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Ficha País De Esuatini (Antes Suazilandia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Esuatini Reino de Esuatini (antes Suazilandia) La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de co- municación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. DICIEMBRE 2020 fronteras salvo en el noreste, donde limita con Mozambique. Eswatini Población: 1,1 millón de habitantes (UN 2019). Esuatini cuenta con una población con una edad media de 20,7 años. El 37,8% de la población tiene menos de 14 años y solo el 5,7% más de 60. El 97% de la población es de etnia suazi; el resto son zulúes, tsonga, shanganas y europeos. Capital: Mbabane (76.200 habitantes). Otras ciudades: Manzini (principal ciudad comercial; estimados 110.000 habitantes), Lobamba (capital administrativa; estimados 11.000 habitan- SUDÁFRICA MOZAMBIQUE tes), Siteki (estimados 6.300 habitantes). Idioma: siSwati, inglés. Piggs Peak Religión: El cristianismo es la religión mayoritaria con una representación del Mhlume 90% (40% de la Iglesia Cristiana de Zion, 20% católicos y 30% otras que incluyen anglicanos, metodistas, mormones, testigos de Jeová). El islamismo está representado en un 2% y el 8% restante se divide entre baha’i, budistas, Kadake hindúes, judíos y otras religiones indígenas. En las zonas rurales son mayori- tarios los ritos tradicionales animistas. MBABANE Moneda: Lilangeni (paridad fija con el Rand sudafricano). Forma de Estado: Monarquía. Siteki División administrativa: 4 regiones, 11 gobiernos municipales y 55 tinkhund- Manzini la (circunscripciones electorales; cada una de ella nombra a un miembro de la Asamblea). N.º Residentes Españoles: 7 Mankayane 1.2. Geografía Nsoko A pesar de ser un país pequeño, Esuatini puede dividirse en cuatro áreas con varios tipos de ecosistemas diferentes: Hlatikulu La zona occidental (Highveld), con una altitud media de 1.300 metros, co- Nhlangano rresponde a las estribaciones de los Montes Drakensberg de Sudáfrica. Abun- dan las plantaciones de pino y eucalipto. La zona oriental (Middleveld) es más llana (700 metros de altura media), Lavumisa ocupa el 26% del territorio y gracias a su clima subtropical cuenta con mu- © Ocina de Información Diplomática. chas colinas y valles fértiles con plantaciones de caña de azúcar. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. El Lowveld, en el sur, ocupa el 40% del territorio, con una altura de 200 metros de media, y aunque es la zona más proclive a las sequías debido a su 1. DATOS BÁSICOS clima tropical árido, la caña de azúcar se cultiva con éxito. La cordillera de los Libombos, de 600 metros de altura media, hace de fron- 1.1. Características generales tera natural con Mozambique a lo largo de la mitad noreste del país y es una zona relativamente aislada. La vegetación no es uniforme, variando desde los Nombre oficial: Reino de Esuatini (nueva denominación oficial desde 19 de bosques tropicales del noroeste a la sabana del este. abril de 2018) Superficie: 17.364 Km2. Estas diferencias conllevan también una gran variedad climática. Al oeste, Límites: Esuatini es un país sin litoral, bordeado por Sudáfrica en todas sus el Highveld tiene un clima subtropical con precipitaciones que superan los 2 FICHA PAÍS ESWATINI 1000 mm anuales. Hacia el este tiene un clima tropical semiárido. La región rurales, por lo que tiene un valor estratégico para el desarrollo del país y centro oriental, el Lowveld, es la zona más seca, con unos 600 mm al año de continúa siendo una fuente importante para las exportaciones y un activo lluvia. Los ríos más importantes que riegan el país son el Usutu, el Ingwavu- para el sector manufacturero. ma y el Komati. La cota más alta es el monte Emlembe, con 1.862 metros, y la más baja se encuentra en el río Usutu, a 21 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Otros sectores importantes de la economía suazi son: 1.3. Indicadores sociales - Las manufacturas, especialmente el procesamiento alimenticio (incluyendo el concentrado de Coca Cola) y las prendas de confección y textiles. Esuatini Tasa de crecimiento de la población: 0,77% (The World Factbook, 2020) desarrolló su sector textil a principios del año 2000 gracias a las facilidades PIB per capita, precios corrientes: 4,405 (Banco Mundial, 2019) aduaneras concedidas para la exportación por la African Grown Opportunity Esperanza de vida: 58,6 años (general), 56,5 años (hombres), 60,7 años Act (AGOA) de los EE.UU. AGOA permitía a Esuatini, entre otros países sub- (mujeres) (The World Factbook, 2020) saharianos, el acceso libre de impuestos y aranceles al mercado estadouni- IDH: 0,608 (148/187) (PNUD, 2018) dense para artículos textiles. Esuatini dejó de ser elegible para este régimen Tasa de natalidad: 24,5/1.000 (The World