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Ironton and Galesville (Cambrian) Sandstones in Illinois and Adjacent Areas

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Ironton and Galesville (Cambrian) Sandstones in Illinois and Adjacent Areas ZkU. JL Cl,t~-* v - > S 14. GS: CIR^e3 STATE OF ILLINOIS 8 c. ' DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Ironton and Galesville (Cambrian) Sandstones in inois and Adjacent Areas Grover H. Emrich ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John C. Frye, Chief URBANA CIRCULAR 403 1966 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00003 9929 . - IRONTON AND GALESVILLE (CAMBRIAN) SANDSTONES IN ILLINOIS AND ADJACENT AREAS Grover H. Emrich ABSTRACT Cambrian sediments in the Upper Mississippi Valley were deposited on a broad stable shelf, forming a sequence of uni- form, widespread, largely clastic units. Within this sequence, the Ironton and the underlying Gales ville Sandstones form an im- portant source of ground water throughout northern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. The sandstones crop out on the flanks of the Wisconsin Arch and generally dip southward, reaching a depth of about 5000 feet in central Illinois. The Ironton Sand- stone is fine to coarse grained, silty, poorly sorted, and car- ries the ^lyinia. fauna in the upper 10 feet. The underlying Gales ville Sandstone is fine to medium grained, partly coarsegrained, nonsilty, well sorted, and, in the lower part, fossiliferous in places. The sandstones thicken southward to a maximum of 250 feet southwest of Chicago, Illinois, and then thin rapidly. Do- lomite is rare in southern Wisconsin and extreme northern Illinois but increases southward from the area of maximum thickness. Dolomite is consistently more abundant in the Ironton Sandstone. High oolite concentrations occur along the eastern and western borders of Illinois. The Ironton and Galesville Sandstones are mature, well sorted orthoquartzites . Their heavy mineral assemblages are composed chiefly of well rounded tourmaline, zircon, ilmenite, leucoxene, and varying amounts of etched garnet. Grain anal- yses of the sand fractions indicate little variation in median di- ameter or sorting. The maximum diameters of the grains are gen- erally smaller to the south. Cross-bedding, primarily of the trough type, is common. In the Galesville Sandstone, orientation is to the southwest, with much local variation; in the Ironton Sandstone, orientation is to the east in western Wisconsin but to the southwest in the rest of the outcrop area ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 403 7f MICHIGAN BASIN Detroit MICHIGAN >l DIANA OHIO OZARK UPLIFT I I Outcrop of Cambrian System rV/l Ironton and Galesville Sandstones present in subsurface ^§3 Ironton and Galesville Sandstones removed by pre-St Peter erosion C5^ Baraboo Range (Precambnan) Figure 1 - Index map of the Upper Mississippi Valley showing tectonic setting, areal distribution of the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones, and lines of cross sections. IRONTON AND GALESVILLE SANDSTONES The sandstones were derived from preexisting sedimen- tary rocks, primarily in the northern Michigan Highlands, with possible secondary sources from the Transcontinental Arch and the Canadian Shield. These sediments were deposited on abroad, shallow shelf with clastic deposition to the north and carbonate deposition to the south. Bank conditions existed along the east- ern and western margins of Illinois. Together, the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones form the most consistently permeable and productive aquifer in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. The transmissivity of the aqui- fer decreases from north to south, as carbonate content increases . The Galesville Sandstone is more permeable than the Ironton Sand- stone. Despite many years of heavy pumping from the aquifer, potable water under high artesian head is widely available from these sandstones. INTRODUCTION The Ironton and Galesville Sandstones of Cambrian age are an important source of municipal and industrial water supplies in much of northern Illinois (Sut- er et al., 1959). These sandstones crop out extensively in Wisconsin and Minne- sota and are traced in the subsurface into Illinois where their nearest approach to the surface is at a depth of about 100 feet near Oregon. They were deposited un- der stable crustal conditions over a wide area in the Upper Mississippi Valley and form a regional aquifer characterized by the continuity of many units and only grad- ual facies changes. The Ironton Sandstone directly overlies the Galesville Sandstone, but dif- ferences in lithologic characteristics cause them to be classified as separate for- mations. Although some water-bearing