International Water Management at Lake Constance

International Water Management at Lake Constance

H. G. Schröder Institut für Seenforschung Langenargen Lake Constance… …made by ice and water…15,000 years BP…

Hans Strobl: Vorarlberger Naturschau • Altitude a.s.l. 395 m • Total surface area 535 km 2 • Maximum depth 254 m • Volume 49 km 3 •Length of shoreline 273 km • Overall length 63 km • Overall width 14 km • Catchment area 11 500 km 2 • Mean outflow ca. 370 m 3/s …determined by man since 10,000 years BP…

from: Otto Hauser (1921) Leben und Treiben zur Urzeit • 1,500,000 people living in the catchment area of the lake • Local industry (engines, aircraft and spacecraft equipment) and agriculture (hop, apple trees, vineyards) together with the inhabitants discharge sewage water equivalent to 3,200,000 people • Until the early 1970s the major part of sewage entered the lake without any treatment • Major tourist area in Germany • More than 2,500,000 visitors per year • 55,000 boats registered at the lake • Severe structural changes (land use for roads,parking, harbous, houses etc.) • Additional water pollution • Drinking water source for more than 4 million people (drinking water pumped at 25 sites at depth > 30m) • 170,000,000 m³ water / year = less than 2% of annual outflow • Water export from largest drinking water plant in Sipplingen via pipeline network to 500 cities and villages in Southern Germany “The boundaries between countries result from historical events, and, therefore, they do not coincide with the boundaries of the watersheds. As a consequence, several lakes and rivers mark the boundaries between countries or cross them. To effectively manage these water resources and protect them against pollution, the governments of the countries concerned must agree upon common rules and actions concerning this problem.”

(RAVERA et al, 1980) ...in medieval times of Frederick Barbarossa...

... the catchment of Lake Constance was part of one Suabian county within the Holy Roman Empire...... lateron a mosaic of small countries developped...

... and the catchment of Lake Constance was divided by numerous boundaries...... Lake Constance is the only region in Europe where boundaries between the neighbouring countries never were formally determined...

...neither after the 30 years war in the peace contract of Westfalia 1648 nor at the Congress of Vienna 1815. The lake was always treated as common property: CONDOMINUIM CONDOMINIUM = common lake no boundaries + no administration + no responsability = common problems Lake Constance is a transboundary lake:

The catchment area is shared by 5 countries (including 8 states or cantons respectively) ...a common problem in the 19th century: Fishery in Lake Constance...... population growth lead to ...impoverishment of fishermen.

national more fishing „solution“ transboundaryNot enough fish for to many poorproblem fishermen +/

+ national higher yield benefit (?) Driving Forces Population growth D intensification of fishing

Pressures Unrestricted P Exploitation

Responses State Reduction of R ? S fish stock

Impacts Poverty I of fishermen

(DPSIR modified from EUROCAT 2002) 1893 Treaty of Bregenz IBKF Foundation

Protection and breeding of the valuable fish species

by international agreement on • invention of close seasons • regulation of minimium mesh size of fishing nets • restriction of licenses • installing of hatcheries 1893

IBKF

Internationale Bevollmächtigtenkonferenz für die Bodenseefischerei International Conference of Representatives for Fishery in Lake Constance IBKF working procedure • regular annual meetings • principle of unanimity • IBKF decisions are base for administrative and political decisions in the partner countries • before the annual meeting the representatives meet with the fishermen • fishermen have their own IBF representative at the annual meetings • projects and expert groups are concerned with special problems such as waste water situation in the 1950s (1951: waste water committee) and lake trout project in the 1990s 1909

IBF

Internationaler Bodenseefischereiverband International Fishermen Association of Lake Constance 1909 IBF Foundation

International community of interest for the fishermen

• since 1912 representative in IBKF • 1950 IBF waste water commission preceding the waste water IBKF committee Population Development 1950 1990 Driving Forces Population Growth Agriculture Tourism

Pressures Wastewater Buildings

Harbours State Eutrophication

Responses Structural ? damage

Impacts Restriction of life quality (DPSIR modified from EUROCAT 2002) Polluted Lake Constance:

EUTROPHICATION

Platform and motor of water protection of Lake Constance since 1959

International agreement on:

• Observation of the state of the lake • Confirmation the causes of its pollution • Recommendation of coordinated preventive measures • Discussion of planned utilization of the lake Organisation

