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Evaluating Ecological Risks and Tracking Potential Factors Influencing Evaluating ecological risks and tracking potential factors inuencing heavy metals in sediments in an urban river Dongping Liu ( [email protected] ) CRAES https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-2663 Huibin Yu CRAES Hongjie Gao CRAES Weining Xu CRAES Research Keywords: heavy metals, canonical correlation analysis, principal component analysis, potential ecological risk index Posted Date: December 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-127445/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Environmental Sciences Europe on March 31st, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00487-x. 1 Evaluating ecological risks and tracking potential factors influencing heavy 2 metals in sediments in an urban river 3 4 Dongping Liu1, Huibin Yu1*, Hongjie Gao1*, Weining Xu1 5 1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing100012, P. R. 6 China. [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (W.X.) 7 * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.Y.); [email protected] (H.G.) 8 9 Abstract 10 Background：Heavy metal pollution of aquatic systems is a global issue that has 11 received considerable attention. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA), principal 12 component analysis (PCA), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) have been 13 applied to heavy metal data to trace potential factors, identify regional differences, and 14 evaluate ecological risks. Sediment cores of 200 cm in length were taken using a drilling 15 platform at 10 sampling sites along the Xihe River, an urban river located in western 16 Shenyang City, China, divided into 10 layers (20 cm each). The concentrations of the 17 As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured for each layer. Eight heavy metals, 18 namely Pb, Zn, Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Hg, were measured for each layer in this study. 19 Results：The average concentrations of the As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn were significantly 20 higher than their background values in soils in the region, and mainly gathered at 0– 21 120 cm in depth in the upstream, 0–60 cm in the midstream, and 0–20 cm downstream. 22 This indicated that these heavy metals were derived from the upstream areas where a 23 large quantity of effluents from the wastewater treatment plants enter the river. Ni, Pb, 24 and Cr were close or slightly higher than their background values. The decreasing order 25 of the average concentration of the Cd was upstream> midstream> downstream, so were 26 the Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. The trend of the average concentration of the As was different 27 to the Cd; being highest midstream, followed by upstream and then downstream. The 28 potential factors of heavy metal pollution were Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn, and As concentrations, 29 especially Cd and Hg, whose ecological risks were much higher than those of Ni, Cr, 1 30 and Pb. The ecological risk levels of all heavy metals were much higher upstream than 31 midstream and downstream. 32 Conclusions: Industrial discharge was the dominate source for eight heavy metals in 33 the surveyed area, and rural domestic sewage has a stronger influence on the Hg 34 pollution than industrial pollutants. These findings indicate that effective management 35 strategies should be developed to protect the environmental quality of urban rivers. 36 37 Keywords: heavy metals; canonical correlation analysis; principal component analysis; 38 potential ecological risk index 39 40 1. Background 41 With recent advances in industrialization and socio-economic development, heavy 42 metal pollution of aquatic systems has become a global issue and has received 43 considerable attention due to high biotoxicity, wide sources, non-biodegradability, and 44 bio-enrichment in food webs [1–3]. River sediments have been identified as important 45 carriers and sinks for the heavy metals discharged into the aquatic systems [4,5]. Heavy 46 metals in river sediments mainly stem from rock weathering, soil erosion, runoff from 47 agriculture, sewage treatment, and atmospheric precipitation [6,7]. The heavy metals 48 loaded into the river environment can be transferred to and concentrated in sediments 49 together with organic matter, Fe/Mn oxides, and sulfides by adsorption and 50 accumulation on suspended fine-grained particles, however they cannot be permanently 51 fixed in sediments [8–10]. Under ecological disturbances such as a decline in redox 52 potential or pH and the degradation of organic matter, the heavy metals in sediments 53 can be released back into the overlying water by various processes of remobilization, 54 which may lead to secondary pollution [11–13]. 