characteristics can be related to the litho- logic differences, both sandstones are sources of ground water, and they form a single hydrogeologic unit. In reports on ground -water resources they are frequent- ly treated as a single unit, for convenience, called the Ironton-Galesville Sand- stone. In local areas, where the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones are difficult to separate, and in most drillers' logs, the term Ironton-Galesville Sandstone is useful. This investigation was undertaken to determine the stratigraphic relations, texture, mineralogy, and geologic history of the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones to provide a basis for study of their aquifer characteristics. Detailed hydrologic information on the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones is limited. Reports on the Milwaukee-Waukesha, Wisconsin, area (Foley et al., 1953) and the Chicago, Illinois, area (Suter et al., 1959) give brief discussions of the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones. Walton and Csallany (1962) give additional data, Location The area covered by this study is within the Upper Mississippi Valley (fig. 1) chiefly in Illinois, but the outcrop area in Wisconsin is discussed and referen- ces are made to areas in Iowa, Indiana, and Minnesota. The Ironton and Galesville Sandstones crop out in an arcuate band, 10 to 30 miles wide, that extends from the - 1 t ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 403 F F a> a; b CO >L 2 5 E 0) „^. D >i ? O ai CD "sT a> o „, CD CD c .c .5? c o c a CD $ a> — (196 I > o 6 2 o 1 (/} E O 0) in XJ Report X in W O o u a CO § o CD "O S 1 2 Lt- QD c ro and O I- 3 1 bach a § o ,"- ° O o o O s u. u. c CO LU Ll_ I CO - O a; .c C -C o "£ 4-> «/> t— "2 *4-4 3 = o GO o c —>- o n CO CD D> m 39V1S IWINODNVMd 39V1S NVIH9VaS3da +-j CO S3ld3S NVXIOdD c i m CD c o a .2 c l_ 1_ - CD 5 >- CD al. c o «" — CD E c= c O x> CO m i CD E E u et § « 3 E CD Uh o a> (1944) o 5 -n . e § o LU 5 i 2 LL. CO C m fl Howell uoijdujjoj qODq 39JQ O c C 39V1S IWINOONVdd NVIHDV8S3da ro 39V1S g a S3IU3S IWIU9IAIVD d3ddn a c i XI i/i c <r io CD c co Cl) ,^| o o o hi xi ro u in • - CD O - an (19 Q) E CD U w (19! c o — a -o o n CO a> o CD E E 5 c c E o <" CD owbridge venhofel, 11 °> hwaites o water aasch, 2 ° O LU 1^ I o (1) It. CO 01 ^^y- uoijdujjoj qooqsajQ h< 4-» o rn c ^H rn E c c u cu £ o C c >< CD ,— 5 5 .1 o o (1) (1) S: ro 1 o E E o cm c o o a 10 5 o CO d 3 cr. § E o <n cE E > ' .c _ ° h CD i- 3 i_ i_ i- o O O o a it £ Q Ll LU U. ^ jC a n -~-i U) in (j; <" CD CD c a o -c l- CO 2 c C o M in 4— c o 2. *-o o E (0 o i^S o CO tn alco 914 1 | CO -O u o c 3 a> <u c: o i_ o o u. § = U. CO O CO LU S $ a *+-! r^ Ci CD c o « c (1) >. - c CJ £ C c o o n. r> a F (1897) .— Berke en CO c CD 4-> c CD l_ > 2 § 0) >! Ll. CO Q U 00 x: « >» CD o o CJ IT) CD CD £ o JO (o o 3 O 00 .c CO TJ O 2C t_ c O T3 00 CO • c c c CO o I CO UOIJDUJJOJ XIO-O iS 1/M31SAS NVIdQlAlVD . IRONTON AND GALESVILLE SANDSTONES 5 upper peninsula of Michigan to south-central Wisconsin and thence up the Missis- sippi River into Minnesota. In much of eastern Wisconsin the bedrock is poorly exposed, as it is buried under glacial sediments. The Ironton and Galesville Sand- stones are well exposed in central Wisconsin, and they occur in large continuous bluffs along the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota Methods Petrographic analyses of heavy minerals and light minerals, X-ray analyses of clay minerals, and sieve analyses of sandstones were made on outcrop and well samples. Cross-bedding and other directional properties were measured in many outcrops Visual estimates of carbonate and oolite distribution, maximum grain size, and median diameter were made on cuttings from 179 wells. In addition, thickness and structure maps were made from well records available in 1961 in Illinois, Wis- consin, Iowa, and Indiana. The grain-size descriptions of the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones in the outcrop region are based on sieve analyses of samples. In well cuttings and cores, grain-size descriptions are based on visual estimations (Emrich and Wobber, 1963) and on sieve analyses of samples from selected wells. Grain-size nomenclature follows the Wentworth scale. Acknowledgments The State Geological Surveys of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Indiana and the U. S. Geological Survey, Ground-Water Branch offices at Madison, Wisconsin, and Indianapolis, Indiana, kindly supplied basic data from wells. M. E. Ostrom, of the Wisconsin Geological Survey, made several field vis- its with the author and offered many constructive suggestions. Paul E. Potter, of the Illinois State Geological Survey, now at Indiana University, and W.
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