E-341 Annex 16 of PIP Report VOL. 3 For Water Conservancy Project by Using WB Loan Public Disclosure Authorized

Environment Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Shenyang Loan Management Office Project Management Office June,2000 Public Disclosure Authorized 1. Preface

1.1 Project origin

In order to develop water saving irrigation undertakings. alleviate the contradiction of water shortage and increase the yield of grains, vegetable and fruit. the Ministry of Water Resources decide to apply for 77 million US$ loan from the World Bank to be used in Hebei. Beijing, Shenvang and Qingdao four provinces and municipalities. Xinchenzi, Yuhong, Sujiatun. Dongling, Xinmin. Liaozhong, Kangping and Faku eight districts and counties (cities) totally 38.9 thousand ha cultivated land were selected as the project areas of Shenvang Municipality. These project areas are located in the alluvial plain of Liao River and Hun River where the water resources are relatively short and water saving irrigation has become an urgent issue for development. The water facilities are in good conditions and the staff has certain experiences in water saving irrigation construction in the project areas. The implementation of the project will further improve the conditions for agricultural production. increase the agricultural yield and farmers income and facilitate the sustainable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture. However, the adoption of water saving irrigation will change the distribution of water resources and the related agricultural measures for yield increase will also exert impact on local water resources utilization and the water, soil and ecological environments, therefore, it's very necessary to assess the impact of the water saving irrigation project on the environment. Entrusted by the Comprehensive Agricultural Development Office and led off by the Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, the Water Resources Bureau of Shenyang Municipality assist to undertake the compilation of the environmental impact assessment report.

1.2 Assessment basis, criteria and classification

1.2.1 Assessment basis

"Environment protection regulations of construction project" No. 253 issued by the State Council of the People's Republic of China "State technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment"(HJ/T2.1-2.3-93) "Environrmental impact assessment regulation of water resources and hydropower project"(SDJ-302-88) Project proposal book of Shenyang Water Conservation Project "(1998.10.13) "Water environment finction region of Province" "PIP report of Shenvang Water Conservation Project" -'Guidelines for environmental impact assessment of the World Bank"

1.2.2 Assessment criteria

'Standard for irrigation water quality"(GB5084-92) The fourth classification water qualitv standard in "Quality standard for groundwater"(GBl/TI4848-93) The fifth classification water quality standard in "environinent quality standard for surface water"(GB3838-88)

1.2.3 Assessment classification

The assessment classification of the project was determined as B according to the "guidelines for environmental impact assessment of the World Bank" and the "state technical regulations for environmental impact assessment" and in association with the project situations.

1.3 Environment protection objectives

The main environment protection objectives are: ' Maintaining the balance of water resources supply and demand and can't result in the descent of groundwater level for the implementation of the project; Adopting effective measures and applying fertilizer and pesticide appropriately, ensure not to increase the pollution of groundwater and other environment.

1.4 Assessment procedures

Shows in chart 1.1 E n7U *| u 0|

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Projectgeneral situations 2. Project

2.1 Generals

2.1.1 Project characteristics

The project is rehabilitationand extension project, i.e. undertake canal lining in paddy field, sprinkler irrigation in dry field and micro-sprinklerirrigation and pipe irrigation in vegetable field. The projectwill be constructedfrom 2001 and completedin 2005.

2.1.2 Projectscope

Eight districts and counties(cities) totaled 95 townships involved in the project and the planed irrigated area is 580 thousand mu. Of which, 27 thousand mu in Dongling , 57.4 thousand mu in Yuhongdistrict, 50 thousand mu in Sujiatun, 58 thousand mu in Xinchengzi, 100 thousand mu in Xinmin city, 103 thousand mu in Liaozhong county,93 thousand mu in and 95 thousand mu in Kangpingcounty. Their geographicallocations are detailed in the sketch map of Shenyang Municipalitywater saving project areas.

The construction component of the project include irrigation system and management system of water saving irrigation project, agriculture, forestry, agro-machinery, environment protection, SIDD development, construction of MIS svstem and institutionalsupport and development.There are totally 7.73 thousand ha paddy field, 18.83 thousand ha dry field, 9.11 thousand ha vegetable field and 3.23 thousand ha cash crops in the project areas. Their total agricultural output value is 744 million RMB yuan. The relief is flat, the communicationis convenient,the water resourcesare in good conditions,the plots are concentrated,the economicfoundations are strong and the masses have capacity for funds collectionin the project area and are in conformnity with the selectionprinciples of project area.

2.1.3 Project objectives

The overall objectives of the project are establishingand improving the agricultural irrigation system and the high efficient agricultural productive service system and improving the ecological environment and agricultural productive conditions in the project area and achieve the followingobjectives: * increasingwater use efficiency; • increasing agriculturalproduction and farmer's income; * ensuring the sustainabledevelopment of agriculturalproduction.

2.1.4 Project selection criteria

In line with the requirements of the World Bank and CPMO, ensuring the successful complement of the project and achieving the overall objectives, the project selection criteria is: * That the key water engineering is equipped with facilities and has enough water sources for developingirrigated agriculture;

4 * That has great potentials for agricultural production and the water resources are wasted much, but the water balance can be maintained: * That local governments and farmers have higher enthusiasms. enough counterpart funds, capacity for funds collection and irrigation facilities; * That the transportation is convenient and the market is complete: * That the agricultural service system is sound; * That can avoid the adverse impact on young crops compensation for involuntary resettlement and temporary land occupation.

2.1.5 Project investment and program approach

The total investment of the project is 7.84474 billion RMB yuan (amount to 94.515 million US$), out of which, 37 million US$ from the World Bank loan. 39.159% of the total investment. 4.77374 billion RMB yuan from local counterpart funds, approximately 61.85% of the investment in fixed assets. According to the agreement reached by the World Bank and MWR, program approach will be used in the project which will be completed in five years. 15% will be completed in the first year. 25% will be completed in the second. third and forth year and 100/%will be completed in the last year.

2.2 Project component

The project components include water conservancv. agricultural support and service, forestry and environrmental protection and institutional support and development according to local conditions. The details are provided as follows:

-Facilitating the conveyance of irrigation and drainage works, extending, rehabilitating and newly constructing water source works and irrigation systems, expanding appropriate water saving irrigation techniques and increasing the assurance factor of irrigation water and extending paddy field area through the saving water volume; U Undertakingsoil improvement, increasing soil fertility, improving soil structure through land leveling, deep plowing, reusing stalks in field, applying organic fertilizer and appropriate fertilizing, increasing soil capacity for moisture retention. reducing soil non-beneficial evaporation and achieving the goal of saving water and increasing yield; * Strengthening the construction of shelter forest and monitoring system for plant diseases and insect pests; * Strengthening the construction of environment monitoring system and improving the ecological environment in the project areas; * Facilitating rural extension service system and seed production system and strengthening science and technology extension and farmers training; * Extending SIDD pilot and promoting the reform of irrigation management system; * Establishing MIS and FIS.

2.3 Water conservancy

The main water conservancy components in Shenvang Municipalitv are the design and construction of water saving irrigation system. reducing non-beneficial evaporation and increasing water use efficiency through the overall rehabilitation of existing svstem and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture.

5 2.3.1 Water saving irrigation patterns

Sprinkler irrigation, micro irrigation. lower pressure pipe irrigation and furrow irrigation four water saving irrigation patterns are planed to be used in the project.

Sprinkler irrigation It has better water saving effect and the water use efficiencv can reach 80%; the production can be increased much by 20-40%; the utilization factor of land can be increased and the harvested area can be increased by 15-20%; it will improve farm micro-climate and has good adaptability to topography.

It's mainly adapt to maize and wheat. According to the practical condition of the project area, it is planed to developing sprinkler irrigation area 20130 kha.

* Micro irrigation It includes drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation and has better effect in water saving (the water use efficiency can reach 95%), fertilizer saving (50%), yield increasing (30%) and adaptability to topography. It is mainly adapt to fruit, vegetable, flower and greenhouse irrigation. 9280 ha micro-irrigated area is planed to be developed in the project area.

a Low pressure pipe irrigation It mainly adapt to paddy rice and fruit trees irrigation. 3750 ha irrigated area are planed to be developed in the project area. Of which, 2000 ha paddy field and 1750 ha vegetable farmland.

- Canal lining 5730 ha canal lining area are planed to be developed in the project area and they are all paddy field.

The quantities of all of these constructions are detailed in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Quantities of water conservancy in the project area Unit: ha Total .prikerirrigan. Low pressure pipe D . . .nMicro sprinkler Canal I ~~~~Total-Sprinkler irrgation irr .gto Drip irrgation irain lnn ______irr gation_irrigation linin area wheat vegetabi Paddy Greenhouse Fruit flower Paddy area______wheat__ e rice Vegetable vegetable trees nursery rice Total 38893.3 188000 1333.3 2000.0 1746.7 6046.7 1900 200.0 1133.3 5733.3 Xinchengzi 38667 j 533 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 933.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2400.0 Sujiatun 3333.3 00 0.0 0.0 1000.0 1400.0 933.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dongling 18000 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 666.7 133.3 0.0 333.3 666.7 Yuhong 38267 666 7 0.0 666.7 746.7 1080.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 666.7 Xinmin 66667 26667 0.0 1333.3 0.0 666.7 0.0 0.0 666.7 1333.3 Liaozhong 68667 60667 0.0 0.0 0.0 633.4 33.3 0.0 0.0 133.3 Kan2ping 6333 3 53333 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 1 333.3 666.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Faku 62000 34000 1333.3 0.0 0.0 3333 133.3 200.0 133.3 666.7

6 2.3.2 Project procedure

The procedure of the four irrigation patterns in the project area is shown in chart 2. 1.

sprinkler irrigation nozzle drip irrigation dropper

pipe irrigation low farm pressure pipes furrowirrigation anti- seepage furrow

chart 2.1 Project flow chart

2.3.3 Sources for water saving irrigation

The project areas are scattered and the 583.4 thousand mu irrigated area distributes in four districts and four counties totally 95 townships, so it's not appropriate to adopt centralized sources for water supply. Surface water and groundwater resources can be extracted according to local conditions after discussion and demonstration.

The total irrigated area is 38.9 thousand ha and well irrigated area is the majority, shallow groundwater is usually extracted in the project areas. The reasons for selecting these districts and counties as the project areas are that the assurance factor of water sources is very high, won't be disturbed by the upper reaches and they are separate irrigation districts, the on-farm quantities are very little, needn't to rehabilitate and maintain the large hydraulic structures, correspondingly reduce the per unit area investment and increasing the project benefit. The water supply and irrigated area of well irrigation in 1997 are provided in table 2.2.

2.4 Agricultural support and service

Saving water and increasing yield and efficiency are the objectives of this component, adopting comprehensive agricultural measures according to the ecological character and conditions of the project areas and achieve the goal of saving water, keeping soil moisture and increasing efficiency. The construction components mainly focus on the regulation of planting structure, water saving agriculture and soil amelioration, pest and disease control. appropriate mixture of fertilizer, development and application of moisture retainer, quality seed production and extension, purchase of agro-machinery and extension of agricultural technology. The main quantities are detailed in table 2.3.

7 Table 2.2 Statistical table for water conservancv component in the project area Motor- Instalied Canal length Effective Water capacity irrigated supply Project pumped Sublateral area wells ( W) Farrn ditch canal (IOh S

Total 3910 46920 2854.3 310.96 38666.8 277664 Dongling 700 8400 599.8 74.7 5600 44355 Yuhong 500 6000 533 66.4 6333.3 47460 Xinchengzi 150 1800 133 16.6 1333.4 13380 Sujiatun 720 8640 729 99.6 5333.4 49765 Xinmin 658 4896 320 27 5666.7 33292 Liaozhong 372 4464 332 26.66 4666.7 32306 Kangping 310 3720 116.2 4666.7 25532 Faku 500 6000 91.3 5666.6 31574

Table 2.3 Quantities of agricultural support and service Agricultural component Unit Total 1. water saving agriculture and soil amelioration Land leveling ha 24813 Deep ploughing ha 12527 Wheat stalk shredding ha 4502 Fertilizer (potassium) Ton 5313.8 I Plastic film ha 6920. 7 Moisture retainer Ton 473. 98 2. quality seed production and extension Development of seeds Farms ha 647. 4 Seed production ha 413 Seed processing equipment Set 4031 3. purchase of agro-machinery Tractor Set 315 Stalk shredding machine Set 51 Tillage machine Set 546 Seeder Set 884 Harvester Set 93

4. extension of agricultural technology _ Training of agricultural technology Person month | 4504 Demonstration and extension RMB yuan j 2837 Research of new technology RMB yuan J 2271700

8 * Doing well in the construction of seed project. selecting and breeding high vield, good quality and high efficient seed varieties and realizing that the seeds used in the project areas are all improved varieties. Details are provided in table 2.4.

* Increasing soil fertility and fertilizing appropriatelv. Increasing the soil fertility in the project areas through distributing necessary scientific measures and improving the current cropping pattems. The applied quantities of fertilizer in the project areas are detailed in table 2.5.

* Increasing the crop multiple index. The original irrigation conditions are poorer and the crop multiple index is lower, after the implementation of the project. the crop multiple index can be increased effectively by means of rotation and interplanting.

* Adopting effective measures to control plant diseases and insect pests. Strengthening the monitoring of plant diseases and insect pests and ensuring that there are no plant diseases and insect pests in the project areas through adopting biological and chemical measures.

* Improving the agricultural mechanized level. Extending the mechanization in all processes of farm work, accelerating the serialization and standardization of agro- machinery and comprehensively improving the agricultural mechanized level.

Facilitating agricultural extension system. Facilitating the import, application and extension of improved agricultural technologies in the project areas and establishing science and technology team to improve farmer's science and technology level.

2.5 Forestrv and environmental protection 2.5.1 Construction of field forest shelter

The objectives of constructing filed forest shelter in the project areas are: controlling wind, stabilizing sand, improving the micro-climate, regulating the ecological environment, doing well in plant diseases and insect pests monitoring and crating favorable conditions for agricultural production. The constructions of forestry in the project areas are detailed in table 5.21.

2.5.2 Environmental protection

The component of environmental protection is doing well in soil, surface water and groundwater monitoring and development tendency prediction and adopting effective measures to control environmental pollution. The quantities of forestrv and environmental monitoring are detailed in table 2.6.

9 Table 2.4 Conditio s of improved variety progag tion system in Shenyangpro ect area Unit Total Sujiatun Don ling Xinchengzi Yuhong Iiaozhong Kan pin FaIu Xinmin 1'roject WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W W( W Quidntitiesif instilutions 8 8 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I Current ntimberof staff 1420 710 115 58 55 28 III 55 137 69 105 53 88 44 68 34 53 26 of which technicians+A22 630 315 51 26 25 12 49 25 61 30 47 23 39 20 30 i5 23 12 Seedhasis arca I0'ha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0°0 0 0 Wheat I0'la I 0.5 0.08 0 0.04 0 0.08 0 0.10 0 0.07 0 0.0( 0 0.05 0 0.04 0 Maize I0-'ha 17 8.5 1.38 I 0.66 0 1.33 I 1.64 I 1.26 1 1.06 1 0.81 0 0.63 0 Paddyrice O1 ha 2 I 0.16 0 0.08 0 0.16 0 0.19 0 0.15 0 0.12 0 0.10 0 0.07 0 Cotton I0'haa______Oil-bearingcrops I('ha Vegetable 103ha 25 12.5 2.03 1 0.98 0 1.95 1 2.42 T 1.85 _ 1.56 1.2()1 0.93 0 Seedyield t 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 Wheat t 2000 1000 162.20 81 78.00 39 156.20 78 193.40 97 148.00 74 124.40 62 95.60 48 74.0() 37 Maize t 68000 34000 5515 2757 265200 1326 5310.8 2655 6575.6 3288 5Q32() 2516 4229.6 21148 3250.4 1625 2516.0) 1258 I'addy rice I 10000 5000 811.00 406 390.00 195 781.00 391 967.00 484 740.00 370 622.00 311 478.00 239 370.00 185 Cotton _ = = =_ = Oil-bearingcrops t______Vegetable t 500 250 40.55 20 19.50 10 39.05 20 48.35 24 37.00 19 31.10 16 23 90 12 18.50 9 Seedprocessing equipment set 268 134 21.73 AI 10.45 5 20.93 10 25.92 13 19.83 10 16.67 8 12.81 6 9.92 5 Q(uantityof Seedsupply t 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 10 O0 . t)o 0.00) 0 Wheat t 2000 1000 162.20 81 78.00 39 156.20 78 193.40 97 148.00 74 124.40 62 95.60 48 74.00 37 NMaize t 68000 34000 5514.8 2757 2652.0 1326 5310.8 2655.4 6575.6 3288 50321012516 42')h60 2115 325)40 1625 2516tX) 1258 P'addyrice t 10000 5000 811.0 406 390.00 195 781.0 390.5 967.0 484 740.00 370 622.00 311 478.00 239 370.00 185 Cotton t = = = _ Oil-bearing crops t Vegetable t 12500 6250 1013.8 507 487.50 244 976.3 488.1 1208.8 604 925.00 463 777.50 389 597.50 299 462.50 231 Coveragerate of goodvariety % 100 100 100o00 100 100 100 100 I 100 100 10 100 100 100 10( I oo I 1(o lO(t

Note: 1. the table shouldbe filled consideringproject area as the unit whienconsolidated by county,considering county as the unit whienconsolidated by province (municipality), considering province (municipality) as the unit when consolidated by the state. 2. W - with project, WO - without project.

