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Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in April 1959

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Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in April 1959 KNOW THE FACTS Information about South Africa's extra-parliamentary groups Introduction This booklet of basic information about extra-parliamentary political groups currently at work in South Africa comes to you at a time when many members of the Church are confused or misinformed about the nature, aims and structures of such organisations. This confusion is added to by the suppression and/or distortion of facts that occcurs daily in different parts of the country, and by the deliberate 'misinformation' campaigns that take place. Many other groupings exert a 'political' influence in our communities: women's groups, community organisations and trade unions for example. It is our hope that their stories will be the subject of further and similar booklets in the near future. It is our wish, in making this information available to you in this way, that it will help all of us as we engage in ongoing social analysis of our society and the forces at work within it, and in the search for truth which is so vital a part of our Christian tradition. May such a search help us to act with justice, and be part of the building up of a new society in South Africa. Justice and Reconciliation Commission South African Catholic Bishops Conference (SACBC) The information in this booklet was compiled for the SACBC by the Southern African Research Service. African National Congress Although the African National Congress was banned in 1960 it is the largest of the national liberation organisations. Based on an alliance of oppressed people of different classes, it seeks to build a broad non-racial movement of all democrats committed to the overthrow of apartheid. The ANC believes the working class must play a central role in the process of national liberation. The ANC followed a policy of non-violent resistance for 50 years. In 1961 it adopted armed struggle as its principle strategy combined with internal mass organisation and propaganda. It established a military wing called Umkhonto we Sizwe (The Spear of the Nation). In Bloemfontein in 1912, African representatives from provincial associations, local vigilance groups, chiefs, and Africans prominent in the community gathered to form the South African Native National Congress. This national federation of African organisations was renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. The ANC aimed to forge a united African nation, and educate both whites and Africans about African rights and aspirations. A moderate, middle class dominated organisation, its methods were strictly constitutional: petitions, deputations and propaganda campaigns. It endorsed 'passive action' - probably influenced by Gandhi's passive resistance campaigns in the Indian community. John L Dube was the first president-general of the ANC. In the late 1920s, president-general JT Gumede proposed mass action and co-operation with the Communist Party. He was deposed by alarmed conservatives and during the 1930s the ANC became virtually inactive. In the 1940s, under Dr AP Xuma's leadership, the ANC moved towards mass-based liberation politics. In 1943 a new democratic constitution and a comprehensive political programme was adopted. This included the demand for a universal, non-racial franchise. Communist Party members began to enter ANC leadership positions and the ANC also co-operated with other black organisations. Also formed in 1943 was the Congress Youth League (CYL), which became increasingly dominant. In 1949 it assumed ANC leadership with its Programme of Action. Under the banner of 'African Nationalism' the Youth League advocated boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience. The 1950s was a period of intense activity. The 1952 'Defiance Campaign Against Unjust Laws' generated enthusiastic support and the ANC gained about 93 000 members. The ANC was the largest and leading organisation in the Congress Alliance, a co-ordinated group consisting of the ANC, South African Indian Congress, the South African Coloured Peoples Congress and the Congress of Democrats (an organisation of democratic whites), and, after 1955, the South African Congress of Trade Unions. The Congress Alliance organised the Congress of the People in June 1955 where delegates adopted the Freedom Charter as the basic demands of the South African people. The ANC formally adopted the Charter in 1956. Other significant campaigns during the 1950s protested against the introduction of Bantu Education in 1954, and the extension of passes to women. ; In 1958 a minority group calling itself 'Africanist', led by Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo, left the ANC, arguing that the ANC had abandoned genuine African nationalism. They opposed co-operation with non-Africans, particularly whites, and rejected the Freedom Charter. They formed the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in April 1959. The Congress Alliance suffered increasingly harsh state repression in the 1950s. Leaders were banned and banished. In 1956, 156 leaders were charged with treason. After a five-year trial all accused were