Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus Fowleri)

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PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Adopted under Section 44 of SARA

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Canada

Fowler’s Toad

2013

Recommended citation:

Environment Canada. 2013. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 19 pp. + Appendices.

For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca).

Cover illustration: © David Green

Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement du crapaud de Fowler (Anaxyrus fowleri) au Canada [Proposition] »

Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE FOWLER’S TOAD (Anaxyrus fowleri) IN CANADA

2013

Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada.

In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of Ontario has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act. Environment Canada has included an addition which completes the SARA requirements for this recovery strategy.

The Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement (Part 3) has also been included as part of the adoption to clarify the priorities for implementation. A Government Response Statement is the Ontario Government’s policy response to the recovery strategy that summarizes the prioritized actions that the government intends to take.

The federal recovery strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada consists of three parts:

Part 1 – Federal Addition to the "Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario", prepared by Environment Canada.

Part 2 - Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario, prepared by David M. Green, Anne R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Part 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement, prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1– Federal Addition to the “Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario”, prepared by Environment Canada ...... 1

PREFACE ...... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 3 ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS TO THE ADOPTED DOCUMENT ...... 4 1. Species Status Information ...... 4 2. Recovery Feasibility ...... 4 3. Population and Distribution Objectives ...... 6 4. Broad Strategies and General Approaches to Meet Objectives ...... 6 5. Critical Habitat ...... 6 5.1 Identification of the Species’ Critical Habitat...... 6 5.1.1. Suitable Habitat ...... 7 5.1.2. Site Definition and Occupancy Criterion ...... 8 5.1.3. Dispersal Corridors ...... 9 5.1.4 Application of the Fowler’s Toad Critical Habitat Criteria ...... 11 5.2 Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat ...... 13 5.3 Examples of Activities Likely to Result in the Destruction of Critical Habitat ...... 14 6. Statement on Action Plans ...... 14 7. Effects on the Environment and Other Species ...... 15 References ...... 16 APPENDIX 1 ...... 18

PART 2 – Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario ...... 19

PART 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement, prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

PART 1 – Federal Addition to the “Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario”, prepared by Environment Canada

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

PREFACE

The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years.

The Minister of the Environment is the competent minister for the recovery of the Fowler’s Toad and has prepared this strategy, as per section 37 of SARA. SARA section 44 allows the Minister to adopt all or part of an existing plan for the species if it meets the requirements under SARA for content (sub-sections 41(1) or (2)). The Province of Ontario led the development of the attached recovery strategy for the species (Part 2) in cooperation with Environment Canada. The Ontario Government Response Statement has also been included as part of the adoption to clarify the priorities for implementation (Part 3). A Government Response Statement is the Ontario Government’s policy response to the recovery strategy that summarizes the prioritized actions that the government intends to take.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy and will not be achieved by Environment Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the Fowler’s Toad and Canadian society as a whole.

This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information on recovery measures to be taken by Environment Canada and other jurisdictions and/or organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Development of the federal component of this recovery strategy (Part 1) was coordinated by Angela Darwin and Kari Van Allen (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario) with input from the Fowler’s Toad Recovery Team: Anne Yagi (Chair), Sandy Dobbyn, David M. Green, M. Alex Smith, Amy Brant, Tim Seburn, Jeff Robinson, Michael Oldham, James Duncan, Kim Frohlich, Ron Gould, Bob Johnson, Jason Mask, Vicki McKay, Mark Custers, Mike Potsma, Devin Mills, Diana Haywood and Scott Taylor. Sincere thanks are extended to Talena Kraus (Artemis Eco-Works) for preparing earlier drafts of this recovery strategy and to David Seburn (Seburn Ecological Services) for developing initial drafts of the critical habitat component.

The recovery strategy benefitted from the input and suggestions from the following individuals and organizations: Christina Rohe, Marie-Claude Archambault, Angela McConnell, Barbara Slezak, Lesley Dunn and Madeline Austen (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario); Bree Walpole, Leanne Jennings, Joe Crowley, Sandy Dobbyn, Jennifer Hoare, Joe Nocera, Allen Woodliffe and Anne Yagi (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources); Kim Borg and Vicky McKay (Parks Canada Agency). Thanks are also extended to David Green for the cover photo.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS TO THE ADOPTED DOCUMENT

The following sections address specific requirements of SARA that are not addressed in the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2), and/or to provide updated information, and/or modify sections for adoption by Environment Canada.

1. Species Status Information

Fowler’s Toad is listed as Endangered1 on Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). In Ontario, it is listed as Endangered2 under the provincial Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA 2007).

The global conservation rank for Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) is secure3 (G5) (NatureServe 2010). It is considered secure (N5) in the United States and imperiled4 in Canada (N2) (NatureServe 2010). The Fowler’s Toad occurs throughout most of the eastern United States, from southeastern Iowa in the west to southern New Hampshire in the east, and from Wisconsin in the north to eastern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and northern Florida in the south. It is considered secure (S5) or apparently secure5 (S4) in twenty of the thirty-one states in which it has been documented to occur (Appendix 1).

In Canada, the Fowler’s Toad is found only in the province of Ontario, along the northern shore of Lake Erie, where its subnational conservation rank is imperiled6 (S2) (NatureServe 2010).

The percentage of the global range found in Canada is estimated to be ≤1%.

2. Recovery Feasibility

Based on the following four criteria outlined in the draft SARA Policies (Government of Canada 2009), there are unknowns regarding the feasibility of recovery of the Fowler’s Toad. In keeping with the precautionary principle, a full recovery strategy has been prepared as would be done when recovery is determined to be feasible.

1. Individuals of the wildlife species that are capable of reproduction are available now or in the foreseeable future to sustain the population or improve its abundance.

1 a wildlife species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction 2 a species facing imminent extinction or extirpation in Ontario 3 a species that is considered common; widespread and abundant 4 a species that is at high risk of extinction or elimination due to very restricted range, very few populations, steep declines, or other factors 5 a species that is considered uncommon, but not rare; there is some cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors 6 imperiled in the province because of rarity due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the nation or province

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Unknown. Individuals capable of reproduction are currently available in Canada. However, the Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for the Canadian populations resulted in a greater than 20% probability of extirpation within 20 years and it is therefore unknown whether the current populations are large enough to sustain themselves, or improve their abundance. The Fowler’s Toad does have a large range in eastern North America with many stable populations that occur in the United States (NatureServe 2010). Recent evidence indicates that populations located along the south shores of Lake Erie in Pennsylvania and Ohio may be related to, and possibly derived from, Canadian populations, but this is not known with certainty (Green et al. 2011). Additionally, the subnational status rank of Fowler’s Toad in Pennsylvania is vulnerable and in Ohio is unranked (NatureServe 2010; Appendix 1). It is therefore unknown whether extant populations in the United States would be available to support recovery in Canada, or if recovery efforts involving such populations would be feasible.

2. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species or could be made available through habitat management or restoration.

Unknown. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the three extant populations in Canada. However, species abundance continues to decline and if re-establishing self-sustaining populations is determined to be necessary to support species’ recovery, then further investigation of available habitat of sufficient quality will need to occur.

3. The primary threats to the species or its habitat (including threats outside Canada) can be avoided or mitigated.

Unknown. Some of the primary threats to the species’ habitat, including vegetation succession on dune habitats by native and non-native plants and direct disturbance to habitat by beach grooming processes and vehicular use can be mitigated through habitat management activities. However, it is unknown whether other primary threats, such as pollution and the impacts of genetic isolation can be avoided or mitigated sufficiently to sustain the population or improve its abundance.

4. Recovery techniques exist to achieve the population and distribution objectives or can be expected to be developed within a reasonable timeframe.