Commission

Member states: BadenWürttemberg Bavaria Austria (Vorarlberg) Schweiz (Thurgau, St. Gallen, Graubünden)

Deputy of Fürstentum Liechtenstein Observer of Federal Republic of Germany

Permanent Expert Board

Section Section Section „Lake" „Catchment" „Defense against damage" Early + Consequent = Sustainabl 100 Recognition Action Improvement

80

60 P(mg/m³)

40 1959 20

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Early + Consequent = Sustainabl 100 Recognition Action Improvement

80

60 P(mg/m³)

40

20

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Early + Consequent = Sustainable 100 Recognition Action Improvement

80

60 P(mg/m³)

40

20

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Holistic View = Lake and Catchment

Reduction of anthropogenic Nutrients and Pollution = decentralized and effective Algae and Biomass react

Oxygen Contents increase Zooplancton reacts

Composition of Fish changes • since 1963 blue (Research) Reports • since 1967 Guidelines for Prevention of Pollution • since 1974 green (Monitoring) Reports •1990 Bathymetric Map • since 1994 Seespiegel ystem) S

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R S S S A p p e n ze ll A us s e r R h o de n Catchment area of Lake Constance G r a u bό n d en T e s si n S W I T Z E R L A N D S S c ha ff h a u s e n N Cartography: R. Obad, Institute for Lake Research0 Source: International Commission for the Waterprote Original scale 1 : 1 000 000 10 0 10 Kilometres since since 2000 IGKB Homepage since since 1998 GIS related Central Database ( PlaceBRBRBR PARAMETERBR DATEBR CaBR CaBR Ca TYPEBR CaBR CaBR Ca 12.01.00 DEPTH1 Ca 12.01.00 Ca 12.01.00 Ca 12.01.00 1 DEPTH2 Ca 12.01.00 1 12.01.00 1 12.01.00 1 MEASURES 12.01.00 1 01.02.00 1 0 01.02.00 1 5 1 10 1 15 1 20 30 0 50 5 60 10 0 15 5 20 30 50 2.25 60 2.299999952 2.299999952 2.349999905 0 2.25 5 2.299999952 2.450000048 2.450000048 2.299999952 2.349999905 • • „Clean“ lake how going on ? • 2004 Balance and actionprogram IGKB balance and need of action Lakewide Restoration of Shoreline and ShallowWaterArea

47 % modified Shoreline Structures Lakewide Restoration of Shoreline and ShallowWaterArea Lakewide Restoration of Shoreline and ShallowWaterArea Micropollution

No acute risk for quality of Drinking Water need for action ? Micropollution

Medicaments

Diatrizoat

Carbamazepin

Iopromid

Clofibrinsäure

Sulfamethoxazol

Iopamidol

Erythromycin

Iothalaminsäure Kläranlagen Phenazon Schussen IbuprofenOH Flachwasserzone Freiwasser Iomeprol

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 g/l

Quelle: ROßKNECHT & HETZENAUER 2000 Micropollution

Below limits and threshold values

Pestizide und Metaboliten

0,080

0,060

0,040 Dimethylsulfamin (DMS) Dimethylsulfamin g/L 1 ng/l

0,020 hydroxy MetazachlorESA MetazachlorESA MetazachlorESA DEET (Diethyltoluamid) (Diethyltoluamid) (Diethyltoluamid) DEET DEET N,NdimethylN'(4 N,NdimethylN'(4 Linuron Linuron Linuron Carbendazim Carbendazim Diuron Diuron Mecoprop Mecoprop Mecoprop Terbuthylazindesethyl2 Terbuthylazindesethyl2 Desethylatrazin Desethylatrazin 2,6Dichlorbenzamid 2,6Dichlorbenzamid Atrazin Terbuthylazindesethyl Terbuthylazindesethyl Terbuthylazindesethyl Isoproturon Isoproturon Isoproturon MCPA methylphenyl)sulfamid methylphenyl)sulfamid Terbutryn Terbutryn Terbutryndesethyl Terbutryndesethyl Atrazin2Hydroy Atrazin2Hydroy Irgarol Irgarol Simazin MetamitronDesamino MetamitronDesamino Metazachlor Metazachlor Metazachlor Metolachlor Metolachlor Bentazon Bentazon Bentazon 0,001 g/l 0,000 0,000001 mg/l Simazin 1000 900 0,000000001 g/l 800 700 Atrazin 600

ng/L 500 400 Isoproturon 300 Diuron 200 100 0 Mittelwerte UQN EU 2008

UQN: Umweltqualitätsnormen der EU für Jahresmittel von Oberflächengewässern (RL 2008/105/EG) Micropollution

Occurence and Effects

Information on substances Information on Effects Which? Humantoxicity? How much? Ecotoxicity?

