Foreign Exchange Position Positions As At: 07 May 2021
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The Costs of Dollarization; a Central Banker’S View
The costs of dollarization; a central banker’s view Speech by Jeanette R. Semeleer, President of the Centrale Bank van Aruba (CBA), at the Symposium on “The advantages and disadvantages of Dollarization”, organized by the Council of Advice of St. Maarten, March 26, 2015. Members of Parliament, Ministers, Members of the Council of Advice and other distinguished guests, good evening. 1. Introduction First of all, allow me to express words of gratitude to the Council of Advice for the invitation to address you on the topic “The advantages and disadvantages of Dollarization”. I am truly honored and privileged to be here on this beautiful island (I should come here more often) and to contribute to the ongoing debate of dollarization in St. Maarten. Page 1 of 21 We all probably agree that dollarization is not an easy topic to debate on, but I hope when we leave the room tonight that some practical tools have been provided to facilitate the discussions. If this debate moves some time in the future towards a political decision that involves a change in the current exchange rate regime, extensive knowledge and practical experience are needed to choose the best policy for managing the exchange rate, which is a key instrument towards achieving macro- economic goals and maintaining financial stability. Tonight my speech will primarily focus on the costs of dollarization within the context of full dollarization. By full dollarization, I refer to a situation in which a country formally adopts a currency of another country—most commonly the U.S. dollar—as its legal tender.1 2. -
Syria Country Office
SYRIA COUNTRY OFFICE MARKET PRICE WATCH BULLETIN July 2020 ISSUE 68 Picture @ WFP/Hussam Al Saleh @WFP/Jessica Lawson Highlights Standard Food Basket Figure 1: Food basket cost and changes, SYP ○ The national average price of a stand- The national average price of a standard reference 1 ard reference food basket in July 2020 food basket increased by three percent between June and July 2020, reaching SYP 86,571. The highest rate was SYP 86,571 (USD 69 at the official recorded since the start of the crisis. The national av- exchange rate 1,250/USD), increasing by erage food basket price was 131 percent higher than three percent compared to June 2020. that of January 2020 and was 251 percent higher com- The reference food basket price in- pared to July 2019 (Figure 1). creased by 251 percent since July 2019. Compared to June 2020, July food basket prices have ○ The national average ToT between been relatively constant due to the arrival of the coun- wheat flour and daily non-skilled wage try’s main agricultural harvest and the strengthening labour, a proxy indicator for purchasing of the informal exchange rate. power, reached its lowest level since While seven governorates reported an increasing aver- Chart 1: National min., max. and average food basket cost, SYP monitoring began (2014). In July 2020 a age reference food basket price in July 2020, five gov- daily non-skilled wage could afford only ernorates reported a decreasing average reference 3.91kgs of wheat flour compared to food basket and two governorates reported no change 8.83kgs in July 2019. -
On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation
18485_CATO-R2(pps.):Layout 1 8/7/09 3:55 PM Page 353 On the Measurement of Zimbabwe’s Hyperinflation Steve H. Hanke and Alex K. F. Kwok Zimbabwe experienced the first hyperinflation of the 21st centu- ry.1 The government terminated the reporting of official inflation sta- tistics, however, prior to the final explosive months of Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation. We demonstrate that standard economic theory can be applied to overcome this apparent insurmountable data problem. In consequence, we are able to produce the only reliable record of the second highest inflation in world history. The Rogues’ Gallery Hyperinflations have never occurred when a commodity served as money or when paper money was convertible into a commodity. The curse of hyperinflation has only reared its ugly head when the supply of money had no natural constraints and was governed by a discre- tionary paper money standard. The first hyperinflation was recorded during the French Revolution, when the monthly inflation rate peaked at 143 percent in December 1795 (Bernholz 2003: 67). More than a century elapsed before another hyperinflation occurred. Not coincidentally, the inter- Cato Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 2009). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights reserved. Steve H. Hanke is a Professor of Applied Economics at The Johns Hopkins University and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. Alex K. F. Kwok is a Research Associate at the Institute for Applied Economics and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University. 1In this article, we adopt Phillip Cagan’s (1956) definition of hyperinflation: a price level increase of at least 50 percent per month. -