Unknown. Although techniques to facilitate species recovery are available now and/or can be adapted within a reasonable timeframe, it is uncertain whether these techniques will be sufficient to maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Canada. Examples of recovery techniques that may be employed include activities related to habitat management such as the creation of dunes for hibernation habitat, the creation of breeding sites (i.e., digging ponds), the removal of exotic species to improve dune quality, the removal or mitigation of dispersal barriers (e.g. culverts, breakwalls) and the termination of beach grooming activities.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

3. Population and Distribution Objectives

The provincial recovery strategy contains the following recovery goal:  Maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario, in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point peninsula and along the Niagara peninsula, and re-establish self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where feasible.

Under SARA, population and distribution objectives for the species must be established. The population and distribution objectives established by Environment Canada for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada are to maintain the three extant populations in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point peninsula and on the Niagara peninsula, and to determine the feasibility of re-establishing self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas of sufficient habitat quality. The population and distribution objective is consistent with the recovery goal identified in the Ontario Government Response Statement (Part 3).

4. BROAD STRATEGIES AND GENERAL APPROACHES TO MEET OBJECTIVES

The Government-Led and Government-Supported Actions tables from Ontario’s Government Response Statement (Part 3) are adopted as the broad strategies and general approaches to meet the population and distribution objectives. These replace the approaches identified in Section 2 of the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2).

5. Critical Habitat

5.1 Identification of the Species’ Critical Habitat

Critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada is identified in this recovery strategy, to the extent possible, based on the best available information. It is recognized that the critical habitat identified below is insufficient to achieve the population and distribution objectives for this species because it is known there are currently occupied sites on both the Long Point and Niagara peninsulas that are undocumented (D. Green pers. comm. 2011; A. Yagi pers.comm. 2011), which may be necessary to ensure persistence of those populations. However, population and habitat information must first be confirmed for these sites before critical habitat can be identified. The Schedule of Studies (Section 5.2) outlines the activities required to identify additional critical habitat necessary to support the population and distribution objectives.

The identification of critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada is based on the following two criteria: suitable habitat and site occupancy. Suitable habitat for the Fowler’s Toad consists of four habitat types, each of which is described in section 5.1.1. Additionally, where continuous suitable habitat exists between two sites within ≤1 km of each other AND where there are no barriers to movement (e.g., solid shorewalls, breakwalls) that completely divide the suitable habitat, this habitat will be described as a dispersal corridor and will also be identified as critical habitat as described in section 5.1.3.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

5.1.1. Suitable Habitat

In Canada, extant populations of Fowler’s Toad occur only along the north shore of Lake Erie, in southwestern Ontario. Generally, they are found in open to early successional shoreline habitat within this region, but have specific habitat requirements that include both terrestrial and aquatic communities.

In order to complete its life cycle, the Fowler’s Toad requires four types of habitat: hibernation habitat; breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat; feeding and hydration habitat; and daytime retreat and aestivation7 habitat. All four habitat types should be located within close proximity (i.e. generally within a few hundred metres) of each other.

1. Hibernation habitat In Ontario, the Fowler’s Toad hibernates inland from the lakeshore in open to moderately vegetated sand dunes, beaches and other sandy areas along the Lake Erie shoreline (Green et al. 2011; COSEWIC 2010). Hibernation habitat must be sufficiently deep to allow Fowler’s Toads to remain beneath the frostline, but above the watertable over the winter months, i.e., generally from late September to mid-May (Green et al. 2008). The distance inland from the lake shoreline can vary with changing lake levels, but always remains within the sand beach and dune habitat.

2. Breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat For breeding, egg laying and tadpole development, the Fowler’s Toad requires the use of aquatic environments that persist until at least midsummer in order to complete development (COSEWIC 2010). Additionally, this habitat must include a sand or bedrock substrate and sparse to moderate vegetation cover (primarily sedges and bulrushes) (COSEWIC 2010; Green et al. 2007; Yagi and Mills 2003). In Ontario, breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat has been described in a number of ways including, the still water of semi-permanent ponds and marshes, temporary pools and/or waterbodies, sandy bottom pools, shallow rocky shoals, rocky pools, rocky headland pools, creek outlet areas on sandy beaches, and/or shallow bays along the lakeshore (COSEWIC 2010; Green et al. 2007; Yagi and Mills 2003; COSEWIC 2000).

3. Feeding and hydration habitat In Ontario, sandy beaches and adjacent inland early-successional habitat along Lake Erie are used for feeding and hydration. Most active in the evening, the Fowler’s Toad can be found feeding and re-hydrating on shorelines, including bedrock outcrop areas, dunes and beaches (Green et al. 2011; COSEWIC 2010; Green 2008; Yagi and Tervo 2008).

4. Daytime retreat and aestivation habitat Daytime retreat and aestivation habitat has been described as the areas on the inland part of the beach near the base of a dune (Green 2008). Dune habitat may be open, or sparsely to moderately vegetated with dune grasses or early successional herbs (Yagi and Mills 2003). Rocks, woody debris and other objects that provide cover may also be present (Green et al. 2011). Fowler’s Toads will dig into these sandy areas during the day and when avoiding harsh weather conditions (COSEWIC 2010).

7 an inactive state resembling deep sleep. Aestivation protects the toads against heat and dryness.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

The four habitat types listed above can largely be described using the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) for Southern Ontario (Lee et al. 1998). The ELC framework provides a standardized approach to the interpretation and delineation of dynamic ecosystem boundaries. The ELC approach classifies habitats not only by vegetation community, but also considers hydrology and topography, and as such provides a basis to capture the ecosystem requirements for the Fowler’s Toad. Suitable habitat for the Fowler’s Toad can be found within the following ELC community series:

 Open Beach / Bar (BBO)  Shrub Beach / Bar (BBS)  Treed Beach / Bar (BBT)  Open Sand Dune (SDO)  Shrub Sand Dune (SDS)  Treed Sand Dune (SDT)  Open Sand Barren (SBO)  Shrub Sand Barren (SBS)  Treed Sand Barren (SBT)  Meadow Marsh (MAM)  Shallow Marsh (MAS)  Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic (SAF)  Mixed Shallow Aquatic (SAM)  Submerged Shallow Aquatic (SAS)

There are additional habitat types that can be considered suitable for Fowler’s Toads that are not well described by ELC. In addition to the above listed ELC community series, shallow rocky pools, creek outlets in sandy beaches, open shallow sand shorelines, cultural sand dunes (i.e. habitats that focus on sand, rocky (limestone bedrock) and shallow water) where vegetation is sparse and under the influence of Lake Erie’s dynamic environment are also included as suitable habitat.

5.1.2. Site Definition and Occupancy Criterion

Site Occupancy Criterion The site occupancy criterion is defined as sites (as defined below) where one or more Fowler’s Toads have been observed between 2001 and 2010.

A ten year time period (2001 - 2010) recognizes that the absence of Fowler’s Toads for a particular site may only be temporary as extirpation and recolonization of breeding areas is natural in this species. A ten year time period also represents two times the maximum recorded age of Fowler’s Toad (COSEWIC 2010). Additionally, survey effort may be limited in some areas and a ten year time period will ensure there is sufficient time to survey the majority of available suitable habitat within the three known extant populations. Records older than ten years would require further investigation to confirm the presence of the Fowler’s Toad as well as the continued presence of available suitable habitat.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Site Definition

Site Length As a precautionary measure, a distance of 150 metres (measured parallel to the shoreline), both up and down the shoreline from the observation, is considered the site length (Figure 1). A distance of 150 metres was chosen because it represents approximately two times the average seasonal movement observed for Fowler’s Toads per year (COSEWIC 2010; Green 2008; Yagi and Tervo 2008; Green and Sanderson 2007).

Site Width As a precautionary measure, a distance of 700 metres (measured perpendicular to the Lake Erie high water mark), representing the furthest approximate distance travelled inland by the Fowler’s Toad in Canada (D.M. Green, unpublished data), AND the distance between the high water mark down to the dynamic8 shoreline is considered the site width (Figure 1).