10 'lable 2.5 Statistical table for the annual applied quantity of chemical fertilizer in Shenyang project area Unit: ton Total Sujiatun D)ongling Xinchengzi Yuhong [iaozhong Kangping Falu Xinmin

Project WO W WO W WO W WO W wo w wo W W( W WO W WO W

Cultivatedarea (ha) 38894 38894 3333 3333 1800 1800 3867 3867 3827 3827 6867 6867 6331 6331 6200 6200 6667 6667fi

Nitrogenois Physicalquantity 18779 19155 1676 1709 722 737 1812 1818 2441 2490 4008 4088 2144 2187 2682 2736 3295 330io Net quantity 5864 5982 703 717 275 280 762 777 879 896 1323 1319 121 12:3 666 679 1138 1160

Phosphiale Physicalquantity 14122 14405 1200 1224 650 663 1398 1426 1553 1585 2401 2419 2260 2305 2231 2276 2401 24419 fertilizer Net quantity 6355 6482 540 551 292 298 629 612 699 71:3 1080 1102 1017 1037 1004 1024 108( 1102

Potash Physicalquantity 14470 14759 1230 1255 666 679 1433 1461 1592 1621 2160 2509 2315 2361 2286 2332 2160 250'3 fertilizer Netquantity 7235 7380 615 627 333 339 716 731 796 812 1230 1255 1158 118 1143 1166 1230 1255

Compound Physicalquantity fertilizer Net quantity

Physicalquantity Traceelement ______Net quantity Note: 1. The table shouldbe filled consideringproject area as the unit when consolidatedby county and consideringcounty as the unit when consolidatedby province(municipality). 2. the table shouldbe in consistentwith the procurementtable. 3.W - with project, WO - without project.

II Table 2.6 Quantities of forestrv and environmental protection in the project area Construction component Unit Total I .forestrv On-fann forest belts 638.6 Economic forest 103 ha 146.2 2. pest and disease monitoring _1381.67 Pest and disease monitoring Yuan Monitoringequipment Thousand yuan 3.environmentalprotection and monitoring Monitoringequipment Set 500 Soil monitoring Thousand RMB yuan 385 Waterquality monitoring ThousandRMB yuan 530 Groundwatermonitoring ThousandRMB yuan 1500

3. Natural environment and social economic conditions

3.1 Geographicallocation and topography

Shenyang municipality is located in the northeast of China and the middle of Liaoning province, north latitude from 41"11' 51" to 302' 13"and east longitude from 1200251 ' 09" to 123048' 24". It borders on city in the east, Heishan and Taian counties in the west, and cities in the south and and Pengwu in the north. The length between its south and north is 202 kilometers and the width between its east and west is 115 kilometers and its territorial area is 12980 square kilometers.

The geomorphy in Shenyang municipality is diversified, there is low-relief terrain in the north and east, vast plain in the middle and west and the surface-relief slopes from east to west. Most of the lands in Xinmin city and Liaozhong county are alluvial plain and there are little hilly land terrain and marsh land in the north of Xinmin city. The terrain is flat in the east of Kangping and Faku and the flood plain and terrace of Liao river and Xiushui river and low-relief terrain is the majority in other areas.

The surface relief in the four suburban districts is flat and the terrain is vast. There is low-relief terrain in the east and plain in the middle, the relief inclines gently from northeast to southwest. Plain is the majority in geomorphy and there is some hilly land terrain, their mean elevation is between 30 and 50 meters. Low-relief terrain is concentrated in the northeast and northwest and is the extended part of the Liaodong low-relief terrain. The middle and west part is vast plain and belongs to the alluvial plain of Liao river and Hun river, there are some marsh lands and ponds and belong to Songliao plain. Details are provided in the sketch map of Shenyang municipality project area.

3.2 Climate

Shenvang municipality is located in the middle latitude district, the east of European and Asian continents and belongs to continental monsoon climate. Its main climatic

12 characters are that it's cold and dry in winter, wet, hot and rainv in summer. the rainy and hot days are usually in the same season and the four seasons are distinct.

The mean annual temperature is between 6.8 °C and 8.1 'C. The mean annual precipitation is between 520 mm and 680 mm and decreases progressively from south to north and its interannual distribution changes clearly in flood and drv years. The annual distribution of precipitation is uneven and it mainly concentrates in June to September, approximately 70% of the total annual precipitation, out of which. the precipitation is the most in July and August and amounts to 50% of the total annual precipitation, moreover. the precipitation in these periods usually concentrates in some times of storm. The mean annual evaporation is more than 1700 mm (20cm diameter evaporation pan) and is the opposite with the precipitation. it increases successively from south to north and its maximum and minimum is usually in May and January.

The mean annual wind speed is 3-4.4m/s. it is the maximum in April and its average is 5.2m/s, the minimum in August and its average is 2.8mls. There are more windy davs in Shenyang municipality and averages about 34 davs. the maximum in Faku county will reach 38.1 days. The prevailing wind direction is by south in summer and by north in winter for the influence of monsoon.

The mean annual relative humidity is 62%, the sunshine percentage is 61%, the maximum frozen depth is more than 150cm and the frost-free period are between 150 and 169 days.

3.3 Soil and plant

The terrain is vast and the soil type changes much in Shenvang municipality, the soil can be classified as brown loam, meadow soil, paddy soil, sand and marshy soil. The project area of "one belt and four districts" is in Liao and Hun river basins, most of their soil-forming materials are clay or clay deposit and their soil disposition are sandy loam and brown loam. The soil nutrient has also changed correspondingly after many years of cultivation and applying fertilizer. The content of organic matter is between 1.0% and 2.5% and its average is 1.63%; the area where the content of organic matter is more than 2.0% is 191.8 thousand ha and amounts to 74.2% of the total irrigated area in the project area, the area where the content of organic matter is between 1.0% and 2.0% is 7.1 thousand ha and amounts to 2.7% of the total irrigated area, the area where the content of organic matter is less than 1.0% is 59.8 thousand ha and amounts to 23. 1% of the total irrigated area.

The districts where the content of organic matter is more than 2.0% mainly distribute in Xinmin, Sujiatuan, Yuhong and Faku. The districts where the content of organic matter is between 1.0% and 2.0% mainly distribute in Xinchengzi and Yuhong and their areas are very few. The districts where the content of organic matter is less than 1.0% mainly distribute in Xinmin and Faku and amount to approximately 30% of the total cultivated area of the two project areas.

The contents of other indexes in the soil are: 0.094% nitrogen. 5.5ppm phosphorous and 103ppm potassium. The content of organic matter and nitrogen belong- to the medium fertility and phosphorous is lack. Shenyang municipality is located in the northern temperate zone and on the northern fringe of the Asian monsoon climatic

13 district and belongs to humid and semi-humid northem temperate zone continental climate. The vegetation belongs to warm deciduous forest belt and second growth is the majority. Group of area in the project area are the cultivate group, e.g. rice, maize and kiaoliang etc. coarse cereals.

Details on soil are provided in table 3.1.

3.4 Hydrology and hydrogeology

There are many rivers and the waterd area are large in Shenyang municipality, there are totally 26 rivers such as Zhongliao river. Hun river. Raovang river, Liu river, Pu river, Yangximu river. Xiushui river and Beisha river. The characteristics of these rivers are that their discharge is very large in flood period and small in dry period and they are all passing rivers. The total amount of water resources in Shenyang municipality is 3.27 billion cubic meters, the area of river basins is 9099.7 square kilometers, the mean annual surface water recession volume is 1.17 billion cubic meters, the mean annual groundwater recharging volume is 3.95 billion cubic meters and the volume that can be extracted is 1.82 billion cubic meters.

3.5 River and groundwater quality

3.5.1 River water quality

There are totally eight large and medium rivers and more than ten small rivers in the project area and they have been polluted in varying degrees currently for receiving the industrial and domestic sewage of Shenyang municipality. According to the statistical results of water quality in the large and medium rivers monitored by the environmental monitoring station of Shenyang municipality that organic pollution is the majority in the rivers of the project area. In the light of the "Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water" (GB3838-88), the water quality in most of the river channels has exceeded the fourth classification standard and the water quality in the passing rivers of the municipality has exceeded the fifth classification standard. The pollution is very serious in dry periods. Of which, the mean annual values of six indexes in Hun river has exceeded the fourth classification of water quality standard, they are chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, petroleum, volatile phenol, ammonia nitrogen and permanganate indexes; the water quality in Liao river is a little better than that in Hun river, the mean annual values of three indexes in Liao river has exceeded the fourth classification of water quality standard, i.e. chemical oxygen demand, permanganate index and amnmonianitrogen.

The pollution in Yangxi river is the most serious in the other six rivers, its chemical oxygen demand exceeds the fifth classification annually and the content of dissolved oxygen approximatelv amounts to zero; the pollution in Liu river and Beisha river are the second; the pollution in Xiushui river and Raoyang river is a little light; the water quality in Pu river is fairly good, all of its indexes are lower except that the chemical oxygen demand and salt permanganate index has exceeded the fourth classification water quality standard.

Even though most of the water environment quality in the above-mentioned rivers is poorer, all of the indexes can meet the demand for irrigation water use according to the

14 "Standard for Irrigation Water Quality".

3.5.2 Groundwater quality

Groundwater and surface water have certain interrelations. The supplement from the percolation of rivers, the unreasonable stack of industrial and domestic rubbish and the widespread application of pesticide and fertilizer can result in the pollution of groundwater quality after being leached by rain water and seeping down. However, most of the project areas are located in the suburbs and countryside, the rivers are supplemented groundwater except Hun river, the pollution of groundwater quality is corresponding a little light. According to the monitoring results of groundwater in the project area, the content scope of some pollutants are: 60-130 mg/L chloride. 0-0.003 mg/L volatilizing phenol, 0.12-0.7 mg/L fluoride, 0-0.002 mg/L cyanide and 0.01-65.9 mg/L nitrate. It's analyzed according to the 'standard for groundwater quality" (TI4848-93) that all of the indexes are the between the second and the third classification except nitrate has exceeded the fourth classification standard. But most of the places where high content nitrate was checked are distributed in the urban areas, counties and towns and has no impact on agricultural irrigation.

3.6 Social economy

There are totally 6.67 million populations in Shenyang municipality, of which, there are 3.3401 million populations in counties (districts) and 1.0039 labor foreces in 142 towns and townships. There are totally 1.159 million populaitons in the project area.

The national economic output value of Shenyang municipality in 1997 was 85.11 billion RMB yuan, out of which, 5.86 billion yuan from the first industries, 37.5 billion yuan from the second industries and 41.75 yuan from the third industries. The total industrial output value was 115.01 billion RMB yuan, the total investment of fixed assets was 16.57 billion yuan, of which, the agricultural investment of fixed assets was 2 10 million yuan.

The average national economic output value per capita in Shenyang municipality in 1997 was 12658 yuan, local financial income was 4.98 billion yuan. The average salary of workers was 5801 yuan, the average living expenses of municipal residents was 4714 yuan and the average revenue of farmers was 2200 yuan.

15 Table3.1 Generalsfor soil in Shenyangmunicipality project area

Soil lex UnitTlotal Stijiatun Dongling Xinchenozi Yuhong Liaozhong Kangping Faki! II M l I M L ti M L _I M L If M I_ If M L II M _ _. _ M I if N

,,liiated aim ha 19600 11760 7840 16667 \0)OO0 666 7 900 540 360 19334 1160 77334 2166 7 1300 S66 66 3333 4 2000 1333 33166 7 1900 1266.7 3100 1I60 1240 3333 35 20'

mieontcoiiient======_

Niropen(N) % >01 005001 cOO5 >0 I 005-0 I c005 >0A 005-0 1 c005 >0.1 005-01 <005 >0 1 005-0 I <005 >01 005-0 I<005 '01 005-0 1 <-005 >0, 10 O <005 >0 I

I'ho-phoous (p | ppm 410 3-10- 3 >10 3-10 <3 >10 3--10 <3 >10 3--lo <3 >10 3--10 <3 >10 3--lo <3 >10 3--tO <3 -10 3--10 <3 >10 3--

polassitim (k) ppm >100 50-100 <50 50-100 <50 >100 50-100 <5O >100 50-100 100 50-1OO >100 50-100 <50 >10(1 50-100 50-I00 <5050 '00400 5(1-

c idity and alkalinity (Pll 6 1-7 66 1-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-7.6 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 61-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1.76 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-76 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-76 6 1-7 6 6 1-76 6 1-7 66 1-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 66 1- 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 6 6 1-7 661

*nienlotorgaf cm tler | >2 1--2 > >22 11-2 >2 1--22I 2 1-2 I >2 --2 I 2 --2 22

textuire

Clay hat

Suib-clay - ha

Ilonia| ha 19600 11760 7840 16667 1000 6667 900 540 360 19334 1160 77334 21667 1300 86666 33334 2000 13333 31667 19(K0 12667 31(00 1860 1241 333335 2,

Sandy loam ha

Sand ha lilcki,ess of soil plough m 0 20 0 20 0 20 0.20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 21 0 20 0 20 0 20 _ i7on liydiolytic total acidity me/ I OOg Mediaum Mcdium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Mddiium mediumMedian, Mediuim Medium Medium Medium Medium Mediu Medium Nfed.un Medmnt Mediu el MedchumNI1 ;oil classification loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam loam m loam m loam loam m J~eomorphyly | Alluvial Alluvial Low- Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Al i A luvial Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Alluvial Alow- Alluvial Alluvia I ow- Alluvial Al zeomoqTihYiiwe | plain plain relief plain plain plain plain plain relief plain plain relief plain plain plain plain plain plain plain plain relief plain I plain relief plain I soll forrmingmalerrlas tiSb- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub u d Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- San- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- S," soil-formiiigmaterialsn sand d sand d nd sad smdand sandm s saand nd sand Sub-ndsaaddsand sands and sand sand sand sand san and sand sand sA groundwater mineralized gIl. 0 12-0 27 0 12-025 0 12-025 0 12-0 25 0 12-025 025-027 013-029 02

embedded lepth of r | 10 5-10 5-10 2-5 2-S 2-5 3 5 -'andwaler m21 -0-52

surface graditen |00| 11000 I 1\1000 I2000 |1\100 20 | 1000 2 2001000 j j(ljj 1 1000 t\2ooo 11(500 |\S00 |\200 | 500 1(500 |\200 1\2000( Note: 1- H - high yield field, M - medium yield field, L - low yield field, they can be divided according to county standard; 2. The tablewas filled consideringproject area as the unit, consideringcounty as the unit whernconsolidated by provinceand considering province as thleuinil wlen consolidatedby the state. 3. The harvestedarea in thetable should be in consistentwith table 1.2.

(6 4. Assessment on the present status of environment

4.1 Present status of soil environment

4.1.1 Geomorphy

There are many types of geomorphy in Shenyang municipality, its north and east is low-relief terrain. its middle and west is vast plain, the surface relief is high in the east and low in the west. Of which, Xinmin and most parts of Liaozhong are located in the alluvial plain of Liao river and Hun river. there is a little hilly land terrain and marsh land in the north of Xinmin, the relief is flat in the north of Kangping and Faku and the flood plain of Liao river and Xiushui river and the other districts are hilly land terrain. The relief is flat in the four suburban districts of Shenvang municipality and inclines gently from northeast to southwest, their average elevation is 30 to 50 meters, its northeast and southeast is hilly land terrain and its middle and west is the alluvial plain of Liao river and Hun river.

Most of the soil-forming materials in Liao river and Hun river basins are clay or clay deposit and the soil type is sandy loam and brown earth. Most of the soil in the project area is medium soil and its quality is fine.

4.1.2 Soil fertility and fertilizer application

The soil fertility in the project area has been changed a little after many years of cultivation and applying fertilizer, their nutrient conditions are as follows:

Most of the organic matter content is between 0.1% and 2.5% and its average is 1.63%; of which, the area where the organic matter content is more than 2.0% amounts to 74% and mainly distributes in Xinmin, Sujiatun, Xinchengzi and Yuhong; the area where the organic matter content is between 1.0% and 2.0% amounts to 2.7% and mainly distributes in Xinchengzi and Yuhong; the area where the oganic matter content is less than 1.0% amounts to 23.1% and mainly distributes in Xinmin and Faku.

