational benefits biological control of pests, medicine, ornamentation, carrion cleanup, pets and aesthetic • values. On the negative side are predation, human confrontation and health. · Where' control is deemed a necessary management procedure, it can be achieved to some degree by cultural controls, repellents , trapping and reductional methods, such as, hand capture, ·den hunt.Ing, electric fence and pesticides (though none are currently registered for this purpose). Mankind has held an unrelenting grudge against reptiles ever since a sna~e gave die~ary advice to Eve, the first woman. Amphibians are also held in the same low regard because of the frog who conned a gullible princess into kissing him and that old wart peddler, the toad. However, a closer examination of the ecological niche filled by these a~used animals would indicate there is much to be said in their favor. McAtee (1934) evaluated the "game and commercial" values- of vertebrate species in this country against their 11verm in11 labels. The categories are not clearly defined and there has been considerable readjustment in public attitudes since that date. However, his fig· ures make the point there is more good than ev i l in the Reptilia and Amphibia compared to the track record of other vertebrates: Vertebrate Total Number Values Graue of Seecies Positive Nesatlve Fish 600 132 378 Amphibians 139 3 3 Reptiles 149 24 60 Birds 811 69 142 Mammals 670 197 189 The "positive" values of reptiles and amphibians are: FOOD Frogs, turtles, snakes and lizards were not only important to the diet of early man but the first two, at least, are still an acceptable entree for modern man.
    [Show full text]
  • Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus Fowleri)
    PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Adopted under Section 44 of SARA Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Canada Fowler’s Toad 2013 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2013. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 19 pp. + Appendices. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca). Cover illustration: © David Green Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement du crapaud de Fowler (Anaxyrus fowleri) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2013. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE FOWLER’S TOAD (Anaxyrus fowleri) IN CANADA 2013 Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada. In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of Ontario has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act. Environment Canada has included an addition which completes the SARA requirements for this recovery strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cane Toad Risk Assessment
    Invasive animal risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Agriculture Fisheries and Department of Cane toad Bufo marinus Anna Markula, Steve Csurhes and Martin Hannan-Jones First published 2010 Updated 2016 © State of Queensland, 2016. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/au/deed.en" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Invasive animal risk assessment: Cane toad Bufo marinus 2 Contents Summary 4 Introduction 5 Identity and taxonomy 5 Description 6 Biology and ecology 6 Diet 7 Predators and diseases 8 Origin and distribution 9 Status in Australia and Queensland 10 Preferred habitat 11 History as a pest elsewhere 12 Current impact in Australia 12 Pest potential in Queensland 14 Climate match 14 Threat to human health 16 Legal status in Australia and Queensland 16 Numerical risk analysis 16 References 17 Attachment 22 Invasive animal risk assessment: Cane toad Bufo marinus 3 Summary IIn 1935, about 100 cane toads (Bufo marinus) were introduced into Queensland from tropical America in a clumsy attempt to control cane beetles, a significant pest of sugarcane crops. Over the past 75 years, cane toads have invaded most of coastal and sub-coastal Queensland, and are currently spreading into new areas of the Top End in the Northern Territory and into north-west parts of Western Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Habitat and Ecology of Fowler's Toads
    TERRESTRIAL HABITAT AND ECOLOGY OF FOWLER’S TOADS (ANAXYRUS FOWLERI) Morgan Boenke Department of Biology McGill University, Montreal August, 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master’s of Science © Morgan Boenke, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………..6 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..9 RÉSUMÉ……………………………………………………………………………….10 CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS…………………………………………………...11 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………...…………….12 HABITAT LOSS AND EXTINCTION………………………………………..13 PATTERNS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION AND SCALE…………….14 HABITAT USE………………………………………………………………...15 HOME RANGE: SPACE USE AND SPATIAL REQUIRMENTS…………...16 HABITAT USE IN TERRESTRIAL AMPHIBIANS…………………………19 TERRESTRIAL REFUGE SITE CHOICE IN AMPHIBIANS…………….....20 HOME RANGE STUDIES IN TERRESTRIAL AMPHIBIANS……………..21 STUDY SPECIES……………………………………………………………...21 METHODS USED TO STUDY REFUGE SITE SELECTION AND MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR……………………………………………23 LOCATION OF FIELD WORK AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES………….23 TABLES………………………………………………………………………..36 FIGURE LEGEND..……………………………………………………………38 FIGURE……………………………………………………………………...…39 CHAPTER TWO: SELECTION OF DAYTIME REFUGE SITES……….……...40 LINKING STATEMENT………………………………………………………41 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………42 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...43 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………45 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………53 2 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………..58 TABLES………………………………………………………………………..66 FIGURE
    [Show full text]
  • Seney National Wildlife Refuge Species Checklist
    Seney National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1974 Refuge Entrance Road Seney, MI 49883 906/586 9851 TTY users may reach Seney through Michigan’s Seney State Relay System at 1 800/649 3777 or, if outstate, 1 800/855 2880 National Wildlife Web: www.fws.gov/refuges/seney Follow us on Facebook: Refuge www.facebook.com/seneyrefuge U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1 800/344 WILD Mammals January 2018 Reptiles and Amphibians Invertebrates Fish Painted Turtle, April Payne/USFWS Seney National Wildlife Refuge has over 95,000 acres of Mammals Abundance coniferous, mixed and hardwood forests, shrub-lands, Even-toed Undulates grasslands, marshes, and open water. The diversity of ___ White-tailed Deer................................ Common habitat provides homes for a wide array of animal species. ___ Moose....................................................Rare As you explore the refuge look and listen for the animals listed in this brochure. Many animals listed in this guide Canines are timid and may be diffi cult to spot, but by watching for ___ Gray Wolf..............................................Uncommon movement and signs, listening for sounds, and driving/ ___ Coyote...................................................Uncommon walking slowly and stopping frequently you can increase ___ Gray Fox...............................................Rare your viewing opportunities. We have an abundance of bird ___ Red Fox.................................................Uncommon life which is listed in a separate brochure. Felines Please remember that collecting plants and animals is not ___ Bobcat...................................................Uncommon allowed on the refuge. If you should fi nd a species that ___ Canada Lynx........................................Unknown is missing or listed as unknown, present, or rare, contact the refuge staff and provide a description or photo.
    [Show full text]
  • American Toad
    amphibians updated 03/17 AMERICAN TOAD Range Found throughout eastern United States and Canada Habitat generalists that can live anywhere with moist hiding spots or vegetative cover and a food/water source. Within their Habitat range, they can be found from forests to suburban yards and anywhere in between. During the winter, they only need moist soil and cover to bury themselves in to stay moist and keep from freezing. Adults are carnivorous and eat a variety of insects and invertebrates. They have been known to eat anything that they can fit Diet (wild) in their mouths. They extend their very sticky tongues to catch their prey. These toads are well known for their ability to eat huge numbers of insects and are welcome in many gardens to keep pest numbers down. Diet (captivity) Length: 4½ inches. Large, usually chubby toad. Color varies but they are usually brown, brick red, or olive-colored. They have potter park zoo docent manual 2017 manual docent park zoo potter Description lighter colored patterns on their bodies along with brown spots. All American toads have warts and some have a light stripe down the back. Both male and female toads have light colored, spotted bellies but males have darker throats. Lifespan Wild: most live only a year but can live up to 10. One documented toad lived for 36 years. The female will release 3,000–20,000 eggs into the shallow water where the male will fertilize them (external fertilization). The eggs are attached to underwater vegetation and are arranged in double strings covered in a clear, gelatinous material.
    [Show full text]