The site length and width measurements are applied to records of the Fowler’s Toad observed between 2001 and 2010 (as per the site occupancy criterion) with overlapping areas merged as larger sites (Figure 1). When barriers to movement, such as large rivers (e.g. Niagara River), canals, steep bluffs, solid shoreline breakwalls, solid-wall piers or groynes, clay bluffs and culverts or the end of continuous suitable habitat come prior to the end of the site length or width, these constitute the edge of the site boundary.

5.1.3. Dispersal Corridors

In order to maintain connectivity between sites and reduce the probability of genetic isolation, where continuous suitable habitat within sites (as defined in Section 5.1.2) are within ≤1 km of each other AND continuous suitable habitat (as described in Section 5.1.1) is present between sites AND sites are not separated by a barrier to movement9, the intervening continuous suitable habitat is identified as a dispersal corridor (Figure 2). The one kilometre value was derived based on seasonal dispersal distances of Fowler’s Toad in Canada (COSEWIC 2010; Yagi and Tervo 2008; Smith and Green 2006).

Although the Fowler’s Toad likely disperses inland from the shoreline through a variety of other habitat types, these habitats are not currently included in the identification of critical habitat.

8 characterized by continuous change or activity 9 barriers to movement include features such as large rivers (e.g. Niagara River), canals, steep bluffs, solid shoreline breakwalls, solid-wall piers or groynes, clay bluffs and culverts.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Figure 1: Site length and site width determination (each "x" represents a Fowler’s Toad observation between 2001 and 2010)

Figure 2: Dispersal corridor (≤1 km between sites)

Figure 3: A - the extent of suitable habitat; B – the extent of critical habitat (continuous suitable habitat within the site boundaries; including dispersal corridor where applicable)

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

5.1.4 Application of the Fowler’s Toad Critical Habitat Criteria

Critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad is identified in this recovery strategy as the continuous suitable habitat (Section 5.1.1) within the site boundary as described in the site occupancy criterion (Section 5.1.2). In addition, where continuous suitable habitat exists between two sites within ≤1 km of each other AND where there are no barriers to movement (e.g., solid shorewalls, breakwalls that completely divide the suitable habitat) the continuous suitable habitat within the intervening dispersal corridor is also identified as critical habitat (Figure 3). Where applicable, the sites and dispersal corridor(s) are merged creating a critical habitat site.

Although the Fowler’s Toad may occupy only a small portion of the suitable habitat, the continuous suitable habitat within the site is identified as critical habitat because maintaining continuous suitable habitat facilitates species movement between and among areas where individuals carry out essential aspects of their life cycle. The addition of suitable yet unoccupied habitat that joins together occupied suitable habitat, allows movement between suitable habitat patches and prevents suitable habitat patches from becoming isolated from each other. Although individuals of the Fowler’s Toad may be observed in locations outside of suitable habitat, these locations are not included in the identification of critical habitat.

Application of the critical habitat criteria to available information identified 28 sites in Canada as critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad (Table 1). It is important to note that the coordinates represent the site polygon that contains critical habitat, and not the extent or boundaries of the critical habitat itself. The extent and boundaries of the critical habitat within each site are defined by the extent of continuous suitable habitat as defined by the suitable habitat description, and will vary by location.

Table 1. Sites containing critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad. Population Site Name County Description Land Coordinates Tenure representing the site2 Latitude Longitude Long Point Big Creek NWA1 Norfolk Big Creek National Federal, 42.577 -80.488 – Big Creek Unit Wildlife Area - Big Non- to Hahn Unit – Creek Unit along federal Hastings Drive shoreline of Hastings Beach Drive to the Big Creek National Wildlife Area - Hahn Unit shoreline Pines/Winston Norfolk North of Erie Non- 42.577 -80.427 Boulevard between federal Buck Lane and Norfolk Avenue, midpoint at Winston Parkway Pond North of Norfolk North of Erie Non- 42.577 -80.415 Long Point Boulevard at Long federal Provincial Park Point Provincial Park West West

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Austin Norfolk West of Austin Non- 42.577 -80.415 Parkway federal Crown Beach to Norfolk Along shoreline from Federal, 42.577 -80.379 Long Point Crown Beach through Non- Provincial Park Long Point Provincial federal and Thoroughfare Park beaches to Long Beaches Point National Wildlife Area – Thoroughfare Unit beach Long Point Norfolk Long Point Provincial Non- 42.577 -80.391 Provincial Park Park north of Erie federal North Boulevard Long Point NWA Norfolk Long Point National Federal 42.54 -80.196 South Shore 1 Wildlife Area South Shore Long Point NWA Norfolk Long Point National Federal 42.54 -80.196 South Shore 2 Wildlife Area South Shore Long Point NWA Norfolk Long Point National Federal 42.548 -80.111 Gravelly Bay Wildlife Area Gravelly Bay Long Point NWA Norfolk Long Point National Federal 42.558 -80.233 Squire’s Ridge Wildlife Area Squire’s Ridge Rondeau Rondeau Chatham- Shoreline of Rondeau Non- 42.25 -81.921 Provincial Park Kent Provincial Park to federal Antrim Road Erieau Chatham- Erieau shoreline Non- 42.269 -81.861 Kent federal Niagara R.R. 50 Haldimand Shoreline at foot of Non- 42.842 -79.752 Haldimand R.R. 50, Haldimand federal County Aikens Haldimand Shoreline at foot of Non- 42.85 -79.678 Road/Blott Point Aikens Road, federal Haldimand County James N. Allan Haldimand West side shoreline Non- 42.841 -79.678 Park – Camp of James N. Allan federal Kiawa Provincial Park James N. Allan Haldimand East side shoreline of Non- 42.841 -79.666 Park – Low Point James N. Allan federal Provincial Park at Bryer Line Sandy Bay Road Haldimand Shoreline at foot of Non- 42.841 -79.654 Sandy Bay Road, federal Haldimand County Long Beach Niagara Long Beach Non- 42.865 -79.433 Conservation Conservation Area federal Area shoreline Long Beach Niagara East Willow Bay Non- 42.864 -79.396 along Long Beach federal shoreline Easter Seal Camp Niagara Shoreline from Non- 42.855 -79.36 and Morgan’s Sideroad 18 to federal Point Morgan’s Point

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Rathfon Point, Niagara Shoreline at foot of Non- 42.872 -79.31 Reebs Bay Rathfon Road, federal Niagara County Gravelly Bay Niagara West Gravelly Bay Non- 42.872 -79.273 West shoreline federal Gravelly Bay East Niagara East Gravelly Bay 42.872 -79.273 shoreline Nickel Beach and Niagara Nickel Beach from Non- 42.871 -79.237 Lorraine Bay Gravelly Bay around federal Beach Lorraine Point to Lorraine Bay Centennial Beach Niagara Cedar Bay shoreline Non- 42.87 -79.188 at Humberstone federal Centennial Park Sherkston Shores Niagara Shoreline from foot Non- 42.851 -79.127 to Point Abino of Wyldewood Road federal to Point Abino Point Abino to Niagara Abino Bay shoreline Non- 42.86 -79.127 Crystal Beach to Crystal Beach Pier federal Pier Crystal Beach Niagara Shoreline from Non- 42.876 -78.992 Pier to Waverley Crystal Beach Pier to federal Beach Waverley Beach 1NWA – National Wildlife Area 2 The listed coordinates represent the southwest corner of the 1 km Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Military Grid Reference System square containing the critical habitat site centroid (see http://maps.nrcan.gc.ca/topo101/mil_ref_e.php for more information on the reference system). The coordinates may not fall within critical habitat and are provided as a general location only.

5.2 Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat

Table 2. Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat.

Description of Activity Rationale Timeline Confirm/obtain additional Confirm location and extent of population and habitat populations. Identify additional information at currently occupied critical habitat. sites on the south shore of the 2013 – 2018 Niagara peninsula as well along the Long Point peninsula.