55 56 Therefore, a variety of evaluation methods for heavy metals have been developed by 57 international organizations and conventions, which have been applied to evaluate heavy 58 metal pollution and the potential ecological risks in the sediments. These methods are 2 59 associated with the enrichment factor, pollution degree, pollution load index, pollution 60 factor, and geo-accumulation index, which may be mainly used to evaluate the 61 ecological risks according to the ratio of a single heavy metal concentration to the 62 background value [14–19]. However, these methods neither provide information on the 63 toxicity of heavy metals nor indicate the comprehensive toxic effects in the overall 64 heavy metal assemblage. The potential ecological risk index, developed by the famous 65 Swedish scholar Håkanson, is a well-known method for the evaluation of heavy metal 66 pollution in sediments [20,21]. 67 68 In this study, canonical correlation analysis (CCA), principal component analysis (PCA) 69 and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were used to explore the spatial variations 70 and trace potential factors, to identify regional differences, and to assess the potential 71 ecological risks of heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the 72 sediments of the Xihe River, an urban river located in Shenyang City, China. 73 74 2. Materials and Methods 75 2.1. Description of study area 76 The Xihe River, a tributary of the Hunhe River, is located in the western part of 77 Shenyang City, China, and extents 78.2 km through the Huanggu District, Tiexi District, 78 Yuhong District, and Liaozhong County (Fig. 1). It experiences a temperate continental 79 monsoon climate. The mean width of the Xihe River is 10.5 m, with a mean annual 80 rainfall of 680.4 mm [22]. Its average runoff volume is about 924,500 m3 day-1 and 81 effluents from wastewater treatment plants are released directly into the river [23]. 82 Therefore, large quantities of pollutants are discharged into the river, which can lead to 83 water quality deterioration and ecosystem degradation. In particular, the continuous 84 accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments may induce potential ecological risks. 3 Shenyang City ver Ri nhe Hu iver e R Xih er iver Riv e R izihe iaoh Ta Dal ovince ing Pr Liaon y Ba ng odo Lia N #1 Dapan town #3 #2 #4 #6 Xinmintun town #5 iver Xihe R #7 Sifangtai town Hunhe River #8 n n tow angta #9 Ch #10 Sampling sites Sampling 0 2.5 5 km County border 85 86 Fig. 1. Watersheds of the Xihe River and location of the sampling sites. 87 88 2.2. Sampling and analysis 89 Field observations and sampling campaigns to collect sediments in the Xihe River were 90 conducted during July 15–25, 2019. (Fig. 1). Ten sampling sites, three in the upstream 91 and downstream regions, and four in the midstream regions, with a distance of 6,000 92 meters between each station were selected. Sampling sites #1–3 were located upstream 93 in the industrial park region, where a large amount of effluents from the wastewater 94 treatment plants (WWTP) was loaded into the river. Sampling sites #4–7 were situated 95 in midstream in the town region, where a small amount of domestic wastewater and 96 livestock breeding wastewater were discharged into the river. Sampling sites #8–10 97 were located downstream in farmland areas, where the partial return water from 98 farmlands enters the river. Sediment cores 200 cm in length were collected at each site 99 and divided into 10 horizons (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm, 80–100 cm, 100 100–120 cm, 120–140 cm, 140–160 cm, 160–180 cm, and 180–200 cm). Each sediment 101 horizon was thoroughly mixed and homogenized after carefully removing gravel, shells, 102 and animal and plant residues. The samples were stored at 4 until they returned to 103 the laboratory. ℃ 4 104 In a given sediment sample, 5 g of freeze-dried and sieved (Ø=100) sediment was 105 digested in 5 mL solution of HNO3 and HClO4 at 140 °C for 3 h [24]. After the samples 106 were cooled, the content of each tube was diluted to 25 mL with double distilled water. 107 The digested samples were then filtered. The concentrations of the As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, 108 Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined for each sample using ICP-MS, with sediment standard 109 substance (Chinese geological reference materials GBW07309) used for quality control 110 during the analysis process. Three parallel samples were set up and the relative standard 111 deviations of the heavy metals for the multiple measurements were less than 5%. 112 2.3. Pollution assessment method 113 Recently, different indicators has been utilized to estimate the heavy metal pollution 114 and risk in sediments. PERI was used in this study to represent the potential ecological 115 risk index of heavy metals in the sediments of the Xihe River.
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