The average nitrogen content in the project area is 0.094%, phosphorous is 5.5ppm and potassium is 103ppm and the soil fertility is on the third grade in line with some relevant classification indexes of soil fertility, detailed in table 4.1.

17 Table 4.1 Referential index for nutrient content of different soil fertilities Grade of soil Organic Total Total I Effective Effective Nitrate l Hydrolytic

fertility matter nitrogen phosphorous phosphorous potassium nitrogen nitrogen

% % I % ppm ppm ppm mg/lOOg soil

First grade >2.5 >0.2 >0.2D >50 >250 >20 >20 Second grade 2.0-2.5 0.1-0.2 [0.15-0.2525-0 150-50 10 15

Third grade 1.0-2. 0 0. 05-0.1 0. 05-0.15 o-25 50150 _ 10 Fourth grade <1.0 <0.05 T <0.05 (5 <50i 3 <5

The statistical annual applied quantity of fertilizer is detailed in table 2.5. It can be seen from the tested results of soil nutrient that the content of nitrogen and organic matter is the medium, phosphorous is lack and the overall soil fertility of low yield field is poorer. It's planed that the annual applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer. phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and compound fertilizer will increase about 2% and mainly used for the improvement of low yield field.

4.1.3 Soil pollution

4.1.3.1 Pollution source Four suburban districts and four counties and cities of Shenyang municipality are involved in the project, their industries, enterprises and populations are centralized and the pollution from the industrial and domestic pollution sources can't be neglected, the following table is the questionnaire for some main pollution sources.

Table 4.2 Questionnaire of industrial and domestic pollution sources in Shenyang municipality project area Main pollution source County (city) and district

Donglingdistrict Shenfu sewage irrigated area, Shenhai heat and power plant, Guchengzimint Yuhongdistrict Urbansewage from the west of Shenyangmunicipality Xinchengzi district Xinchengzi chemical industrial plant Shenyang seamless steel tube plant mint, Liaozhong county brewery, Shenyang LiaozhongLiaozhon countycountvLiaozhong gasificationplantcounty

XinminI citv l Sewage from Xinmin county, Xinmin chemical industrial plant, Xinmincit~ j sewage from town and township enterprises Kangpin county mint. Kangping coutv Siquan brewery, domestic I______- lsewage from Xiaokang mining area Faku county Faku countv Taoshan brewery. Tengda mint. Faku county brewery

18 We learn after further investigation that the above-mentioned pollution sources are in the areas under Shenyang municipality jurisdiction and won't exert anv impact on the project area. For instance, the sewage from Shenfu sewage system and Fushun urban domestic and industrial waste water was diverted into Shenyang municipality through Shenfu sewage canal in 1961, passed Dongling and Sujiatun two districts and flowed into Beisha river, Hun river and their branch streams totally 44 kilometers long. The permanganate index is 37.6 mg/L. petroleum is 27.82 mg/L and ammonia nitrogen is 15.7 mg/L tested in 1998 and exceeded the standard seriously. At present, the sewage water has been treated and diverted into Beisha river directly through special-purpose canal and won't exert any impact on the project area.

4.1.3.2 Heavy metal content of soil and its background

According to the monitoring data by districts and counties in the project area, the content of some heavy metals tested 20 centimeters beneath the sampling surface in each county and district is that: Pb is 9.01-39.43mg/kg, Cd is 0.076-0.2989mg/kg, Cr is 32.35-73.75mg/kg, Hg is 0.0227-0.1139mg/kg and As is 4.88-10.77mg/kg. (details are provided in table 4.3)

Table 4.3 Soil monitoring data and background value in Shenyang municipality project area Unit: mg/kg Project Sampling Soil Sampling countypace type depth PH Pb Cd Cr Hg A county place type ((cm)

Xinmin Hutai Sandy 20 6.6 19.67 0.0761 32.95 0.0227 6.14 ______~~~loa m __ _ _ I__ Liaozhong Sifangtai Loam 20 7.3 17.7 0.0861 56.61 0.0266 8.8 angping Xiaochengzi Sandy 20 7.5 9.01 0.0357 32.35 0.0213 4.88

Faku Xiushui river Sandy 20 6.8 14.47 0.0996 60.36 0.0288 7.45 ______~~~loam ______I_ Yuhong Zhangze Sandy 20 6.7 39.43 0.2989 73.75 0.1139 10.77 ______loam ______Dongling Hun river Loam 20 7.2 27.6 0.1589 55.94 0.0895 9 Sujiatun Hongling Loam 20 7.05 20.98 0.1492 68.92 0.0541 8.78 Xinchengzi Qingshuitai Sandy 20 6.4 24.13 0.1584 53.06 0.0518 9.28

The soil pollution index of metal element i (Pi) can be calculated as the following formula: C, s9

19 Of which, C,-practically tested concentration of pollutant i (mg/kg); S,-assessment standard of pollutant i (mg/kg).

PB is the calculated pollution index value considering the soil natural background value as the assessment standard and P, is the calculated pollution index value considering the second grade of soil as the assessment standard.

Table 4.4 soil heavy metal pollution index RojectoDunxy Sampling Soil type Pollution Pb Cd Cr Hg As (d&ict) place indexP Xinmin Hutai PB 0.56 0.38 0.366 0.151 0.409 Sandy loam Ps 0.065 0.254 0.145 0.045 0.246

PB 0.51 0.43 0.929 0.177 0.587 Liaozhong Sifangtai loam Pr 0.059 0.284 0.283 0.033 0.325

PB 0.25 0.179 0.359 0.142 0.325 Kangping Xiaochengzi Sandv Py 0y03 0.I19 0.162 0.043 0.195

______loam_ P .3 0190.6 .4 .9 PB 0.41 0.498 0.671 0.192 0.500 Faku Xiushui river Sandy 5 0.048 0.332 0.312 0.058 0.298

______~~loam P 08032031 .5 .9 PB j1.13 1.495 0.819 0.760 0.718 Yuhong Xinjiang SandPloam p5 0.13 0.996 0.369 0.228 0.431

PB 0.79 0.795 0.622 0.597 0.60 Dongling Hun river Loam Ps 0.092 0.532 0.280 0.119 0.34 Pe 0.60 0.746 0.766 0.361 0.585 Sujiatun Hongling Loam P, 0.070 0.497 0.345 0.108 0.351

Pe 0.69 0.792 0.590 0.345 0.618 Xinchengzi Qingshuitai Sandy I loam P, 0.080 0.526 0.265 0.103 0.371 6

It can be seen from table 4.4 that the content of Cr, Hg and As in the tested soil has not exceeded the first grade according to the state soil environment quality standard and involved in the natural background scope. The content of Pb and Cd in many sampling places also involved in the first grade scope. However, the content of Pb and Cd in has exceeded the natural background value, of which, the pollution index of Cd based on the natural background value is 1.5 and the pollution index of Pb based on the natural background value is 1.13 and exceeded the background value, thev are in the second grade. it can also be seen from the table that the monitoring

20 value of the five heavy metal elements is the maximum in Yuhong district.

We treated the data according to the following method developed bv Xievvufei in Shenyang municipality agricultural environment protection monitoring station in order to further determine the polluted degree of soil in Yuhong:

-Determining the re2ional soil background value, the average of the monitoring data in the seven project counties and districts can be considered as the background value of the regional soil metal element content of the project area except the data in Yuhong district.

Determining the initial value of pollution, the initial value of pollution can be obtained by plus the 2 times of standard deviation with the soil background value of metal element, the calculated results are detailed in table 4.5.

Table 4.5 The soil regional background value and pollution initial value in Shenyang municipality project area Unit: mg/kg Pb Cd Cr Hg As Soil background value 19.08 0.109 51.46 0.04 7.76 Pollution initial value 31.37 0.204 79.04 0.09 11.13 Pollutantconcentration in the sampling place of 39.43 0.299 73.75 0.114 10.77

Y uhong______Assessmentresult Light Light Precautionar Light Precautionary pollution pollution v grade pollution grade

It can be seen from table 4.5 that the soil monitoring values of Pb, Cd and. Hg in Yuhong district have all exceeded the background value and the initial value and appear to be polluted; even though the contents of As and Cr have not reached the second grade limit, their contents are close to the pollution initial value and should be paid attention to. As to the soil pollution in Yuhong district, we can't draw a final assessment and conclusions for lack of data, we should strengthen monitoring and adopt effective countermeasures to prevent the aggravation of pollution.

4.1.4 Pesticide

The per unit area applied quantity of pesticide in the project area is detailed in table 4.6.

21 Table 4.6 Per unit area applied quantitv of pesticide in the project area Unit: mg/ha Applied Pesticide situations Applied Half-life Lahd Application Time Crop name Crop quantit at one quantity interval growing time 4d)

______~~~~~~period______40-50 Fullyv Present Paddy rice Dingcaoan I 150gImu Without

Wheat l X No.i snout 20-30 Maize moth's larva I 250g/mu Without

I killer _ _IFl I_

Potato lOd solution

vegetable Mieshading 3 20g/mu d solulion 20-30d Uncovered Mieshading 2 20 10 85% 10-15d vegetable ______.__ Grape Jiashuangling 2 100 40-50 Full lOd ______I solution d Wi.th Paddv rice Dingcaoan I 150g/mu 7-1sd Full Without project .soiution Wheat Drbaicao I I OOg/mu 20-30 Without

Maize BT emulsion I 200g./mu lOd Full Without Greenhouse Mieshading 3 20g/mu IOd FulliI 20-30d vegetable ______solution - Uncovered Mieshading 2 20 10-15d vegetable I Note: we have not obtained any data on soil pesticide content.

4.2 Present status of surface water environment

4.2.1 Water qualitv of irrigation water sources

There are totally eight large and medium rivers and more than ten small rivers in the project area and they have been polluted to different extents currently for receiving the industrial and domestic sewage water of Shenyang municipality. According to the statistical results of water quality in the large and medium rivers monitored by the environmental monitoring station of Shenyang municipality that organic pollution is the majority in the rivers of the project area. In the light of the "standard for surface water environment quality" (GB3838-88), the water quality in most of the river channels has exceeded the fourth classification standard and the water quality in the passing rivers of the municipality has exceeded the fifth classification standard which is very serious in dry periods. Of which, the mean annual values of six indexes in Hun river has exceeded the fourth classification of water quality standard, they are chemical oxygen demand. biochemical oxygen demand. petroleum. volatile phenol, ammonia nitrogen and permanganate indexes; the water quality in Liao river is a little better than that in Hun river, the mean annual values of three indexes in Liao river has exceeded the fourth classification of water qualitv standard. i.e. chemical oxygen demand, perrnanganate index and ammonia nitrogen.

'22 The pollution in Yangxi river is the most serious in the other six rivers. its chemical oxygen demand exceeds the fifth classification annually and the content of dissolved oxygen approximately amounts to zero; the pollution in Liu river and Beisha river are the second; the pollution in Xiushui river and Raoyang river is a little light: the water quality in Pu river is fairly good, all of its indexes are lower except that the chemical oxygen demand and permanganate index has exceeded the fourth classification water quality standard.

The recent sampling and monitoring results of Hun river and Liao river as irrigation water sources are detailed in table 4.7. The content of BOD5 has fully exceeded the fifth classification water quality standard judging with the surface water quality standard and CODcr has partially reached the fifth standard. The tested items conformed to the first, the second and the third water quality requirement contrasting with the irrigation water quality standard.

Table 4.7 Monitoring results of some water quality items in which surface water was the water sources Unit: mg/L

Water Project Samnpi Assessment result source county ng PH COD, BOD5 NO3-N NH3-N A, C, p1uJf period E Conform to sSew8 irrigation qliy water quality ______ahs d standard peDry 7.7 9.9 29 1.89 6.93 0.005 0.015 0.69 V

__Da_g Fleood 8 4.7 14 1.47 0.28 0.005 0.004 0.031 V Conforn to period ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~thefirst, the Dry 8.2 30 90 0.51 16.58 0.011 0.013 2.1 V second and i un Lmtg period the third

river _1 _ Flood 8.1 13.1 30 0.84 1.02 0.011 0.008 0.41 V classification period ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~waterquality peDry 7.6 13.7 37 1.19 11.88 0.005 0.009 1.16 V requirement &pa.n Flood - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ofon-farm l_____ Sy______period 7.7 16 26 0.18 3.49 0.005 0.002 0.59 V irrigation Dry Liao period 8.2 3.3 40 0.84 1.63 0.006 0.011 0.06 V river Dry -l ver___I ______period 8.3 7.1 27 0.01 0.31 0.006 0.005 0.05

4.2.2 The surface water functionregion delimitationin the projectarea

The surface water environment functional region in Shenyang municipality project area was stipulated as follows according to the governmental reply in 1997, detailed in table 4.8.

23 Table 4.8 The surface water environment function region in Shenyang municipalitv project area River Regionallocation Mainrole of waterbody GB type

DanglingDongingdistict district (groundwater)The second grade drinking water sources IV

Hunriver Sujiatun Drinkingwater sources (groundwater) I Liaozhong Agricultural water use IV Dongling Supplementto reservoir III Xinchengzi Supplementto reservoir III Liaozhong Fisheryand industrialwater use IV Beishariver Sujiatun Agriculturalwater use IV Xinchengzi Supplement of drinking water sources TV Liao river (groundwater) Xinmincity Agriculturalwater use IV Liu river Xinmincity Agriculturalwater use III Yangximu Xinmincity Agriculturalwater use V river Raoyang Xinmincity Fisherywater use III

river ______Xiushui Xinmincity Supplementto drinkingwater sources III rnver Kangpingand Faku Industrialwater use III Note: the classification in the table is determined according to the "Quality Standard for Surface Water Environment" (GB3838-88).

It can be seen from table 4.9 that the water quality in the monitoring places of Hun river and Liao river has not achieved the planed goal, but they can meet the demand for agricultural irrigation water quality as field irrigation water.

4.2.3 Irrigation recession in the project area

Shenyang municipality water resources bureau indicated that there is no large quantity of centralized recession on the irrigated farmland of the project area presently, so no water quality data of recession from the farmland was collected. At present, it further demonstrate that there is no occurrence of recession for appropriate surface water diversion and the drain discharge of irrigation water will still be reduced after the implementation of the water saving irrigation project. Therefore it's not necessary to make further assessment on the impact of the recession from the water saving irrigation project on surface water quality. The assessment will focus on its impact on groundwater quality.

24 4.3 Present status of groundwater environment

4.3.1 Present status of groundwater quality and its assessment results

4.3.1.1 Assessment results with single item comparison method

The assessment results are detailed in table 4.9 in reference to the monitoring results of groundwater quality in dry season in recent one year provided by Shenvang municipality water resources bureau.

4.3.1.2 Assessment results with comprehensively marking method

It's stipulated that the items used in the marking method can't be less than the required quantity in the standard, however the obtained monitoring items are less and can't reflect the conditions of water quality comprehensively, the assessment results can only be used for reference.

Statistical method: F|F +FF 2

F = - F, n

Of which F -average of the marking value Fi

F.,, -maximum of the marking value F, The grade of groundwater quality can be divided as the stipulation in table 4. 10.

Table 4.10 Grade ofF value Grade Best Better Good Worse Worst F value <0.80 0.80-<2.50 2.50-<4.25 4.25-<7.20 >7.20

The total bacterial count has not been verified and can't be assessed now.

25 l_able 4.9 Monitoringand single itein assessment results of ground aterquality in Shen ang rtnicipalit p ect area

TMT IndmE 9t)4 CT FeI N03)N M1_rN As F (}

u~~~~~~~~~~~gd ngtl_ vakr§t n_ gal_- ffO, ___ n_i t 'nge _7L rO g5- il g_ nO- grak nvl- _a

Mftng .ri 673 h 2495 If 10125 1i %2 II 048 IV 1235 III 04 IV <001 _ 1 OI

729 I 2595 II 51 II 30 1 7.63 V 10)04 I 09 V 025 I <01)1 I

IXuixi.Yw ltrav 64 20)02 If I(X) If 44 I 0031 0.82 _ 0(12 _ (.(1 I _ _ (139 III

67 I 144 1 815 III 295 I 14 IV 032 I 0(*) V _( I

____liltig 9pAvt h 65 I 430 III 220 III 10 U 02 _ I 15 I OC2 _ D101 016 1) 1 III

Kin"mig5s3 @9nzt 724 1 10655 _ 84 _ &74 _ ( I 0(15 _ 0 I 0 023 _ I

laiii Suikrv 808 I 211.8 II 51.1 1I 433 1 0 1 44 V 0 1 0 0338 1 001 II

I I-Iln -Ill = I_-I_11 _l_ I-VF1~l I-V I-V _ --ll

Note: in reference to the state "Standardfor Groundwater Quality" (GB 14848-93)

26 Table 4.11 Assessment results of comprehensivelv marking method

Pt~eLta Pt-i Taaluns -9, Fe NO- N |-MAN As FC F A51 ___ __-I1Nod Cr , mhhg 0 1 I 6 3 6 I0 0 4.451 Worse

X±n 0 l I _ ! ° 10 10 I0 728 Worst ___~~~ ___1 ZZZ1_ Dk I __ II O O0 O I 0 3 '.16 Better 0 0 1 0 6 0 10 I0 723 Worst tLanbo 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3I 2. better kaB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O Best

LFau O j I I O O 10 0 O l 7.13 Worse

It can be seen from the assessment results that the content of N0 3-N. NH,-N and Fe of the ten assessment indexes has reached the fourth and the fifth classification and become the main factors for the degradation of groundwater quality in the project area. Because the applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer is the largest, it can't be adsorbed by soil and be easily leached into groundwater, we will use NO,-N as an example to make further assessment on its impact on groundwater quality in the next section.