Conduct surveys and habitat Determine whether or not suitable assessments at priority sites habitat is occupied and therefore where there is suitable habitat, can be identified as critical 2013 – 2018 but where no standardized habitat. surveys have taken place in the last ten years.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

5.3 Examples of Activities Likely to Result in the Destruction of Critical Habitat

Destruction is determined on a case by case basis. Destruction would result if part of the critical habitat were degraded, either permanently or temporarily, such that it would not serve its function when needed by the species. Destruction may result from a single or multiple activities at one point in time or from the cumulative effects of one or more activities over time (Government of Canada 2009).

Activities that are likely to result in the destruction of Fowler’s Toad critical habitat include, but may not be limited to:

 Activities that alter or disrupt the natural dynamic processes of sand dune and lake shore habitats (i.e., development and stabilization of the shoreline through such activities as installation of breakwalls, construction of shoreline protection measures and construction of piers or groynes) may reduce or eliminate suitable habitat because these activities could eliminate hibernation sites outright, or reduce access to habitats that the Fowler’s Toad needs in order to complete its life cycle (e.g., foraging habitat, hibernation habitat).  Activities that result in the compaction of sandy shoreline habitats, such as beach grooming and grading, clearing of algae and intensive recreational use of beaches and dunes (e.g., vehicle use), may prevent Fowler’s Toads from digging into the sand and thereby reduce or remove habitat that was otherwise suitable for aestivation and/or daytime retreat.  Activities that result in loss of habitat (e.g., draining and filling of backshore wetlands, introduction of invasive species) may eliminate outright the habitats that the species needs for survival.  Activities that result in fragmentation of the habitat (e.g., isolation of backshore wetlands by roads or infrastructure) may reduce access to the habitats that the species needs for survival.  Activities that result in contamination of Fowler’s Toad habitat (e.g., pollution from agriculture and mosquito control measures [chemical] and contamination from heavy metals) degrade the water quality in the habitats used by the species to the point that the species or its prey bioaccumulates such toxins.

6. Statement on Action Plans

One or more action plans will be completed for the Fowler’s Toad by December 2018.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

7. Effects on the Environment and Other Species

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support environmentally sound decision-making.

Recovery planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However, it is recognized that strategies may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts on non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the strategy itself, but are also summarized below in this statement.

This recovery strategy will clearly benefit the environment by promoting the recovery of the Fowler’s Toad and other species associated with the early successional shoreline habitat in which they occur (Table 3).

Table 3. Some of the species expected to benefit from recovery activities directed at Fowler’s Toad based upon confirmed records of overlapping occurrence.

Common Name Scientific Name COSEWIC status Eastern Foxsnake Pantherophis gloydi Endangered Five-lined Skink - Carolinian Plestiodon fasciatus Endangered Population Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia humifusa Endangered Eastern Hog-nosed Snake Heterodon platirhinos Threatened Common Hoptree Ptelea trifoliata Threatened Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii Threatened Spiny Softshell Apalone spinifera Threatened Northern Map Turtle Graptemys geographica Special Concern Cobra Clubtail Gomphus vastus Not at Risk Green Cornet Milkweed Ascelpias viridiflora Not at Risk

While some of the proposed recovery activities will benefit the environment in general and are expected to positively affect other sympatric native species, there could be consequences to those species whose requirements differ from those of Fowler’s Toad. Consequently, it is important that habitat management activities for the Fowler’s Toad be considered from an ecosystem perspective through the development of multi-species plans, ecosystem-based recovery programs or area management plans that take into account the needs of multiple species, including other species at risk with input from responsible jurisdictions.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

REFERENCES

COSEWIC. 2000. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Fowler’s toad Bufo fowleri in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. v + 25 pp.

COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Fowler’s Toad Anaxyrus fowleri in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 58 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm)

Government of Canada. 2009. Species at Risk Act Policies, Overarching Policy Framework 588 [Draft]. Species at Risk Act Policy and Guidelines Series. Environment Canada. Ottawa. 589 38 pp.

Green, David M., A. R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill. 2011. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. vi + 21 pp.

Green, D.M. 2008. Movements and Habitat Use by Fowler’s Toads, Bufo (Anaxyrus) fowleri, at Hahn Beach, Big Creek NWA, Long Point, Ontario. Unpublished report to Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. 30pp.

Green, D.M. 2011. pers. comm. 2011. Correspondence to K. Van Allen. June 2011. Professor and Director, Redpath Musem, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.

Green, D.M., and N.K. Sanderson. Radio-tracking Fowler’s Toads in Long Point, Ontario – Field Report for 2007. Unpublished report to Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. 7pp.

Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and Its Application. OMNR, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02. 225 pp.

NatureServe. 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (accessed: February 12, 2011).

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). 2011. Final Government Response Statement, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Web site: http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD_075797.html [accessed July 2011].

Smith, M. A. and D.M. Green. 2004. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern edge of range. Molecular Ecology 13(12): 3723-3733pp.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

Smith, M.A. and D.M. Green. 2006. Sex, isolation and fidelity: unbiased long-distance dispersal in a terrestrial amphibian. --- Ecography 29: 649-658pp.

Yagi, A.R. and D. Mills. 2003. Interim Report: Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) abundance and habitat use at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area with habitat enhancement recommendations. Unpublished report to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 8 pp.

Yagi, A.R. and R. Tervo. 2008. Species at Risk Habitat Mapping for the Fowler’s toad (Bufo fowleri)- a Test of Draft Habitat Mapping Guidelines. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 19pp.

Yagi, A.R., pers. comm. 2011. Correspondence to K. Van Allen. June 2011. Niagara Area Management Biologist – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Vineland, Ontario.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

APPENDIX 1

List and description of conservation status ranks for the Fowler’s Toad in the United States (NatureServe 2010).

Global (G) Rank National (N) Sub-national (S) Rank Rank (United States) Fowler’s Toad G5 N5 Alabama (S5) (Anaxyrus fowleri) (Secure – Common; (Secure – Arkansas (S5) widespread and Common, Connecticut (S4) abundant) widespread, and Delaware (S5) abundant in the District of Columbia (S5) nation or state) Florida (S4) Georgia (S5) Illinois (S5) Indiana (S4) Iowa (S3) Kentucky (S5) Louisiana (SNR) Maryland (S5) Massachusetts (S4) Michigan (S5) Mississippi (S5) Missouri (S5) New Hampshire (S3) New Jersey (S3) New York (S4) North Carolina (S5) Ohio (SNR) Oklahoma (S4?) Pennsylvania (S3S4) Rhode Island (S3) South Carolina (SNR) Tennessee (S5) Texas (SNR) Vermont (S1) Virginia (S5) West Virginia (S5) S1: Critically Imperiled; S2: Imperiled; S3: Vulnerable; S4: Apparently Secure; S5: Secure; SNR: Unranked; SNA: Not Applicable; SH: Possibly Extirpated; SX: Presumed Extirpated

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013 Part 1 – Federal Addition

PART 2 - Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario, prepared by David M. Green, Anne R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

The Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario was translated by Environment Canada in order to be included in the French version of the federal recovery strategy.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

RECOMMENDED CITATION

Green, David M., Anne R. Yagi, and Stewart E. Hamill. 2011. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. vi + 21 pp.

Cover illustration: Sam Brinker

Content (excluding the cover illustration) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source.

Cette publication hautement spécialisée Recovery strategies prepared under the Endangered Species Act, 2007, n’est disponible qu’en anglais en vertu du Règlement 411/97 qui en exempte l’application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir de l’aide en français, veuillez communiquer avec Pamela Wesley au ministère des Richesses naturelles au 705-755-5217.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

AUTHORS

Dr. David M. Green - Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal

Anne R. Yagi – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara

Stewart E. Hamill – Wildlife Biologist, Merrickville

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) Species at Risk Biologists, Karine Bériault, Rhonda Donley, and Bree Walpole provided guidance and information. The recovery team (listed on page 21) assisted in the preparation of this strategy. We thank those who reviewed and commented on various drafts.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

DECLARATION

The recovery strategy for the Fowler’s Toad has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA). This recovery strategy has been prepared as advice to the Government of Ontario, other responsible jurisdictions and the many different constituencies that may be involved in recovering the species.