Factbook, 2020) comercial preferencial en enero de 2015, Pero ha recuperado dicha categoría Tasa de fertilidad: 3,1 (UN, 2019) en diciembre de 2017. Tasa de mortalidad infantil: 42,8/1.000 (The World Factbook, 2020) Coeficiente GINI: 54,6 (Banco Mundial, 2016) - El sector servicios representa el 44.8% del PIB, de los que la Administra- Tasa de analfabetismo: 88,5% (The World Factbook, 2020) ción Pública absorbe el 30%. Índice de adultos infectados por VIH: 27,1% (The World Factbook, 2019) El comercio internacional ha sido tradicionalmente un vector del crecimiento 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2019 de la economía suazi, especialmente los agro-alimentos, seguido de la con- fección y textiles. Sudáfrica es el principal socio comercial, que concentra DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % PIB TOTAL el 85% de las importaciones y el 60% de las exportaciones, seguido de la Agricultura (incluida silvicultura) 8,7% Unión Europea (segundo mercado para Esuatini). Industria 33,8% (de los cuales 33,2% es de manufacturas) Servicios 53,2% Esuatini necesita atraer inversión extranjera para impulsar el crecimiento Fuente: The Economist Intelligence Unit, económico y aumentar su capacidad exportadora. Sin embargo, se aprecia una significativa y constante reducción de la inversión privada en el país, en 1.5. Coyuntura económica parte debido a las reformas macroeconómicas emprendidas por los países vecinos que han atraído el capital extranjero, y en parte por las propias debi- INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 lidades estructurales de la economía suazi. Esuatini superó la crisis fiscal de PIB (US$ bn) 4.0 3.7 4.4 4.7 4.4 los años 2010 y 2011, en los que la reducción de ingresos provenientes de la PIB % crecimiento real 0,4 1,4 1,9 2,3 1,0 Unión Aduanera SACU, ligada a una deficiente gestión de los fondos públicos Tasa de inflación 5,0 7,8 6,2 4,8 2,5 y a un gasto excesivo, empujaron a la economía a una situación crítica. La Fuente: IMF Database. Country Report 20/229. Worldbank database 2020. sequía de 2016 y una nueva caída en los ingresos provenientes de SACU han generado una nueva crisis fiscal, que preocupa al FMI (ver conclusiones de La economía de Esuatini es pequeña, abierta, diversificada y con una fuerte las consultas del artículo IV del FMI de septiembre 2017) y que solicita al influencia de Sudáfrica. Esuatini es miembro de la Área Monetaria Común gobierno de Esuatini a un esfuerzo de austeridad y control fiscal. (CMA) con Lesoto, Sudáfrica y Namibia, y continúa disfrutando de acceso preferente al mercado regional como miembro del SACU y del Mercado Co- 1.6. Comercio Exterior mún para África Oriental y Austral (COMESA). 2014 2015 2016 El Banco Mundial clasifica a Esuatini como un país de renta media-baja. A Exportaciones bienes FOB (US$ mill.) 2.002 1.808 1.671 pesar de que el PIB per cápita sea el doble de la media de África subsaharia- Importaciones bienes FOB (US$ mill.) -1.497 -1.236 -1.266 na, los elevados índices de desigualdad y los retrocesos en el cumplimiento Balanza c/c mill. US$ 929 1.056 640 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio explican las altas tasas de pobreza Total deuda externa (US$ miles mill.) 0,4 0,4 0,5 del país (el 63% de suazis viven en situación de pobreza, especialmente los residentes en las zonas rurales y grupos vulnerables como ancianos y niños). 2017 2018 2019 Exportaciones bienes FOB (US$ mill.) 1.795 1.838 1.984 El crecimiento económico en Esuatini en la última década ha sido lento, Importaciones bienes FOB (US$ mill.) -1.608 -1.809 -1.725 con una media de entre el 2 y 3% del PIB, por lo que no ha ayudado a la Balanza c/c mill. US$ 187 29 259 reducción de la pobreza y sitúa a Esuatini por detrás de los países de África Total deuda externa (US$ miles mill.) 0,7 0,8 0,8 austral (que crecen de media en torno al 5,5%). La falta de competitividad The Economist Intelligence Unit, estimates April 2018. Fuente: IMF Database. Country del sector de manufacturas y los bajos niveles de inversión privada son un Report 20/229 lastre para el crecimiento. La inflación, de más de un 5%, daña aún más el crecimiento real del país. 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países La estructura económica está dominada por la dependencia de la agroin- PRINCIPALES CLIENTES % TOTAL PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES % TOTAL dustria desarrollada en torno al principal producto de exportación, que es el Sudáfrica 67 Sudáfrica 72,6 azúcar y sus derivados, principalmente concentrado para refrescos. El azúcar Nigeria 6,3 China 2,9 es, con diferencia, la principal producción agrícola, seguida del maíz, la Pakistán 4,9 Mozambique 2,7 pasta de papel, la fruta y el algodón.
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