4.3.2 Embedded depth and mineralized degree of groundwater

According to the site monitoring data and the embedded depth map of groundwater from 1994 to 1998, the embedded depth of groundwater in the project area is between 2 meters and 10 meters. Of which, the embedded depth of groundwater in Sujiatun and Dongling districts is between 5 meters and 10 meters, Xinchengzi, Yuhong and Liaozhong districts is between 2 meters and 5 meters, Kangping and Faku counties is between 3 meters and 5 meters (detailed in chart 4.1 to chart 4.5).

The degree of mineralization of groundwater in the project area is between 0.12 g/L to 0.27 g/L; in line with the standard for field irrigation water quality, the content of salt in groundwater in the project area is in the safe scope and can be used as irrigation water sources.

The irrigated area in the north of China which divert water from the Yellow River had made research on soil capillary break point and capillary lift and obtained the critical embedded depth of groundwater that control the much soil salt return under different soil quality and salt content, detailed in table 4.12.

Table 4.12 Critical depth of groundwater Degree ofSadlomlih mineralization of Sandyloam, light Medium loam clay groundwater (g/L) loam

<2 1.6-1.9 1.4-1.7 1.0-1.2

2-5 1.9-2.2 1.7-2.0 1.2-1.4

27 The soil in Shenyang municipality project area is sandy loam, the salt content of groundwater is between 0.2 g/L and 0.27 g/L. embedded depth is between 1.4 meters and 1.7 meters and can meet the demand for control of soil salt return. The embedded depth of groundwater of the project is also more than 2 meters and also in the safe scope.

4.4 Conclusions of present environment in the project area

4.4.1 Soil environment quality

* The soil fertility in the project area is on the third grade. the content of nitrogen is the medium and the content of phosphorous is low. on the third grade under the present applied quantity of fertilizer and cropping system; * The pollution index of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and As in the soil of the project area 20 centimeters within the soil surface is less than 1 and belongs to the scope of the first grade natural background value after being sampled and monitored; the pollution index of Cr and Pb in the most of sampling places also conform to the first grade standard, the pollution index of Cd in Yuhong district reach the second grade and exceed the initial concentration value of pollution. Among the five metal elements the pollution index is the maximum in Yuhong district, because the pollution in soil is not easy to be treated and should be paid attention to, the pollution sources should be investigated, treated and trace monitored. * Assessment on the remaining quantity of pesticide in soil was not made for lack of data.

4.4.2 Present status of surface water quality

* Organic pollution is the majority, the pollution index of BOD5 has exceeded the fifth classification and can't reach the required grade stipulated in the regional water environment function region by Shenyang municipality government. However they can meet the demand for field irrigation water quality;

*There is no large quantity of recession from the irrigated farmland of the project area, so the water quality data drained from the farmland was not collected.

4.4.3 Present status of groundwater quality

* The water quality in the monitoring places of Kangping county, Dongling district and Liaozhong county is good according to the classification standard of groundwater quality; the water quality in Yuhong district and Faku county is poorer; the water quality in Xinchengzi is much poorer. Their main pollutants that exceeded the standard is N0 3 -N, NH3-N and Fe. The above assessment should be revised after collecting full data. * The degree of mineralization of groundwater in the project area is lower and between 0.2 g/L and 0.27 g/L, the embedded depth of groundwater is between 2 meters and 10 meters and is safe viewed from control of soil salt return.

28 5. Impact of water saving irrigation on environment

5.1 Balance of water resources supply and demand

The project area can be divided into eight water resources supplv and demand regions, groundwater is the major irrigation water resources and groundwater and surface water are utilized together (table 5.1)

Water demand, water supply and water saving can be calculated according to with project and without project respectively during the analysis on water resources supply and demand and made a ultimate water surplus and water shortage assessment.

Water demand includes agricultural water demand, industrial water demand and domestic water demand (municipal life and rural water use by persons and livestock); water supply includes the water supply from the current projects and from the newly constructed projects, namely the water storage and the saving water volume from the newly constructed water saving irrigation projects. it includes the saving water volume from canal lining and field works, from change surface irrigation over to low pressure pipe irrigation. sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and from change surface irrigation over to micro sprinkler irrigation of fruit trees, drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation of vegetable, and the saving water volume from the integration of canals and wells(detailed in table 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4).

* Data of this chapter are quoted from "The PIP report of Shenvang Water Conservation Project"

29 Table 5.1 Water resources volume under the project in Shenvang municipality project area unit: 10Im3 Project county Year Surface water supply Utilizable groundwater Total volume Present 0. 0100 0. 0604 0. 0704 Dongling 2005 0. 0100 0. 0604 0. 0704 2010 0.0100 0.0604 0-0704 Present 0. 0100 0. 1698 0.1798 Yuhong 2005 0. 0100 0.1698 0. 1798 2010 0.0100 0. 1698 0. 1798 Present 0. 0100 0. 1081 0. 1181 Sujiatun 2005 0.0100 0. 1081 0. 1181 2010 0. 0100 0. 1081 0. 1181 Present 0. 0200 0. 1298 0. 1498 Xinchengzi 2005 0.0200 0. 1298 0. 1498 2010 0.0200 0. 1298 0. 1498 Present 0. 0200 0. 2406 0. 2606 Liaozhong 2005 0. 0200 0. 2406 0. 2606

2010 0.0200 0.2406 0. 2606 Present 0. 0200 0. 2277 0. 2477 Cinmin 2005 0. 0200 0. 2277 0. 24,7

2010 0. 0200 0. 2277 0. 2477 Present 0.0000 0.2315 0.2315 Kangping 2005 0. 0000 0. 2315 0. 2315

2010 0.0000 0. 2315 0. 2315 Present 0.0100 0. 2174 0.2274 Faku 2005 0.0100 0.2174 0. 2274 2010 0. 0100 0. 2174 0. 2274 Present 0. 1000 1. 3853 1. 4853 Total 2005 0. 1000 1. 3853 1. 4853 2010 0. 1000 1.3853 1. 4853 Note: surface water is caiculated with50 percent reliability, groundwater is calculated with the annual average

30 Table 5.2 Water resourcessupply and demandbalance without the project in Shenvang municipality project area W(OT M 3) Watersurplus or Projectcountv year W e ( supplv shortae ( l'm 3) gagtura industrial Domestic others total IOm 3 surplus shortage irngationI Present 743.2 7. 2 1.80 19. 3 774. 5 704. 07 70 43

Dongling 2005 1076. 4 6 5. 8() 22. 15 1110. 3.5 704. 07 106. 28 2010 1076. 4 .1. 7 6. 80 2'. 9 I 10. 8 704.07 406.73

Present 1468.7 8. 6 11.40 21. 55 15.10.25 1797. 56 141.53

Yuhong 2005 2869 7. , 14 00 24. 7 2915. 2 1797. 56 I 117.64 2010 2869 8. 2 16.20 25. .5 2918.9 1797.56 1121. 34 Present 1141.3 11.7 8.8 18.75 1180.55 1180.69 014

Sujiatun 2005 2248 10 10.9 21.5 2290.4 1180.69 1109.71 2010 2248 8 12.8 22.2 2291 1180.69 1110.31 Present 1934.5 1.7 10.1 10.1 1956.4 1497.84 458.56 Xinchengzi 2005 2276. i 2 12. 50 1.9 2302 5 1497.84 804.66

2010 2276f 1 2 14. 5 12.7 23()5. :3 1497.84 807.46 Present 2492.6 3.6 8. 8() 19.5 2524. 5 2606. :34 81.84 Liaozhong 2005 2346. i 4.8 (0.90 22. 3 2384. 1 2606.34 222.24

2010 2346. 1 5 12. 80 22. 8 2386. 7 2606. 34 219 64

Present 2053. 3 2. 6 9.00 18. 8 2083.7 2476. 5 392.80 Xinmin 2005 3619.3 3.4 11.20 21.4 3655.3 2476.5 1178.80

2010 3619.3 3.6 13.10 22 3658 2476.5 1181. 50

Present 2230 2. 5 8.4 6. 7 2247.6 2314. 6 52.24 Kangping 2005 3565.6 2.4 10. 4 7.6 3586 2314.6 1271.42 2010 3565. 6 2. 1 I(. 9 7. 7 3587. 3 2314. 6 1272. 72

Present 2044. 1 (. 2 8. 1 7. 8 2061.2 2273.8 219 46

Faku 2005 4284.9 1. 3 10. 10 8.9 4305. 2 2273.8 2031.44

2010 4284.9 1.4 _ 1.60 9 4306.9 2273.8 2033.14 Present 14107.7 39. 1 69.4 122. 5 14338.7 14851.34 888.01 528.99

Total 2005 22285.4 37.4 85.8 140.45 22549.05 14851.34 222.24 7919.95 2010° 22285.4 35 99.7 144 8 22564.79 148S.34 219.64 7933.2

* The domestic water demand includes municipal water demand and rural water demand (total water use volume by persons and livestock).

31 Table 5.3 Water resources supply and demand balance under the project in Shenvans municipality project area Water demand (10'm') Water Water surplus and Project year supply shortag e(104m3 ) county Agricuitural industrial domestic* other total surplus shortage irrigation l0Om3 Present 743.2 7.2 4. 80 19. 3 774. 5 704. 07 70.43

Dongling 2005 612. 6 6 5. 80 22. 15 646. 55 674. 61 28. 06 2010 612. 6 4.7 6.80 22.9 647 674.61 27.61

Present 1468.7 8.6 11. 40 21. 55 1510. 25 1797.56 287. 31

Yuhong 2005 1623. 4 7. 5 14.00 24. 7 1669. 6 1865. 14 195. 54 2010 1623.4 8.2 16.20 25.5 1673. 3 1865. 14 191 84

Present 1141.3 11.7 8. 8 18.75 1180.55 1180.69 0.14

Sujiatun 2005 1147.6 10 10.9 21.5 1190 1213. 17 23. 17 2010 1147.6 8 12.8 22.2 1190.6 1213.17 22. 57

Present 1934. 5 1. 7 10. 1 10. 1 1956. 4 1497. 84 458.56

Xinchengzi 2005 1287.7 2 12.50 11.9 1314.1 1370.17 56.07

2010 1287.7 2 14.50 12.7 1316.9 1370.17 53.27

Present 2492.6 3.6 8. 80 19.5 2524. 5 2606. 34 81.84

Liaozhong 2005 1804. 7 4. 8 10. 90 22. 3 1842. 7 2417. 67 574. 97 2010 1804. 7 5 12. 80 22.8 1845.3 2417.67 572.37

Present 2053. 3 2.6 9. 00 18. 8 2083. 7 2476. 5 392. 8

Xinmin 2005 2452.9 3.4 11.20 21. 4 2488.9 2524. 80 35.9 2010 2452.9 3.6 13.10 22 2491. 6 2524.80 33.2 Present 2230 2. 5 8. 4 6. 7 2247. 6 2314.6 67.0

Kangping 2005 2190.9 2.4 10.4 7.6 2211.3 2265.89 54.6 2010 2190.9 2.1 11.9 7. 7 2212.6 2265.89 53.3

Present 2044.1 1.2 8.1 7.8 2061.2 2273.8 212.6

Faku 2005 2193.7 1. 3 10.10 8.9 2214 2260.49 46.5 2010 2193.7 1.4 11.60 9 2215.7 2260.49 44.8

Present 14107. 7 39. 1 69. 4 122. 5 14338. 7 14851. 34 1041. 63 528. 99

Total 2005 13313. 5 37.4 85.8 140. 45 13577. 15 14591.94 1014. 79 0

2010 13313.5 35 99.7 144.8 13593 14591. 94 998.94 0

* The influence of the water saving volume and the water supply from the newly constructed protects was also considered.

32 Table 5.4 Water saving volume from diversion of irrigation works in Shenvang municipality project area unit: 10 4m3

Projectcounty Sourceof some main watersaving volume Donglin Yuhong Sujiatun XinchengziLiaozhong Xinmin Kangping Faku

Canal lining and water diversionin canal 13.26 55. 41 36. 71 107. 21 60. 7 144. 69 73.02 imgated area Changeof traditionalsurface imgation to low 66. 76 63.4 71. 24 159. 05 pressurepipe imgationand small size basin imgation Change of surface irrigationto sprinkler 313.3 137. 73 274.82 379. 72 701.96 899. 87 830.94 imgation Changeof surfaceimgauon of fruittrees to dnp i 6.8 9.86 4.8 imgationand micro spnnkler irrgation Changeof spnnklerimgation of fruit treesto 46.41 47.71 dnp irrigationand micro spnnklerimgation Changeof surfaceirrigaton of vegetableto dnp 37.84 206. 7 140.82 99. 46 64.44 134. 5 45. 2 91.64 imgation and micro spnnklerirrigation Otherspecial water saving volume 1I .68 144.2 13.59

Total 63. 78 642. 17 322.06 554. 75 576. 1 1284.4 991.48 1061. 7

The total water demand and the water demand by districts and counties is detailed in table 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7, the calculated results of water supply and the water supply of new constructed projects are detailed in table 5.8 and 5.9; the calculation of the water saving volume from water saving irrigation projects is detailed in table 5.4.

33 Table 5.5 Irrigation water demand without the project in Shenvang municipality . poect area Year Item Unit Dongling Yuhong Sujiatun Xinchengzi Liaozhong Xinmin!Kangping Faku

Cultivatedarea ha 180( 2 b7 :3:133. :1 : 866.7 6866.7 6666.76|33 i 620()

Harvestedarea ha 1800 11IT) ' :)533. 3 1311b6 6866.7 6666.7 5183 3 6518

Annualevapotrasporation ET, mm h.52. I h20. 4 59. 2 70(3 (6 62:.8 n.57 I 5h 05 523.47

Precipitationp mm 718 h72 6i.0. 5 61.; h6b. h 618 560 62:1.2

Present EfTectiveprecipitation pe mm I_ 2-. __ 27__(_108 128 M__

Fieldwaterdemand (net) mm 27. I 14 1711 252 2 I-I 8 I h9. 17rI 1 8 5

Imgationwater efficiency 0 55 0. 5 f). 5 (. 55 1. 6 (. 55 0. 5 (. 42

lmptaonwater demand mm 112.9 383.8 :342.41 5()(. 3 :16:1.( :38. 3:52. 1 :129.7

1'7,13. 2 (468 7 114 1. 31(934. 5 2442.6 20.5:3.3-. 22:100 2044.1I _0 _ Cultivatedarea ha 18()( :182h.67 :31:1:1.: :3866.7 8i66. 7 6fi6h. 7 6:3:3. 3 6200

Harvestedarea ha 1:133. 3 41:133 I .1111 1866.6 1I366 933. 2 0 41:3.27 1 N26. 7

Annualevaporasporauon ET, mm 753.9 80:3.87 764.2 751. 75 6ll 7(06.59 661. 5 675.27

Precipitationp mm 718 ,72 651)5 645 6hIh.b 618 .5n6 623.2

Effective precipitationpe mm 42.5 1214 12.7 112)81(6 41 .8tl :185

Fieldwater demand (net) mm 328, 9 374.9 3:7.2 :323.8 2(15.1) 298.6 281.5 290.3

Irrgationwater efficiency = O55 ( 5 11. 0S . 55 0 6 0. 55 II 1 0. 42

Irrigationwaterdemand mm 598.0 749.7 674.4 .588.6 341.7 542.9 56:3.0 691. 1

104m1076. 4 2869.0 2248 0 2276. 1 2346.1 3619.3 :13565. 4284.9

Cultivatedarea ha 1800 :1826.67 :13:33.3 3866.7 6866.7 6666.7 6:3:33.3 6200

Harvestedarea ha 2(33. 3 41:33.3 5100 4866.66 1(1(66 9333.2 1)9:33.27 1)026.7

Annualevapotrasporation ET, mm 753. 9 8(:3.87 764:2 751.75 611 706.59 66l. 5 675.27