The recovery strategy does not necessarily represent the views of all of the individuals who provided advice or contributed to its preparation, or the official positions of the organizations with which the individuals are associated.

The goals, objectives and recovery approaches identified in the strategy are based on the best available knowledge and are subject to revision as new information becomes available. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.

Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this strategy.

RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service - Ontario Parks Canada Agency

iii

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Although widespread throughout the eastern United States, Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) has been found in Canada only on the shores of Lake Erie in Ontario, formerly occurring along most of the northern shore. Populations are now known from only three peninsulas: Rondeau, Long Point, and Niagara. In these areas the Fowler’s Toad is sympatric with the American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus). Fowler’s Toad no longer occurs in any localities along the shoreline of western Lake Erie. The species is listed as endangered on the Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) List under the Endangered Species Act, 2007, and was classified as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).

In Canada, Fowler’s Toad is found on sandy or rocky points, sand dunes, and beaches along Lake Erie, where it breeds in sandy-bottomed ponds or rocky pools in early successional habitats. Because of this, it is profoundly affected by, but adapted to, changes brought about by the lake. Both juveniles and adults are capable of dispersing up to ten kilometres and can re-colonize habitats after local extirpations. However, steep bluffs along much of the Lake Erie coastline can impede movements along the beach. Required habitats include dunes for hibernation, beaches for hiding, shorelines for feeding and hydrating, rocky or sandy shoreline pools for breeding and tadpole development, and corridors for movement.

Limiting factors include a high mortality rate, short life span, and low genetic variability.

Most threats to the species in Ontario are related to intensive human use of the Lake Erie shoreline. This includes industrial, commercial, housing, road development, and recreational activities. These developments interrupt the natural processes of erosion and deposition necessary to maintain habitat features for all of the Fowler’s Toad’s life stages. Intensive alterations to nearshore, beach, and dune areas for human recreation activities and aesthetics can cause direct mortality of all life stages and loss of habitat features. Pollution may have been responsible for eliminating Fowler’s Toad from parts of its historic range and could have continuing impacts. Spread of the invasive European Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and of other invasive species can also eliminate habitat.

The recovery goal is to maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario, in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point peninsula, and along the Niagara Peninsula, and to re-establish self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where feasible.

The following objectives, each having a set of approaches, have been established:

1. Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad. 2. Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations and habitat, and about how to mitigate these impacts.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

3. Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat, reduce risks of predicted or impending impacts, and improve habitat. 4. Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas. 5. Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas, where feasible. 6. Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas with suitable habitat.

Within the three areas of current Ontario occurrence, and within 0.5 km of the Lake Erie shoreline,  all sand beaches,  all sand dunes,  all sandy-bottomed ponds and marshes, rocky shoals, and seasonal pools, and  all shorelines associated with or linking these features, should be prescribed as habitat in a habitat regulation.

Because the species can disperse and re-populate areas where it has disappeared, all areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence should be monitored for re-appearance. If at any time individuals of the species re-appear or are re-introduced, the four habitats (described above) in that area should be prescribed as habitat in the habitat regulation.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RECOMMENDED CITATION ...... i AUTHORS ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii DECLARATION ...... iii RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS ...... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iv 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 1 1.1 Species Assessment and Classification ...... 1 1.2 Species Description and Biology ...... 1 1.3 Distribution, Abundance and Population Trends ...... 2 1.4 Habitat Needs ...... 5 1.5 Limiting Factors ...... 6 1.6 Treats to Survival and Recovery ...... 6 1.7 Knowledge Gaps ...... 7 1.8 Recovery Actions Completed or Underway ...... 8 2.0 RECOVERY ...... 10 2.1 Recovery Goal ...... 10 2.2 Protection and Recovery Objectives ...... 10 2.3 Approaches to Recovery ...... 11 2.4 Area for Consideration in Developing a Habitat Regulation ...... 15 GLOSSARY ...... 16 REFERENCES ...... 18 RECOVERY STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBERS ...... 21

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Range of Fowler’s Toad in North America ...... 3 Figure 2. Distribution of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario ...... 4 Figure 3. Locations around Lake Erie where Fowler’s Toad populations currently exist . 5

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Protection and recovery objectives ...... 10 Table 2. Approaches to recovery of the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario ...... 11

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 Species Assessment and Classification

COMMON NAME: Fowler’s Toad

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anaxyrus fowleri

SARO List Classification: Endangered

SARO List History: Endangered (2010), Threatened (2004)

COSEWIC Assessment History: Endangered (2010), Threatened (2000), Threatened (1999), Special Concern (1986)

SARA Schedule 1: Threatened (June 5, 2003)

CONSERVATION STATUS RANKINGS: GRANK: G5 NRANK: N2 SRANK: S2

The glossary provides definitions for the abbreviations above.

Fowler’s Toad is listed as a specially protected amphibian under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act.

1.2 Species Description and Biology

Species Description Fowler’s Toad is a medium-sized member of the family Bufonidae. The adult body is 50 to 80 mm in length, excluding legs, with females slightly larger than males. The back is gray or buff coloured, with darker patches and numerous small dark brown warts on a granular textured skin. There are usually three or more small warts per dark dorsal spot; however, while diagnostic, this character is not always useful as the spots may be small and indistinct in some specimens, particularly in Canada. The under surface is white or cream coloured and is either without spots or with a single dark pectoral spot situated between the forelimbs. The throat is dark in males but white in females. The snout is short and blunt and the bony cranial crests on the head are weak (Wright and Wright 1949).

The mating call of the male Fowler’s Toad has been described as a “prolonged and rather shrill scream” (Green 2004). Call characteristics vary with temperature: as the temperature goes up, call pulse rate increases and call duration declines (Zweifel 1968). Dominant frequency (pitch, in MHz) is closely correlated with body size. Males also issue a grumbling, vibrating release call when handled, whether by humans or by other toads, to announce their gender (Brown and Littlejohn 1972). Females are silent.

1 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Species Biology The Fowler’s Toad has a complex life cycle, which in Ontario involves the use of both aquatic (egg and larval development) and terrestrial (juveniles and adults) habitats within close proximity to Lake Erie. Toads hibernate during the winter months and congregate in late spring to breed.

The Fowler’s Toad lives no longer than 5 years (Kellner and Green 1995) and suffers high levels of mortality at all life stages, despite producing noxious and toxic skin secretions. Hybridization with the sympatric American Toad is known to occur (Green 1984).

In Ontario, populations naturally fluctuate, locally and lake-wide, based on Lake Erie storm events and water level cycles. Both juveniles and adults can disperse up to ten kilometres and can recolonize habitats after local extirpations, provided there are no barriers. Fowler’s Toad repopulated Big Creek National Wildlife Area at Long Point in 1991 after an absence of a few years (Smith and Green 2006).

Fowler’s Toad plays the role of small insectivore, specializing in ants and beetles (Judd 1957, Bush and Melnick 1962). Tadpoles are significant detritivores in small ponds, rocky pools, and embayments. No other anurans in the Great Lakes region habitually and primarily forage along lakeshores and dunes. In turn, higher-level carnivores including snakes, birds, fish, mammals, and other frogs are the primary predators of Fowler’s Toad.

1.3 Distribution, Abundance and Population Trends

Fowler’s Toad inhabits much of North America east of the Great Plains, excluding the southern Atlantic coastal plain from the Carolinas to the western panhandle of Florida (Figure 1).

2 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Figure 1. Range of Fowler’s Toad in North America (Conant and Collins 1991).

