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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Japanese myths in the pioneering studies of English and German-speaking Japanologists“ verfasst von / submitted by Dominika Buciova, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2018 / Vienna 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 843 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Japanologie degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Dr. Bernhard Scheid Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Bernhard Scheid, whose help and guidance has been invaluable for me throughout the writing of this thesis. I am also indebted to my family for their continued support. Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 State of research ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Outline of this thesis ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Note on names and transliteration..................................................................................... 4 1 Primary sources of Japanese mythology ................................................................................. 5 2.1 Imperial chronicles ........................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Kojiki ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Nihon shoki ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Sendai kuji hongi ....................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Clan transmissions ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Kogo shūi ................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Old local chronicles .......................................................................................................... 9 3 The Japanese and European intellectual background ............................................................ 10 3.1 The beginnings of the kokugaku scholarly tradition and the emergence of Restoration Shinto .........................................................................................................................................11 3.2 The European intellectual background and the inception of modern religious studies .. 12 4 The studies of mythology by the English and German-speaking pioneers of Japanology .... 16 4.1 Introduction of the pioneers and their arrival to Japan ................................................... 16 4.1.1 Opening of Japan ..................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 British diplomacy and Meiji Japan .......................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Oyatoi gaikokujin and Japan’s modernization......................................................... 20 4.1.4 The “German phase” of Meiji-modernization ......................................................... 21 4.2 Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929) .................................................................................. 21 4.2.1 Academic work ........................................................................................................ 21 4.2.2 Satow and the kokugaku scholarship ....................................................................... 25 4.2.3 Satow's interpretation of Japanese mythology ........................................................ 28 4.2.4 Satow and the future studies of Japanese mythology .............................................. 33 4.3 Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850-1935) ............................................................................. 34 4.3.1 Academic work ....................................................................................................... 34 4.3.2 Chamberlain and the kokugaku scholarship ............................................................ 38 4.3.3 Chamberlain's interpretation of Japanese mythology ............................................. 42 4.3.4 Chamberlain and the future studies of Japanese mythology ................................... 48 4.4 William George Aston (1841-1911) ............................................................................... 48 4.4.1 Academic work ....................................................................................................... 48 4.4.2 Aston and the kokugaku scholarship ....................................................................... 53 4.4.3 Aston and his interpretation of Japanese myths ...................................................... 56 4.4.4 Aston and the future studies of Japanese mythology .............................................. 65 4.5 Karl Adolf Florenz (1865–1939) .................................................................................... 66 4.5.1 Academic work ....................................................................................................... 66 4.5.2 kokugaku scholarship in Florenz's works ................................................................ 72 4.5.3 Florenz's interpretation of Japanese myths ............................................................. 79 4.5.4 Florenz and the future studies of Japanese mythology ........................................... 85 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 85 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 90 A. Chronological list of Ernest Satow’s works ................................................................... 90 B. Satow’s bibliography in numbers ................................................................................... 94 C. Chronological list of Basil Hall Chamberlain’s works ................................................... 96 D. Chamberlain’s bibliography in numbers ...................................................................... 101 E. Chronological list of William George Aston’s works .................................................. 103 F. Aston’s bibliography in numbers ................................................................................... 106 G. Chronological list of Karl Florenz’s works .................................................................. 107 H. Florenz’s bibliography in numbers ............................................................................... 110 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 111 Works by William George Aston ............................................................................................ 111 Works by Basil Hall Chamberlain ........................................................................................... 112 Works by Karl Florenz ............................................................................................................ 113 Works by Ernest Mason Satow ............................................................................................... 115 Other works ............................................................................................................................. 117 Abstract (English) ........................................................................................................................ 123 Abstract (German) ....................................................................................................................... 124 1 Introduction The colonization of new territories in the nineteenth century stimulated both public as well as academic interest in exotic cultures and Japan was no exception. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868 Japan became more hospitable to foreigners and information about Japan became more accessible. Japan’s culture and social customs became the subject for the new academic discipline, which we now call Japanology, or Japanese Studies. Religion and mythology were perceived as some of the most important traits of one's cultural tradition. The western world was able to gain a first impression of Japanese mythology through the works of the English and German-speaking Japanologists residing in Japan. Chief among these are Ernest Satow (1843–1929) and his studies of Engi shiki norito, the Japanese ritual prayers1, published 1879–1881 (Satow 1879a, 1879b, 1881); Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850-1935) and his annotated translation of Kojiki published 1883 (Chamberlain 1883b); George Aston (1841–1911) and his annotated translation of Nihon shoki published 1896 (Aston 1896a, 1896b); Karl Florenz (1865–1939) and his translation of Kogo shūi as well as partial translations of Kojiki, Nihon shoki, Sendai kuji hongi, Fudoki and Ōharai norito2 (Florenz 1892, 1901, 1903, 1919) [hereinafter collectively referred to as “pioneers”]. These works became the medium
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