DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Introduction 1 The Cyrillic alphabet (1) The Russian Cyrillic alphabet contains 33 letters, including 20 consonants, 10 vowels, a semi-consonant/semi-vowel (c), a hard sign (t) and a soft sign (v). (2) There are a number of different systems for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet. Three of these, that of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that of the British Standards Institution (BSI) (whose system is used throughout this Grammar), and that of the Library of Congress (LC) are listed alongside the Cyrillic alphabet, as well as the Russian names of the individual letters: :ZCyrillic letters Letter>Z@ name ISO BSI LC ;[ >[w@ aaa <\ >\w@ bbb =] >]w@ vvv >^ >^w@ ggg ?_ >_@ ddd ,z >z@ zzzeee @` >`w@åzh zh Aa >aw@ zzz Bb >b@ iii Cc >bdjáldh_@ j ±± Dd >dZ@ kkk Ee >wev@ lll 2 Introduction 1–2 Cyrillic letters Letter name ISO BSI LC Ff >wf@ mmm Gg >wg@ nnn Hh >h@ ooo Ii >iw@ ppp Jj >wj@ rrr Kk >wk@ sss Ll >lw@ ttt Mm >m@ uuu Nn >wn@ fff Oo >oZ@ h/ch kh kh Pp >pw@ ctsts Qq >q_@þch ch Rr >rZ@ šshsh Ss >sZ@ãþshch shch Tt >l\zj^ucagZd@ ””” Uu >u@ y { y Vv >f·]dbcagZd@ ’’’ Ww >wh[hjólgh_@ eÛ é ¡ Xx >x@ ju yu iu Yy >y@ ja ya ia Note (a) Certain letters with diacritics and accents which appear in the VWDQGDUG%6,V\VWHP zIRUz±IRUc é for w{IRUu DUHXVHG without diacritics and accents here. (b) The ligatures used over certain combinations of letters in the standard LC system (ts, iu ia) are often omitted by other users. (c) $Q DSRVWURSKH ¶ IRU WKH VRIW VLJQ v LV XVHG RQO\ LQ WKH bibliography. (d) 7KHHQGLQJVucbcDUHUHQGHUHGDVmLQQDPHV 2 The international phonetic alphabet (IPA) The following symbols from the IPA are used in the Introduction for the phonetic transcription of Russian words. Vowels i DVLQbe [il] 7 DVLQiue [p7l] 8 DVWKHILUVWYRZHOLQb]eá[8 gla] DVWKHILUVWYRZHOLQ^ujá[d ra] 2Introduction3 0 DVLQe_k [ 0V@ e DVLQ\_kv [v, e ] a DVLQjZ^ [rat] æ DVLQiylv [æ] : DVWKHILUVWYRZHOLQh^§g [: in] G DVWKHILUVWYRZHOLQohjhró[xGr: ;o] o DVLQfho [mox] ö DVLQlzly [ öG] u DVLQ[md [buk] ü DVLQdexq [k üt;] Semi-consonant/semi-vowel j DVLQ[hc [boj] Consonants j DVLQihe [pol] DVLQizk [os] b DVLQ[Zd [bak] DVLQ[_e [0O@ t DVLQlhf [tom] DVLQl_f [0P@ d DVLQ^hf [dom] DVLQ^_gv [ e] k DVLQdZd [kak] DVLQd_f [ 0P@ DVLQ]he [ol] , DVLQ]b^ [,it] fas inneójZ [ florG] DVLQn_g [ 0Q@ v DVLQ\hl [vot] v, DVLQ\bgó[v, 8 no] s DVLQkZf [sam] DVLQk_\ [0I@ z DVLQam[ [zup] DVLQaé[jZ [ 0brG] ; DVLQrmf [;um] DVLQ`md [ uk] x DVLQoZf [xam] DVLQo§fbd [ L 8N] ?? DVLQs_dá[??8 ka] 9 DVLQp_o [90[@ 4 Introduction 2–3 t; DVLQqbg [t;in] m DVLQfhe [mol] DVLQf_e [ 0l] n DVLQghk [nos] DVLQg_l [0t] l DVLQeZd [lak] DVLQey] [ ak] r DVLQjZd [rak] DVLQj_dá[8 ka] jas in ·fZ [ jamG] Pronunciation 3 Stressed vowels Russian has ten vowelZwuhm letters: y_bzx (1) : is pronounced with the mouth opened a little wider than in the pronunciation of ‘a’ in English ‘father’HJaZe>]DO@‘hall’. (2) W is pronounced like ‘e’ in ‘end’, but the mouth is opened a little wider and the tongue is further from the palate than in articulating English ‘e’ in ‘end’, e.g. wlh> 0tG] ‘this is’. (3) M is pronounced with the tongue drawn back and the lips rounded and protruding.HJ[md The>EXN@ sound is similar to but shorter than the vowel in ‘school’H ‘beech’. (4) is also pronounced with rounded andm protruding lips, but to a lesser extent than in the pronunciationHJ[hd>ERN@ of . The sound is similar to the vowel in Englishu ‘bought’ ‘side’. (5) The vowel m is pronounced with the tongue drawn back as in the pronunciationHJkug>V of but with the lips spread, not rounded or protruding, i- n] ‘son’.y _>M0@z x w(6)h TheDQG vowelsm LHWKH\DUHSURQRXQFHGOLNHWKRVHYRZHOVSUHFHGHGE\WKH [ja], [jo] and [ju] are ‘iotated’ variants of a, sound [j]). The vowel b resembles ‘ea’ in English ‘cheap’, but is a ‘closer’ sound, that is, the centre of the tongue is nearer to the hard SDODWHLQDUWLFXODWLRQHJfbj> ir] ‘world, peace’. After a preposition 3–4 Pronunciation 5 or other word ending in a hard consonant, however, stressed initial b is pronounced [7@hl¦]hjy>: t 7GG], cf. also 4 (4) note. Note Vowels can be classified as: (a) back vowels (pronounced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the back of the palate): mxhz (b) central vowels (pronounced with the central part of the tongue raised towards the central part of the palate): uZy (c) front vowels (pronounced with the central part of the tongue raised towards the front of the palate: bw_ 4 Unstressed vowels 8QVWUHVVHGmxbDQGu The sound of unstressed mx is similar to that of English ‘u’ in ‘put’: ^m]á [du Ja] ‘arc’xeá [ju la] ‘top’. Unstressed b and u are shorter and pronounced in a more ‘relaxed’ fashion than their stressed equivalents: b]já [8 ra] ‘game’[ueá [b la] ‘was’. , does not appear in unstressed position. The other vowels are ‘reduced’ in unstressed position. 