Instrumentelle Analytics Biotest

e.g. HormonBiotest

Risk Evaluation Need for Research in Ecotoxicology

Quelle: BLANKENHORN 2001 Micropollution

Alternative Reactions

1. Technical approach minimization of input via technical means short – medium term 2. behavioristic approach change of use and behavior medium term 3. stofflicher approach Substitution of harmful substances long term

Quelle: KÜMMERER 2006 Neozoa and Neophyta

Lake Constance as Immigration Area –

Thread or Chance ?

Quelle: P. Rey 2003 Neozoa and Neophyta

Columbus and Lake Constance

Dikerogammarus villosus Gammarus roeselii Regenbogenforelle Stichling Zander Physella acuta Viviparus Kaulbarsch ater Dreissena Dugesia Corbicula polymorpha tigrina fluminea Potamopyrgus antipodarum

??? ? ?

1492 1850 19001950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ? Bosmina longirostris Daphnia galeata Daphnia parvula Galizischer Sumpfkrebs Bosmina longicornis kessleri Cyclops vicinus Kamberkrebs Signalkrebs

Quelle: P. Rey 2006 Neozoa and Neophyta

„New Citizens“

Corbicula fluminea since 2003

Dikerogammarus villosus since 2003

Limnomysis benedeni since Summer 2006 Neozoa and Neophyta

On their Way to Lake Constance Neozoa and Neophyta

Perspectives Consequences of Climate Change

Climate Change is reality at Lake Constance – needs the lake help ? Consequences of Climate Change

Water and Air Temperatures (Mean Values)

13 TrendWerte °C 12 Wasser (0.5 m Tiefe): 0.03°C/Jahr 11 Luft (Konstanz): 10 0.05°C/Jahr Luft (Konstanz, ab 9 1947): 0.02°C/Jahr

8

7

6

5 Wasser (250m Tiefe): 0.03°C/Jahr 4

3 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200 5 Jahr Consequences of Climate Change

Highwater 1999 Consequences of Climate Change

Extreme Low Water 2003

Quelle: P. Rey 2003 PegelJahresmittel [cm]

8013 8017 8011 9015 9019 2010 1990 1970 1950 1930 1910 1890 1870 1850 1830 1810 300 340 380 420 LongtermDevelopmentWater of Level ConsequencesClimate Changeof Mte / Standardabweichung. +/ Mittel (18172006) Mittel Gleitendes Mittel Trend 19602006 ( 3.2cm/Dekade +/11 Jahre+/11 ) [cm] ConsequencesClimate Changeof

300 350 400 450 WaterlevelConstancenear 01010202030350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 D N O S A J J M A M F J [1990 2006] [1990 1989] [1980 1979] [1970 1969] [1960 Sommerpegel Niedrigere Tag Tag Jahrim Consequences of Climate Change

Warming up influences

• Start and Stability of Stratification

• Intensity of vertical mixing in winter (Renewal of Deep Water) Consequences of Climate Change

Start of Stratification

May

1 Month earlier Apr

Mar Development of algae changes Feb 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Time of best vertical mixing Consequences of Climate Change

Renewal of Deep Water

Water Protection is „Climate Protection“ for Lake Constance

1.0 Good mixing 14 0.8 Z>0.8 12 0.6 10 Index Z Index

0.4 [mg/l] O2 8 Bad 0.2 Oxygene in 250m in May mixing 6 Z<0.8 0.0 1970 1980 1990 2000 Consequences of Utilization

Between Apocalypse and Optimism

Bodensee 2000 aus GEO 1981 Consequences of Utilization

Settlement Consequences of Utilization

Use of Water Consequences of Utilization

Tourism Consequences of Utilization

Leisure Consequences of Utilization

Overall Effects International Water Management at Lake Constance

5 Principles of IGKB Guideline 2005

Sustainability

Prevention

Minimization

Initiator

Cooperation Thank you very much !