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Proquest Dissertations STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE POTSDAM GROUP IN EASTERN ONTARIO, WESTERN QUEBEC AND NORTHERN NEW YORK STATE by B.V. Sanford CANADA'S PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED FROM SANDSTONE OF THE NEPEAN FORMATION A thesis submitted to the School Of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Ph.D. in Earth Sciences OTTAWA- CARLETON GEOSCIENCE CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA OTTAWA, ONTARIO CANADA © BV Sanford, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49395-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49395-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada mn u Ottawa l.'Univcrsilc cnnndicmic C'inadn's linivcrsiiv FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES l=W FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Universittf eanadionne Canada's university Bruce Victor Sanford AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS Ph.D. (Earth Sciences) GRADE/DEGREE Department of Earth Sciences 7AWTOC6L17DE7>ARW Stratigraphic and Structural Framework of the Potsdam Group in Eastern Ontario, Western Quebec and Northern New York State TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS William Arnott EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Jeffrey Chiarenzelli Allan Donaldson Andre Desrochers Robert Rainbird Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies © Bruce Victor Sanford, Ottawa, Canada, 2007 ABSTRACT The presence of a major unconformity within the Potsdam Group is an important key to unlocking the geological history of this succession throughout its area of distribution in the Ottawa Embayment and Quebec Basin. The beds below the unconformity (Abbey Dawn and Covey Hill/Ausable formations) largely of continental origin up to 600 metres thick, is a complex assortment of red and grey quartzite cobble, quartz pebble and quartzarenite deposits of assumed Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian age. The Covey Hill/Ausable formations have been further divided into four units of wide distribution beginning with the Jericho member of marginal marine origin, confined to the Quebec Basin bordering the Oka-Beauhamois Arch; succeeded and overlapped to the west by Hannawa Falls, Chippewa Bay and Edwardsville members of aeolian, fluvial and possible lacustrine origin. During and immediately following deposition of these members the beds were locally faulted, folded and subjected to a long period of subaerial erosion. This process was likely triggered by a plate tectonic event in progress during Neoproterozoic to early Early Cambrian time, when the continents were in a state of rifting and break-up, followed by the opening of the lapetus Ocean. Above the unconformity are the white and grey Nepean and equivalent Cairnside and Keeseville formations up to 110 metres thick composed of quartzarenite and minor quartz pebble conglomerate of Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician age. These formations were deposited on the floor and margins of a seaway that entered the Ottawa Embayment from the east. The highland areas (arches) on all four sides of the embayment provided restricted marine depositional conditions that contributed to the precipitation of minor evaporates, a proliferation of stromatolites and a limited normal marine biota contained within the Nepean sandstone and its stratigraphic equivalents. Post-Potsdam deformation resulted in the rejuvenation of faults and local folding of Potsdam and younger Paleozoic strata throughout the Ottawa Embayment and Quebec Basin, the timing of which was likely associated with 11 Taconian and Acadian orogenesis, and by the much later rifting of the North American continent that occurred with the break-up and separation of the continents in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express sincere appreciation to Joe Wallach for his assistance in the field; particularly for logistical support and the locating of rock exposures throughout the study area, and for the many stimulating verbal exchanges relating to the stratigraphy and structure of the Potsdam Group. Deep appreciation is extended also to Professor William Arnott, of the University of Ottawa for his kind efforts in arranging financial support, and the writer's admission to the graduate (Ph.D.) program, and for volunteering his services as supervisor of a thesis project. Appreciation is also extended to Joseph DeKoninck and Margaret Moriarty, Dean and Assistant Dean respectively of Graduate Studies for their special consideration in granting approval of admission to the writer to undertake graduate studies at the University of Ottawa. Many thanks also to Alan Grant and Philip Moir of the Geological Survey of Canada, for facilitating the formal publication of the contents of this dissertation. Many thanks are also extended to William Arnott and the thesis committee members, Jeffery Chiarenzelli, Allan Donaldson, Robert Rainbird and Andre Desrochers for their critical review of an earlier manuscript. The maps and diagrams contained within the pages and on CD in Appendix (iii) were drafted by the Cartography Division of the Geological Survey of Canada for inclusion in a Bulletin by the same title and author to be published at a later date. Kind permission was granted by the Geological Survey of Canada to include the same diagrams in this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Ottawa. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES xvi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 - REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING 7 CHAPTER 3 - SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 12 CHAPTER 4 - PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS 19 CHAPTER 5 - STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 26 POTSDAM GROUP 26 Definition and Thickness 26 ABBEY DAWN FORMATION 31 Definition 31 Distribution and Thickness 33 Lithology and Stratigraphic Relationships 35 Petrogenesis 37 Age and Regional Correlation 38 COVEY HILL AND EQUIVALENT AUSABLE FORMATIONS 40 Definition 40 Distribution and Thickness 45 Lithology and Stratigraphic Relationships 49 Jericho Member 50 Hannawa Falls Member 53 Chippewa Bay Member 68 Edwardsville Member 86 Sedimentary Structures 90 Petrogenesis 106 Age and Regional Correlation 121 V NEPEAN AND EQUIVALENT CAIRNSIDE AND KEESEVILLE FORMATIONS 127 Definition 127 Distribution and Thickness 131 Lithology and Stratigraphic Relationships 136 Sedimentary Structures 161 Petrogenesis 167 Age and Regional Correlation 175 CHAPTER 6 - STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF THE POTSDAM GROUP 179 CHAPTER 7 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 193 REFERENCES 198 APPENDICES 214 (i) Location of Boreholes 214 (ii) Location of Field Stations 215 (iii) CD of Figures of 3, 6, 8 and 9 222 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Photos of Potsdam Group in roadcut on Rideau Ferry Road, Ontario, at station 0-16. Figure 2: Index map showing approximate boundaries of research area and distribution of adjacent geological provinces and tectonic elements. Figure 3: Geological map of eastern Ontario, western Quebec and northern New York State, rsee CD in Appendix (iii)] Figure 4: Chart showing the Potsdam succession in eastern Ontario, western Quebec and northern New York State. Figure 5: Diagram showing generalized Potsdam Group succession and vertical stratigraphic range of key sections in the western part of the Ottawa Embayment and Frontenac Arch. Figure 6: Isopachous map showing distribution and thickness of the Potsdam Group, and the location of sections where the rocks are best exposed in eastern Ontario, western Quebec and northern New York State, [see CD in Appendix (iii)] Figure 7: Diagram showing generalized stratigraphic succession of the Potsdam Group showing range of key sections in the eastern part of the Ottawa Embayment
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