Determinants of the Zambian Kwacha
Working paper Determinants of the Zambian Kwacha John Weeks Oswald K. Mungule November 2013 Determinants of the Zambian Kwacha Study commissioned by the International Growth Centre at the London School of Economics in Partnership with Oxford University John Weeks, PhD Oswald K. Mungule, PhD Professor Emeritus Principal Policy Analyst SOAS, University of London National Economic Advisory Council London Lusaka [email protected] [email protected] http://jweeks.org Lusaka. September 2013 1 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1-Short Run Determinants of the Nominal Kwacha: Implications for exchange policy ............................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary 1 .................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Analytical Framework ......................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Analytics of Exchange Rate Adjustment ...................................................... 7 1.2.2 The Exchange Rate in Zambia .................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Further Policy Issues of Exchange Rate Analysis ...................................... 17 1.3 Empirical analysis ............................................................................................. -
Crown Agents Bank's Currency Capabilities
Crown Agents Bank’s Currency Capabilities August 2020 Country Currency Code Foreign Exchange RTGS ACH Mobile Payments E/M/F Majors Australia Australian Dollar AUD ✓ ✓ - - M Canada Canadian Dollar CAD ✓ ✓ - - M Denmark Danish Krone DKK ✓ ✓ - - M Europe European Euro EUR ✓ ✓ - - M Japan Japanese Yen JPY ✓ ✓ - - M New Zealand New Zealand Dollar NZD ✓ ✓ - - M Norway Norwegian Krone NOK ✓ ✓ - - M Singapore Singapore Dollar SGD ✓ ✓ - - E Sweden Swedish Krona SEK ✓ ✓ - - M Switzerland Swiss Franc CHF ✓ ✓ - - M United Kingdom British Pound GBP ✓ ✓ - - M United States United States Dollar USD ✓ ✓ - - M Africa Angola Angolan Kwanza AOA ✓* - - - F Benin West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Botswana Botswana Pula BWP ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Burkina Faso West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Cameroon Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F C.A.R. Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Chad Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Cote D’Ivoire West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ F DR Congo Congolese Franc CDF ✓ - - ✓ F Congo (Republic) Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Egypt Egyptian Pound EGP ✓ ✓ - - F Equatorial Guinea Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Eswatini Swazi Lilangeni SZL ✓ ✓ - - F Ethiopia Ethiopian Birr ETB ✓ ✓ N/A - F 1 Country Currency Code Foreign Exchange RTGS ACH Mobile Payments E/M/F Africa Gabon Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Gambia Gambian Dalasi GMD ✓ - - - F Ghana Ghanaian Cedi GHS ✓ ✓ - ✓ F Guinea Guinean Franc GNF ✓ - ✓ - F Guinea-Bissau West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ - - F Kenya Kenyan Shilling KES ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ F Lesotho Lesotho Loti LSL ✓ ✓ - - E Liberia Liberian -
View Currency List
Currency List business.westernunion.com.au CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING Africa Asia continued Middle East Algerian Dinar – DZD Laos Kip – LAK Bahrain Dinar – BHD Angola Kwanza – AOA Macau Pataca – MOP Israeli Shekel – ILS Botswana Pula – BWP Malaysian Ringgit – MYR Jordanian Dinar – JOD Burundi Franc – BIF Maldives Rufiyaa – MVR Kuwaiti Dinar – KWD Cape Verde Escudo – CVE Nepal Rupee – NPR Lebanese Pound – LBP Central African States – XOF Pakistan Rupee – PKR Omani Rial – OMR Central African States – XAF Philippine Peso – PHP Qatari Rial – QAR Comoros Franc – KMF Singapore Dollar – SGD Saudi Arabian Riyal – SAR Djibouti Franc – DJF Sri Lanka Rupee – LKR Turkish Lira – TRY Egyptian Pound – EGP Taiwanese Dollar – TWD UAE Dirham – AED Eritrea Nakfa – ERN Thai Baht – THB Yemeni Rial – YER Ethiopia Birr – ETB Uzbekistan Sum – UZS North America Gambian Dalasi – GMD Vietnamese Dong – VND Canadian Dollar – CAD Ghanian Cedi – GHS Oceania Mexican Peso – MXN Guinea Republic Franc – GNF Australian Dollar – AUD United States Dollar – USD Kenyan Shilling – KES Fiji Dollar – FJD South and Central America, The Caribbean Lesotho Malati – LSL New Zealand Dollar – NZD Argentine Peso – ARS Madagascar Ariary – MGA Papua New Guinea Kina – PGK Bahamian Dollar – BSD Malawi Kwacha – MWK Samoan Tala – WST Barbados Dollar – BBD Mauritanian Ouguiya – MRO Solomon Islands Dollar – -
