DOCSLIB.ORG

A Literature Review of the Root- Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Species) That Pose a Threat to Potato Production in GB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Literature Review of the Root- Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Species) That Pose a Threat to Potato Production in GB A literature review of the root- knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) that pose a threat to potato production in GB Ref:11120024 Report Authors: Katy James (Harper Adams University), Matthew Back (Harper Adams University), Thomas Prior (Fera Science Limited) Report No. 2019/11 © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including by photocopy or storage in any medium by electronic means) or any copy or adaptation stored, published or distributed (by physical, electronic or other means) without the prior permission in writing of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, other than by reproduction in an unmodified form for the sole purpose of use as an information resource when the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board is clearly acknowledged as the source, or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. AHDB is a registered trademark of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. All other trademarks, logos and brand names contained in this publication are the trademarks of their respective holders. No rights are granted without the prior written permission of the relevant owners. Additional copies of this report and a list of other publications can be obtained from: Publications AHDB Potatoes Tel: 02476 692051 Stoneleigh Park Fax: 02476 478902 Kenilworth E-mail: [email protected] Warwickshire CV8 2TL Our reports, and lists of publications, are also available at potatoes.ahdb.org.uk © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019 2 Contents Summary points .................................................................................................................... 5 Glossary of terms .................................................................................................................. 6 Background ........................................................................................................................... 6 Life cycle of Meloidogyne species ..................................................................................... 7 Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia root-knot nematode) ........................................................ 9 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................... 9 Host range ......................................................................................................................... 9 Description of organism ................................................................................................... 10 Life cycle ......................................................................................................................... 11 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................... 12 Sampling and identification .............................................................................................. 13 Economic impact ............................................................................................................. 14 Control............................................................................................................................. 14 Meloidogyne fallax (false Columbia root-knot nematode) .................................................... 17 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................. 17 Host range ....................................................................................................................... 18 Description of organism ................................................................................................... 19 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................... 20 Sampling and identification .............................................................................................. 21 Economic impact ............................................................................................................. 21 Control............................................................................................................................. 21 Meloidogyne minor .............................................................................................................. 24 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................. 24 Host range ....................................................................................................................... 24 Description of organism ................................................................................................... 25 Life cycle ......................................................................................................................... 26 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................... 27 Sampling and identification .............................................................................................. 27 Economic impact ............................................................................................................. 27 Control............................................................................................................................. 28 Meloidogyne hapla (Northern root knot nematode) ............................................................. 29 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................. 29 Host range ....................................................................................................................... 29 Description of organism ................................................................................................... 29 Life cycle ......................................................................................................................... 