Macro-Rainwater Harvesting Evaporation Interception 01/25/2013
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Macro-Rainwater Harvesting Evaporation Interception Presented to Coconino Plateau Water Advisory Council January 25, 2013 Prescott Active Management Area Granite Creek Total AMA Basin Area = 485 Sq Mi Black Hills Little Chino Subbasin Area = 310 Sq Mi Aqua Fria Subbasin Area = 175 Sq Mi Sub-Basin Boundary Granite Mountain Willow Aqua Fria Creek Lynx Creek Sierra Prieta Range Bradshaw Mountains ADWR Third Management Plan, Chapter 1 Surface Flow Through the Prescott AMA and History of Dam Overflows Verde River 4 3 Dam Overflows: 1995, 2005 & 2010 Chino Valley Lonesome Valley Drainage Black Hills 2 Granite Mountain Willow Lake Prescott Valley 1 Willow Creek Watershed = 25.2 SQ MI 21” Annual Average Granite Creek Aqua Fria Precipitation Watershed = Bradshaw Mountains River 36.3 SQ MI Prescott 1 - Watson Lake Dam 2 - Granite Creek 3 - Del Rio Springs 4 - Confluence of Granite Creek & the Verde River USGS Photograph USGS Photograph a. Based on Table 4 from Hydrogeology of the Upper and Middle Verde River Watersheds, Central Arizona , U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5198 and assumption of annual average precipitation of 21 inches. Prescott AMA Precipitation and Evapotranspiration 25 in. 13 in. 21 in. 17 in. 21 in. Evapotranspiration Exceeds Precipitation 25 in. Prescott AMA Average Annual Precipitation (From Prescott AMA Virtual Tour) Average Monthly Prescott Evapotranspiration, Inches Figure A above from: Hydrogeology of the Upper and Middle Verde River Watersheds, Central Arizona Yitayew, M. 1990. Reference Evapotranspiration Estimates for Arizona. Tech 1 Bull. 266. By Kyle W. Blasch, John P. Hoffmann, Leslie F. Graser, Jeannie R. Bryson, And Alan L. Flint Agr.Exp.Stn.Col. Of Agr. University of Arizona Volume of Groundwater in Alluvial and Volcanic Units Prescott AMA in 2009, Acre Feet 2,390,500 AF 1,002,900 AF Alluvial Unit Volcanic Unit Annual Groundwater Level Decreases in Prescott AMA Prescott AMA Water Budget – Existing Condition Precipitation ~16 IN/YR Evapotranspiration 414,000 AF/YR 407,200 AF/YR (100.0%) (98.4%) Surface Outflows 0 AF/YR NATURAL SURFACE WATER OUTFLOWS ENVIRONMENT USE Natural Recharge 6,800 AF/YR (1.6%) Well Pumping 23,700 AF/YR* 4,500 AF/YR Deficit = Effluent, Surface 14,700 AF/YR Water & Incidental Recharge 6,700 AF/YR* * Well pumping includes exempt well pumping estimate by CE of 2,968 AF/YR. Above values from “Prescott AMA Groundwater Flow Model Update Effluent recycle =3,400 AF/YR (COP, PV & CV). Surface water recharge = 1,400 Report”, October 31, 2006, ADWR Prescott AMA “2007 Annual Report” and AF/YR. Incidental recharge = 1,900 AF/YR (50% of Irrigation) Aquifers City of Prescott “Assured Water Supply Portfolio Summary”. Prescott AMA Water Budget – With Macro-Rainwater Harvesting Precipitation ~16 IN/YR Evapotranspiration 414,000 AF/YR 392,500 AF/YR (100.0%) (94.8%) Surface Outflows 0 AF/YR NATURAL SURFACE WATER OUTFLOWS ENVIRONMENT USE Natural MRH Recharge 14,700 AF/YR 6,800 AF/YR (3.6%) (1.6%) Well Pumping 23,700 AF/YR* 4,500 AF/YR Effluent, Surface Deficit = 0 Water & Incidental Recharge 6,700 AF/YR* * Well pumping includes exempt well pumping estimate by CE of 2,968 AF/YR. Above values from “Prescott AMA Groundwater Flow Model Update Effluent recycle =3,400 AF/YR (COP, PV & CV). Surface water recharge = 1,400 Report”, October 31, 2006, ADWR Prescott AMA “2007 Annual Report” and AF/YR. Incidental recharge = 1,900 AF/YR (50% of Irrigation) Aquifers City of Prescott “Assured Water Supply Portfolio Summary”. Lateral Cross Section of the Little Chino Aquifer Basin Granite Mountain Granite Creek Black Hills Hydraulic Conductivity Values in the Prescott AMA Upper Verde River Springs Upper Verde River Springs Del Rio Springs Del Rio Springs COP Wellfield COP Wellfield Upper Agua Fria Springs at Humboldt Upper Alluvium Lower Volcanic Unit Prescott AMA Groundwater Flow Model Update Report, October 31, 2006, Daniel Timmons and Abe Springer, Northern Arizona University, Prepared for Arizona Department of Water Resources, Contract #: 2005-2592, Final Report Longitudinal Cross Section of the Little Chino Aquifer Basin Relationship Between Groundwater Levels and Spring Flows 30’ Well GWL – Spring Elevation Upper Verde River Base Flow 10’ 1962 2009 Del Rio Springs Upper Verde River Well Flow Verde River Gauge Spring Pressure head of Well 603912 GWL relative to Upper Verde River spring elevation versus Paulden gauge base flow analysis and figure above by Doug McMillan, 2010. Groundwater Recharge in Granite Creek 180’ BLS 3/10 3/05 3/95 3/12 5/99 3/01 2/08 Depth to 240’ 2/97 2/00 3/03 Water Table BLS Well 523565 Adjacent to Granite Creek Shallow Well With Response to Flooding 4,900 1/10 3/95 1/05 2,030 cfs 4,800 Granite Creek Flowrate Upstream 370’ BLS of Watson Lake 4,700 alluvium 4,600 layers layers to sand of cobbley gravelly medium to fine grained sand withsand fine grained to medium cemented Depth to clayey Water Table 4,500 sand in 400’ lower BLS 2012 section 1998 Well 562286 Adjacent to Granite Creek 4,400 fractured basalt Deep Well With No Response to Flooding Figure Above Right: The University of Arizona, Arizona Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, August 2007. Understanding Arizona’s Riparian Areas. Chapter 3, Hydrologic Processes in Riparian Areas, By Mary Nichols. Well Log Prescott Urban Runoff to Groundwater Recharge in Granite Creek Granite Creek Upstream of Highway 89A Bridge City of Prescott – Forest Trails Subdivision Watson Lake on January 24, 2010 Looking North, February 1, 2008 Granite Creek at Perkinsville Rd, January 23, 2010 (Did not reach the Verde River) Granite Creek Between Hwy 89A Aerial View of Granite Creek Granite Creek at Perkinsville Rd, and Perkinsville Rd, April 15, 2007 February 28, 2008 February 1, 2008 The Lonesome Valley – Where Does the Water Go? Total = 97.3 Sq Mi 12.3 Sq Mi = 20% of Prescott AMA Perkinsville Rd 2 9.7 Sq Mi Martin Canyon 8.6 Sq Mi 66.7 Sq Mi 1 Predominately Clay Lonesome Valley Granite Creek Granite 1. Local resident at this location reported seeing only one flood event (monsoonal) in past approximate 10 years. ~ 5 Miles 2. County road maintenance supervisor reported seeing monsoonal flood event in 2005 originating from Martin Canyon over topping Perkinsville Rd but did not reach Granite Creek. Also reported seeing winter flood event in 1998 from Martin Canyon over topping Perkinsville Rd and Lithology Section in Coyote Springs Area reaching Granite Creek. Flooding from Lonesome Valley to the south was reported to be not observed. Lonesome Valley Soil Texture - Affect on Evaporation 0’ 3’ Trench showing Fine Soils in Antelope Meadows % of Lonesome Valley alluvial area with clay in first 3 feet from surface = 50% % of Lonesome Valley alluvial area with clay or clay loam in first 3 feet from surface = 66% Water Repellent Soils: a state-of-the art LeonardF.DeBano, March 1981, United States Department of Agriculture, Based on soil maps generated from the USDA Soil Web Survey General Technical Report PSW-46. Prescott Valley Urban Runoff to Lonesome Valley and Evapotranspiration Discharge to Engineered Channel in Viewpoint Flow in Engineered Channel in Viewpoint Street in Viewpoint Subdivision, January 21, 2010 Subdivision, January 21, 2010 Subdivision, January 21, 2010 Lonesome Valley Bottom Drainage Drainage Course Exits Poquito Valley into Lonesome Valley Bottom Drainage Looking North at Perkinsville Rd Lonesome Valley Ranch Land, August 17, 2008 Looking South at Perkinsville Rd Macro-Rainwater Harvesting / Evaporation Interception Implementation Harvest rainwater that otherwise would have been lost to evaporation and transport to a recharge area with high infiltration rates. Harvest rainwater on or below the surface with the intent that at no time would this rainwater have had the potential to leave the Prescott AMA as surface outflow. Example of a Macro-Rainwater Harvesting / Evaporation Interception System in the Lonesome Valley 3.9 Miles Recharge Transport County Maintained Paved Road Granite Creek Granite 6.3 Miles 6.3 Harvest Town of Prescott Valley Subdivisions: Viewpoint and Pronghorn Surface Drainage Collection Using “Roaded Catchment” System Compacted, Graded Infiltration and Evaporation and Smoothed Soils Ephemeral Wash With Coarse Grain Material Fine Soils Collection From Existing Condition No Runoff “Roaded Catchment” to Wash and Transport Runoff to Before Evaporation Recharge in Wash Example of Surface Drainage Collection “Roaded Catchments” in Western Australia Roaded Catchments to Improve Reliability of Farm Dams, Bulletin 4660 Sub-Surface Infiltration Collection Using Perforated Piping System Infiltration and Evaporation Ephemeral Wash With Coarse Grain Material Engineered Trench in Drainage Swale Fine Saturated Soils Collection from Perforated in Drainage Swale No Runoff Piping System and Transport to Wash Before Evaporation Existing Condition Runoff to Drainage Swale with Recharge Saturated Soils in Wash Profile View Example of Sub-Surface Infiltration Collection Using Perforated Piping System Viewpoint Drainage Channels and Detention Basins Micro and Macro-Rainwater Harvesting Can Work Together as One System Total Area of Right of Way and Building Footprints in the Prescott AMA in 2011 = 12,870 Acres = 20.1 Square Milesa (Excludes Driveways and Parking Lots) Micro-Rainwater Macro-Rainwater Harvesting Harvesting Curb and Gutter with Storm Drain Inlet Overflow to Foundation Drain Macro-System Connection Area Drain Connection Local Area Ditch Paved Road * * Area of Building Footprints