Precipitationp mm 718 672 650.5 645 646.6 618 560 623.2

2010 Effectiveprecipitation pe mm 425 429 427 428 406 4118 38:1 385

Fieldwater demand (net) mm 328.9 :374.9 337.2 323.8 205.1) 298.6 281. 5 290.3

lmgationwater efficiency 0. 55 0.5 t). 5 0. 55 1).6 0.55 0. 5 0. 42

lmgationwater demand mm 598.0 749.7 674.4 588.6 341.7 542.9 .56:3 691 i

I0dm' 0(376.4 2869.0 2248.0 2276( 2346.1 3619.:3 ,565 6 4284.9

34 Table 5.6 Irrigation water demand under the project in Shenyang municipality projectarea Year items Unit Dongling Yuhong Sujiatun XinchengziLiaozh ong Xinmnn Kangping Faku

Cultivatedarea Ha 1800 3826. 7 3333. 3 3866. 7 6866. 7 6666. 7 6333. 3 6200 Harvestedarea Ha 1800 4133.3 3533.3 4341.7 6866.7 6666.7 5483.3 6518

Annualevapotrasporation ET, mm 652. 1 620. 9 598. ' 703. 16 623. 8 577.4 556.05 523.47

Precipitationp mm 718 672 650.5 645 646.6 618 560 623.2

PresentEffective precipitation pe mm 425 429 427 428 406 408 380 385

Fieldwaterdemand (net) mm 227. 1 191.9 171.2 275.2 217.8 169.4 176.1 138.5

lnigationwater efficiency 0. 55 0. 5 0. 5 0.55 0. 6 0.55 0. 5 0.42

lmgationwaterdemand mm 412.9 383.8 342.4 500.3 363.0 308.0 352.1 329.7

l0tm' 743.2 1468.7 1141.3 1934.5 2492.6 2053.3 2230.0 2044.1

Cultivatedarea ha 1800 3826.7 3333.3 3866.7 6866.7 6666.7 6333.3 6200

Harvestedarea ha 2133.3 4133.3 5100 4866.7 11366 9333.3 10933 10027

Annualevapotrasporation ET, mm 753.9 803. 87 764.2 751.75 611 694.99 660.2 671.6

Precipitationp mm 718 672 650.5 645 646.6 618 560 623.2 2005 Effectiveprecipitation pe mm 468 456 475 472 406 408 380 385

Fieldwater demand (net) mm 285.9 347.9 289.2 279.8 205.0 287.0 280.2 286.6

Irrigation water efficiency 0. 84 0. 82 0.84 0.84 0.78 0.78 0. 81 0. 81

Irngationwater demand mm 340.4 424.2 344.3 333.0 262.8 367.9 345.9 353.8

lI mM612.6 1623.4 1147.6 1287.7 1804.7 2452.9 2190.9 2193.7

Cultivatedarea ha 1800 3826.7 3333.3 3866.7 6866.7 6666.7 6333. 3 6200

Harvestedarea ha 2133.3 4133.3 5100 4866.7 11366 9333.3 10933 10027

Annuaievapotrasporation ET, mm 753.9 803.87 764.2 751.75 611 694.99 660.2 671.6

Precipitationp mm 718 672 650.5 645 646.6 618 560 623. 2 2010 Effectiveprecipitaion pe mm 468 456 475 472 406 408 380 385

Ficidwater demand (net) mm 285.9 347.9 289.2 279.8 205.0 287.0 280.2 286.6

Irrigationwater cfficiency 0.84 0. 82 0. 84 0.84 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.81

lmgationwater demand mm 340. 4 424.2 344.3 333.0 262.8 367.9 345.9 353.8

Im' 612.6 1623.4 1147.6 1287.7 1804.7 2452.9 2190.9 2193.7

35 Table 5.7 Industrial. domestic and other water demand in Shenvang municipality project area

Industrialwater Rural water Livestockwater demand demand demand Water

Project Total Water Total consumptionfor Total county Year industriademan populati Water Total ater other uses 4 demn olati demand quantity demand lo m c output 4 ale d ons 104 1l 1 m 1alue i0 10m l, iom ___ _ 0' vuan ___m__104

Present 2863 7.2 0.216 4.8 0.02 0.1 19.2 31.3

Dongling 2005 3006 6 0.224 5.8 0.03 0. 15 22 33.95

2010 3156 4.7 0.234 6.8 0.04 0.2 22.7 34.4

Present 3420 8.6 0.52 11.4 0.05 0.25 21.3 41.55

Yuhong 2005 3762 7.5 0.54 14 0.06 0.3 24.4 46.2

2010 5472 8.2 0.56 16.2 0.06 0.3 25.2 49.9

Present 4697 11.7 0.4 8.8 0.05 0.25 18.5 39.25

Sujiatun 2005 5009 10 0.42 10.9 0.06 0.3 21.2 42.4

2010 5313 8 0.44 12.8 0.06 0.3 21.9 43

Present 697 1.7 0.46 10.1 0.3 1.5 8.6 21.9 Xinchengz 2005 975 2 0.48 12.5 0.4 2 9.9 26.4

2010 1365 2 0.5 14.5 0.5 2.5 10.2 29.2

Present 1450 3.6 0.4 8.8 0.8 4 15.5 31.9 Liaozhong 2005 2379 4.8 0.42 10.9 0.9 4.5 17.8 38

2010 3330 5 0.44 12.8 0.9 4.5 18.3 40.6

Present 1032 2.6 0.41 9 0.8 4 14.8 30.4 Xinmin 2005 1692 3.4 0.43 11.2 0.9 4.5 16.9 36

2010 2370 3.6 0.45 13.1 0.9 4.5 17.5 38.7

Present 1000 2.5 0.38 8.4 0.8 4 .2.7 17.6

Kangping 2005 1200 2.4 0.4 10.4 0. 9 4.5 3.1 20.4

2010 1400 2.1 0.41 11.9 0.9 4.5 3.2 21.7

Present 470 1.2 0.37 8.1 0.8 4 3.8 17.1

Faku 2005 658 1.3 0.39 10.1 0.9 4.5 4.4 20.3 2010 921 1.4 0.4 11.6 0.9 4.5 4.5 22

Present 15629 39.1 3.156 69.4 3.62 18.1 104.4 231

Total 2005 18681 37.4 3.304 85.8 4.15 20.75 119.7 263.65 2010 23327 35 3.434 99.7 4.26 21.3 123.5 279.5

36 Table 5.8 Newlv increased water supply under the project in Shenyang municipality project counties Newiv increasedwater Newls mcreasedwatcr _oaat NewivPl~~1sz~'Newlyconsructe constructed workswors Uni It OLtQuatit\ slOm' storage/water saving volume Watersupply Nw'.ivese ae U#n from diversion coemi-cientilcle splsupph =1i))6 )'( 6 ) (I) (2) (3) 14) I m 6) 10m' (5) j~~~~~~~~~~~7) Water retamining and No impoundmentworks Water saving irgation Hi 1800 -29. 46 _ -29. 46 Dongling works . On-farmclosure works H Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundmentworks ___ _ Water saving irrigation Ha 3826.67 67 1 67 Yuhong works On-farmclosure works Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundmentworks _ Water saving imgauon Ha 3333. 3 32 1 32 Supatun works On-ftarmclosure works Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundment works Water saving irgation Ha 3866. 7 -128 1 -128 Xinchengziworks On-farmclosure works Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundmentworks Water saving irrigation Ha 6866. 7 -188 1 -188 Liaozhong works . On-farmclosure works Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundmentworks Water saving irrigauon Ha 6666. 7 48 1 48 Xinmin works On-farn closureworks Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundment works Water saving irrigation Ha 6333. 3 -49 1 -49 Kangping works On-farmclosure works Ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundment works Water saving irrigation ha 6200 -13 I -13 Faku works On-farmclosure works ha Otherwater source works Water retaining and No impoundment works _ Water saving irrigation ha works Total On-farm closure works ha

Other water source works Subtotal 10ml 38893. 371 -260. 46 -260.46

37 Table 5.9 Water supply under the project in Shenvang municipality project area Project county year Water supply without NewlyIncreased water Total water supply with p_roect supply withproiect project(3)+(4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Present 0. 0704 0. 0000 0. 0704

Dongling 2005 0. 0704 -0. 0030 0.0674 2010 0.0704 -0. 0030 0. 0674

Present 0. 1798 0. 0000 0. 1798

Yuhong 2005 0. 1798 0. 0067 0. 1865 2010 0. 1798 0. 0067 0. 1865

Present 0. 1181 0. 0000 0. 1181

Sujiatun 2005 0. 1181 0. 0032 0. 1213 2010 0. 1181 0.0032 0. 1213

Present 0. 1498 0. 0000 0. 1498

Xinchengzi 2005 0. 1498 -0. 0128 0. 1370 2010 0. 1498 -0. 0128 0. 1370

Present 0. 2606 0. 0000 0. 2606

Liaozhong 2005 0. 2606 -0. 0188 0. 2418 2010 0. 2606 -0. 0188 0. 2418

Present 0. 2477 0. 0000 0. 2477

Xinmin 2005 0. 2477 0. 0048 0. 2525 2010 0. 2477 0.0048 0. 2525

Present 0. 2315 0.0000 0. 2315

Kangping 2005 0. 2315 -0. 0049 0. 2266 2010 0. 2315 -0. 0049 0. 2266

Present 0. 2274 0. 0000 0. 2274

Faku 2005 0. 2274 -0. 0013 0. 2261 2010 0. 2274 -0. 0013 0. 2261

Present 1. 4853 0. 0000 1. 4853

Total 2005 1. 4853 -0. 0261 1. 4592 2010 1. 4853 -0. 0261 1. 4592

The calculated results of water resources supply and demand balance by project counties are detailed in table 5.2 and 5.3. Thus it can be seen that after the implementation of the water saving project and through some related measures, the total volume of water resources supply and demand balance will be kept and a little surplus.

38 5.2 Impact of the implementation of water saving irrigation on groundwater

5.2.1 Hydrogeological situation

The project area is located in the new and old pluvial and alluvial fans of Hun river. The pluvial and alluvial fans of Hun river are composed of phase debris of Holocene and Pleistocene series rivers. The groundwater can be divided into bedrock crevice water, interstitial water and confined water of pluvial and alluvial layers in the fourth Period according to its embedding conditions and hydrologic characters. The aquifer is composed of sand and gravel, its thickness is between 20 meters 30 meters and its storage coefficient is between 0.25 and 0.36. The abundance of water differs much, the outflow per well in the middle plain area and the western Shenpu, Liaopu and Liaorao interstream areas is between 2000 m3/d and 5000 m3/d and they are water abundant areas. The embedded conditions of groundwater in the east of the project area and the low-relief terrain of the northeast of Xinmin city are poorer, the aquifer is not developed, the outflow per well is between 100 m3/d and 1000 m3/d and they are water short areas. Most of the groundwater is calcium carbonate and carbon carbonate type water, its degree of mineralization is very low, less than 0.5 g/L. The main nourishing sources of groundwater is from the percolation of precipitation, side nourishment of surface water and the percolation of irrigation water.

5.2.1 Groundwater resources and its utilization

Well irrigation is the majority in the project area, at present, there are totally 3910 wells and the well irrigated area amount to 81.7 percent of the total irrigated area. The following table provides the fresh groundwater resources and its present status of extraction in the project area.

Table 5.1 0 Fresh groundwater resources and its present status of exaction in the project area

Groundwaterand its presentstatus of utilization Project county

(district) Recotoion h ncn Odw_al T_ta_ Man lo low vomee -e ga __floWIowTI3 10Sl _ low l M Dongling 263. 8 48.04 0 311.8 171. 5 0.28 Yuhong 1080. 6 318. 6 325 1724. 2 1534.6 0.26 Sujiatun 790. 3 112. 19 18.1 920. 3 562. 55 0. 27 Xinchengzi 713. 7 168. 93 86 968.6 815.6 0.22 Liaozhong 1920.6 353. 1 347.2 2620.9 1909.1 0. 18 Xinmin 1670.0 403.2 270 2343.2 1846.2 0. 16 Kangping 1418. 7 334. 08 594 2346.8 1775.9 0. 21 Faku 1545.8 348.64 330. 7 2225. 1 1660. 3 0. 25

Total 9403.5 2086.78 1971 1 . 10275.75

39 5.2.2 Present status of groundwater level in the project area

Table 5.11 Present status of groundwater embedded depth in the project area Meanannual Soillithologic Embeddeddepth of Mainparameter precipitation characterin aeration groundwater (mm) zone (mi) Dongling 718 Loam 6-15 Yuhong 672 Sub sand 2-8 Sujiatun 678.8 Sub sand 1-12 Xinchengzi 671.1 Loam 3-5 Liaozhong 646.6 Loam 1-7 Xinrin 638 Sub sand 2-5 Kangping 624 Loam 2.5-5.5 Faku 623.2 Loam 3-4

The variation of groundwater level from 1994 to 1998 is detailed in table 4.1-4.5 and table 5.11. It can be seen that the embedded depth of groundwater is shallow and between 2 meters and 10 meters, its average changes not very much, the variation of groundwater level shows no tendency for increase.

5.2.3 Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater

5.2.3.1 Assessment theory and method

Balance method will be adopted in the assessment, the process of nourishment of precipitation, field evapotransporation, runoff and drainage will be mainly taken into account, they can be summarized as the following chart.

Chart 5.1 Water balance elements and chart

P ETf ETf WR WL RS. i WIR I > RS cxP EG CRS 3lr o ...... Aeration zone

I h Water lev l gradient

RG X RGo aquifer

40 The meaning of each parameter in above chart is as follows: P-precipitation; ETr-evapotransporation in cultivated area. mm; ETfr,-evapotransporation in non-cultivated area. mm, WR- water supply from reservoir (used for irrigation) ,mm; WIR- pumped groundwater volume for irrigation, mm; WL- pumped groundwater for industry and life. mm; axP- recharge volume of groundwater from the infiltration of precipitation (of which, a is the recharge coefficient from the infiltration of precipitation), mm: 3IR- recharge volume (including the infiltration from canal system and farmland)of groundwater from irrigation water (including surface water and groundwater), mm: CRS- recharge volume from the infiltration of surface runoff. mm: EG- evaporation of shallow water, mm; RS,-inflow from surface water runoff. mm: RSo-outflow from surface water runoff, mm; RG,-inflow from groundwater runoff, mm: RGo-outflow from groundwater runoff, mrm: Ah- gradient of groundwater level, m;

5.2.3.2 Water balance and calculating method of groundwater level

A. Overall water balance equation

Total inflow - total outflow = total storage change volume (1) The storage change volume in aeration zone -+O, the total storage volume =Aho (k is the specific yield of aquifer) Then equation (I) can be resolved to equation (2):

(P+WR+RS±+RG,)-(ETf+ETfflf +WL+RSO+RGO)= Ah (2)

B. Groundwater balance equation

Total water recharge - total water discharge = total storage change volume (3) equation (3) can be resolved to equation (4):

(aP+DIR+GRS+RG,)-(WIR+WL+EG+RG.)= Ah - (4) Equation (4) can be changed to equation (5)

41 Ah=((aP+3IR+GRS+RG,)-(WIR+WL+ECT-RG0 ))/ - (5)

It can also be shown as equation (6)

(P+WR)+(RS,-RRs,)+(RG -RG,)-WL-(ET, +ET,,)

(6) Thus it can be concluded that the groundwater gradient has positive correlation with precipitation P, water supply from reservoir WR, the difference of inflow and outflow of surface water and the inflow and outflow from groundwater runoff, it has negative correlation with pumped groundwater for industry and life ET, evapotransporation in cultivated area ETf and evapotransporation in non-cultivated area ETfi.

>0 the mean annual groundwater level is showing a tendency to rise

A h =0 the mean annual groundwater level is in balance <0 the mean annual groundwater level is showing a tendency to drawdown

The numerator in equation (5): axP is the mean annual recharge volume of groundwater from the infiltration of precipitation, of which, a is the recharge coefficient from the infiltration of precipitation, P is precipitation and has no relations with if there is the project; CRS is the recharge volume from the infiltration of surface runoff and has no relations with if there is the project; WL is the mean annual pumped groundwater for industry and life and has close relations with if there is the project: PIR is the recharge volume of groundwater from irrigation water and has close relations with WIR. So with or without the project mainly affect WIR and [BIr,the change of Ah mainly depends on WIR and fIr.