31 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................... 31 © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019 3 Soil sampling and identification ....................................................................................... 31 Control............................................................................................................................. 32 Meloidogyne knowledge gaps ............................................................................................. 33 References ......................................................................................................................... 35 © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019 4 Summary points It is important to recognise the difference between Meloidogyne species in terms of their host range, impact on potatoes and geographical distribution. Not all Meloidogyne species present in GB attack potatoes. For example, Meloidogyne naasi (Barley Root- Knot Nematode) and Meloidogyne artiellia have not been recorded parasitising potato. There are four species of potential concern to GB potato growers: Meloidogyne fallax (False Columbia Root Knot Nematode – an A2 quarantine species), Meloidogyne hapla (Northern Root Knot Nematode) and Meloidogyne minor are pathogenic to potatoes and have been detected in UK soils. Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia Root Knot Nematode - an A2 quarantine species) is also pathogenic to potatoes but has not been detected in the UK, although it is found in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Awareness of M. minor and M. hapla nematode species by growers and agronomists and early identification and reporting of suspected infestations will provide a better understanding of the distribution and occurrence of these species. Without this it is difficult to prioritise the current threat posed by Meloidogyne species. Evidence from the European continent suggests that M. chitwoodi and M. fallax would constitute a significant threat should they become established, and as such, these species are listed as A2 quarantine pests. The most likely methods of introducing Meloidogyne species into a new geographical area are through infected soil or the movement of infected or contaminated plant material. Crop rotation is one of the most widely used control measures to suppress damage by, and population build-up of, Meloidogyne species. Correct identification of Meloidogyne species is important for the effective use of crop rotation as non-host crops may suppress one species but increase another. Preventative soil sampling in the Netherlands has reduced losses due to Meloidogyne species. Green cover crop fodder radish with partial resistance to M. chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla have been developed and are used by farmers in the Netherlands and Belgium. There are some potato genotypes with resistance to M. chitwoodi. Not all potato genotypes show external symptoms of infection. © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019 5 Glossary of terms A2 quarantine species Pathogens or pests with a limited distribution in the EPPO (European Plant Protection Organisation) region, presenting a risk of further spread. Cortical cells The outer layer of cells directly beneath epidermal cells Dimorphic Occurring in two distinct forms Edaphic Relating to the soil Genotype The genetic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity, Phylogeny, Characterization and Diagnostics of Root-Knot and Lesion Nematodes
    Diversity, phylogeny, characterization and diagnostics of root-knot and lesion nematodes Toon Janssen Promotors: Prof. Dr. Wim Bert Prof. Dr. Gerrit Karssen Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of doctor in Sciences, Biology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het bekomen van de graad van doctor in de Wetenschappen, Biologie 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1: general introduction 1 Organisms under study: plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................... 11 1.1 Pratylenchus: root-lesion nematodes ..................................................................................... 13 1.2 Meloidogyne: root-knot nematodes ....................................................................................... 15 2 Economic importance ..................................................................................................... 17 3 Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................................. 19 4 Variability in reproduction strategies and genome evolution ..................................... 22 5 Aims .................................................................................................................................. 24 6 Outline of this study ........................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. 1 Abstract
    [Show full text]
  • 433 Among Other Nematodes, Root-Knot Specimens Were Collected from Wheat Ro.Ots Var. Capeiti, C38290. They Were Identified As M
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 433 Among other nematodes, root-knot specimens were collected from wheat ro.ots var. Capeiti, C38290. They were identified as M. artiellia Franklin, 1961. This root-knot nematode was first reported and described from England on cabbage grown in sandy loam in Norfolk. Other hosts noted by Franklin are oats, barley, wheat, kale, lucerne, pea, ciover and broad bean. All stages off the nematode were found. Second stage larvae were collected from soil samples and from egg masses. Males were found partly or completely within root tissue producing small knots of abnormal, dark coloured cells (Fig. 3), and were .often seen near or around the partly embedded females. The mature females were flask or pear-shaped with neck tapering t.o a small head, and smooth, rounded posterior part with terminal vulva and annulated region around the tail. The perineal patterns were similar to those described by Franklin (1961) and Whitehead (1968) for artiellia (Figs. 1, 2). Measurements. 5 Q Q: L = 640 p (611-675); width = 432 JL (357-458), dorsal oesophageal gland orifice 4.6 a behind stylet base; vulva = 21 p (20-22). Stylet = 14.3 JL. 10 eggs = 95 JL (90-99) X 40 p (40-40.3). 8 8 : L = 872-1090 ,u; width = 27.25-30.6 p. a = 32.3-35; b = 11-14.3; c = 80-83; stylet = 21.8-23.2 it; spicules 25-27 ,a; dorsal oesophageal gland orifice 5.2 p behind stylet base. Many mature females were found only partly embedded in the root and covered completely by the gelatinous sac even before the eggs are laid.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Methods for Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes Species from Brazil
    Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Diagnostic v.48: methods 02, e20170449, for identification 2018 of root-knot nematodes specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170449 from Brazil. 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 CROP PROTECTION Diagnostic methods for identification of root-knot nematodes species from Brazil Tiago Garcia da Cunha1 Liliane Evangelista Visôtto2* Everaldo Antônio Lopes1 Claúdio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira3 Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. 2Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 3Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil. Key words: DNA, esterase, Meloidogyne, molecular biology, morphological pattern. Métodos diagnósticos usados na identificação de espécies do nematoide das galhas do Brasil RESUMO: A identificação acurada de espécies do nematoide das galhas (NG) (Meloidogyne spp.) é essencial para a implementação de estratégias de manejo.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilization of Phylogenetic Systematics, Molecular Evolution, and Comparative Transcriptomics to Address Aspects of Nematode and Bacterial Evolution
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2010-06-18 Utilization of Phylogenetic Systematics, Molecular Evolution, and Comparative Transcriptomics to Address Aspects of Nematode and Bacterial Evolution Scott M. Peat Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Peat, Scott M., "Utilization of Phylogenetic Systematics, Molecular Evolution, and Comparative Transcriptomics to Address Aspects of Nematode and Bacterial Evolution" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2535. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2535 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Utilization of Phylogenetic Systematics, Molecular Evolution, and Comparative Transcriptomics to Address Aspects of Nematode and Bacterial Evolution Scott M. Peat A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Byron J. Adams Keith A. Crandall Michael F. Whiting Alan R. Harker George O. Poinar Department of Biology Brigham Young University August 2010 Copyright © 2010 Scott M. Peat All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Utilization of Phylogenetic Systematics, Molecular Evolution, and Comparative Transcriptomics to Address Aspects of Nematode and Bacterial Evolution Scott M. Peat Department of Biology Doctor of Philosophy Both insect parasitic/entomopathogenic nematodes and plant parasitic nematodes are of great economic importance. Insect parasitic/entomopathogenic nematodes provide an environmentally safe and effective method to control numerous insect pests worldwide. Alternatively, plant parasitic nematodes cause billions of dollars in crop loss worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Meloidogyne Species - a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites
    1 Meloidogyne Species - a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites Maurice Moens1, Roland N. Perry2 and James L. Starr3 1 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 2 Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 3 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA 1.1 Introduction I 1.2 Impact 2 1.3 History of the Genus 2 1.4 Current Trends in Species Identification 2 1.5 Life Cycle 3 1.6 Diversity in Biology 6 1.7 Major and Emerging Species 8 1.8 Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens 11 1.9 Management and Control 11 1.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 12 1.11 References 13 1.1 Introduction out showing external symptoms on the harvested products, e.g. symptomless potato tubers. The Root-knot nematodes are members or the genus rapid rate of developmem and reproduction on Meloidogyne (Gbldi, 1892), Meloidogyne is of Greek good hosts results, in the majority or species, in origin and means 'apple-shaped female'. They are several generations during one cropping season, an economically important polyphagous group or leading to severe crop damage. Damage may highly adapted obligate plant parasites, are dis• consist of various degrees of stunting, lack or vig• tributed worldwide and parasitize ncarly every our, and wilting under moisture stress. Secondary species of higher plant. Typically thcy reproduce infection by other pathogens often results in and feed on modified living plant cells within extensive decay of nematode-inlected tissues. The plant roots, where they induce small to large galls common explanation for these above-ground or root-knots, hence their vernacular name.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics of Meloidogyne Spp. on Tomato and Cucumber and Biologically-Based Management Strategies
    Population dynamics of Meloidogyne spp. on tomato and cucumber and biologically-based management strategies Ariadna Giné Blasco ADVERTIMENT La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del repositori institucional UPCommons (http://upcommons.upc.edu/tesis) i el repositori cooperatiu TDX ( http://www.tdx.cat/) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei UPCommons o TDX.No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a UPCommons (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del repositorio institucional UPCommons (http://upcommons.upc.edu/tesis) y el repositorio cooperativo TDR (http://www.tdx.cat/?locale- attribute=es) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio UPCommons No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a UPCommons (framing).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Root-Knot Nematodes of the Genus Meloidogyne Göeldi, 1892
