Hommage À Jeanne Renaud-Mornant

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Hommage À Jeanne Renaud-Mornant Hommage à Jeanne Renaud-Mornant Née le 8 août 1925, à Vellexon dans deuxième guerre mondiale, les écoles l’est de la France, Jeanne Renaud- de zoologie et d’écologie marine Mornant est décédée à Paris le vont développer, sous l’impul- 18 septembre 2012. Directeur de sion des travaux pionniers d’Adolf recherche honoraire au CNRS, elle Remane en baie de Kiel (Hartman avait débuté en 1951 sa carrière de 1978), un impressionnant corpus chercheur à la station marine d’Arca- de connaissances sur la méiofaune. chon, dirigée par le professeur Robert Ces recherches seront grandement Weill, après des études supérieures facilitées par l’accessibilité aux sédi- à l’Université de Bordeaux. Elle se ments grâce aux moyens logistiques passionne très tôt pour l’étude de offerts par les nombreusesstations la faune interstitielle des sédiments, marines (Helgoland, Naples, Ros- appelée aussi méiofaune, comparti- coff, Wimereux, Banyuls, Marseille, ment faunistique de micrométazoaires Plymouth, Aberdeen, Oban, Kristi- d’une taille inférieure au millimètre neberg, Klubban, Bergen, Texel, etc.) décrit par Mare (1942). et aux aides importantes apportées Elle publie ses premières contribu- par les muséums et les universités. tions sur la méiofaune des sables du Aux États-Unis, ces recherches se bassin d’Arcachon, en collaboration développent dans différents labora- avec le professeur Jean Boisseau. Elle toires de la Smithsonian Institution, obtient en 1953 une bourse Ful- de la Scripps et des stations marines bright qui lui permet de séjourner de Woods Hole, Beaufort et Friday deux années à l’Université de Miami, Harbor entr’autres. en Floride, puis en 1955 à la station Jeanne Renaud-Mornant participe marine de la Smithsonian dans l’île à Tunis à la 1re conférence interna- de Bimini, aux Bahamas, où elle tionale sur la méiofaune, organisée peut continuer les recherches com- en 1969 par Niel Hulings, Robert mencées à Arcachon. Elle soutient Higgins et John Gray. Le volume brillamment une thèse de doctorat des Actes de cette conférence fon- à la Sorbonne en 1961, publiée sous le nom de datrice est publié par la Smithsonian Institution J. Renaud-Debyser (1963), par la revue Vie et Milieu. (Hulings et al. 1969). Par la suite, elle s’impliquera Elle allie dans sa thèse une étude sédimentologique dans la création de l’Association internationale des des estrans sableux à une explication rationnelle de Méiobenthologistes, qu’elle présidera en 1976-1977, la répartition quantitative de la méiofaune. Cette et dans le comité d’édition de la revue Psammonalia. recherche apporte des contributions pionnières Sollicitée dès 1967 par le Muséum national sur la diversité biologique de ces communautés d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN), Jeanne Renaud- de micrométazoaires. En Europe, dès la fin de la Mornant prend la direction de l’importante collection ZOOSYSTEMA • 2012 • 34 (4) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.zoosystema.com 661 Boucher G. & Lasserre P. nationale des « vers libres », au sein du Laboratoire de copépodes harpacticoïdes, d’archiannélides, d’oligo- des Vers du Muséum, dirigé par le professeur Alain chètes et de mystacocarides. Avec Pierre Lasserre, elle Chabaud. Elle crée en 1986 la section méiobenthos organise à Arcachon le premier colloque international au sein du Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés sur l’écophysiologie de la méiofaune. Les Actes en marins, dirigé par le professeur Claude Lévi. Entourée sont publiés dans un numéro spécial des Cahiers de d’une équipe dynamique, dont deux chercheurs du Biologie marine (Lasserre & Renaud-Mornant 1975), CNRS spécialistes de la systématique et de l’éco- dédié à Bertil Swedmark, l’un des pionniers de la logie des nématodes, elle patronne le doctorat d’État recherche sur le méiobenthos en Suède et en France de son élève Guy Boucher et publie avec Nicole (Swedmark 1964). Gourbault de nombreux travaux sur les caracté- Excellente morphologiste, Jeanne Renaud-Mornant ristiques ultrastructurales et la biogéographie de ce a contribué à la connaissance de la biodiversité et groupe. Très motivée par les missions du MNHN, de la phylogénie de divers groupes du méiobenthos. elle s’implique dans des tâches d’intérêt général Elle a décrit de nombreux genres et espèces nou- au Muséum, telles que la gestion des collections velles de plusieurs groupes (cf. Liste des taxons ci- nationales et la diffusion des connaissances auprès après), notamment de mystacocarides, ces crustacés du public, en participant notamment à la mise en basaux d’une centaine de microns dont elle a précisé scène de l’espace méiofaune dans la Grande Galerie l’ultrastructure, en collaboration avec l’équipe de de l’Évolution. Dans les années 1970, elle participe Claude Delamare Deboutteville (Delamare Debou- à l’organisation du CENTOB créé par l’IFREMER, teville 1960 ; Cals et al. 1971 ; Pochon-Masson et al. en coopération avec le MNHN pour le tri des 1975). Elle abordera l’étude des isopodes interstitiels faunes marines récoltées dans le cadre des missions en collaboration avec Nicole Coineau et décrira françaises. Elle effectuera de nombreuses missions plusieurs espèces nouvelles de gastrotriches. Dessi- océanographiques, à bord des N/O Thalassa et Jean natrice remarquable, elle a illustré ses observations Charcot et des séjours dans les stations marines en de méiofaune vivante avec une précision étonnante Europe, aux États-Unis et en Amérique latine. Elle (Fig. 1). Ses travaux sur la phylogénie des tardi- participe à la mission WALDA, le long du courant grades ont contribué à sa notoriété avec la création Benguela au large de l’Angola et de la Namibie, de familles et sous-familles nouvelles (Tanarctinae, qui lui permet de récolter et d’identifier, dans des Coromarctinae, Euclavarctinae), de genres nouveaux sédiments profonds, une méiofaune quasi inconnue. et de nombreuses espèces nouvelles provenant d’une Elle contribue au dépouillement de nombreuses grande variété de sédiments côtiers et profonds (cf. missions de prospection faunistique dans le Paci- Liste des taxons ci-après). Elle a découvert en 1986 fique, notamment la mission Singer-Polignac dans les premières larves de Loricifera dans des prélève- les récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, et à ments de sédiment du golfe de Gascogne. Les formes plusieurs études sur les atolls et îles de Polynésie adultes de Loricifera venaient d’être décrites dans des française, dont elle étudie la méiofaune avec Claude sédiments de Roscoff par le DanoisKristensen, qui Jouin au laboratoire de l’île de Moorea, fondé par le avait érigé ce groupe en phylum (Kristensen 1983). professeur Bernard Salvat (EPHE, MNHN). Dans Le mystère de la fonction des « larves fantômes » du les Antilles, elle participe avec Nicole Gourbault phylum Loricifera ne fut levé que lorsque Kristensen aux programmes d’inventaire des faunes littorales put cerner la grande complexité de leur cycle de vie initiés par le Muséum. (Kristensen 2005). Au cours des années 1970, elle collabore avec Jeanne Renaud-Mornant s’est aussi consacrée à la Pierre Lasserre, qui maîtrise la technique de micro- formation des étudiants et jeunes chercheurs et à respirométrie manométrique du cartesian diver de l’accueil de nombreux stagiaires étrangers. En 1976, Lindestrom-Lang & Zeuthen (Lasserre 1976). Cette à l’invitation de l’Académie des Sciences du Brésil, recherche minutieuse a ouvert une voie novatrice elle initie dans ce pays un cours de méiobenthologie pour la caractérisation des propriétés métaboliques, qui sera suivi, en 1982, par la création du Labora- énergétiques et adaptatives d’espèces bien identifiées toire « Fauna psammica » au sein du Département de 662 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2012 • 34 (4) Hommage à Jeanne Renaud-Mornant A B FIG. 1. — Dessin au trait du tardigrade Florarctus asper Renaud-Mornant, 1990. Échelles : A, 50 μm; B, 10 μm. Biologie de l’Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro. en reconnaissance de son implication et de son Elle se chargera, au MNHN, du « coaching » appro- dévouement dans la formation des étudiants et fondi de plusieurs enseignants-chercheurs brési- des jeunes chercheurs brésiliens. Beaucoup d’autres liens, notamment de Veronica Fonseca-Genevois chercheurs, français, espagnols, tunisiens, polonais, et Edouarda Larrazabal de l’Université fédérale de danois, suédois, lui ont témoigné leur reconnais- Pernambuco. Le « 13th Meiofauna Symposium », sance en lui dédiant de nombreuses espèces et genres organisé à Rio de Janeiro en 2007, lui sera dédié, de nématodes, oligochètes, gastrotriches, isopodes, ZOOSYSTEMA • 2012 • 34 (4) 663 Boucher G. & Lasserre P. copépodes, turbellariés et même des familles, comme Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, série D, les Renaudcygartidae chez les tardigrades. 272: 3154-3157. DELAMARE DEBOUTTEVILLE C. 1960. —Biologie des Jeanne Renaud-Mornant a publié, au cours de eaux souterraines littorales et continentales. Hermann, sa carrière, 116 publications (cf. Choix de publica- Paris, 740 p. tions ci-après). Par ses découvertes, elle a largement HULINGS N. C., HIGGINS R. P., GRAY J. S. 1969. — A contribué à éclairer l’un de ces « trous noirs de la manual for the study of meiobenthos. Smithsonian biodiversité » évoqués par Wilson (2010). Contribution to Zoology 78: 1-104. KRISTENSEN R. M. 1983. —Loricifera, a new phylum Admise à la retraite en 1989, Jeanne se consa- with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos. crera à ses autres passions : la peinture, la musique Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutions- et l’archéologie, mais aussi à une activité nautique forschung 21: 163-180. originale, avec son mari Pierre Mornant, qui va KRISTENSEN R. M. 2005. — Fifteen years investigation l’initier, à bord de leurs bateaux baptisés Tardigrade, of the meiofauna of the Faroe Bank (NE Atlantic). à l’exploration des canaux de France, des Pays-Bas et BIOFAR Proceedings: 202-212. LASSERRE P. 1976. — Metabolic activities of benthic des États-Unis. Le décès de Jeanne laisse un grand microfauna and meiofauna: recent advances and vide dans la communauté scientifique internationale, review of suitable methods of analysis, in MCCAVE et tous ceux qui l’ont connue se souviendront avec (ed.), The Benthic Boundary Layer.
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