The numerator in equation (6): P is the mean annual precipitation, is the difference of the mean annual inflow from surface water runoff and outflow from surface water runoff and WL is the mean annual pumped groundwater for industry and life, they can be determined by investigation. ETfnfis evapotransporation in non-cultivated area and mainly has relations with precipitation. evaporation capacity and infiltration capacity, it can be shown as the following equation: ETf,f=(P-RSfn-aPffl) (-) (13)

Of which. P is the mean annual precipitation. RSf, is the mean annual non-field surface

42 water runoff; f is the ratio of cultivated area to the total land area: aPrij is the recharge volume from the infiltration of precipitation in the mean annual cultivated area. it's 10- 30% of the mean annual precipitation in semi-drought and semi-humid area and has no relations with if there is the project.

ETf is the evapotransporation in cultivated area and has close relations with crop type, yield, irrigation practice, climate and with or without the project. The change of Ah mainly depends on ETf after the implementation of the project.

5.2.3.3 Main water saving volume after the implementation of the project

Increasing the utilization efficiency of water resources is the main objective of the project, table 5.12 indicates that the utilization efficiency of water resources increased remarkably for the increase of the utilization coefficient of irrigation water. Table 5.4 indicates the anticipated water saving volume after the implementation of water saving irrigation project.

TIhe groundwater level in Shenyang municipality project area is between 2 meters and 10 meters, it will rise to a certain extent after the implementation of the project for remarkable reduction of groundwater extraction. The following table provides the mean annual groundwater variation amplitude before and after the implementation of the project.

Table 5.12 The mean annual groundwater variation amplitude before and after the implementation of the project Situations Dongling Yuhong Sujiatun Xinchengzi Liaozhong Xinmin Kangping Faku

Without Present 0.05 1.11 0.86 0.3 0.85 0.55 0.8 0.55 project

Without 0.12 0.17 -0.03 -0.16 .0.03 -0.22 -0.04 -0.26 2005 With 0.27 0.57 0.26 0.26 0.19 0.19 0.31 0.24 project Without 0.12 0.17 -0.23 0.17 -0.03 -0.23 -0.04 -0.26 project 2010 1 1 1______With 0.22 0.57 0.25 0.26 0.17 0.18 0.3 0.24 project

On the basis of the regional hydrogeological conditions, water consumption will directly impact on groundwater dynamic process. The unreasonable irrigation and drainage ways and the overdraft of groundwater are the main reasons for the descent of groundwater level. However, the groundwater level will be ascent for the adoption of flooding irrigation in some irrigated areas, exceed the critical depth and result in soil secondary salinization.

The utilization coefficient of irrigation water in Shenyang irrigated area is only between 0.45 and 0.5, the water resources is wasted seriously. The embedded depth of

43 groundwater in some places of Shenyang municipality and its neighboring districts is more than 10 meters and formed regional depression cone; however, the embedded depth of groundwater in some places is only between 1 meter to 2 meters. less than the critical depth of groundwater 1.8 and result in partial salinity return. The water will be saved by approximately 30 percent after the implementation of the project area and controlled the overdraft of groundwater. meanwhile. the adoption of sprinkler irrigation. drip irrigation. low pressure pipe irrigation and furrow irrigation will reduc water loss, make the distribution of irrigation water more even. be easilv adopted by crops, reduce groundwater nourishment from percolation and play a positive role to the dynamic process of groundwater.

5.3 Impact of water saving irrigation on soil secondary salinization

Poorer drainage conditions, short of proper drainage measures, unsuitable irrigation management, excessive water diversion, groundwater level lift for irrigation water percolation and intense evaporation will lead to soil secondary salinization. The soil secondary salinization has close relations with groundwater. because the groundwater level has exceeded its critical depth, the capillary water will move upward and the intense evaporation will result in salt accumulation on soil surface. Unsuitable irrigation management and techniques will also lead to soil secondary salinization. Large quantity of water will be percolated in traditional irrigation system and irrigated farmland. After the development of the irrigated area, much river water was diverted, 50 percent to 60 percent of water was lost for percolation in water conveyance channels at all levels (some water adjust the soil moisture) and 10 percent to 50 percent of water diverted into farmland will be percolated for high irrigation norm and poor irrigation techniques and result in the lift of groundwater level. Uneven irrigation water distribution for non-level farmland will result in much percolation in low-lying places and salt accumulation in high-lying places.

Water saving irrigation project mainly include sprinkler irrigation, low pressure pipe irrigation, micro irrigation and furrow irrigation, it will overcome the above-mentioned shortfalls of irrigation system. It won't result in percolation and the water consumption will also be reduced, much water will be absorbed by crops, the utilization coefficient of irrigation water will be increased and the impact on the lift of groundwater level will be reduced. In general, the implementation of the project and the adoption of other agricultural water saving measures will be beneficial to prevent the occurrence of soil secondary salinization in areas where the embedded depth of groundwater level is between 2 meters and 5 meters.

5.4 Impact of chemical fertilizer and pesticide application on soil and water environment

There is no occurrence of recession on the whole without the project and after the implementation of the project, the recession from irrigated farmland will also be further reduced and its impact on surface water quality will be less. The impact of fertilizer and pesticide on environment is mainly its impact on soil and groundwater and the impact of fertilizer and pesticide on groundwater will be emphatically analyzed in the following section.

44 5.4.1 Impact of chemical fertilizer application on groundwater

5.4.1.1 Per unit area applied quantity of fertilizer in the project area

Table 5.13 per unit area applied quantity of fertilizer in Shenvang municipality project area Unit:k/ha Nitrogenous fertilizer Phosphate fer :zer Potash fertilizer Compound fertilizer

Name Appiieci Applied Applied Net Appiied Net converting conserting converting. converting quantity q.antity quantity quantity quantity l quanti tyquanitvquantity quantity quantity Rice 375 172.5 1 225 33.75 1O0 90 Maize 300 138 187.5 28.1 150 90 46.5 Applied Greenhouse 1200 552 600 90 750 450 antity vegetable at present Open land

vegetable Fruit trees 500 230

Rice 375 172.5 225 33.75 225 33.75 Maize Applied Greenhouse quantity 1125 517 540 81 750 450 under the vegetable Open land project 750 345 459 68.85 600 360 vegetable Fruit trees 500 230

Note: nitrogenous fertilizer is mainly (NH2 )CO and its pure conversion rate is 6 percent; phosphorous fertilizer is CaHPO4 and its pure conversion rate is 15 percent; potash fertilizer is KCI and its pure conversion rate is 60 percent.

5.4.1.2 Impact of N0 3 -N on groundwater pollution

The main inorganic fertilizer used in agriculture is nitrogenous, phosphate and potash fertilizer, of which, the most popular impact of nitrogenous element on groundwater is nitrate nitrogen. The assessment will focus on the impact of N0 3 -N on groundwater pollution.

A. The moving and transformation of nitrogen in soil and groundwater will be influenced by many factors, they are:

Precipitation and its distribution, Evapotranspiration; Soil topography, texture and layer; Mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil:

45 Nitrogen and water absorption by crops: Soil covering time and season bv crops: Soil cultivation intensity; Type, applied quantity and frequency of nitrogenous fertilizer; The occurrence of groundwater pollution is the comprehensive effect of the above factors.

B. Assessment theory and method of the impact of nitrate nitrogen on groundwater pollution under water saving irrigation conditions

The impact of fertilizer application on groundwater quality will be analyzed and assessed in regional scope. at present. there is no comprehensive assessment method for reference at home and we will make assessment in reference to the nitrate pollution index method put forward by American Ramotino, its focal points are:

a. Risk factors selection of nitrate pollution

Nitrate pollution index was put forward by American expert on the basis of analyzing 22 different cropping conditions (including climate, soil type, planting structure, applied fertilizer type, applied quantity and time and the conditions of NO3 -N in groundwater) and dividing into eight potential influencing factors by romotion, they are the applied intensity of fertilizer, volume of irrigation water, soil type, embedded depth of groundwater, crop type, depth of well, confined water or shallow water and the aquifer environment etc. Four essential influencing factors was concluded after further synthesis, i.e. the applied intensity of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, net recharging quantity from precipitation and irrigation water and the embedded depth of groundwater level. The nitrate pollution index was put forward finally. He had carried out test to 269 on-farm groundwater pilots, analyzed and demonstrated the relations between the groundwater nitrate pollution in field environment and pollution index and achieved good results in application. This method is easy, useful for assessing the possibility of potential pollution in field environment and suit for scattered pilot assessment. b. Weight determination

The risk-marked values are as follows according its risk degree.

Risk mark of the impact of the factors on groundwater pollution Risk degree high high- medium medium-low low Much mediumn lower Giving value 10 9 7 5 3 I

The risk analysis matrix is listed in the following table:

46 Table 5.14 Risk anaivsis matrix Net recharging Embedded depth Total fertilizer quantitv Soil structure of groundwater mark

Equivalent More Good Poor Excessive with crop than Equival draining draining shallow deep fe_ilizer with cp h to FC condition conditions

Excessivc 10 10 10 30 fertilizer _ __I _ _30 Fertilizer Equivalent with 7 17 crop demand __ 9 7 - Net Morethan FC 10 10 10 30 recharging E quantirv Equalto FC __ 55 _ Good draining 9 10 I10 29 Soil conditions structure Poor draining 7 9 conditions Embedded Shallow 9 10 9 28 depth of _ groundwater deep Note: FC is field capacity

The weight of each influencing factor is allocated according to the risk marking results. The weight value of the maximum of the average of each factor is 5, the weight values of other factors can be allocated according to the ratio of their average and the maximum average, the external weight results are shown in table 31.

Table 5.15 weight determination of each influencing factor Factor Influence weight* Description m ark _ _ I______Nitrogenous 17-30 The application of nitrogenous fertilizer is the most fertilizer (23.5 5.0 importantfactor to N0 -N groundwaterpollution in field environment. 3 Irrigationand precipitationis the motive force for the Net 11-30 movementof N0 3-N, if thereis no enoughwater volume, recharging (20.5) 4. the capacityof N0 3 -N transforming from root zone

______is very weak. 9-29 Soil structure not only influencethe movementof soil Soil structure ( 19.0) 4.0 moisture, it also influencethe circle of soil gas and the chemicaland biologicalinversion of nitrogen. The embedded depth of groundwater indicates the Embedded 7-28 3.5 spendingtime of pollutantentering into groundwater,the groundwater ( 17.5) concentrationof N03-N has correlationwith the moving and transforming of nitrogen in aeration zone. Note: the figure in bracket in the average of the marks

Each index should be further graded in concrete project area, some relevant documents can be referred in grading accor.dance and method.

47 Table 32Th applyina scope and grading coefficient of nitrogenous fertilizer Applving scope of fertilizer grade Excessive applying fertilizer 10 Equivalent to crop demand 6 Not applying fertilizer 1

Table 33 The scope and grading coefficient of net rechareing quantitv Scope of net recharging quantitv (mm) grade 0-50 1 51-75 2 76-100 3 101-125 4 126-150 5 151-175 6 176-200 7 201-250 8 >250 10

Table 34Drainability and grading coefficient of soil structure drainabilitv Grade Soil withgood drainability (sand to loamsand) 10 Soil with mediumdrainability (loam to loamsilt loam) 6 Soil withpoor drainability(silt clav to clav soils) 2

Table 35 Scope and grading coefficient of the embedded depth of groundwater Scopeof the embeddeddepth of grade groundwater()m) 0-1.5 10 1.54 9 5-9 7 10-15 5 16-22 4 23-30 3 >30 2

The grading method and accordance are mainly refereed to a large quantity of documents, e.g. the influence of net recharging quantity is according to the American DRSTIC method.

According to the above-mentioned method, the nitrate pollution index (NPI) is:

NPI=Ffi+Ssi+Rr,+Ddi

Of which, F, R, S, D is the weight of applied nitrogenous fertilizer, net recharging quantity, soil structure and embedded depth of groundwater respectively, f,, r,, si, d- is the grading index of the above-mentioned four influencing factors respectively.

The above-mentionedmodel can be used to determinethe potentialpossibilities of groundwater NO3-N pollutionunder different geographical conditions, the more of the indexes,the more of the NO;-N polluting possibilities.

48 C. Analysis on the impact of the implementation of the water saving irrigation project on groundwater N0 3-N pollution

We make analysis and assessment on the four influencing factors according to the related data in table 5.16 and table 5.17.

It can be seen from N0 3 -N pollution index that:

The pollution indexes in Yuhong, Sujiatun. Xinrin and Faku after the implementation of the project are all lower than that before the implementation of the project.

Whenever if the project will be implemented or not, the impact of NO3 -N on groundwater pollution with excessive application of fertilizer will be higher than that with appropriate application of fertilizer and it has become the main factors of the impact of N0 3 -N on groundwater pollution.

49 Tabled 5.16 Main groundwater calculating parameters in Shenyang m1inicipality project area Project countv district)

Mainparameters Lnit DoneiIn Ytuhone Sjjiatun Xinchengzi|Liaozhong Xinmin Kangping Faku

Meanannual precipitation mm 718 o72 6505 &645 6466 618 560 6232 Soil lthologic characterin aerationone(clav/sub uland Subland loam loam Sb L clay/loam/subsand) iand Scopeof groundwaterembedded depth (present, m b-15 2-8 1-12 3-5 1-7 2-5 2.5-55 3-4 high/low) RechargingcoefTicient of rneanannual 0 14 0 28 0 8 0 25 0 3 0 3 0.25 0 24 precipitation I Rechargingcoefficient of field irrgation 0 2 0 3 018 0 21 017 0 25 019 0.2 waterin well imgatedarea _ . Annualoverail gross irrigation norm in m/ha 1807 2153 968 1722 1079 2003 1408 720 well irgatedarea . 1 13 607 32 Without Rechargingcoefficient of field irrigation 021 023 0 19 0 22 0 13 0.25 0.2 0 21 project waterin canal ifigated area _ 122_05 02 0 Annualoverall gross irrigation norm in m'/ha 834 6246 1426 2554 2322 2852 3617 canalirrgated area _ _ _ Well irrigatedarea ha 113333 36667 26666 18667 53332 53333 63333 5533

Canalirrigated area ha 6oo7 666 7 666 7 2000 13333 1333 667 Rechargingcoefficient of meanannual 0 18 0 28 0 28 0 25 0 3 0 3 0.25 0.24 precipitation Rechargingcoelficient otlfield irrigation 01 011 011 013 012 0 11 012 012 waterin well imgatedarea _It1___1 Annualoverall gross irrigation norm in m'/ha 773 3182 2383 1449 2800 3020 2590 3760 well irrigatedarea Withproject Rechargingcoeziicient ot-field irrigation 0 1 0 11 0 13 0 12 0 14 0 12 12 0 1 waterin canalirrigated area Annualoverall gross irrigation norm in m'/ha 389 3033 1217 1253 2349 1980 2118 canalirrigated area _I___ Well irrigatedarea ha 11333 36667 26666 186667 5333.2 5333 6333.3 5530

Canalirrigated area ha 6667 6667 6667 2000 13333 1333 667

50 59 34 . 8 1660.

volum voiume 2 volume 'I'able 5.17 Iiiderground sources and its e-xtractingvolume at present, witl'Out the project fresh water re municipality project area aild under ilip-project in Sbenyang an

u 'rotal rec arging "lumc vo Presen xtract ng voiume in echarg volInt M Extracting Volume OM arging Rechaig ng Extracting . .ation Water iv extracti 2010 eat PC( -1 lation Om irrt eng CC RechargiAg h ID t ver echar ng IWTTO 104MI channels v ume I OlTn' lolm 3 collil precipitat on volume volu io"m mm 104 104 71, m3 m 311. 24 . 4 534. 263. 1 3 48.0 0 1724. 1551.7 Dan ng 416 318. 186 32 - 920. 6 736. 4 Yu on 1080. 62. 2 27 is. 968 6 923. resent Su awn 815. 50. 790. 1870 1 . 9 4 86. 620. 9 209 7 09. I Xinc engzi 6 713. 2 7 353. 1 347, 1 7 5 846. 2 Dong n 646. 6 920. 302 403. 2 8 270, 2343. 2 IS .4 775. 9 yu on ED1 670. 178 - I ithout atun 560 1418. PToject S 00 330. 2225 2 34 8. 4 174. 15 174. it. 49. 47 1539 fo - i 545 )4 i539. Xink. 263. 48.0 724. 32 551. 7 566. Dong 719 318. 565. 7 8600 20. 736. 4 Yu on 672 080. 112. 822. 90. 270 18. 68. 823. 3 project s atu:., 1 45 6 920. 1 1693 2096.7 Xinc 13. 257 35 - 1 75 3 620. 1874. 920. 302 418 270. 343. 646. 3024 4(3- 2 594. 0 2346. 19 .4 Present 618 27 6 33 92 225. 1790.1 angping 56 1418. 193.5 348. 6 710 330. 8 - 231. 7 1453, a 63, 1 25.9 Liao Ong 32 571. 1492. 4 783. 718 30 i 5, 18 784.2 Wih 900.9 g to. 84 1 672 1080.790, 25 cj2. 53 27(i 461. 450 86.18. 869. 738.8 45 projecit an ng 650. 713, 6 69. 34- 2488, 7 199019 a U 45 iao 6 22 750 27- 46 6 19 - 21 419 154. 2 Ml. 61 i670. 218. 920 594. 658. 43 S6 14 - iloo 623. 15 5