The species is not listed as a species of concern federally in the United States or in any of the states adjacent to Ontario. However, populations along the south shore of Lake Erie in Pennsylvania and Ohio may be imperilled. These populations are disjunct from the species’ primary range and recent evidence indicates that they are related to, and possibly derived from, Canadian populations on the north shore of the lake, and are subject to the same threats (Smith 2004, Smith and Green 2004).

Fowler’s Toad is documented in Canada from only 28 sites, including historical records, all of which are in extreme southern Ontario, on sandy or rocky points and sandy beaches along the northern shore of Lake Erie. To date, no verified records have been documented at locations greater than half a kilometre from the Lake Erie shore [OMNR, based on data from the Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC)] (Figure 2).

3 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Figure 2. Distribution of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario (based on NHIC data).

Fowler’s Toad has not been recorded on the Point Pelee peninsula since 1949 or on Pelee Island since 1960. The species no longer occurs in any localities along western Lake Erie, where it is considered extirpated. Only three populations remain (Figure 3):  on and near the Rondeau Peninsula, numbering about 400 individuals (Dobbyn 2008),  on the Long Point peninsula, numbering over 1000 toads (Green and Summerfield 2008) and,  on the south shore of the Niagara Peninsula, numbering over 3000 individuals (Yagi 2008), where disjunct populations occupy the shoreline from the Grand River to the Niagara River, including Rock Point and James N. Allen Provincial Parks, Morgan’s Point and Wainfleet Long Beach Conservation Areas (owned by the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority), and Nickel Beach (owned by the International Nickel Company and leased to the City of Port Colborne).

4 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Figure 3. Locations around Lake Erie where Fowler’s Toad populations currently exist. (Oldham and Weller 2000).

1.4 Habitat Needs

Five types of habitat are needed by the Fowler’s Toad to complete its life cycle and to continue to persist (Yagi and Tervo 2008):  hibernation - sand dunes (open to moderately vegetated) and sufficiently deep sand areas where the toads can successfully dig below the frost line to just above the water table and remain over winter (7 to 8 months from mid September to mid May);  breeding, egg laying, and tadpole development - early successional wetlands, drains and stream mouths that open onto sand beaches, bedrock pools, shallow bays, and ponds within the full range of Lake Erie water levels; such breeding sites need either a sand or bedrock substrate, and must have sparse vegetation;  feeding and re-hydration habitat - shorelines, including bedrock outcrop areas, dunes, and beaches;  daytime retreat and aestivation - open to moderately vegetated beaches and dunes with rocks, woody debris, and other objects that provide cover along the shore;  dispersal corridor - contiguous beach and dune sand shoreline habitat, without barriers such as solid-wall piers or groynes, solid shorewalls or breakwalls, canals, deep or fast-flowing water, or roads. These linkage requirements are similar for all life stages, and are used for:  active migration from hibernation to breeding sites by adults as well as active movements from day time refugia to shorelines for feeding and re- hydration (adults and juveniles);  passive dispersal of tadpoles and toadlets, initiated by natural processes, from growth and development sites to shoreline emergence areas;  active dispersal of toadlets, juveniles, and adults to new sites.

5 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

1.5 Limiting Factors

High Mortality and Short Life Span Fowler’s Toad lives no longer than five years (Kellner and Green 1995) and suffers high levels of mortality at all life stages (Green 2004).

Low Genetic Variability The Canadian populations of Fowler’s Toad are known to be genetically less variable in comparison to sympatric populations of American Toad and are likely less variable than Fowler’s Toad populations in the United States (Masta et al. 2002). This low genetic variability has unknown consequences.

1.6 Threats to Survival and Recovery

Habitat Loss and Degradation Specific threats (Green 2000) include:  Dune and beach stabilization from the installation of breakwalls which removes access to hibernation sites, interferes with natural maintenance of beaches, and leads to colonization of the dunes by plants.  Vegetation succession can cause over-vegetation of dunes by both native and non-native plants, which eliminates open sand areas. This has been observed in Fowler’s Toad habitat at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area, Rock Point Provincial Park, and Nickel Beach in Port Colborne. Over-vegetation of dunes may also directly occur due to human activities.  Dune, beach and nearshore disturbances can remove cover objects, kill toads, and compact beach soils. Such activities include beach grooming, vehicle use, and the removal of dunes for housing developments and for regular road and property maintenance activities. In the Point Pelee area, historic sand dredging operations off of the tip, and shoreline protection measures on either side of the national park resulted in reduced sediment delivery to the shoreline, and may have contributed to the extirpation of the Fowler’s Toad there.  Loss of breeding sites, which may be caused by climate-related changes in lake levels, drainage of wetlands (such as in the Point Pelee area between the national park and Hillman Marsh Conservation Area), accumulation of shells of the invasive alien Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in rocky pool habitat, and the draining, filling, or isolation of backshore wetlands by roads or infrastructure. Roads and houses can shield breeding sites from storms and allow them to be overgrown with vegetation.  Elimination of habitat, including breeding sites, by the spread of the European Common Reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) and by the invasive aliens Silver Poplar (Populus alba), Crown Vetch (Securigera varia), and Kentucky Blue Grass (Poa pratensis).  Pier or groyne construction and maintenance, which can change sand drift and deposition processes and prevent natural dispersal of toads.

6 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Lack of Connectivity and Population Rescue Effect Each of the three remaining populations of Fowler’s Toad is a separate and distinct population (Smith and Green 2004). There is little or no chance of a rescue effect among them or from populations in the United States; the distances between these populations are too great for individuals to traverse and there is no suitable intervening habitat. Steep lakeshore bluffs along much of the Lake Erie coastline in Ontario significantly limit movements and dispersal.

Pollution Fowler’s Toad tadpoles and adults are known to be susceptible to chemicals for agriculture and mosquito control (Ferguson and Gilbert 1968, Sanders 1970). These chemicals may have contributed to the loss of Fowler’s Toad from Pelee Island and Point Pelee National Park. Hecnar and Hecnar (2005) report that contaminant threats persist at the national park. Contamination by heavy metals (e.g., from the smelter near Nickel Beach) may constitute a significant threat due to the known sensitivity of Fowler’s Toad to such pollutants (Birge and Black 1977).

Predation Predation is a normal threat which would not affect normal populations, but it could have negative impacts in smaller, disjunct areas. Near human settlements, an artificially increased population of the Raccoon (Procyon lotor), a toad predator, could be a threat, but domestic cats are not a threat due to the toad’s bad taste.

Hybridization Hybridization with the sympatric American Toad does occur, but this was assessed and determined not to be a threat (Green 1984).

1.7 Knowledge Gaps

 More information on the magnitude of human impacts on Fowler’s Toad habitat is needed to determine the most severe threats and whether these threats can be mitigated.  An assessment of the effectiveness of habitat creation projects is lacking.  Habitat mapping and modeling across the entire Canadian range of this species, including all lake water level and storm regimes, is currently lacking. Mapping would assist in recovery by determining whether suitable but currently unoccupied habitat is present within the province.  Biological data (survivorship, fecundity, recruitment and hybridization) is lacking for the Niagara and Rondeau populations. Most of the existing biological data comes from the Long Point population and may not accurately reflect other populations.  Predator-prey dynamics, including those involving the Raccoon near human settlements, are not well understood.

7 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

 The impact of low genetic variability in the Canadian Fowler’s Toad population is unknown.  The impact of the heavy metal contamination at Nickel Beach is unknown.  Information is needed to determine the feasibility of translocation projects, including on the availability of genetically similar individuals from elsewhere throughout the species’ range.

1.8 Recovery Actions Completed or Underway

The Fowler’s Toad Recovery Strategy Development Team was first formed in January 2003 and meets annually to discuss recovery projects. Population data collection began in 1986 at Long Point, in 2001 at Niagara, and in 2004 at Rondeau. The data are collected in a standardized way (Green and Summerfield 2008) for input into a population viability analysis (PVA) model to assist in assessing an overall measure of recovery action success (COSEWIC 2010).