acquitted. Some ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela, urged that the ANC prepare a foundation for semi-underground work. In April 1960, a few days after the Sharpeville massacre, the ANC and PAC were declared 'unlawful organisations'. The banning forced the ANC underground. Organisation continued in areas where effective clandestine activity was well established. In other areas the transition was less effective. The banning marked a turning point in ANC strategy and its turn to armed struggle. Umkhonto we Sizwe (nicknamed MK) was formed in 1961 with Mandela as its chief. Many ANC members left the country for military training. In July 1963 ANC and Umkhonto underground operations ended when police captured almost the entire leadership in a raid on the Rivonia headquarters outside Johannesburg. In the subsequent 'Rivonia Trial', Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and five others were sentenced to life imprisonment. For the rest of the 1960s the external mission was the ANC's primary focus and it forged relations with other like-minded African liberation movements: Mozambique's FRELIMO, Angola's MPLA, Guinea Bisseau's PAIGC, Namibia's SWAPO and Zimbabwe's ZAPU. The 1969 ANC consultative conference at Morogoro in Tanzania opened the external mission to all democrats, moving away from exclusive African participation. The theory of 'Colonialism of a Special Type' was adopted as policy. This theory defines South Africa as an 'internal colony' where white colonisers exploit the African colonised under a capitalist system in a single country. The theory defines two stages of liberation: a national democratic and then a socialist phase. During the 1970s a conservative group known as the Group of Eight criticised the ANC for replacing nationalism with 'class struggle'. The ANC also came under fire from an ultra-leftist grouping, the Marxist Workers Tendency, for being middle class dominated. The ANC replied that it represented an alliance of class forces in the current phase of struggle; also, as laid out in the Freedom Charter, its commitment was to nationalise monopoly industries, farms, mines and banks. This revealed clearly the kind of system the national liberation movement was working towards. The 1970s saw an upsurge of both ANC guerilla and public activity. The emergence of mass struggles inside South Africa - particularly the development of a strong organised black trade union movement, and the student uprisings in June 1976 - gave impetus to ANC struggles. The early 1980s were characterised by an increasing number of bomb blasts and guerilla attacks (examples are the blast at SAS01, car bombs in Durban and Pretoria), as students who- left after 1976 returned as trained guerilla fighters. Internal opposition organisations re- appropriated symbols like the Freedom Charter, and ANC flags and colours became a common sight at funerals and mass rallies. The ANC's second consultative conference, held in Zambia in June 1985, decided on policy inside and outside South Africa. Described as a 'council of war', its primary focus was internal organisation and strategy. It embraced a strategy of 'peoples war' - a protracted struggle involving all forms of political activity and culminating in the seizure of power. The call to make the country ungovernable is an early phase of this tactic. The ANC also committed itself to strengthening political leadership inside the country. The Nkomati Accord between South Africa and Mozambique meant ANC military bases in Mozambique had to be abandoned and the ANC is trying to reduce its reliance on neighbouring states. Spurred by the current political and economic crises, local groups, particularly business and church representatives, recognise the need to open negotiations with the ANC. The ANC, though willing to 'talk to anyone', is not willing to negotiate with anyone until certain preconditions are met. These are: the total dismantling of apartheid structures; release of all political prisoners; unconditional return of exiles; political freedom inside the country conducive to talks; and the agreement of the 'entire democratic leadership of South Africa' to such talks. The ANC rules out talks with homeland leaders like Gatsha Buthelezi. It also regards the idea of a national convention as a non-starter - the issue at stake being the transfer of power to the people of South Africa. Azapo The seeds of Black Consciousness (BC) ideology go back to the 'Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) breakaway from the ANC in 1958. But the movement really took off after the formation of the South African Students Organisation (SASO) in 1969. The BC movement argued that blacks had to liberate themselves psychologically and shed the slave mentality induced by white liberalism and institutionalised racism. In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising, 18 black consciousness organisations were banned and most of its leadership detained. The Azanian Peoples Organisation (AZAPO) was formed in 1978. Its office bearers were immediately detained. A year later, in September 1979, a second executive was elected and organisation got off the ground. AZAPO was well supported at the University of the North (Turfloop) and in Soweto.
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