A Study on Integrative Taxonomy, Impacts on Biodiversity and Concerns with Conservation

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A Study on Integrative Taxonomy, Impacts on Biodiversity and Concerns with Conservation Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Tardigrada: a study on integrative taxonomy, impacts on biodiversity and concerns with conservation Filipe José de Amorim Vicente Doutoramento em Biologia (Biodiversidade) 2012 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Tardigrada: a study on integrative taxonomy, impacts on biodiversity and concerns with conservation Filipe José de Amorim Vicente Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Biologia (Biodiversidade) Orientação: Prof. Roberto Bertolani (Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia) Prof. Doutor Artur Serrano 2012 The present thesis was financed by Fundaçãopara a Ciência e a Tecnologia (BD/39234/2007) and is an aggregate of scientific papers. Formatting of such papers has been altered for a uniform look of the thesis. The author declares to have participated in data collecting and analysis and in writing of all manuscripts used. A presente tese doutoral foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (BD/39234/2007) e resulta da agregação de um conjunto de artigos científicos, tendo a formatação dos mesmos sido alterada para efeitos de uma apresentação uniformizada. O autor declara que participou na recolha de dados, sua análise e escrita dos vários manuscritos apresentados. Para o meu filho Tomás. Tardigrada: a study on integrative taxonomy, impacts on biodiversity and concerns with conservation Index Acknowledgments (English and Portuguese).______________________________________6 Summary (English and Portuguese).________________________________________________8 General introduction.________________________________________________________________10 Paper 1 - Micro-invertebrates conservation: forgotten biodiversity.____________15 Paper 2 - The impact of fire on terrestrial tardigrade biodiversity: a case-study from Portugal._________________________________________________________________________29 Paper 3 – Considerations on the taxonomy of the Phylum Tardigrada.______________45 Paper 4 - Integrative taxonomy allows the identification of synonymous species and a new genus of Tardigrada Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada)._______________53 Paper 5 - Observations on Pyxidium tardigradum (Ciliophora), a protozoan living on Eutardigrada: infestation, morphology and feeding behaviour.____79 Paper 6 - A phylogenetic study on Pyxidium tardigradum (Peritrichia, Operculariida), an epizoic protozoan on eutardigrades.__________________________101 Concluding remarks and future perspectives.________________________________________116 5 Filipe Vicente – Doutoramento em Biologia Acknowledgements I would like to start by thanking my parents, without whose support I would not have been able to pursue in academics, to my Inês for her support and constantly pushing me forward, and to all family members, friends, colleagues and teachers that have somehow helped shape the path the has brought me here. Thank you both to the deceased professor Maria José Boavida, and to professor Artur Serrano for having accepted the co-supervision of this thesis, for welcoming me in their labs, for the suggestions, comments and advises. An additional thanks to Zé for her initial help in dealing with the insatiable bureaucratic beast; in this mater, a word of appreciation to professor Leonel Gordo is also due. I also thank my colleagues, friends and collaborators at the University of Modena, Michele Cesari, Trevor Marchioro, Roberto Guidetti, Lorena Rebecchi e Tiziana Altiero for their relentless support, both personally and professionally, in every single one of my many visits. I feel that I will always be a member of your team. Finally, I want to thank professor Roberto Bertolani, main supervisor of my thesis, without whom it would not have become a reality. Thank you for opening the doors of your institution, for welcoming me within your work group since my first stay, in 2006, when I was just an exchange student under the Leonardo da Vinci programme and had nothing more to offer than my will to learn about the animal group of his expertise. Thank you very much for the love, concern and patience, personal and professional support and for all the times that you were more than just a supervisor. Thank you for, together with your team members, always making feel at home. 6 Tardigrada: a study on integrative taxonomy, impacts on biodiversity and concerns with conservation Agradecimentos Quero começar por agradecer aos meus pais, sem o apoio dos quais não teria conseguido construir o meu percurso académico, à minha Inês pelo apoio e incentivo constante e a todos os familiares, amigos, colegas e professores que, de algum modo, me ajudaram a moldar o percurso que me trouxe até aqui. Agradeço à professora Maria-José Boavida, já falecida, e ao professor Artur Serrano, por terem aceite a co-orientação dos meus trabalhos doutorais, por me terem acolhido nos seus laboratórios, pelas sugestões, comentários e conselhos. Agradeço à Zé pelo apoio inicial a lidar com o insaciável monstro burocrático; neste ponto, uma palavra de apreço também para o professor Leonel Gordo. Agradeço aos meus colegas, amigos e colaboradores na Universidade de Modena, Michele Cesari, Trevor Marchioro, Roberto Guidetti, Lorena Rebecchi e Tiziana Altiero pelo incansável apoio pessoal e profissional que me concederam em todas as minhas visitas. Sinto que serei sempre um membro da vossa equipa. Por fim, quero agradecer ao professor Roberto Bertolani, principal orientador desta tese, sem o qual ela não seria hoje uma realidade. Agradeço por me ter aberto as portas da sua instituição, e acolhido no seio do grupo de trabalho que dirige desde que, em 2006, eu era apenas um aluno de intercâmbio pelo programa Leonardo da Vinci e nada mais tinha para oferecer do que vontade de aprender sobre os animais em que é especialista. Muito obrigado pelo carinho, pela preocupação, pela paciência, pelo apoio profissional e pessoal, por ter sido muitas vezes mais do que apenas um orientador. Obrigado por, conjuntamente com a sua equipa, sempre me terem feito sentir em casa. 7 Filipe Vicente – Doutoramento em Biologia Summary This thesis presents a series of papers on some understudied aspects of the biology of tardigrades. Paper 1 is an essay on how biodiversity conservation strategies have long neglected and disregarded microscopic fauna in favour of macro fauna, for non- objective reasons; this may have devastating effects for groups of small animals, since they are rarely granted with any type of study on species evaluation status, let alone consequential protective measures. Paper 2 is a pioneer study into possible effects of habitat destruction caused by forestal fires over populations of tardigrades, looking both at levels of taxonomic and genetic richness. Paper 3 is an analysis of the current state of tardigrade taxonomy, a critical look into the traditional way of describing new taxa, and a proposal for an update of taxonomic work methodologies. Paper 4 sets an example for the type of work method advocated in Paper 3; it is the review of the systematic positioning of two synonymous species based on the integration of morphological observations with genetic analysis. Paper 5 is a study about the unknown biology of the eutardigrade epizoic protozoan Pyxidium tardigradum, analysing its morphology, reproductive and feeding strategies, and also the nature of the host-colonizer relationship. Paper 6 goes further on the previous topic and, offering the first DNA data of P. tardigradum, establishes the phylogenetic position of the species and analyses genetic distances between two European populations. 8 Tardigrada: a study on integrative taxonomy, impacts on biodiversity and concerns with conservation Resumo A presente tese compreende um conjunto de artigos sobre alguns aspectos pouco estudados da biologia dos tardígrados. O Artigo 1 é um ensaio sobre como os animais microscópicos vêm sendo negligenciados face à macro fauna, de forma pouco objectiva, no que refere a estratégias de biologia da conservação. Tal poderá implicar efeitos devastadores para a micro fauna, visto que esta raramente é agraciada com estudos de avaliação do estatutos de conservação das espécies, muito menos com medidas de protecção. O Artigo 2 é um estudo pioneiro sobre os efeitos, em populações de tardígrados, da destruição de habitat causada por fogos florestais, analisando os níveis de diversidade genética e taxonómica. O Artigo 3 oferece uma análise sobre o actual estado da taxonomia dos Tardigrada, com um olhar crítico sobre a forma tradicional de descrever novos taxa, e propondo uma actualização de metodologia nestes estudos taxonómicos. O Artigo 4 estabelece um exemplo do tipo de metodologia defendida no artigo anterior: revê a posição sistemática de duas espécies sinónimas, com base na integração de estudos morfológicos com análises genéticas. O Artigo 5 apresenta um estudo sobre vários aspectos desconhecidos da biologia do protozoário epizóico de eutardígrados Pyxidium tardigradum, analisando a sua morfologia, as estratégias de reprodução e alimentação, e ainda a natureza da interação hospedeiro-colonizador. O Artigo 6 aprofunda o tema anterior e, oferecendo os primeiros dados genéticos de P. tardigradum, estabelece a posição filogenética da espécie, analisando ainda a distância genética entre duas populações Europeias. 9 General Introduction General introduction More than 300 years have passed since Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed and described microscopic life. Regardless
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