5HGXFWLRQRIhDQGZ h ZDUHSURQRXQFHGDV>h@DQG>Z@RQO\ZKHQWKH\ DSSHDULQVWUHVVHGSRVLWLRQ(i) The vowels and ^hf>GRP@aZe>]DO@,QXQVWUHVVHGSRVLWLRQ they are reduced, h being the vowel most affected by various forms of reduction resulting from its position in relation to the stress. (ii) In pre-tonic position or as the unstressed initial letter in a word h and Z are pronounced [:@ihlóf>S: tom] ‘afterwards’h^§g>: in] ‘one’iZjóf>S: rom] ‘ferry’ZdýeZ>: kulG] ‘shark’. This also applies WRSUHWRQLFSUHSRVLWLRQVih^fój_f>S: d m o P@‘under the sea’gZ^ ^ófhf>Q: d domGm] ‘above the house’. The combinations ZZZhhZ hh are pronounced [::@HJkhh[jZa§lv>V::bT: i] ‘to comprehend’. (iii) In pre-pre-tonic position (except as initial letters, see (ii)) or in post-tonic position both vowels are pronounced [G@ WKXV iZjhoó^ [pGr: xot] ‘steamer’fheh^óc>PGl: doj] ‘young’jágh> ranG] ‘early’, \§edZ> vilkG] ‘fork’ 7KLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR SUHSRVLWLRQV ih^ \h^óc [pGd v: doj] ‘under water’gZ^]heh\óc>QGd Gl: voj] ‘overhead’) and to the initial letters of words governed by prepositions \ h]hjó^_ [v G: ro 8] ‘in the market garden’ FIh]hjó^>:: rot] ‘market garden’)). 6Introduction4 Note (a) Unstressed hLVSURQRXQFHG>h@LQDQXPEHURIZRUGVRIIRUHLJQ RULJLQ dZdáh ‘cocoa’ já^bh ‘radio’ oáhk ‘chaos’), with an RSWLRQDO>h@LQ\élh‘veto’^hkvé ‘dossier’rhkké ‘highway’ and some other words. In certain cases, pronunciation is differentiated stylistically. The pronunciation [:@LQZRUGVVXFKDVihwl ‘poet’ DQGrhkké ‘highway’, said to be the more colloquial variant, has gained ground in educated speech and is found even in the SURQXQFLDWLRQRIIRUHLJQQDPHVVXFKDVRhiég>;: S0Q@>;o S0Q@ ‘Chopin’, especially where these have gained common currency HJ Lhev·llb ‘Togliatti’ +RZHYHU >h@ LV UHWDLQHG LQ ZRUGV ZKHUHLWIROORZVDQRWKHUYRZHOlj§h‘trio’. (b) The vowel Z is pronounced [] in pre-tonic position after q and s: WKXVqZk± [t; s7] ‘clock’sZ^§lv>?? i] ‘to spare’. The pronun- ciation of unstressed Z as [] after `r is now limited for many VSHDNHUVWR`Zeélv> e] ‘to regret’dkh`Zeégbx>N sG e ju] ‘unfortunately’DQGHQGVWUHVVHGSOXUDOREOLTXHFDVHVRIeórZ^v ‘horse’HJJHQSOehrZ^éc>OG; ej]. PZ is pronounced [ts] in WKHREOLTXHFDVHVRIVRPHQXPHUDOV^\Z^pZl§ [dvGts i] ‘twenty’ (gen.). 5HGXFWLRQRI_DQGy (i) In pre-tonic position both _ and y are pronounced [(j)@ya±d>M z7k] ‘language’i_j_\ó^> vot] ‘translation’7KXVjZaj_^§lv ‘to thin out’DQGjZajy^§lv‘to unload’ have the same pronunciation. (ii) In post-tonic position _ is pronounced [@ ióe_> po ] ‘field’), while y is usually pronounced [G@ ^±gy> d7G ] ‘melon’). However, post- tonic y is pronounced [@ EHIRUH D VRIW FRQVRQDQW iáfylv> Ra ] ‘memory’ DQGLQQRQILQDOSRVWWRQLFSRVLWLRQ \±]eygme> v7 QXO@ ‘looked out’). 5HGXFWLRQRIw W is pronounced [@LQXQVWUHVVHGSRVLWLRQ wlái> tap] ‘stage’). Note Unstressed initial b and w and conjunction b are pronounced [] after a preposition or other word ending in a hard consonant (see 3 \ Bláebx>Y ta MX@‘to Italy’[jZlb^zldB\ágm>EUDW ot k vanu] ‘my brother is on his way to see Ivan’gZ^wd\álhjhf>QGd kvatGrGm] ‘above the equator’. B is also pronounced [] in certain stump FRPSRXQGVHJ=hkba^ál>os zdat] ‘State Publishing House’. 5 Pronunciation 7 5 Hard and soft consonants With the exception of `p and r, which are invariably hard, and q and s, which are invariably soft, all Russian consonants can be pronounced hard or soft. (1) Hard consonants (i) A hard consonant is a consonant which appears at the end of a word (e.g. the fLQ^hf>GRP@ ‘house’, the lLQ\hl>YRW@ ‘here is’) or is followed by Zuh or m (w appears only as an initial letter, except in DFURQ\PVVXFKDVgwi ‘NEP’ (New Economic Policy) and rare words VXFKDVkwj ‘sir’ 7KXVWKHFRQVRQDQWVLQWKHZRUGV]heh\á [Gl: va] ‘head’f±eh> O7NG] ‘soap’DQG^ýfZ> dumG] ‘thought’ are all hard. (ii) Most hard consonants, e.g. [\]adfikn are pronounced in similar fashion to their English counterparts, i.e. ‘b’ in ‘bone’, ‘v’ in ‘van’, ‘g’ in ‘gone’, ‘z’ in ‘zone’, ‘c’ in ‘come’, ‘m’ in ‘money’, ‘p’ in ‘pun’, ‘s’ in ‘sun’, ‘f’ in ‘fun’. However, d and i (and l; see (iii)) lack the slight aspiration of ‘k’, ‘p’ and ‘t’. (iii) In pronouncing the dentals ^ [d], l [t] and g [n], the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper teeth in the angle between teeth and gums. (iv) J is a moderately ‘trilled’ [r]. E is pronounced with the tip of the tongue in the angle between the upper teeth and the gum, and the middle of the tongue curved downwards. The ‘l’ sound in English ‘bubble’ is a good starting-point for the pronunciation of this letter.
Recommended publications
  • Secondary Stress Is Left Edge Marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard

    Secondary Stress Is Left Edge Marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard

    Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard To cite this version: Quentin Dabouis, Jean-Michel Fournier, Isabelle Girard. Ternarity is not an issue: Secondary stress is left edge marking. 4ème rencontre du GDRI PTA (Phonological Theory Agora), May 2017, Manch- ester, United Kingdom. halshs-02083607 HAL Id: halshs-02083607 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02083607 Submitted on 29 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MFM25 Fringe Meeting – PTA Dataset Workshop 24th May 2017, Manchester Suffixal derivatives from free bases, which preserve the stress of their base (see Collie (2007); Dabouis (2016); Hammond (1989); Kiparsky (1979)); e.g. original TERNARITY IS NOT AN ISSUE: SECONDARY STRESS IS LEFT EDGE MARKING > orìginá lity Compounds; e.g. brigadier-general, gender-specific, lady-in-waiting Quentin Dabouis1,2, Jean-Michel Fournier1,2 and Isabelle Girard1,3 ̀ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ ̀ ́ 1Laboratoire Ligérien de Linguistique (UMR 7270) Neoclassical compounds, whose constituents are stress-invariant (Fournier 2010; 2Université de Tours – 3Université du Littoral-Côte d’Opale Guierre 1979); e.g. à goraphó bic, larỳ ngoló gical, ò rthochromá tic Another group of words was left out because they can be related to another form in English, Claim: Secondary stress is only marginally determined by segmental parameters and mainly although they may not be morphologically derived from it (e.g.
  • Glossary of Recurrent Tibetan and Sanskrit Terms