Country Codes and Currency Codes in Research Datasets Technical Report 2020-01
Country codes and currency codes in research datasets Technical Report 2020-01 Technical Report: version 1 Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre Harald Stahl Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 2 Abstract We describe the country and currency codes provided in research datasets. Keywords: country, currency, iso-3166, iso-4217 Technical Report: version 1 DOI: 10.12757/BBk.CountryCodes.01.01 Citation: Stahl, H. (2020). Country codes and currency codes in research datasets: Technical Report 2020-01 – Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre. 3 Contents Special cases ......................................... 4 1 Appendix: Alpha code .................................. 6 1.1 Countries sorted by code . 6 1.2 Countries sorted by description . 11 1.3 Currencies sorted by code . 17 1.4 Currencies sorted by descriptio . 23 2 Appendix: previous numeric code ............................ 30 2.1 Countries numeric by code . 30 2.2 Countries by description . 35 Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 4 Special cases From 2020 on research datasets shall provide ISO-3166 two-letter code. However, there are addi- tional codes beginning with ‘X’ that are requested by the European Commission for some statistics and the breakdown of countries may vary between datasets. For bank related data it is import- ant to have separate data for Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man, whereas researchers of the real economy have an interest in small territories like Ceuta and Melilla that are not always covered by ISO-3166. Countries that are treated differently in different statistics are described below. These are – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – France – Spain – Former Yugoslavia – Serbia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -
Appendix 1 Political Forms of the Caribbean Compiled by Yarimar Bonilla, Rutgers University
Appendix 1 Political Forms of the Caribbean Compiled by Yarimar Bonilla, Rutgers University Jurisdiction Political Status and Important Historical Dates Monetary Unit * = on UN list of non-self- governing territories Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Seceded from the Aruba Netherlands Antilles in 1986 with plans for independence, but independence was Aruban florin (AFL) postponed indefinitely in 1994. Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Former seat of the Antillean guilder N Curacao Netherlands Antilles central government. Became an autonomous country within (ANG) E the kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010. T Constituent Country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Part of the Windward H Sint Maarten Islands territory within the Netherland Antilles until 1983. Became an autonomous ANG E country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010. R L Special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Formerly part of the A Bonaire Netherlands Antilles. Became a special municipality within the Kingdom of the US dollar (USD) N Netherlands in 2010. D Special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Part of the Windward S Saba Islands territory within the Netherland Antilles until 1983. Became a special USD municipality within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010. Special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Part of the Windward Sint Eustatius Islands territory within the Netherland Antilles until 1983. Became a special USD municipality within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010 Overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Formerly part of the British Leeward Island colonial federation as the colony of Saint Cristopher-Nevis-Anguilla. -
To Dollarize Or Not to Dollarize – the Central Bank of Aruba’S Point of View