51 Table 5.18 Groundwater N0 3-N pollution grading assessment bv project districts Risk factors i Dongling Sujiatun I Xinchengzi Liaozhong Xinmin Kangping Faku I _ I _ Net recharging volume from 155.1 precipitation and 12179 276.9 204.64 201.23 210.47 231.66 163.8 irrigation water (mm) Grading or net 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 recharging volume 6 Soil drainage loam Sub Sub loam loam Sub loam loam character sand sand sand Without project Grading 6 10 10 6 6 10 6 6

Groundwater >10 2-8 5-10 5-10 1-7 2-5 2.5-5.5 34 embedded depth

Grading 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9

Applied quantity Excess Appro- of nitrogenous -ive priate Same as the leR fertilizer

Grading I 0 6 Same as the left Net recharging volume from precipitation and 113.68 228.4 278.71 202.63 223.33 218.68 176 160 irrigation water

(mm) ______Grading or net recharging volume 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 Soil drainage loam Sub Sub loam loam Sub loam loam character sand sand sand With project Grading 6 10 10 6 6 10 6 6 proJe rounwate Groundwater >10 2-8 5-10 5-10 1-7 2-5 2.5-5.5 3-4 embedded depth

Grading 5 7 7 7 9 9 9

Applied quantity Excess- Appro- Same as the lef fertilizer

Grading _0 _ Same as the left

Table 5.19 Assessment results

NPI Dongling Yuhong Sujiatun xincheng Liaozhong Xinmin Kangping Faku

Excessively 118.5 159.5 150.5 134.5 141.5 157.5 132.5 132.5 I Without fertilizing ______

projct Appropriatel| 98.5 139.5 130.5 114.5 121.5 137.5 112.5 112.5 v fertlizing Excessively 118.5 142.5 142.5 142.5 149.5 149.5 149.5 125.5 With L fertilizing _ _ I I I I _I_I_I project Appr6priatel 98.5 1225 22.5 122.5 129.5 129.5 129.5 105.5 y fertilizing122.5105.5

52 5.4.2 Impact of pesticide on soil and groundwater

Even though pesticide cost is not involved in the project investment. some pesticide will still be used in order to control and prevent plant diseases and eliminate pests, furthermore, the pesticide applied in the project area will be increased correspondingly. The per unit area quantity of pesticide applied in the project area is detailed in the following table in reference to the data provided by Shenvang water resources bureau.

Table 5.20 The per unit area applied quantity of pesticide bv counties/districts in Shenvang municipality project area Unit: kg/ha Time ' Pesticide 1 Applied name condition periodTime Crop Pesticidename Crop Applied growth quantityat one Appliedintervals period time Rice Dingcaoan I 150g/mIu Without Wheat Maize Sharningling I 250gimu Without Present Potato status Greenhouse Mieshading 3 20glmu 20-30d

Open land Mieshading 2 20 10-15d vegetable ______Grape Methoxmain 100 1Od e 2_1_O_1_O Rice Dingcaoan I 15og/mu Without Wheat Dibaicao I lOOg/mu Without Maize BT emulsion I 200g/mu Without Urojdecrt Greenhose Mieshading 3 20g/mu 20-30d

vegetable Mieshading 2 20 10-l5d Grape Methoxamine I 2 100 10d

Because there are many varieties of pesticide and their theoretical research, monitoring and investigation in China are still not perfect, it's difficult to collect the data on the retained quantity of pesticide in soil and groundwater and its mobility and inversion and assess the present status and prediction of pesticide influence. We can only make a primary assessment in reference to the research achievements of USA and European Commission and according to the collected properties of some pesticide.

5.4.2.1 Primary principle for assessment

There are many factors affecting pesticide mobility and inversion in soil, which is

53 related not only to physical-chemical characteristics but also to soil characteristics. Generally speaking, the lower the soil moisture content, the stronger the adsorptive capacity, and the less the mobilitv; when temperature rises. the adsorbability will decrease and the mobilitv will increase: the higher the clav soil content and organic content, the higher the adsorptive capacitv. The change of pH value has big impact on mobility of pesticides, especially organic tvpe pesticide. whose mobility will remarkably increase in the soil with higher pH value. Higher organic content in soil is helpful to the degradation of pesticides. All these features will affect velocity and residues of degradation, and behavior of pesticide in water and soil such as leaching, volatilizing and utilization of organisms. The key factor for assessing potential mobility of pesticide in soil is to assess the distribution of pesticide between solid phase and liquid phase in soil solution. Adsorptive coefficient, Kd , one of remarkable parameters. is the ratio of pesticide content adsorbed in soil to pesticide concentration in soil solution. Studies indicate that Kd is well correlated to organic content in soil, therefore Kd is the function of organic content (Kom)or organic carbon content (Koj):

KOT=IOOKW(% organic content) (cm3g-')

K.,=IOOKdI(%organic carbon content) (cm 3g-')

It is usually expressed as KOCin references, known as adsorptive coefficient of organic carbon. Studies indicate that it is regarded as strong mobility if the KOCis lower than 50, medium mobility if K, equals 150-500, mini-mobility if KChigher than 2000.

Another parameter for pesticide degradation in soil is on-farm half period (To5), which is a comprehensive index and includes all processes of degradation such as degradation of organisms and non-organisms, volatizing, leaching and plant adsorption. It is also related to soil, climate, activities of 'microbes in soil.

Gustafson studied 22 pesticides and proposed mobility index GUS (Ground Ubiquity

Score) based on T. 5 and Koc

GUS = lg(T, 5)(4-lgKjc)

GUS can be used for classification of leaching probability. When GUS is higher than 2.8. this pesticide is easy leaching; when 1.8GGUSS2.8. medium leaching pesticide; when GUS<1.8. low leaching pesticide.

54 The main physical-chemical characteristics of pesticide in groundwater and its value limit are detailed in the following table: Character2 | Valuelimit Solubilityin water >300ppm Henryconstant <1OPa(m- 3)(mol-') Hydrolytichalf period >25weeks Photolytichalf period > I week Soil adsorption: Kd <1-5(usually<1-2) Soil adsorption: Koc <300-500 Half periodof soil metabolismwith oxygen >2-3weeks Halfperiod of on-farmdegradation >2-3weeks Depthof leachingin field disipation >75-90cm

5.4.2.2 The mobility index and adsorptive coefficient of dipterex pesticide

Dipterex is planed to be applied on wheat farmland in the project area, whose main parameters are as follows after consulting some related references:

Chnx?l So$±i1t A(GUSwin E= &p fibirrixc I______2C) (20_25C_ _(Pa_r (L,d) I(I= lIg) (GL)Shkx) 3.71 1Tri±drfr 21E14 1.7E6 29g

It can be seen from the table that the Koc of dipterex is equal to 29cm3 /g, less than its value limit 50 cm3/g and can be considered with stronger mobility character; GUS=lg (T,2) (4-lgKoc) =lg29X (4-lg29) =3.71 and has potential leaching character; therefore, dipterex has stronger leaching character, is easy in mobility, has higher solubility and aggravate the risk for groundwater pollution. However, its half time period is very short and its pollution to groundwater can be avoided or decreased by its own degradation on the basis of strictly complying with the state standard for safe pesticide application and irrigation water supply.

5.5 Impact on ecological environment

5.5.1 Impact on soil and water loss

The most remarkable characteristics of water saving techniques is that it can increase the utilization factor of irrigation water, reduce water consumption and make the limited water resources into full use. The adoption of sprinkler irrigation, furrow irrigation and micro irrigation etc. water saving irrigation measures can prevent the

55 waste of water, reduce the infiltration volume and protect water resources.

Because sprinkler irrigation etc. water saving irrigation patterns won't give rise to surface water runoff under normal conditions, they remarkably reduce the scouring on surface soil, alleviate its destruction on surface soil structure and effectively prevent the soil erosion.

Water saving irrigation has remarkable water saving effects and the utilization factor of irrigation water can reach 80 percent. Moreover, it can save lands and increase the harvested lands by 15 percent to 20 percent.

5.5.2 Impact of improvement of planting structure and cropping system on soil

Water saving irrigation techniques can improve planting structure and cropping system according to local conditions and won't be limited by irrigation pattems. It can improve the planting structure scientifically and rationally, develop intensive management, give priority to the application of crops with high and stable yield and good economic benefits and increase the productive capacity of per unit area of land on the one hand. On the other hand, it can also change the former one crop to two crops, increase the utilization factor of lands and can develop mechanized production energetically.

The change of irrigation patterns can improve soil structure and prevent soil salinization, the adoption of water saving irrigation pattern will be beneficial to desalination progress in Kangping, Faku and Xinmin saline and alkaline areas.

5.5.3 Role of the construction of field forest shelter belts in the improvement of agricultural ecology

Most of the districts are in the scope of the shelter forest system of the north, northeast and northwest of China and only Dongling, Sujiatun and Xinchengzi districts are not in the scope. The construction of field forest shelter belts have been carried out in the districts for many years and has become a complete field forest shelter belts, it is playing a positive role in agricultural ecology.

Agriculture is foundation and forest belts are shelters. The field forest shelter belts have the functions of controlling wind, stabilizing sand, improving field micro-climate, protecting crops, increasing the stable crop production, regulating the ecological environment, beautifying the farmland and providing woods and fuels.

At present, some major shelter forest belts have been constructed and the water engineering, rural roads and sheltering works of forest belts should be rehabilitated continuously, determining rational width of forest belts and spacing in the rows based on the lavout of ditches. roads. canals and rivers. Usually one to two rows of poplar,

56 willow and camphor trees will be planted on both sides of roads and their row spacing is 2 X 2 meters, (detailed in table 5.21).

5.5.4 Project capability of defending natural disasters and the influence of pest and disease control of forest shelter belts and crops

The implementation of the water saving irrigation project can remarkably increase the assurance factor of farmland irrigation and its drought resistance. Especially in the northern districts of China, drought disaster occurred frequently and influenced crop production. The implementation of the water saving irrigation measures can defend the disastrous impact of drought and xerothermic wind and ensure the stable and high yield of crops. These measures can also improve the on-farm micro-climate and control the plant diseases and insect pests for long hot and dry periods. The drought resistance of forest shelter belts can also be increased through controlling pests, applying pesticide and carrying out portable sprinkler irrigation. The main plant diseases are: spotted diseases, green shoots withered diseases and filariasis of maize, powdery mildew and smut of wheat, the main pest insects are snout moth's larva of maize and aphid etc. Special staff will be set up for monitoring and prediction of pest and disease control. Contracted system or responsibilities system should be established in the forest protection staff at town and township level so as to find pest insects as early as possible and prevent and alleviate its harm through agricultural, chemical and biological measures. High quality pest and disease control trees should be selected into the newly planted forests which should be quarantined for long-term economic and ecological benefits.

5.6 Impact on the crowd health

Water medium infectious disease is a kind of intestines infectious disease caused for the invasion of pathogen into human body through drinking water. The project won't result in the coming on and popularization of water medium infectious disease, however, during the implementation of the project, the gathering of constructors and the discharging of large quantity of domestic rubbish will lead to water sources pollution from the excrement which carry much germs, create the probability for the popularization of water medium infectious disease and influence the constructors' health. But its adverse influence is very short.

Because pathogen only circulates in some special biological communities, the natural epidemic disease has notable local characteristics. The source of infection of the epidemi,c disease in Shenyang is mouse and mouse flea. The change of some partial ecological environments during the implementation of the water saving irrigation project will cause the wild mouse migrate in order to be adapt to new environment, increase the constructor's chance of contacting with the excrement of the wild mouse, the incidence and the coming on and popularization of this kind of disease for untimely treatment and control.

57 Insect medium epidemic disease is a kind of disease spread by insect vectors (e.g. mosquitoes), whose breeding time in spring is in Mav and June which is the time for farmland irrigation. Open water will be decreased after the implementation of the water saving irrigation project and the mosquitoes living in the water and the incidence of the

58 Table 5.21 Forest conditions in Shenyang municipality pro ect area Item Unit Total Yuhong Dongling Xinchengzi Sujpatun Xinmin Liaozhong Kangping Faku Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With _yj± l r_ject c -projectrro project projecttproect projcct _rejEL ct p_oject project ro ect project project project project pRoject roect I. field shelterforest Due protectingarea Ha 39200 39200 1847 1847 12634 12634 2916 2916 165 7 16587 5089 5089 36219 36219 615898 6i5 898 5919 5919 Dueplantingarea lla 2328 2328 IS IS 103 103 239 239 135 135 416 416 297 297 504 504 484 484 Presentarea [la 104859 10486 796R1 7968 8 8 6951 6951 223 223 257 257 200 2t)t 260 260 1521 1521 Planedarea lla 2. soil and waler conservation forest _ _ _ __._____ Dueplanting area ala I resentarea [ta 146 34 0 - 4 34 75 11 19 58 5 37 9 Planedarea Ila 0 0 3. fruit trees 0 Presentaea Ila 933,33 93333 13333 133,33 333,33 333.3 33333 3333 1333333 133 3333 Planedarea Ha 800 800 4. nursery Presentarea Ifa 0 0 Planedarea lla O 86667 6666667 200 5. timber storage at the Mlr 373404 0 29990 9162 31660 21442 46957 54577 93985 85631 endof year I I I - 6. annualcut l 142SS O 31 i5 4 7 28-207S 981 8954 _1171 7. output value of annuael 128A 0 983 T' 12 55 - 63 57 13 124 215 .lfortsteover,ge rate % 13 13 49 49 113 113 13 3 i28 128 147 14 7 96 96 13 9 139 132 13.2

Note I All of the ateasof field shelterforest and soil andwater conservation are converting practical areas and be calculatedaccording to thetotal plantingtrees and row spacing 2 The row spacingofvarious treesare:

SR disease propagated by mosquitoes will be also reduced correspondingly.

The implementation of the water saving irrigation project will promote local economic development and increase the farmer's living standard and quality. It won't exert adverse impact on the crowd health if be monitored and predicted promptly.

5.7 Impact on social environment

5.7.1 Impact on agricultural productive pattern

The family contracted responsibilities system with remuneration linked to output and the contracted ordering and market bargain two systems of agricultural product had been carried out in the project area since 1978 and obtained good harvest in agricultural production, increased the average revenue per capita, promoted investment in the control of soil and water conservation and improved the field environment.

The implementation of the project will change the rural planting structure and cropping pattern. Various cropping patterns with characteristics of the north had been formed in each county and district according to local water resources conditions, soil fertility and climate in recent years. The cultivated area of paddy field will be increased remarkably and its planting structure will be optimized after the implementation of the project. 580 thousand mu water saving irrigation area is planed to be developed, out of which, 116 thousand mu paddy field, 82.2 thousand mu greenhouse vegetable, 29 thousand mu fruit trees, 250 thousand mu wheat and maize and the others are vegetable. Thus it can be seen that the level of planting structure of water saving irrigation is very high, especially the development of flower, fruit trees and greenhouse vegetable will improve the level of living diversification. The extension and popularization of the water saving irrigation techniques will drive the development of the whole districts.

5.7.2 Impact on agricultural economy

Water saving irrigation is a new technique which can not only produce direct economic benefits, but also drive the development of the third industries, processing industries and aquaculture.

The implementation of the project will increase the assurance factor of irrigation water, improve local agricultural productive conditions, increase the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and the yield and product quality, especially it will change the traditional one-crop farming conditions. Local farmers will obtain high economic benefits and the revenues of individuals and collectives will be increased for high quality agricultural product. The development of cereal industries will drive the development of rural processing industries and aquaculture, provide employment chances for surplus labor forces and promote the good circle of agricultural economy. The economic beneficial indexes in each project district are all more than that

59 stipulated by the state after economic calculation and indicate that the implementation of the project will produce remarkable benefits in local agricultural economy. national economy, social development and the increase of productive forces.

6 Countermeasures on the adverse impact

It can be seen from the analysis on the present status of environmental quality and the .rvironmental impact that the construction of the project will exert positive and adverse impacts on the environment. Of which, the positive impact is the primary and detailed in the following table.

Table 6.1 Project positive impact Item Project component Environmental impact Water conveyance works: Reduce the percolation in canals, increase the utilization efficiency of canal lining, pipe works water resources. alleviate the descent of groundwater level. Water conservancy Field works: drip Increase the utilization factor of irrigation water and the assurance factor irrigation, sprinkler of irrigation. imgation Wheat stalk shredding Increase the organism content of soil, improve the conditions of soil moisture. increase the water retention. storage and supply capacity of soil, reduce non-beneficial evaporation and regulate field temperature.