    Glossary of Recurrent Tibetan and Sanskrit Terms

    GLOSSARY OF RECURRENT TIBETAN AND SANSKRIT TERMS Glossary of Recurrent Tibetan Terms (Except Proper Names) Wylie Transliteration Phonetic English Translation or Defijinition of of Tibetan Terms Transliteration Tibetan Terms of Tibetan Terms ’brug pa bka’ brgyud Drukpa Kagyü a major branch within the Kagyü school of Tibetan Buddhism ’byung ba jungwa element, mostly referring to the fijive elements ’byung ba lnga jungwa nga fijive elements: earth, water, fijire, wind, and space ’byung rtsis jungtsi ‘elemental calculation,’ also known as ‘Chinese divination’ or nag rtsis ’cham cham ritual mask dance ’chi ltas chitä signs of death, death omens ’chi med chime deathlessness ’chi med srog thig chime sogtik ‘Life drop of deathlessness,’ name of a longevity practice of the Nyingma tradition of Dudjom Rinpoche ’chi med tshe yi dngos chime tseyi the siddhi of longevity and grub ngödrup immortality ’khyams pa khyampa ‘wandering,’ a term used to describe the bla when lost; also vagrants that wander around without any fijixed seasonal abode ’pho ba lung powa lung name of an empowerment and a practice regarding the transfer- ence of consciousness at death to a higher realm of existence ’phreng ba trenga rosary am chi amchi Mongolian-derived word for a or or Tibetan medical practitioner, em chi emchi widely used across the Himala- yas bad kan bekan one of the three nyes pa, often translated as ‘phlegm’ Baidūrya dkar po Baidūrya karpo ‘White Beryl,’ the brief title of Desi or Sangye Gyatso’s work on astrol- Baiḍūr dkar po Baidūr karpo ogy, completed in 1685
  • +1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn

    +1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn

    MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM +1. INTRODUCTION These are comments to "Additional Cyrillic Characters In Unicode: A Preliminary Proposal". I'm examining each section of that document, as well as adding some extra notes (marked "+" in titles). Below I use standard Russian Cyrillic characters; please be sure that you have appropriate fonts installed. If everything is OK, the following two lines must look similarly (encoding CP-1251): (sample Cyrillic letters) АабВЕеЗКкМНОопРрСсТуХхЧЬ (Latin letters and digits) Aa6BEe3KkMHOonPpCcTyXx4b 2. CYRILLIC LETTER RUMANIAN YN In the late Cyrillic semi-uncial Rumanian/Moldavian editions, the shape of YN was very similar to inverted PSI, see the following sample from the Ноул Тестамент (New Testament) of 1818, Neamt/Нямец, folio 542 v.: file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 1 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM Here you can see YN and PSI in both upper- and lowercase forms. Note that the upper part of YN is not a sharp arrowhead, but something horizontally cut even with kind of serif (in the uppercase form). Thus, the shape of the letter in modern-style fonts (like Times or Arial) may look somewhat similar to Cyrillic "Л"/"л" with the central vertical stem looking like in lowercase "ф" drawn from the middle of upper horizontal line downwards, with regular serif at the bottom (horizontal, not slanted): Compare also with the proposed shape of PSI (Section 36). 3. CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 2 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM I support the idea that "IA" must be separated from "Я".
  • A Practical Sanskrit Introductory

    A Practical Sanskrit Introductory

    A Practical Sanskrit Intro ductory This print le is available from ftpftpnacaczawiknersktintropsjan Preface This course of fteen lessons is intended to lift the Englishsp eaking studentwho knows nothing of Sanskrit to the level where he can intelligently apply Monier DhatuPat ha Williams dictionary and the to the study of the scriptures The rst ve lessons cover the pronunciation of the basic Sanskrit alphab et Devanagar together with its written form in b oth and transliterated Roman ash cards are included as an aid The notes on pronunciation are largely descriptive based on mouth p osition and eort with similar English Received Pronunciation sounds oered where p ossible The next four lessons describ e vowel emb ellishments to the consonants the principles of conjunct consonants Devanagar and additions to and variations in the alphab et Lessons ten and sandhi eleven present in grid form and explain their principles in sound The next three lessons p enetrate MonierWilliams dictionary through its four levels of alphab etical order and suggest strategies for nding dicult words The artha DhatuPat ha last lesson shows the extraction of the from the and the application of this and the dictionary to the study of the scriptures In addition to the primary course the rst eleven lessons include a B section whichintro duces the student to the principles of sentence structure in this fully inected language Six declension paradigms and class conjugation in the present tense are used with a minimal vo cabulary of nineteen words In the B part of
  • Non-Uniformity in English Secondary Stress: the Role of Ranked and Lexically Specific Constraints* Joe Pater University of Alberta and University of Massachusetts

    Non-Uniformity in English Secondary Stress: the Role of Ranked and Lexically Specific Constraints* Joe Pater University of Alberta and University of Massachusetts

    Phonology 17 (2000) 237–274. Printed in the United Kingdom # 2000 Cambridge University Press Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints* Joe Pater University of Alberta and University of Massachusetts 0 Introduction The principles determining secondary stress placement in English display considerable - (Prince 1993) in their application. While in some contexts a syllable will be stressed if it is heavy, or if it is stressed in the stem of a derived form, in other environments syllable weight and stem stress do not entail secondary stress. To take a relatively straight- forward case, the primary stress of the stems in (1a) is preserved as a secondary stress in the derived forms (cf. monomorphemic TaZ tamagoT uchi with initial stress), but stress preservation systematically fails in words like (1b). Here we have phonologically conditioned non-uniformity; stress preservation on light syllables is blocked in the environment of a following primary stress. (1) a. accre! dit accre' dita! tion b. phone! tic pho' netı!cian ima! gine ima' gina! tion cosme! tic co' smetı!cian orı!ginal orı' gina! lity patho! logy pa' tholo! gical medı!cinal medı' cina! lity tele! pathy te' lepa! thic divı!sible divı' sibı!lity phila! tely phı' late! lic pheno! menon pheno' meno! logy dia! meter dı' ame! tric * Thanks to Eric Bakovic! , Bruce Derwing, Laura Downing, Elan Dresher, Edward Flemming, Heather Goad, Kevin Hynna, Bill Idsardi, Rene! Kager, Greg Lamon- tagne, John McCarthy, Armin Mester, Alan Prince, Doug Pulleyblank, Su Urbanczyk, Wolf Wikeley and the participants in classes at Rutgers University, University of British Columbia, University of Alberta and University of Massa- chusetts, Amherst for help and discussion.
  • OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. the Elimination of Ergative Patterns Of

    OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. the Elimination of Ergative Patterns Of

    OSU WPL # 27 (1983) 140- 164. The Elimination of Ergative Patterns of Case-Marking and Verbal Agreement in Modern Indic Languages Gregory T. Stump Introduction. As is well known, many of the modern Indic languages are partially ergative, showing accusative patterns of case- marking and verbal agreement in nonpast tenses, but ergative patterns in some or all past tenses. This partial ergativity is not at all stable in these languages, however; what I wish to show in the present paper, in fact, is that a large array of factors is contributing to the elimination of partial ergativity in the modern Indic languages. The forces leading to the decay of ergativity are diverse in nature; and any one of these may exert a profound influence on the syntactic development of one language but remain ineffectual in another. Before discussing this erosion of partial ergativity in Modern lndic, 1 would like to review the history of what the I ndian grammar- ians call the prayogas ('constructions') of a past tense verb with its subject and direct object arguments; the decay of Indic ergativity is, I believe, best envisioned as the effect of analogical develop- ments on or within the system of prayogas. There are three prayogas in early Modern lndic. The first of these is the kartariprayoga, or ' active construction' of intransitive verbs. In the kartariprayoga, the verb agrees (in number and p,ender) with its subject, which is in the nominative case--thus, in Vernacular HindOstani: (1) kartariprayoga: 'aurat chali. mard chala. woman (nom.) went (fern. sg.) man (nom.) went (masc.
  • Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes Using Support Vector Machine a Thesis

    Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes Using Support Vector Machine a Thesis

    Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes using Support Vector Machine A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology Submitted by Rahul Agrawal (Roll No. 601003022) Under the supervision of Dr. R. K. Sharma Professor School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala – 147004 (Punjab), INDIA June 2012 (i) ABSTRACT Pen-based interfaces are becoming more and more popular and play an important role in human-computer interaction. This popularity of such interfaces has created interest of lot of researchers in online handwriting recognition. Online handwriting recognition contains both temporal stroke information and spatial shape information. Online handwriting recognition systems are expected to exhibit better performance than offline handwriting recognition systems. Our research work presented in this thesis is to recognize strokes written in Gurmukhi script using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The system developed here is a writer independent system. First chapter of this thesis report consist of a brief introduction to handwriting recognition system and some basic differences between offline and online handwriting systems. It also includes various issues that one can face during development during online handwriting recognition systems. A brief introduction about Gurmukhi script has also been given in this chapter In the last section detailed literature survey starting from the 1979 has also been given. Second chapter gives detailed information about stroke capturing, preprocessing of stroke and feature extraction. These phases are considered to be backbone of any online handwriting recognition system. Recognition techniques that have been used in this study are discussed in chapter three.
  • The Pronunciation of Vowels with Secondary Stress in English Quentin Dabouis