Jeanette R Semeleer: To dollarize or not to dollarize – the Central Bank of Aruba’s point of view Speech by Ms Jeanette R Semeleer, President of the Central Bank of Aruba, at the conference “Opportunities and Risks of Dollarization for the Dutch Caribbean”, organized by the Minister of Finance of the Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, at the Bank of the Netherlands Antilles, Willemstad, 24 August 2009. * * * Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! 1. Introduction I am truly honored to have been invited to speak to such a distinguished audience on a topic that touches everyone’s wallet, and that is dollarization. With dollarization in this context I refer to as the use of the US dollar as the exclusive legal tender in a country. I must admit that at the Centrale Bank van Aruba (CBA), although we have regular bilateral meetings, we have been quite surprised with the recent consideration of the BNA to replace the Netherlands Antillean guilder for the US dollar as the legal tender for the island of Curaçao on a very short term. In view of the far-reaching consequences of such a change, possibly for Aruba too, I highly applaud Mrs. De Lanooy’s initiative to organize a forum of experts, which could enlighten us further on a rather complicated issue. At the end, it is of crucial importance that the required political decision is based on a thorough assessment of the opportunities and risks associated with dollarization. In the next few minutes I will first clarify my view regarding dollarization in general and, subsequently, I will briefly focus on the special case of small-island economies like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. -
May 5, 2006 Technical Revisions to the 2005 Barrier Option Supplement
May 5, 2006 Technical revisions to the 2005 Barrier Option Supplement The Foreign Exchange Committee (FXC), International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA), and EMTA, Inc. announce two technical revisions to the 2005 Barrier Option Supplement to the 1998 FX and Currency Option Definitions (“2005 Supplement”). The first revision suggests how to incorporate into a Barrier or Binary Option Transaction the terms of the 2005 Supplement. The relevant Confirmation of the Barrier or Binary Option Transaction should state that “the 1998 FX and Currency Option Definitions, as amended by the 2005 Barrier Option Supplement, as published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., EMTA, Inc., and the Foreign Exchange Committee are incorporated into this Confirmation.” For purposes of clarity, this provision has been added to Exhibits I and II to the 2005 Supplement, which illustrate how Barrier and Binary Options may be confirmed under the terms of the 2005 Supplement and the 1998 FX and Currency Option Definitions (“1998 Definitions”) (see the second paragraph and footnote 2 of each Exhibit). The revised Exhibits I and II are attached to this announcement. The second revision further describes the approach taken to the conventions for stating Currency Pairs in the Currency Pair Matrix that was published with the 2005 Supplement. The Matrix is provided as a best practice to facilitate the use of standard market convention when specifying the exchange rates relating to certain terms in a Confirmation of a Barrier or Binary Option Transaction that incorporates the provisions of the 2005 Supplement. The introductory statement to the Matrix has been revised to highlight that its conventions for stating currency pairs may be different from trading conventions. -
Exchange Rate Statistics
Exchange rate statistics Updated issue Statistical Series Deutsche Bundesbank Exchange rate statistics 2 This Statistical Series is released once a month and pub- Deutsche Bundesbank lished on the basis of Section 18 of the Bundesbank Act Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 14 (Gesetz über die Deutsche Bundesbank). 60431 Frankfurt am Main Germany To be informed when new issues of this Statistical Series are published, subscribe to the newsletter at: Postfach 10 06 02 www.bundesbank.de/statistik-newsletter_en 60006 Frankfurt am Main Germany Compared with the regular issue, which you may subscribe to as a newsletter, this issue contains data, which have Tel.: +49 (0)69 9566 3512 been updated in the meantime. Email: www.bundesbank.de/contact Up-to-date information and time series are also available Information pursuant to Section 5 of the German Tele- online at: media Act (Telemediengesetz) can be found at: www.bundesbank.de/content/821976 www.bundesbank.de/imprint www.bundesbank.de/timeseries Reproduction permitted only if source is stated. Further statistics compiled by the Deutsche Bundesbank can also be accessed at the Bundesbank web pages. ISSN 2699–9188 A publication schedule for selected statistics can be viewed Please consult the relevant table for the date of the last on the following page: update. www.bundesbank.de/statisticalcalender Deutsche Bundesbank Exchange rate statistics 3 Contents I. Euro area and exchange rate stability convergence criterion 1. Euro area countries and irrevoc able euro conversion rates in the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union .................................................................. 7 2. Central rates and intervention rates in Exchange Rate Mechanism II ............................... 7 II. -
Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic