An Introduction to Phylum Tardigrada - Review
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A Computational Structural Study on the DNA-Protecting Role of The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A computational structural study on the DNA‑protecting role of the tardigrade‑unique Dsup protein Marina Mínguez‑Toral 1, Bruno Cuevas‑Zuviría 1, María Garrido‑Arandia 1 & Luis F. Pacios 1,2* The remarkable ability of tardigrades to withstand a wide range of physical and chemical extremes has attracted a considerable interest in these small invertebrates, with a particular focus on the protective roles of proteins expressed during such conditions. The discovery that a tardigrade‑unique protein named Dsup (damage suppressor) protects DNA from damage produced by radiation and radicals, has raised expectations concerning its potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. We present in this paper what might be dubbed a “computational experiment” on the Dsup‑DNA system. By means of molecular modelling, calculations of electrostatic potentials and electric felds, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we obtained a dynamic picture of the Dsup‑DNA interaction. Our results suggest that the protein is intrinsically disordered, which enables Dsup to adjust its structure to ft DNA shape. Strong electrostatic attractions and high protein fexibility drive the formation of a molecular aggregate in which Dsup shields DNA. While the precise mechanism of DNA protection conferred by Dsup remains to be elucidated, our study provides some molecular clues of their association that could be of interest for further investigation in this line. Te remarkable ability of tardigrades to survive environmental extremes has attracted the attention of research- ers in biology and biotechnology. Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are a specifc phylum (Tardygrada) which includes about 1,300 species found in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats 1–3. -
A New Addition to the Tardigrada of Iceland with an Updated Checklist of Icelandic Species (Eohypsibiidae, Eutardigrada)
University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 01 University of Plymouth Research Outputs University of Plymouth Research Outputs 1996-11-01 Amphibolous weglarskae Dastych, a new addition to the Tardigrada of Iceland with an updated checklist of Icelandic species (Eohypsibiidae, Eutardigrada). Marley, NJ http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12098 Quekett Journal of Microscopy All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Quekett Journal of Microscopy, 1996, 37, 541-545 541 Amphibolus weglarskae (Dastych), a new addition to the Tardigrada of Iceland with an updated checklist of Icelandic species. (Eohypsibiidae, Eutardigrada) N. J. MARLEY & D. E. WRIGHT Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, England. Summary slides in the Morgan collection held at the During the examination of the extensive Tardigrada National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh. collections held at the Royal Museums of Scotland, Due to the very sparse number of records specimens and sculptured eggs belonging to Amphibolus available on the Tardigrada from Iceland it weglarskae (Dastych) were identified in the Morgan was considered a significant find. An updated Icelandic collection. This species had not previously taxonomic checklist to Iceland's tardigrada been reported from Iceland. A checklist of Icelandic species has been included because of the Tardigrada species is also provided. -
Tardigrade Reproduction and Food
Glime, J. M. 2017. Tardigrade Reproduction and Food. Chapt. 5-2. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 2. Bryological 5-2-1 Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 18 July 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 5-2 TARDIGRADE REPRODUCTION AND FOOD TABLE OF CONTENTS Life Cycle and Reproductive Strategies .............................................................................................................. 5-2-2 Reproductive Strategies and Habitat ............................................................................................................ 5-2-3 Eggs ............................................................................................................................................................. 5-2-3 Molting ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-2-7 Cyclomorphosis ........................................................................................................................................... 5-2-7 Bryophytes as Food Reservoirs ........................................................................................................................... 5-2-8 Role in Food Web ...................................................................................................................................... 5-2-12 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... -
Tardigrades of the Tree Canopy: Milnesium Swansoni Sp. Nov. (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) a New Species from Kansas, U.S.A
Zootaxa 4072 (5): 559–568 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4072.5.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8BE2C177-D0F2-41DE-BBD7-F2755BE8A0EF Tardigrades of the Tree Canopy: Milnesium swansoni sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) a new species from Kansas, U.S.A. ALEXANDER YOUNG1,5, BENJAMIN CHAPPELL2, WILLIAM MILLER3 & MARGARET LOWMAN4 1Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR 97202, USA. 2Department of Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. 3Department of Biology, Baker University, Baldwin City, KS 66006, USA. 4California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, USA. 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Milnesium swansoni sp. nov. is a new species of Eutardigrada described from the tree canopy in eastern Kansas, USA. This species within the order Apochela, family Milnesiidae, genus Milnesium is distinguished by its smooth cuticle, nar- row buccal tube, four peribuccal lamellae, primary claws without accessory points, and a secondary claw configuration of [3-3]-[3-3]. The buccal tube appears to be only half the width of the nominal species Milnesium tardigradum for animals of similar body length. The species adds to the available data for the phylum, and raises questions concerning species dis- tribution. Key words: Four peribuccal lamellae, Thorpe morphometry, Tardigrada, Canopy diversity Introduction Milnesium Doyère, 1840 is a genus of predatory limno-terrestrial tardigrades within the Order Apochela and the Family Milnesiidae with unique morphological characteristics (Guil 2008). The genus is distinct within the phylum Tardigrada for lacking placoids, but having peribuccal papillae, lateral papillae, peribuccal lamellae, a wide buccal tube, and separated double claws (Kinchin 1994). -
Tardigrade Milnesium Cf. Tardigradum at Different Stages of Development
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Embryos of the Tardigrade Milnesium cf. tardigradum at Different Stages of Development Eliana Beltra´n-Pardo1,2, K. Ingemar Jo¨ nsson2,3*, Andrzej Wojcik2, Siamak Haghdoost2, Mats Harms- Ringdahl2, Rosa M. Bermu´ dez-Cruz4, Jaime E. Bernal Villegas1 1 Instituto de Gene´tica Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota´, Colombia, 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3 School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden, 4 Departamento de Gene´tica y Biologı´a Molecular, Centro de Investigacio´n y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV, Me´xico D.F, Me´xico Abstract Tardigrades represent one of the most desiccation and radiation tolerant animals on Earth, and several studies have documented their tolerance in the adult stage. Studies on tolerance during embryological stages are rare, but differential effects of desiccation and freezing on different developmental stages have been reported, as well as dose-dependent effect of gamma irradiation on tardigrade embryos. Here, we report a study evaluating the tolerance of eggs from the eutardigrade Milnesium cf. tardigradum to three doses of gamma radiation (50, 200 and 500 Gy) at the early, middle, and late stage of development. We found that embryos of the middle and late developmental stages were tolerant to all doses, while eggs in the early developmental stage were tolerant only to a dose of 50 Gy, and showed a declining survival with higher dose. We also observed a delay in development of irradiated eggs, suggesting that periods of DNA repair might have taken place after irradiation induced damage. The delay was independent of dose for eggs irradiated in the middle and late stage, possibly indicating a fixed developmental schedule for repair after induced damage. -
Ecdysis in a Stem-Group Euarthropod from the Early Cambrian of China Received: 2 November 2018 Jie Yang1,2, Javier Ortega-Hernández 3,4, Harriet B
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ecdysis in a stem-group euarthropod from the early Cambrian of China Received: 2 November 2018 Jie Yang1,2, Javier Ortega-Hernández 3,4, Harriet B. Drage5,6, Kun-sheng Du1,2 & Accepted: 20 March 2019 Xi-guang Zhang1,2 Published: xx xx xxxx Moulting is a fundamental component of the ecdysozoan life cycle, but the fossil record of this strategy is susceptible to preservation biases, making evidence of ecdysis in soft-bodied organisms extremely rare. Here, we report an exceptional specimen of the fuxianhuiid Alacaris mirabilis preserved in the act of moulting from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte, South China. The specimen displays a fattened and wrinkled head shield, inverted overlap of the trunk tergites over the head shield, and duplication of exoskeletal elements including the posterior body margins and telson. We interpret this fossil as a discarded exoskeleton overlying the carcass of an emerging individual. The moulting behaviour of A. mirabilis evokes that of decapods, in which the carapace is separated posteriorly and rotated forward from the body, forming a wide gape for the emerging individual. A. mirabilis illuminates the moult strategy of stem-group Euarthropoda, ofers the stratigraphically and phylogenetically earliest direct evidence of ecdysis within total-group Euarthropoda, and represents one of the oldest examples of this growth strategy in the evolution of Ecdysozoa. Te process of moulting consists of the periodical shedding (i.e. ecdysis) of the cuticular exoskeleton during growth that defnes members of Ecdysozoa1, a megadiverse animal group that includes worm-like organisms with radial mouthparts (Priapulida, Loricifera, Nematoida, Kinorhyncha), as well as more familiar forms with clawed paired appendages (Euarthropoda, Tardigrada, Onychophora). -
Extreme Tolerance in the Eutardigrade Species H. Dujardini
EXTREME TOLERANCE IN THE EUTARDIGRADE SPECIES H. DUJARDINI EXTREME TOLERANCE IN THE EUTARDIGRADE SPECIES HYPSIBIUS DUJARDINI BY: TARUSHIKA VASANTHAN, B. Sc., M. Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Tarushika Vasanthan, September 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (2017) McMaster University (Biology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Examining the Upper and Lower Limits of Extreme Tolerance in the Eutardigrade Species Hypsibius dujardini AUTHOR: Tarushika Vasanthan, M. Sc. (McMaster University), B. Sc. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor Jonathon R. Stone NUMBER OF PAGES: 124 ii Ph.D. Thesis - T. Vasanthan McMaster University – Biology – Astrobiology LAY ABSTRACT While interest in tardigrade extreme tolerance research has increased over the last decade, many research areas continue to be underrepresented or non- existent. And, while recognized tardigrade species have been increasing steadily in number, fundamental biological details, like individual life history traits, remain unknown for most. The main objectives in this thesis therefore were to survey the life history traits for the freshwater tardigrade species Hypsibius dujardini, increase knowledge about its extreme-tolerance abilities and describe its utility in astrobiological and biological studies. Research involved tardigrade tolerance to hypergravity, pH levels and radiation exposure (and associated radiation-induced bystander effects) as well as responses to temperature changes during development. Findings reported in this dissertation provide new data about H. dujardini, thereby narrowing the information gap that currently exists in the literature for this species. iii Ph.D. Thesis - T. Vasanthan McMaster University – Biology – Astrobiology ABSTRACT Tardigrades are microscopic animals that can survive exposure to multiple extreme conditions. -
Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840. In: Zhang, Z.-Q
Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840 (3 classes)1 Class Heterotardigrada Marcus, 1927 (2 orders) Order Arthrotardigrada Marcus, 1927 (8 families) Family Archechiniscidae Binda, 1978 (1 genus, 3 species) Family Batillipedidae Ramazzotti, 1962 (1 genus, 26 species) Family Coronarctidae Renaud-Mornant, 1974 (2 genera, 8 species) Family Halechiniscidae Thulin, 1928 (7 subfamilies, 28 genera, 88 species) Family Neoarctidae de Zio Grimaldi, D'Addabbo Gallo & Morone De Lucia, 1992 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Neostygarctidae de Zio Grimaldi, D’Addabbo Gallo & De Lucia Morone, 1987 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Renaudarctidae Kristensen & Higgins, 1984 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Stygarctidae Schulz, 1951 (2 subfamilies, 4 genera, 21 species) Order Echiniscoidea Richters, 1926 (4 families) Family Echiniscoididae Kristensen & Hallas, 1980 (2 genera, 11 species) Family Carphaniidae Binda & Kristensen, 1986 (1 genus, 1 species) Family Oreellidae Ramazzotti, 1962 (1 genus, 2 species) Family Echiniscidae Thulin, 1928 (12 genera, 281 species) Class Mesotardigrada Rahm, 1937 (1 order)2 Order Thermozodia Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983 (1 family) Family Thermozodiidae Rahm, 1937 (1 genus, 1 species) Class Eutardigrada Richters 1926 (2 orders) Order Apochela Schuster, Nelson, Grigarick & Christenberry, 1980 (1 family) Family Milnesiidae Ramazzotti, 1962 (3 genera, 19+1† species)3 Order Parachela Schuster, Nelson Grigarick & Christenberry, 1980 (4 superfamilies, 9 families) Family Necopinatidae Ramazzotti & Maucci, 1983 (1 genus, 1 species)4 incertae sedis (1 genus: Apodibius, -
Tardigrades: an Imaging Approach, a Record of Occurrence, and A
TARDIGRADES: AN IMAGING APPROACH, A RECORD OF OCCURRENCE, AND A BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY By STEVEN LOUIS SCHULZE A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-Camden Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Biology Written under the direction of Dr. John Dighton And approved by ____________________________ Dr. John Dighton ____________________________ Dr. William Saidel ____________________________ Dr. Emma Perry ____________________________ Dr. Jennifer Oberle Camden, New Jersey May 2020 THESIS ABSTRACT Tardigrades: An Imaging Approach, A Record of Occurrence, and a Biodiversity Inventory by STEVEN LOUIS SCHULZE Thesis Director: Dr. John Dighton Three unrelated studies that address several aspects of the biology of tardigrades— morphology, records of occurrence, and local biodiversity—are herein described. Chapter 1 is a collaborative effort and meant to provide supplementary scanning electron micrographs for a forthcoming description of a genus of tardigrade. Three micrographs illustrate the structures that will be used to distinguish this genus from its confamilials. An In toto lateral view presents the external structures relative to one another. A second micrograph shows a dentate collar at the distal end of each of the fourth pair of legs, a posterior sensory organ (cirrus E), basal spurs at the base of two of four claws on each leg, and a ventral plate. The third micrograph illustrates an appendage on the second leg (p2) of the animal and a lateral appendage (C′) at the posterior sinistral margin of the first paired plate (II). This image also reveals patterning on the plate margin and the leg. -
The Effect of Dehydration Rates on Anhydrobiotic Survival and Trehalose Levels in Tardigrades Johanna Lundström &Linda Svensson
Tsunami 2006-3 The effect of dehydration rates on anhydrobiotic survival and trehalose levels in tardigrades Johanna Lundström &Linda Svensson The effect of dehydration rates on anhydrobiotic survival and trehalose levels in tardigrades Johanna Lundström Linda Svensson Examensarbete i biologi, 20 poäng Biologi- och Geovetenskapsprogrammet Institutionen för Matematik och Naturvetenskap Högskolan Kristianstad Kristianstad 2006 Institutionen för matematik och naturvetenskap Dept. of Mathematics and Science Högskolan Kristianstad Kristianstad University 291 88 Kristianstad SE-291 88 Kristianstad Sweden Tsunami 2006-3 The effect of dehydration rates on anhydrobiotic survival and trehalose levels in tardigrades Johanna Lundström &Linda Svensson The paradox of life without water, summarized by Crowe 1975: “If metabolism actually comes to a halt in anhydrobiotic tardigrades, we are forced into a seemingly insoluble dilemma about the nature of life; if life is defined in terms of metabolism, anhydrobiotic tardigrades must be ‘dead’, returning to ‘life’ when appropriate conditions are restored. But we know that some of the organisms die while in anhydrobiotic state, in the sense that they do not revive when conditions appropriate for life are restored. Does this mean that they ‘died’ while they were ‘dead’?” 1 Tsunami 2006-3 The effect of dehydration rates on anhydrobiotic survival and trehalose levels in tardigrades Johanna Lundström &Linda Svensson Handledare/supervisor: Ola Persson - Universitetslektor i kemi K. Ingemar Jönsson - Docent i teoretisk ekologi Examinator/examiner: Johan Elmberg - Professor i zooekologi Författare/authors: Johanna Lundström Linda Svensson Svensk titel: Uttorkningshastighetens påverkan på anhydrobiotisk överlevnad och trehaloshalt hos tardigrader. English title: The effect of dehydration rates on anhydrobiotic survival and trehalose levels in tardigrades. -
Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae): Milnesium Krzysztofi from Costa Rica (Central America
NewKaczmarek Zealand & Journal Michalczyk— of Zoology,Milnesium 2007, krzysztofiVol. 34: 297–302, new tardigrade from Costa Rica 297 0301–4223/07/3404–0297 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2007 A new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae): Milnesium krzysztofi from Costa Rica (Central America) Łukasz kaczmarek 1990 (chile), M. dujianensis yang 2003 (china), Department of animal Taxonomy & ecology M. eurystomum maucci, 1991 (Greenland), M. ka- Institute of environmental Biology tarzynae kaczmarek et al., 2004 (china), M. longiun- a. mickiewicz university gue Tumanov, 2006 (India), M. reductum, Tumanov Szamarzewskiego 91 a 2006 (kirghizia), M. reticulatum Pilato et al., 2002 60-569 Poznań, Poland (seychelles), M. slovenskyi Bertolani & Grimaldi, [email protected] 2000 (known only from cretaceous amber), M. tardigradum Doyère, 1840 (described from France, Łukasz mIchalczyk until recently thought to be cosmopolitan) and M. centre for ecology tetralamellatum Pilato & Binda, 1991 (Tanzania). evolution and conservation all species except for M. tardigradum are known school of Biological sciences only from their type localities (Binda & Pilato 1990; university of east anglia maucci 1991; Pilato & Binda, 1991, 2001; mcInnes Norwich NR4 7TJ, uk 1994; Bertolani & Grimaldi 2000; Pilato et al. 2002; [email protected] yang 2003; kaczmarek et al. 2004; Tumanov 2006). a new species, the fourteenth in the genus Milne- sium, is described and figured in this paper. Abstract a new eutardigrade species Milnesium krzysztofi sp. nov. is described from costa rica. M. krzysztofi sp. nov. differs from the most similar Milnesium katarzynae kaczmarek et al., 2004 main- MATERIAL AND METHODS ly by the presence of spurs on internal claws I–III Thirteen specimens of M. -
Zootaxa, Tardigrada, Hypsibiidae, Diphascon
Zootaxa 914: 1–5 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 914 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Diphascon (Diphascon) dolomiticum, a new species of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada) from Italy GIOVANNI PILATO* & ROBERTO BERTOLANI** * Dipartimento di Biologia Animale “Marcello La Greca” dell’Università, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy ** Dipartimento di Biologia Animale dell’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy Abstract A new species of eutardigrade, Diphascon (Diphascon) dolomiticum sp. n., is described. It has three macroplacoids and microplacoid; claws short and stout; hind legs with basal margin indented; inter- nal and external claws on the first three pairs of legs almost of the same length; anterior claws on the hind legs longer than the posterior claws. Key words: Tardigrada, Hypsibiidae, Diphascon (Diphascon) dolomiticum sp. n., Italy Introduction In a moss sample collected in Passo del Grostè (Trento) two specimens of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada) were found belonging to the subgenus Diphascon. These two specimens have three macroplacoids, microplacoid, and hind legs with indented basal margin. The comparison with the species of the subgenus having these characters convinced us to attribute these specimens to a new species, Diphascon (D.) dolomiticum sp. n., which is described and figured in this paper. Materials and Methods The specimens were found in a moss sample on grassland collected in Passo del Grostè (Trento) at 2450 m a.s.l. in September 1988 by R. Bertolani. They are mounted in polyvi- nyl lactophenol; the holotype is deposited in the Binda and Pilato collection (Department of Animal Biology “Marcello La Greca”, University of Catania), the paratype in the Berto- Accepted by C.