    The Pronunciation of Vowels with Secondary Stress in English Quentin Dabouis

    The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English Quentin Dabouis To cite this version: Quentin Dabouis. The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English. CORELA - COgni- tion, REprésentation, LAngage, CERLICO-Cercle Linguistique du Centre et de l’Ouest (France), In press, pp.16 - 18. halshs-01924966 HAL Id: halshs-01924966 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01924966 Submitted on 18 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Corela [Online], 16-2 | 2018, Online since 18 December 2018. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/corela/7153 The pronunciation of vowels with secondary stress in English Quentin Dabouis Université Clermont Auvergne – LRL (EA 999) RESUME Peu d’études se sont concentrées sur la prononciation des voyelles sous accent secondaire en anglais. Dans le cadre de l’approche introduite par Guierre (1979), cet article propose une étude empirique large de ces voyelles et se concentre sur trois catégories clés de mots : les mots non-dérivés, les constructions contenant un préfixe sémantiquement transparent et les dérivés suffixaux. Dans leur ensemble, les analyses précédentes fondées sur le rang, les domaines phonologiques et l’isomorphisme dérivationnel sont confirmées mais certains phénomènes mis à jour par cette étude rendent nécessaires quelques révisions des modèles existants.
  • Sanskrit Alphabet

    Sanskrit Alphabet

    Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead
  • Learning Cyrillic

    Learning Cyrillic

    LEARNING CYRILLIC Question: If there is no equivalent letter in the Cyrillic alphabet for the Roman "J" or "H" how do you transcribe good German names like Johannes, Heinrich, Wilhelm, etc. I heard one suggestion that Johann was written as Ivan and that the "h" was replaced with a "g". Can you give me a little insight into what you have found? In researching would I be looking for the name Ivan rather than Johann? One must always think phonetic, that is, think how a name is pronounced in German, and how does the Russian Cyrillic script produce that sound? JOHANNES. The Cyrillic spelling begins with the letter “I – eye”, but pronounced “eee”, so we have phonetically “eee-o-hann” which sounds like “Yo-hann”. You can see it better in typeface – Иоганн , which letter for letter reads as “I-o-h-a-n-n”. The modern Typeface script is radically different than the old hand-written Cyrillic script. Use the guide which I sent to you. Ivan is the Russian equivalent of Johann, and it pops up occasionally in Church records. JOSEPH / JOSEF. Listen to the way the name is pronounced in German – “yo-sef”, also “yo-sif”. That “yo” sound is produced by the Cyrillic script letters “I” and “o”. Again you can see it in the typeface. Иосеф and also Иосиф. And sometimes Joseph appears as , transliterated as O-s-i-p. Similar to all languages and scripts, Cyrillic spellings are not consistent. The “a” ending indicates a male name. JAKOB. There is no “Jay” sound in the German language.
  • Part 1: Introduction to The

    Part 1: Introduction to The

    PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
  • DR. ISAACS ENDS 15 YEARS ·At P9stf: by Irwin Witty Special to the Commentator

    DR. ISAACS ENDS 15 YEARS ·At P9stf: by Irwin Witty Special to the Commentator

    ' -Good Luck . :. .·:. :. ·-~-- on :. · ~ Finals • .,I. .' ·' •• -- ~ ~ .., ••.,. ~ • Official Undergi:aduate :J~·ewspapef of Yeshiva College •. ,,._/ • : VOLUME XXXYI I NEW YORK CITY, .THURS~AY, JU~E-4, · 1953 . : ,. DR. ISAACS ENDS 15 YEARS ·At P9Stf: By Irwin Witty Special to the Commentator The resignation of Dr. Moses Legis Isaacs, Dean of Y eshitva College, eJ;f ective Sep­ tember I, 1953, was revealed by Dr. Samuel Belkin, President of:i the-University. Dr. Isaacs' resignation terminates 15 years of teen years. You may i remember that I served as a member of the Executivie Committee of Yeshiva College service as administrator of the College, 11 years I . ., under your chairmanship during the administration of my of which he served in the capacity of dean, and late predecessor, the sainted Dr. Bernard Revel of blessed comes at the end of 25 years of instruction as memory. I say in all sincerity that I never met a man a 01e01her of the college faculty. No im.01ediate more honest, sincere, and self-effacing than you. · successor has been ·named. "I can readily understand, however, thlt a position Dr. Belkin also announced that he expects of a dean-at best-is a very difficult one r;ndeed, it is Dr. Isaacs to remain with the faculty in the ca­ almo~t ~possible to satisfy a faculty, a student body, and alunµii. • pacity of Professor of Chemistry. "You Will always be remembered in the annals of In his letter to Dr. Is~cs, dated June 1, the Yeshiva College for having been greatly· instrumen~ in president wrote : .