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Diversity of root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne Go¨eldi, 1892 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) associated with olive plants and environmental cues regarding their distribution in southern Spain Antonio Archidona-Yuste1, Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete1, Gracia Lie´banas2, Hava a1111111111 F. Rapoport1, Pablo Castillo1, Juan E. Palomares-Rius1 a1111111111 a1111111111 1 Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas (CSIC), Avenida Mene´ndez Pidal s/n, Co´rdoba, Spain, 2 Departmento de Biologı´a Animal, Biologı´a Vegetal y Ecologı´a, a1111111111 Universidad de Jae´n, Campus ‘Las Lagunillas’ s/n, Jae´n, Spain a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract Citation: Archidona-Yuste A, Cantalapiedra- Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are recognised worldwide as a major pro- Navarrete C, Lie´banas G, Rapoport HF, Castillo P, duction constraint in crops of primary economic importance. Knowledge of their diversity Palomares-Rius JE (2018) Diversity of root-knot and prevalence, as well as the major environmental and agronomical cues for understand- nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne Go¨eldi, 1892 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) associated with olive ing their distribution in specific areas is of vital importance for designing control measures to plants and environmental cues regarding their reduce significant damage. We provide the first detailed information on the diversity, distri- distribution in southern Spain. PLoS ONE 13(6): bution and levels of Meloidogyne species infecting wild and cultivated olive soils in a wide- e0198236. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0198236 region in southern Spain that included 499 sampling sites. Overall Meloidogyne spp. were found in 6.6% of sampled olive plants, with 6.6% and 6.5% for cultivated and wild olive, Editor: Raffaella Balestrini, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, C.N.R., ITALY respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Changes Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Evolution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Hamid Abbasi Moghaddam* and Mohammad Salari** *M.Sc
    Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(2): 981-992(2015) ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130 ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239 The last changes Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Evolution of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Hamid Abbasi Moghaddam* and Mohammad Salari** *M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, IRAN **Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, IRAN (Corresponding author: Hamid Abbasi Moghaddam) (Received 28 August, 2015, Accepted 29 November, 2015) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net) ABSTRACT: Nematodes can be identified using several methods, including light microscopy, fatty acid analysis, and PCR analysis. The phylum Nematoda can be seen as a success story. Nematodes are speciose and are present in huge numbers in virtually all marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. A phylogenetic framework is needed to underpin meaningful comparisons across taxa and to generate hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of important properties and processes. We will outline the backbone of nematode phylogeny and focus on the phylogeny and evolution of plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. We will conclude with some recent insights into the relationships within and between two highly successful representatives of the Tylenchomorpha; the genera Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne. In this study, we present last changes taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of plant-parasitic nematodes. Keywords: Phylogeny, taxonomy, plant-parasitic nematode, evolution comparative anatomy of existing nematodes, trophic INTRODUCTION habits, and by the comparison of nematode DNA Members of the phylum Nematoda (round worms) have sequences (Thomas et al. 1997, Powers et al. 1993). been in existence for an estimated one billion years, Based upon molecular phylogenic analyses, it appears making them one of the most ancient and diverse types that nematodes have evolved their ability to parasitize of animals on earth (Wang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of a Cystatin-Like Effector Protein from Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera Schachtii and Its Role in Plant-Nematode Interaction
    Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz (INRES) Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Phytomedizin Identification and characterization of a cystatin-like effector protein from beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and its role in plant-nematode interaction Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Marion Hütten aus Wesel, Deutschland Bonn, 2018 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Florian M.W. Grundler 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Frank Hochholdinger Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04.12.2017 ii Table of Content I. Abbreviations vii II. Figures ix III. Tables x 1. Chapter 1 General introduction 1.1 Nematoda 1 1.1.1 Plant-parasitic nematodes 2 1.1.2 Cyst nematodes 5 1.1.2.1 Heteroderaschachtii 7 1.1.2.2 Life cycle 7 1.1.2.3 Management 10 1.2 Plant-nematode interaction 13 1.2.1 Morphological changes and molecular background of host cells during syncytium development 14 1.2.2 The role of effector proteins in plant-nematode interaction 16 1.3 Cysteine Proteases 18 1.3.1 Papain-like Cysteine Proteases (PLCPs) 19 1.3.2 Cystatins 20 1.4 Objectives 21 1.5 References 23 2. Chapter 2 Activity profiling reveals changes in the diversity and activity of proteins in Arabidopsis roots in response to nematode infection 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and Methods 2.3.1 Plant and nematode culture 2.3.2 Activity-based protein profiling 2.3.3 Quantitative real-time PCR 2.3.4 Nematode infection assay 2.4 Results iii 2.4.1 Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) 2.4.2 Serine hydrolases (SHs) 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Activities of vacuolar processing enzymes are reduced in the syncytium 2.5.2 Selective activation of serine hydrolases in the syncytium 2.6 References 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS SESSION ONE – PLENARY SESSION ............................................................................................... 1 CHAIRS: MICHAEL HODDA & DAVID CHITWOOD Is Nematology a Jigsaw, a Tapestry or a Strange Attractor? 1 Hodda, M. Metagenomics, Big Science, and the Reformation of Nematology 2 Powers, T. A Practical Future for Nematology in the Real World 2 Nicol, J. & R. Sikora SESSION TWO – ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY OF SOIL NEMATODES IN SUSTAINABLE SOIL CONSERVATION ............................................................................................ 3 CONVENORS: GREGOR YEATES & NIGEL BELL Nematode Assemblages and Soil Properties Are Closely Linked 3 Sánchez-Moreno, S. & H. Ferris Nematode Diversity and Function in Dutch Sand Dunes 4 Brinkman, E.P., H. Duyts & W.H. Van der Putten Nematode Diversity under Commercial Banana Production 5 Pattison, A., J. Cobon, M. Araya, L. Pocasangre, F. Rosales & R. Sikora How Different or Similar are Nematode Communities in Paddy and Upland Rice Fields 6 Okada, H., W. Abe, M. Komatsuzaki & M. Hiroki A Perspective on Diversity within Nematode Feeding Groups across Ecosystems 7 Yeates, G.W. SESSION THREE – MUTUALISTIC/PHORETIC ASSOCIATIONS AND INVERTEBRATE PARASITIC NEMATODES ............................................................................................................... 8 CONVENORS: ROBIN GIBLIN-DAVIS & KERRIE DAVIES Entomophilic Nematodes for Predictions of Worldwide Nematode Species Diversity 8 Giblin-Davis, R.M., N. Kanzaki & K.A. Davies Host Specificity,
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Dissemination and Importance of the Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne Spp
    Worldwide Dissemination and Importance of the Root-knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. r J. N. SASSEW Abstract: Root-knot nematodes are widely distributed throughout the world. Their distribution and economic importance are purported to be related to biological and environmental factors favorable 1o Meloidogyne spp. A scheme for comparing Meloidogyne spp. with two other genera of diverse biological characteristics is presented to support this hypothesis. It is further suggested that a probability index can be developed to predict the likelihood of a given nematode species being transported, established, and becoming economically important ill regions of the world where it does not already occur. Key Words: root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., distribution. Root-knot nematodes of the genus phts M. ovalis (22), M. carolinensis (7), M. Meloidogyne are more widely distributed thamesi (2), M. naasi (9), M. ottersoni (27, throughout the world than any other 28), M. graminis (25, 28), and M. gramini- major group of plant-parasitic nematodes. cola (12), are known to occur in the United Furthermore, when their importance is States. Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, considered on a worldwide basis, they rank M. arenaria, M. hapla, and M. graminis high on the list of animate pathogens are widespread in the United States, al- affecting the production of economic plants. thongh distribution varies with species. The If one assumes that these two observations other species known to occur in the United are true, certain biological characteristics States are more host specific, a factor which and environmental influences favorable to may account for their limited distribution. Meloidogyne spp. must account for their For example, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Symposium Abstracts
    Nematology,2002,V ol.4(2), 123-314 Symposium abstracts 001 Bursaphelenchusxylophilus and B.mucronatus untilthe recent identi cation in Portugal. It is felt that if inJapan: where arethey from? introducedthe nematode would establish populations or interbreedwith endemic non-virulent species. This ban 1; 2 Hideaki IWAHORI ¤, Natsumi KANZAKI and hashadmajorconsequences on theNorth American forest 2 Kazuyoshi FUTAI industry.Recently many new species of Bursaphelenchus 1NationalAgricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa havebeen described from deador dyingpines throughout Region,Nishigoushi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan Europe.Because morphological characters are limited 2 KyotoUniversity, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan inusefulness for speciesdescriptions and cannot be ¤[email protected] usedto differentiate populations, molecular taxonomy hasbecome important. W ewilllook at the accuracy Geographicaldistribution and speciation of Bursaphelen- ofmethods used for speciesidenti cation and at what chusxylophilus (pinewoodnematode) and B. mucrona- criteriamight be used to de ne and differentiate species tus were inferredfrom molecularphylogenetic analysis of Bursaphelenchus whenconsidering import and export andchromosomal number .Severalisolates of B. xylop- bans. hilus and B.mucronatus inJapan and from someother countrieswere usedfor DNA sequencingof the ITS re- 003Mitigating the pinewoodnematode and its gionsin ribosomalDNA. Publishedresearch on thenum- vectorsin transported coniferous wood berof chromosomesof selectedisolates was usedto iden- tifya
    [Show full text]