Plastic film Increase land temperature, keep soil moisture, advance crop growth and reduce non-beneficial evaporation. Agriculture Deep ploouing Increase the water storage capacity of soil and the infiltration depth of soil moisture, receive more precipitation and irrigation water, improve soil fertility in association with deep plowing and improve the crops nutrient in root zone. Moisture Retainer Keep water, save water and control crops evapotransporation.

Pesticide Control plant diseases and insect pests.

Fertilizer Improve soil nutrient

Regulation of planting Save water, reduce soil pollution and improve field ecological structure environment. Field forest shelter Control wind, fix sand, conserve soil and water, improve field micro- Afforestion climate and reduce soil evaporation and crop evapotransporation.

Integrated dispatch of Increase the utilization factor of precipitation and surface water and the surface water and recharging volume of groundwater. I ~~~groundwater Management SIDD Improve water resources management and has huge social benefit.

.MIS system Improvethe managementlevel of resourcesand environment.

As to the adverse environmental impacts, we should adopt positive countermeasures and reduce them to a minimum. The main countermeasures are as follows:

60 6.1 Protecting surface water and groundwater sources and preventing water environment pollution

* Controlling the total discharging quantity of pollutants into rivers in the project area, devoting major efforts into the prevention of water pollution and ensuring water quality to meet the requirement of water bodv function. * Carrying out integrated development and dispatch of surface water and groundwater, preventing the imbalance between water supply and water demand resulted from one-sided development and groundwater pollution from surface water percolation on both banks of rivers. * Controlling agricultural pollution. applying fertilizer scientificallv, extending and utilizing high efficient, low poisonous and low retaining pesticide actively, developing ecological agriculture and preventing and reducing fertilizer and pesticide pollution to rivers and shallow groundwater through field runoff and infiltration.

6.2 Protecting soil environment, preventing soil secondary salinization and heavy metal pollution

• The embedded depth of groundwater in some project areas is shallow, the main measures to prevent the occurrence of soil secondary salinization is to establish perfect drainage system so as to drain water during field irrigation and storm periods and control the groundwater level below critical depth during salt return period; applying organic fertilizer, improving soil structure so as to be beneficial to crops growth and increasing filed surface covering, reducing not-beneficial evaporation and prevent salt return. * At present, most of the heavy metal content of soil is in the scope of the natural background value. However, the heavy metal content of soil in some project areas has reached the second grade, therefore, irrigating with much heavy metal content industrial sewage should be put to an end. It is reported that the sewage water from Fushun has been treated and conformed to the standard which is beneficial to the prevention of soil heavy metal pollution in the project area.

6.3 Regulating the mixture ratio and applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide and preventing their pollution to groundwater

It's shown from the monitoring data that the ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content in some project areas has reached or exceeded the fifth classification of groundwater and indicated that the shallow groundwater has been polluted by nitrogen. The adoption of water saving irrigation will reduce the infiltration volume of irrigation water relatively and be beneficial to the reduction of nitrogen infiltration. However, the task of low vield field improvement in Shenyang municipality is very heavy, and because the utilization factor of land is very high, the applied intensity of fertilizer and pesticide will be increased and their pollution to groundwater should be vigilant.

61 Therefore we recommend that: Strengthening trace monitoring on the retention quantity of pesticide and some relevant indexes of fertilizer in soil and groundwater and grasp the change of pesticide and fertilizer in different growing periods of crops. -Regulating the applied quantity and mixture ratio of pesticide and fertilizer timely and accordingly in line with the trace monitoring data of pesticide and fertilizer; applying high efficient, low remaining and low poisonous pesticide and fertilizing appropriately in accordance with crops' requirement to reduce its pollution to soil and groundwater.

6.4 Adopting measures for agricultural ecological environment protection Adopting overall measures of agriculture, forestry and management, controlling the soil and water loss, rationally regulating the planting structure, strengthening the construction of shelter forest and protecting the agricultural ecological environment.

7 Environmental protection and monitoring plan

7.1 Objectives

Grasping the background situations of regional water quality and soil, the change trend of environmental quality during development so as to take measures in time, avoid the adverse impacts on the project area and its neighboring around and promote the good development of agricultural ecological environment through monitoring on irrigation water source, outlets and soil in construction area.

7.2 Environment monitoring plan

The water environment monitoring plan includes the monitoring of surface water quantity and quality and groundwater level, quality and quantity and soil.

* Surface water monitoring The monitoring places should be the water intakes of irrigation water sources and the main rivers and reservoirs. The monitoring frequency is usually once a year. The monitoring contents usually include PH value, salt content, N0 3-N, T-P, DO, permanganate index and BOD5 , and can also refer the requirement of "Quality standard for surface water environment" (GHZBI-1999) and the "standard for field irrigation water quality" (GB5084-92) and the actual conditions of irrigated area.

* Groundwater monitoring The monitoring places should be the water diversion wells of water saving irrigation systems and the observation wells in the project area with 20 km2 intervals. The main monitoring contents are PH value, total hardness, mineralized degree, SO, CL, NO-N, NH-N and the total quantity of pesticide bacterium. The monitoring frequency should

62 be once a year. Monitoring on the residue quantity of pesticide should be added during crop's growing period.

- Soil monitoring The monitoring places should be in the project area with 10 km2 intervals and 0-20 cm surface soil should be sampled. The monitoring contents include fertilizer, pesticide variety and applied quantity, PH value, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potasssiumheavy metal, soil PH value, total nitrogen content, total phosphorous content, organic matter content of soil and pesticide residue etc.

The existed monitoring stations of environmental protection, agriculture and water resources sectors of each province and municipality should be fully used during monitoring and some relevant monitoring data should be collected as far as possible.

7.3 Monitoring institutions

The monitoring should be performed by some qualified special departments, such as the Research Center for Water Environment Monitoring and Evaluation, of the Ministry of Water Resources, or the Hydrologic Station and the Bureau of Water Resources of Shenyang Municipality.

* Water resources divisions of municipal water resources agencies are responsible for water quality monitoring; * Soil fertility stations at all levels will carry out soil fertility monitoring led by agricultural agencies and they should compile monitoring report each year for higher level; D Environmental protection and water resources two sectors will carry out environment monitoring and they should compile monitoring report each year for higher level.

7.4 Environmental protection and monitoring fees The total investment in afforestation and environmental protection in the project is 18.666 million RMB yuan, of which, the environmental protection and monitoring fees are 2.49 million RMB yuan which are allocated as follows:

Items Unit Allocation of fees Monitoring equipment Soil monitoring fees 385 Water quality monitoring fees 530 Groundwater monitoring Thousand yuan 1500 fees Groundwater management 500 plan Total 2915

63 8 Benefit analysis

The related data are consolidated as follows according to the PIP report prepared by the water resources bureau. o.1 Economic benefit

8.1.1 Projecttotal investment

Generals for the project investment are detailed in table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Generals of the project investment Items [ Investment Percentageto the (thousand yuan) total investment (%)

Total investment 784474 100

Basic investment 648751 82. 7 I. irrigation component 519858 66. 27

2. agricultural intensification & support 84717 10. 8 3. afforestation, environmental protection & monitoring 8826 1. L3

4. institutional development and support 17298 2. 21

5. survey, design and management 18052 2. 3

Physical contingencies 32438 4. 13

Price contingencies 50771 6. 47

Interest in construction period 52514 6. 69

8.1.2 We can calculate the project FIRR and FNPV according to the water saving irrigated area, various irrigation patterns, the investment and product model of various crops and the finance and investment budget of typical families and analyze its feasibility in finance. The results indicated that the project FIRR is 16.2%, FNPV is 250412 million yuan and the investment recovery period is 8 years in Shenyang municipality. Therefore, the project is feasible in finance.

We can assess the peasant household's feasibility in finance in the project area through the analysis on cash flow, loan payment capacity and the impact of the project and water fees on farmer's revenue, details are provided in table 8.2.

64 Table 8.2 Investigation on typical peasant household

water saving l Cultivated Loan Watein tare Crops Net revenue payment per Water fees iriation (are)rp (yuan/year) year p(uan) Pipe irrigation 0.7 Changemaize with 6259.2 360 1465 yuan, 6% ______~~vegetable______

Drip irfigationDripirrigtion 0.064vegetable0.064 Greenhouse 5004 96 35ya,3305 yuan, 3% Sprinkler 0.6 Change maize with 5054 309 1188.6yuan, 6.9% irrigation _ ____vegetable______Ditch irrigaiton 0.6 Paddy rice 4924 259 11 66.6yuan, ______10 .6 %

It is indicated from the above table that the farmers have the capacity to pay the World Bank's loan.

8.1.3 The construction period of the project is 5 years, normal operation period is 15 years and calculation period is 20 years. The project EIRR and ENPV can be calculated according to the economic cash flow table, the results are: EIRR is 21.7% and ENPV is 435554 million yuan of the whole Shenyang municipality project area. The project EIRR is still more than 12% after deducting risk, therefore, the project has certain capacity for risk resistance.

In general, the productive conditions of the cultivated land in the project area will be improved after the implementation of the project, the agricultural economic development will be promoted and the crops yield and output value and the project area economic benefits will be increased remarkably.

8.2 Social benefit

The implementation of the project will develop and utilize water resources rationally, increase the farmer's revenue, improve rural economic conditions, promote the modernization of agriculture and the development and extension of advanced science and technology and increase local farmer's quality and agricultural development level. The adoption of high efficient water saving irrigation measures will alleviate a series of issues caused for overdraft of groundwater, transfer 30% of the saved water into industry and municipal life, support the stable development of industry, increase the economic value of the special commodity, water and alleviate the contradictions between water supply and demand in industry, agriculture and domestic life. Moreover, the successful construction of the project will be spread to other towns and neighboring districts and drive the development of other related industries, therefore, the project's social benefits are huge, profound and lasting.

65 8.3 Environmental benefit

The comprehensive measures of water conservancy, agriculture, forest service and environmental protection of high efficient water saving irrigation will increase the utilization factor of water resources and realize the balance between water resources supply and demand and the sound circle of agricultural ecology.

9 Public participation

In order to make the publics understand the project senses, support and coordinate the construction of the project, integrate the construction of the project with environmental protection and ensure the people's benefits conscientiously and according to the requirement of the regulations, laws and management rules of environmental protection of China and the guidelines of the World Bank, we carried out public participation in the environmental impact assessment and solicit opinions and recommendations from the residents in the beneficiary regions.

The method is to select representative masses in the project area and hold symposium or extend questionnaire to solicit opinions. 97 questionnaires have been collected and the participants according to their professions can be divided into: 66 farmers, 68.1% of the total participants. 7 workers, 7.2% of the total participants, 12 administrators, 12.4% of the total participants and 4 others, 4, 4.1% of the total participants.The investigatory results are provided in table 9.1:

It can be seen from the questionnaire that the publics did support the project, but they also have some doubts and recommendations which can be concluded as follows:

* 87.6% of the masses know the project, 100% of the masses believe that the development of irrigation will be important or much important to agricultural development, 95.8% of the masses approve the project and 77% of the masses believe that the water saving irrigation project will be beneficial to themselves. *49.5% of the masses believe that the water resources are in the medium and 46.5% of the masses believe that the water resources are short or very short; the implementation of the project will be beneficial to water resources utilization, soil improvement, yield and revenue increase and only 0.5% of the masses believe that the project won't have any beneficialimpact. * As to the water saving irrigation patterns, 57.4% of the masses approve to adopt sprinkler irrigation and 20% and 22% of the masses approve to adopt drip irrigation and canal lining respectively. * As to the publics concern on the project's impact on the environment, 29.1% of the masses don-t believe the project will exert any impact on the environment, 10-26% of the masses believe that the project will exert impact on surface water,

66 groundwater, soil and crops. v Six farmers put forward the following suggestions and recommendations: They throw doubt on the project quality and the assurance degree of water supply, for example, they write on the suggestion board that: "I worry about if the project will ensure its construction quality and water supply"; "our village worry about the water raising issues for paddy rice after the implementation of the project"; "we ourselves drill wells to pump water for paddy rice, the electricity charge is very high, our income will balance our investment, therefore, the project is unprofitable to ourselves "; "the project should be carried out conscientiously".

Table 9.1 Public opinions questionnaire in Shenyang municipality project area Investigatorycontents Opinions Numbers Ratio (%) 1. Do you know the water saving Know 85 87.6 irrigation project? Don't know 12 12.4 Approve 91 95.8 2. What's your attitude to the project? Oppose 0 0 Be indifferent 4 4.2 3. theWhat's project's impacadverse 12 3. What's the project's Impact on Beneficial 77 77.812.1 No influence 10 10.1 4.if the construction of the project will Much 92 95.8 promote social economic development Little 3 3.1 or not? without I 1.1 5. If the development of irrigation is Veryimportant 56 58.9 important to agricultural development or Important 39 41.1 not? Not important 0 0 Very short 17 17.9 6. If local water resources are short or Short 27 28.4 not? Medium 47 49.5 Not short 2 2.1 Sprinkler 62 57.4 7. Which kind of irrigation pattern is irrigation most suitable to the district? Drip irrigation 22 20.4 Canal lining 24 22.2 Soil 26 13.7 Employment 18 9.5 8. If the implementation of the project Yield increase 54 28.4 will be beneficial to the following Water resources 57 30 factors? utilization Revenue 34 17.9 increase Unprofitable 1 0.05 Surface water 16 13.7 9. What's impact of the implementation Groundwater 21 17.9 of the project on environment? Agriculture 31 2658

__No influence 34 29.1

67 10 Conclusions and recommendations

10.1 Major beneficial impacts

* Developing water saving irrigation in the project area and adopting sprinkler irrigation, low pressure pipe irrigation and furrow irrigation techniques will save 30% water than ridge-and-furrowirrigation, reduce crop's water duty, alleviate the contradictions of water use between industry and agriculture and increase the utilization factor of water resources. * That the irrigation water volume in water saving irrigation techniques is determnined according to the water demand of crops in different growing period won't produce surface runoff, it will irrigate evenly, be easy for crop's absorption and reduce the infiltrationand evaporationloss. * The adoption of pipe irrigation and furrow irrigation will reduce percolation loss remarkably than former irrigation pattern, increase the utilization factor of canal system and save water. - Water saving irrigation will change the former planting pattern, increase the multiple crop index, the harvested area by 15-21% and the utilization factor of cultivated lands. -The implementationof water saving irrigationwill makethe cultivatedland be square and integrate with roads and forest will be beneficialto controllingwind, stabilizing sand, reducing soil and water loss and also convenientfor mechanized farming and save labor forces. * The implementationof the water saving irrigation project will accelerate the progress of intensive agriculture, facilitate the extension of agricultural techniques, increase the per unit area yield by 20.4% and promote the economic development of the project area.

10.2 Major adverse impacts and countermeasures

* The adoption of the new irrigation pattern will increase the multiple crop index, the applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide and their residue quantity in soil. Therefore, monitoring on the residue quantity of fertilizer and pesticide in soil and shallow groundwater should be strengthenedand countermeasuresshould be adopted to prevent the soil and shallow groundwaterpollution.

* Fertilizing scientifically and appropriately according to the demand of crops, extending and utilizing high efficient, low poisonous and low residue pesticide, carrving out the state standard for the safe use of pesticide. developing ecological

68 agriculture and controlling the environmental pollution effectively.

* The embedded depth of groundwater in the project area is shallow and the drainage system in the irrigated area where the groundwater level is near the critical depth should be improved, improving the soil structure. increasing the surface covering, reducing evaporation and preventing soil salt return.

In general, the water conservation project in Shenyang municipality project area will be beneficial to promoting rural economic development and increasing farmer's income; be beneficial to saving water resources and increasing the utilization factor of water resources, the water resources supply and demand will be balanced and a little surplus after the implementation of the project; be beneficial to promoting the application of advanced agricultural techniques. It's indicated from the analysis on the present status of surface water, groundwater and soil environment quality that the surface water quality conformed with the standard for field irrigation water quality, but the water quality in some stations didn't meet the demand for water body functions, N0 3-N and NH3-N content in groundwater in some stations didn't reach the fourth classification standard of the state for groundwater quality and should be paid attention to, but the groundwater quality conformed to the standard for field irrigation water quality basically. The heavy metal content in soil conformed to the second grade standard for soil environment quality of the state and assessment on the remained quantity of pesticide was not carried out for lack of monitoring data. The multiple crop index will be increased and the applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide will be increased by 2% and 25% correspondingly after the implementation of the project, nitrogen and the residual pesticide pollution to shallow groundwater should be attached importance to and some measures should be adopted.

The project is feasible in view of environment.

69