Habitat mapping has been initiated using criteria established by the recovery team. An element occurrence database for Aylmer and Niagara areas has been created and sent to each OMNR administrative district for submission to NHIC. This database should help determine habitat similarities and differences across the range. A geographic information system (GIS) application of this information will help resource managers make appropriate land use decisions along the shoreline.

At Point Pelee National Park a thorough repatriation study was completed for Parks Canada Agency; the current assessment for reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad is negative (Hecnar and Hecnar 2005). Habitat management tests are underway at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area, Wainfleet Long Beach Conservation Area, James N. Allen Provincial Park, Nickel Beach, and Rock Point Provincial Park (D. M. Green, M. A. Smith, A. R. Yagi, pers. obs. 2010). These tests include:  erecting snow fence to capture wind-blown sand and create dunes for hibernation habitat,  creating breeding sites by digging ponds,  removing exotic species (Silver Poplar, Crown Vetch, Kentucky Blue Grass, European Common Reed) to release successional dunes and to improve dune quality,  ending the removal and landfilling of groomed sand from beaches,  piling sand at the west end of beaches in order that wind and storms can move the sand naturally and replenish beaches and dunes downwind.

The termination of beach grooming to remove algae has increased toadlet abundance by the provision of additional escape cover in algae mats. Juvenile toad numbers in fringe areas increased after dune and beach quality improvement projects (A. R. Yagi, pers. obs. 2010).

8 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Radio-tracking at Morgan’s Point (Yagi and Mills 2003) and at Long Point (Green 2008) has confirmed that toads require beaches for evening activity and sparsely vegetated dunes for day-time retreats and long-term dormancy. A management plan with recommendations was produced for Nickel Beach (Limnoterra 2006). Habitat mapping and testing of habitat mapping guidelines has been done at Nickel Beach and Morgan’s Point Conservation Area (Yagi and Tervo 2008).

Outreach, education and habitat enhancement project publications produced by the recovery team include an identification compact disc, post cards, stickers, posters, pamphlets, a stewardship guide, a landowner contact brochure, a workshop presentation for adults and children, and other educational material. Several articles were written for Rock Point, Long Point, and Rondeau Provincial Parks, focusing on beach and dune communities and three species that inhabit them, including Fowler’s Toad. These items were printed in park magazines and newsletters, and are offered to the public during the summer season. They are available from the Niagara Area Office of OMNR in Vineland Station and may be accessed online from Land Care Niagara (www.landcareniagara.com).

9 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

2.0 RECOVERY

2.1 Recovery Goal

Maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario, in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point peninsula, and along the Niagara Peninsula, and re-establish self- sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where feasible.

2.2 Protection and Recovery Objectives

Table 1. Protection and recovery objectives

No. Protection or Recovery Objective 1 Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad.

2 Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations and habitat, and about how to mitigate these impacts. 3 Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat, reduce risks of predicted or impending impacts and improve habitat. 4 Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas.

5 Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas, where feasible.

6 Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas with suitable habitat.

10 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

2.3 Approaches to Recovery

Table 2. Approaches to recovery of the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Threats or Relative Relative Recovery Approach to Recovery Knowledge Gaps Priority Timeframe Theme Addressed 1. Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad.

Critical Ongoing Protection, 1.1 Protect habitat through land acquisition,  Habitat loss and degradation Stewardship stewardship agreements, conservation easements, and pertinent legislation, policies, and guidelines.

Critical Ongoing Protection, 1.2 Inform stakeholders of their potential role and  Habitat loss and degradation Stewardship, of the need for habitat protection. Distribute Education and resource materials and develop working Outreach, relationships. Communications

Critical Ongoing Protection, 1.3 Contact landowners within the existing range of  Habitat loss and degradation Stewardship, the species and distribute education materials.  Death of toads Education and Outreach, Communications 2. Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations and habitat, and about how to mitigate these impacts.

Necessary Short-term Inventory, Monitoring 2.1 Continue to collect standardized population  Inadequate data and Assessment, data and its spatial extent for input into PVA Research modeling.

Necessary Short-term Inventory, Monitoring 2.2 Design an amphibian-specific PVA model to  Inadequate data and Assessment, assess the effectiveness of recovery actions Research and to re-assess recovery goals and actions.

Necessary Short-term Inventory, Monitoring 2.3 Determine habitat use for input into GIS habitat  Inadequate data and Assessment, modeling. Research

11 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Threats or Relative Relative Recovery Approach to Recovery Knowledge Gaps Priority Timeframe Theme Addressed

Necessary Ongoing Inventory, Monitoring 2.4 Investigate the following aspects of Fowler’s  All knowledge gaps and Assessment, Toad ecology to inform recovery: Research – identify dune and beach features that require protection – identify pier or groyne structures of concern – identify dispersal corridors and barriers between and within population areas – assess watershed impacts on breeding sites, impacts of predation on range extension, and impacts of human activities on habitat – improve understanding of limiting factors affecting colonization and dispersal – identify existing and potential breeding sites through the full range of Lake Erie water levels – identify pollution discharge areas of concern and determine effects – determine whether specific shoreline stabilization designs affect habitat use – determine whether shore disturbances are limiting populations – determine whether existing structures are limiting dispersal mechanisms or affecting natural sand erosion and deposition processes – examine predator-prey relationships at all life stages – assess vegetation dynamics in dune and beach systems

12 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Threats or Relative Relative Recovery Approach to Recovery Knowledge Gaps Priority Timeframe Theme Addressed 3. Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat, reduce risks of predicted or impending impacts, and improve habitat.

Critical Short-term Protection, 3.1 Develop a prioritized list of areas for  Habitat loss and degradation Management implementation of management activities.

Critical Short-term Protection, 3.2 Prepare habitat management plans for public  Habitat loss and degradation Management and private lands, including habitat improvement projects.

Critical Ongoing Protection, 3.3 Implement management plans, carry out  Habitat loss and degradation Management enhancement projects and mitigate impacts:  Death of toads  remove invasive species, including European Common Reed and Zebra Mussel shells in breeding sites, and invasive plants on dunes  remove barriers, especially shorewalls, in dynamic dune areas  stop beach grooming and algae removal  stop vehicle use on beaches, especially at night

Necessary Ongoing Protection, 3.4 Establish new protected areas to encompass  Habitat loss and degradation Management Fowler’s Toad habitat when and where feasible. 4. Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas.

Beneficial Short-term Management, 4.1 Determine whether habitat suitable for future  Feasibility of translocation Research reintroductions exists.

Beneficial Short-term Management, 4.2 Investigate translocation options, including  Feasibility of translocation Research decision mechanisms and protocols for the source and receiving sites.

Beneficial Short-term Management, 4.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing habitat  Habitat loss and degradation Research improvement projects.

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Threats or Relative Relative Recovery Approach to Recovery Knowledge Gaps Priority Timeframe Theme Addressed

Beneficial Short-term Management, 4.4 Prepare re-introduction plans.  Feasibility of translocation Research 5. Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas, where feasible.

Beneficial Long-term Management 5.1 Implement re-introduction plans.  Feasibility of translocation 6. Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas with suitable habitat.

Necessary Ongoing Monitoring and 6.1 Extend current population monitoring programs  Inadequate data Assessment to re-established populations.

Necessary Ongoing Monitoring and 6.2 Monitor suitable habitat in all areas, including  Habitat loss and degradation Assessment all areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence.

Necessary Ongoing Monitoring and 6.3 Monitor management projects and results  Habitat loss and degradation Assessment

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2.4 Area for Consideration in Developing a Habitat Regulation

Under the ESA, a recovery strategy must include a recommendation to the Minister of Natural Resources on the area that should be considered in developing a habitat regulation. A habitat regulation is a legal instrument that prescribes an area that will be protected as the habitat of the species. The recommendation provided below by the recovery team will be one of many sources considered by the Minister when developing the habitat regulation for this species.

The map in Figure 2 shows the extent of Lake Erie shoreline within which Fowler’s Toad may occur, either currently or historically. Within the three areas of current Ontario occurrence, and within 0.5 km of the Lake Erie shoreline,  all sand beaches,  all sand dunes,  all sandy-bottomed ponds and marshes, rocky shoals, and seasonal pools, and  all shorelines associated with or linking these features, should be prescribed as habitat in a habitat regulation.

Monitoring of all areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence is recommended as a recovery approach in this strategy. Re-establishing Fowler’s Toad is also recommended. If at any time individuals of the species re-appear or are re-introduced, the four habitats (described above) in that area should be prescribed in the habitat regulation.

Areas within 500 m of the Lake Erie shoreline where Fowler’s Toad currently occurs, but which lack suitable habitat or which have had their habitat permanently altered, should not be considered Fowler’s Toad habitat. Such areas include:  bluffs,  canals,  marinas,  piers.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

GLOSSARY

Aestivation: A behavioral strategy of inactivity used by reptiles and amphibians to escape extreme summer temperatures or dry conditions.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC): The committee responsible for assessing and classifying species at risk in Canada.

Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO): The committee established under section 3 of the Endangered Species Act, 2007 that is responsible for assessing and classifying species at risk in Ontario.

Conservation status rank: A rank assigned to a species or ecological community that primarily conveys the degree of rarity of the species or community at the global (G), national (N) or subnational (S) level. These ranks, termed G-rank, N-rank and S-rank, are not legal designations. The conservation status of a species or ecosystem is designated by a number from 1 to 5, preceded by the letter G, N or S reflecting the appropriate geographic scale of the assessment. The numbers mean the following: 1 = critically imperilled 2 = imperilled 3 = vulnerable 4 = apparently secure 5 = secure

Detritivore: One that feeds on detritus (organic particles).

Disjunct: Separated.

Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA): The provincial legislation that provides protection to species at risk in Ontario.

Extirpated: Eliminated from a portion of its range.

Fecundity: Fertility or the capacity to produce young.

Groyne: A structure built out from shore to protect the shore from erosion, to trap sand, or to direct a current

Oligotrophic: Low in nutrient levels.

Refugia: Plural of refugium – a place of sheltered habitat.

Re-hydration: To take up water in order to restore fluid balance.

16 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

Species at Risk Act (SARA): The federal legislation that provides protection to species at risk in Canada. This act establishes Schedule 1 as the legal list of wildlife species at risk to which the SARA provisions apply. Schedules 2 and 3 contain lists of species that at the time the Act came into force needed to be reassessed. After species on Schedule 2 and 3 are reassessed and found to be at risk, they undergo the SARA listing process to be included in Schedule 1.

Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) List: The regulation made under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 2007 that provides the official status classification of species at risk in Ontario. This list was first published in 2004 as a policy and became a regulation in 2008.

Sympatric: Occurring in the same area.

Toadlet: A toad that has recently transformed from the tadpole stage, i.e., young of the year, and is thus still very small.

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REFERENCES

Birge, W.J., and Black, J.A. 1977. Embryopathic Effects of Waterborne and Sediment- Accumulated Cadmium, Mercury and Zinc on Reproduction and Survival of Fish and Amphibian Populations in Kentucky. Research Report No. 100. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.

Brown, L.E., and M.J. Littlejohn. 1972. Male release call in the Bufo americanus group. Pages 310-323 in W. F. Blair, editor. Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.

Bush, F. M., and E. F. Melnick. 1962. The food of Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Herpetologica 18:110-114.

Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians. Eastern/Central North America. 3rd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Dobbyn, S. 2008. Rondeau Provincial Park Fowlers Toad Mark/Recapture Study 2004-2008. Draft report, Ontario Parks, Morpeth, Ontario.

Ferguson, D. E., and C. C. Gilbert. 1968. Tolerances of three species of anuran amphibians to five chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 13:135-138.

Green, D.M. 1984. Sympatric hybridization and allozyme variation in the toads Bufo americanus and B. fowleri in southern Ontario. Copeia 1984:18-26.

Green, D. M. 2000. Status report update on Fowler’s toad; Bufo fowleri, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa Ontario.

Green, D.M. 2004. Bufo fowleri (Fowler’s toad) in M. J. Lannoo, editor. In Declining Amphibians: a United States' Response to the Global Phenomenon. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Green, D.M. 2008. Movements and Habitat Use by Fowler’s Toads, Bufo (Anaxyrus) fowleri, at Hahn Beach, Big Creek NWA, Long Point, Ontario. Report to Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.

Green, D.M., and A. Summerfield. 2008. Population ecology of Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) at Long Point, Ontario. Field Report for 2008. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Canadian Wildlife Service.

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Hecnar, Stephen J. and Darlene R. Hecnar. 2005. Feasibility of Repatriation of Extirpated Herpetofauna to Point Pelee National Park. Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON. Prepared for Parks Canada Agency, Point Pelee National Park, Leamington, ON.

Judd, W. W. 1957. Fowler’s toads on the Lake Erie shore. Bulletin of the Federation of Ontario Naturalists 78:13-15.

Kellner, A., and D.M. Green. 1995. Age structure and age at maturity in Fowler’s toads, Bufo woodhousii fowerli, at their northern range limit. Journal of Herpetology 29:485-489.

Limnoterra Limited. 2006. Draft Nickel Beach, Port Colborne, Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) Data Analysis and Management Implications. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report.

Masta, S.E., B.K. Sullivan, T. Lamb, and E.J. Routman. 2002. Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in Eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24:302-314.

Oldham, M.J. and W.F. Weller. 2000. Ontario Herpetofaunal Atlas. Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/herps/ohs.html (updated 15-01-2010).

Sanders, H. D. 1970. Pesticide toxicities to tadpoles of the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata, and Fowler’s toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Copeia 1970:246-251.

Smith, M.A. 2004. Spatial ecology of Bufo fowleri. PhD. Thesis. Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal.

Smith, M.A. and D.M. Green. 2004. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern range limit. Molecular Ecology 13:3723-3733.

Smith, M.A, and D.M. Green. 2006. Sex, isolation and fidelity: unbiased long distance dispersal in a terrestrial amphibian. Ecography 29:649-658.

Wright, A. H., and A. A. Wright. 1949. Handbook of Frogs and Toads, 3rd edition. Comstock, Ithaca, New York.

Yagi A.R. 2008. Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) distribution and abundance in the Niagara Population Region 2001 to 2006. Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources.

Yagi, A. and D. Mills. 2003. Interim Report: Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) Abundance and Habitat Use at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area with Habitat Enhancement Recommendations, Summer 2003. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report.

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Yagi A.R and R. Tervo. 2008. Species at Risk Habitat Mapping for the Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri)- a Test of Draft Habitat Mapping Guidelines. Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources.

Zweifel, R.G. 1968. Effects of temperature, body size and hybridization on mating call of toads, Bufo a. americanus and Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Copeia 1968:269-285.

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RECOVERY STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBERS

NAME AFFILIATION and LOCATION Anne Yagi (Chair) Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara Sandy Dobbyn (Co-Chair) Ontario Parks, London Advisors David M.Green Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal M. Alex Smith University of Guelph Amy Brant Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara Tim Seburn Bert Miller Nature Club, Fort Erie Jeff Robinson Canadian Wildlife Service, London Michael Oldham Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough James Duncan Nature Conservancy of Canada Kim Frohlich Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority Ron Gould Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Aylmer Bob Johnson Toronto Zoo Jason Mask Ontario Parks, Long Point Provincial Park Vicki McKay Parks Canada Agency Mark Custers Ontario Parks, Turkey Point Provincial Park Mike Potsma Ontario Parks, Rock Point Provincial Park

PART 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement, prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

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25 Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario