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In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
The Last Mughal Transcript
The Last Mughal Transcript Date: Monday, 7 July 2008 - 12:00AM THE LAST MUGHAL William Dalrymple I have just flown in from Delhi, which today is a city of about 15 million people, if you count the various suburbs on the edge that have sprung up over the last few years. In contrast, if had you visited Delhi 150 years ago this month, in July 1858, you would have found that this city, which was the cultural capital of North India for so many centuries, had been left completely deserted and empty. Not a single soul lived in the walled city of Delhi in July 1858. The reason for this was that in the previous year, 1857, Delhi became the centre of the largest anti-colonial revolt to take place anywhere in the world, against any European power, at any point in the 19th Century. That uprising is known in this country as 'the Indian Mutiny', is known in India as 'the First War of Independence'. Neither the Indian Mutiny nor the First War of Independence are particularly useful titles. What happened in Delhi was much more than a mutiny of soldiers, because it encompassed almost all the discontented classes of the Gangetic Plains, but was not quite a national war of independence either, as it had rather particular aims of restoring the Mughal Dynasty back to power. Whether we call it an 'uprising' or 'rising', by it the two institutions which had formed North Indian history for the previous 300 years came to an abrupt and complete halt. In human affairs, dates rarely regulate the ebb and flow or real lives. -
Phoolwalon Ki Sair.Indd 1 27/07/12 1:21 PM 1
CORONATION To the south of the western gateway is the tomb of Qutb Sahib. was meant for the grave of Bahadur Shah Zafar, who was however PARK It is a simple structure enclosed by wooden railings. The marble exiled after the Mutiny and died in Burma. balustrade surrounding the tomb was added in 1882. The rear wall To the north-east of the palace enclosure lies an exquisite mosque, Phoolwalon was added by Fariduddin Ganj-e-Shakar as a place of prayer. The the Moti Masjid, built in white marble by Bahadur Shah I in the early western wall is decorated with coloured fl oral tiles added by the eighteenth century as a private mosque for the royal family and can be Delhi Metro Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. approached from the palace dalan as well as from the Dargah Complex. Route 6 ki Sair The screens and the corner gateways in the Dargah Complex were Civil Ho Ho Bus Route built by the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar. The mosque of Qutb Lines Heritage Route Sahib, built in mid-sixteenth century by Islam Shah Suri, was later QUTBUDDIN BAKHTIYAR KAKI DARGAH AND ZAFAR added on to by Farrukhsiyar. MAHAL COMPLEX The Dargah of Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki continues to be a sacred place for the pilgrims of different religions. Every week on Thursday 5 SHAHJAHANABAD Red Fort and Friday qawwali is also performed in the dargah. 5. ZAFAR MAHAL COMPLEX 6 Kotla 9 Connaught Firoz Shah Adjacent to the western gate of the Dargah of Place Jantar Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, this complex Mantar 2 7 8 NEW DELHI has various structures built in 3 Route 5 1 Rashtrapati the eighteenth and nineteenth 4 Bhavan Purana century. -
HUMAYUN's TOMB – Critical Assessment of the Restoration
HISTORIC PRESERVATION THEORY AND PRACTISE NILIKA MISTRY HUMAYUN'S TOMB – Critical Assessment of the Restoration by Aga Khan Trust for Culture Humayun's Tomb is one of the most important structures that introduced the Persian Style of architecture to India. The structure was constructed at the center of the charbagh (four-fold style of landscape architecture) in 1569 by a Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas. The tomb was declared UNESCO's world heritage site in 1993 for being the first structure to introduce the charbagh style of landscape architecture and for being the first grand mausoleum in India. Over the years, many changes have been made to the structure as well as the charbagh, depending on the authorities or the people maintaining the complex. Some of the changes have also been the result of the important events that have taken place in the history of India. This paper talks about how the recent restoration of the complex by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture(AKTC) has negatively affected the preservation of the important historic events that took place in and around the complex. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, founded in 1988 and registered in Geneva, Switzerland is a private, non-denominational, philanthropic foundation. It was founded by His Highness Aga Khan, the founder of Aga Khan Development Network and the 49th hereditary Imam ( Spiritual leader) of the Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims. 1 AKTC, in partnership with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), started its work in India by restoring the gardens of Humayun's Tomb as a gift on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Independence of India in 2004. -
Module-3 Formation of Mughal Empire Topic-Akbar
MODULE-3 FORMATION OF MUGHAL EMPIRE TOPIC-AKBAR PRIYANKA.E.K ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY LITTLE FLOWER COLLEGE, GURUVAYOOR Jalal-Ud-din Mohammad Akbar, son of Humayun was born at Amarkot (in Sind) on 15 October, 1542 in the house of a Rajput chief. Akbar spent his childhood under conditions of adversity and un-certainty as Humayun was in exile. Arrangements for his formal education were made by Humayun after his restoration to the throne of Kabul but Akbar was more interested in sports and martial exercises than in studies. In 1551 Akbar was made the governor of Ghazni and he remained its governor till November 1554 when Humayun embarked on an expedition for the conquest of Hindustan. Akbar was given nominal command of the army of Indian invasion and was given the credit of Humayun’s victory at Sirhind in January 1555. After his occupation of Delhi Humayun, declared Akbar to be the heir apparent and assigned to him the Governorship of the Punjab. Humayun died in January 1556 as a result of the fall from the staircase of his library. At that time Akbar was just a boy of 14. When the news of his father’s death reached, Akbar was at Kalanaur 15 miles west of Gurdaspur in Punjab. His guardian Bairam khan took immediate steps to enthrone him on brick-platform and performed the ceremony thereby proclaiming him the emperor on February 14, 1556 Challenges before Akbar Though Humayun had recovered Delhi in June 1555 he had not been able to consolidate his position in India therefore everything was in a chaos. -
The Last Mughal: the Fall of Delhi, 1857 Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE LAST MUGHAL: THE FALL OF DELHI, 1857 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK William Dalrymple | 608 pages | 07 Sep 2009 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781408800928 | English | London, United Kingdom The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 PDF Book A must read for all Indians. Although all these attacks were beaten off, the besiegers were ground down through exhaustion and disease. At the pivotal moment of his doomed reign, Zafar concentrated not on his role as a leader of men or on the sparing of innocent lives, but rather on his flowers. Three Bengal Native Infantry regiments the 38th, 54th and 74th were stationed in barracks 2 miles 3. When the heir apparent dies of cholera or maybe poisoning? On a dark evening in November , a cheap coffin is buried in eerie silence. Although they had ample warning of disaffection among the Bengal Army after earlier outbreaks of unrest at Berhampur , Barrackpur and Ambala , they had assumed that at Meerut, where the proportion of European to Indian troops was higher than anywhere else in India, the Bengal units would not risk open revolt. View Product. Mughal Empire. Simply put: This is how history should be written. After this, it was accepted that the odds were too great for any assault to be successful until the besiegers were reinforced. I wanted insight into complicated Muslim, Sufi, Hindu, Christian relations and got exac Fast paced, flashing like an epic movie, round about page I was convinced of Dalrymple's brilliant talent, incorporating Urdu texts and British writings from the era to show how a tolerant creative, if excessive Mughal court was torn asunder by violence and racism; how something so small and inconsiderate as to how bullets were manufactured could erupt into such violence, followed by even greater revenge. -
The Age of Akbar
CHAPTER 3 THE AGE OF AKBAR MUGHAL THEORIES OF KINGSHIP AND STATE POLITY Akbar is generally recognized as the greatest and most capable of the Mughal rulers. Under him Mughal polity and statecraft reached maturity; and under his guidance the Mughals changed from a petty power to a major dynastic state. From his time to the end of the Mughal period, artistic production on both an imperial and sub-imperial level was closely linked to notions of state polity, religion and kingship. Humayun died in 1556, only one year after his return to Hindustan. Upon hearing the call to prayers, he slipped on the steep stone steps of the library in his Din-Panah citadel in Delhi. Humayun's only surviving son and heir- apparent, Akbar, then just fourteen years of age, ascended the throne and ruled until 1605 the expanding Mughal empire. Until about 1561, Akbar was under the control of powerful court factions, first his guardian, Bhairam Khan, and then the scheming Maham Anga, a former imperial wet-nurse. Between about 1560 and 1580, Akbar devoted his energies to the conquest and then the con- solidation of territory in north India. This he achieved through battle, marriage, treaty and, most significantly, administrative reform. Concurrent with these activities, Akbar developed an interest in religion that, while initially a personal concern, ultimately transformed his concept of state. Many of the policies he adopted, such as the renunciation of the poll-tax (jiziya) for non- Muslims, had a solid political basis as well as a personal one, for Akbar, much more than his Mughal predecessors, saw every advantage in maintaining good relations with the Hindu majority. -
The Great Mughals
1450–1750 1527 Babur leads 1540 Humayun 1579 Akbar abolishes the property tax on 1628 Shah 1658 Shah Jahan THE MUGHAL DYNASTY his army to victory becomes a royal non-Muslims in an important symbolic act Jahan accedes dies and Aurangzeb After an initial period of expansion and consolidation, the in an important exile, leaving that implied Muslims and non-Muslims were to the throne. accedes to the Mughal Empire remained a stable and vibrant entity for over battle against a Sher Shah Sur no longer unequal within the empire. throne. 170 years (1556–1719). A long, slow decline ended with the confederacy of as undisputed ruler empire’s dissolution in 1857. Rajput kings of northern India. 1605 Akbar dies and Jahangir at Kanua. accedes to the throne. 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1530 Babur dies; Humayun 1627 Jahangir dies. 1654 The Taj Mahal 1707 1739 Nadir Shah sacks 1838 Accession of the last Mughal accedes to the throne. is completed at Agra. Aurangzeb Delhi and seizes the emperor, Bahadur Shah II. 1585 Akbar transfers the capital dies. Mughal treasury. from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore. 1555–56 Humayun restores Mughal rule. 1648 Shah Jahan takes up 1857 The Indian Mutiny leads to the dissolution of the Dies 1556. Akbar accedes to the throne 1571 Akbar moves the empire’s capital from residence in his new capital, Delhi. Mughal Empire and rule over India by the British crown. with Bairam Khan as regent. Agra to a newly built city at Fatehpur Sikri. The Great Mughals One of the most powerful states of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire had a complex administrative system that enabled it to rule over more than 100 million people across most of the Indian subcontinent. -
Ancient Civilizations
1 Chapter – 1 Ancient Civilizations Introduction - The study of ancient history is very interesting. Through it we know how the origin and evolution of human civilization, which the cultures prevailed in different times, how different empires rose uplifted and declined how the social and economic system developed and what were their characteristics what was the nature and effect of religion, what literary, scientific and artistic achievements occrued and thease elements influenced human civilization. Since the initial presence of the human community, many civilizations have developed and declined in the world till date. The history of these civilizations is a history of humanity in a way, so the study of these ancient developed civilizations for an advanced social life. Objective - After teaching this lesson you will be able to: Get information about the ancient civilizations of the world. Know the causes of development along the bank of rivers of ancient civilizations. Describe the features of social and political life in ancient civilizations. Mention the achievements of the religious and cultural life of ancient civilizations. Know the reasons for the decline of various civilizations. Meaning of civilization The resources and art skills from which man fulfills all the necessities of his life, are called civilization. I.e. the various activities of the human being that provide opportunities for sustenance and safe living. The word 'civilization' literally means the rules of those discipline or discipline of those human behaviors which lead to collective life in human society. So civilization may be called a social discipline by which man fulfills all his human needs. -
Consequences and Significance of Second Battle of Panipat
International Journal of Advanced Research and Development International Journal of Advanced Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4030 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.24 www.advancedjournal.com Volume 3; Issue 2; March 2018; Page No. 19-21 Consequences and significance of second battle of Panipat Karmvir Department of History, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India Abstract The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, popularly called Hemu, the Hindu king who was ruling North India from Delhi, and the army of Akbar, on November 5, 1556. It was a decisive victory for Akbar's generals Khan Zaman I and Bairam Khan. Background On January 24, 1556, the Mughal ruler Humanyun died in Delhi and was succeeded by his son, Akbarat Kalanaur, who was only thirteen years old. Keywords: Panipat, battle, war, second, causes, results etc. Introduction to free their nation, yet Bairam Khan ruled for war. Akbar's On February 14, 1556, Akbar was enthroned as the king. At armed force walked towards Delhi. On November 5, the two the time of his accession to the throne, the Mughal rule was armed forces met at the memorable combat zone of Panipat, confined to Kabul, Kandahar, parts of Delhi and Punjab. where, thirty years sooner, Akbar's granddad Babur had Akbar was then battling in Kabul with his watchman, Bairam crushed Ibrahim Lodi in what is presently known as the First Khan. Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya or Hemu was a Battle of Panipat. H.G.Keen expresses; "Akbar and his Hindu head in Delhi by ethicalness of vanquishing watchman Bairam Khan did not take an interest in the fight Akbar/Humanyun's armed force in Battle for Delhi. -
Institutionalizing Rajadharma: Strategies of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century Jaipur
Institutionalizing Rajadharma: strategies of sovereignty in the eighteenth century Jaipur By Fatima Ahmad Imam A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO © Copyright by Fatima A Imam 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44741-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44741-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Symbols of Power
School resource Symbols of Power Key Characters According to some Hindu legends, the Koh-i-Nûr diamond was found over 5000 years ago and given to Krishna by Jambavan, King of the Bears. The jewel was originally a gift from the sun god Surya to a loyal follower but was later stolen and found its way into the hands of Jambavan, an immortal hero who could transform himself into a bear. Krishna, a supreme god, was accused of stealing the jewel and vowed to track down the real thief to prove his innocence. Eventually his search lead him to Jambavan and after 28 days of fighting, Jambavan returned the diamond to Krishna along with his daughter’s hand in marriage. Krishna and Jambavan Later a curse was put on the jewel: ‘He who owns this diamond shall own the world, but will also know all of its misfortunes. Only god, or a woman, can wear it with impunity.’ In 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Shah Lodi, the last of the Delhi sultans to become the founder of the Mughal Empire. Babur was both a military genius and a great writer, leaving behind his memoirs in which we find one of the first historical references to the Koh-i-Nûr. According to Babur, the diamond was part of the treasure won by Al-ud-deen (Aladdin) at the conquest of Malwah in 1304 AD. After Babur’s death the diamond was subsequently handed down the succession of Mughal emperors including his son, who was first to fall foul of the diamond’s curse Emperor Babur by being driven from his kingdom into exile.