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Polina Verbytska, Robert Maier (Eds.) (FNHUW'RVVLHUV 3ROLQD9HUE\WVND5REHUW0DLHU (GV ,PDJHVRI(XURSHLQ7UDQVLWLRQ 7H[WERRN5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVLQ3RVW6RYLHW6SDFH 'LHVH3XEOLNDWLRQZXUGHYHU|IIHQWOLFKWXQWHUGHUFUHDWLYHFRPPRQV/L]HQ] 1DPHQVQHQQXQJ.HLQH%HDUEHLWXQJ8QSRUWHG &&%<1' KWWSFUHDWLYHFRPPRQVRUJOLFHQVHVE\QG Eckert. Dossiers Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research ISSN 2191-0790 Volume 16 (2017) Editors Niamh Burhs Tim Hartung and Frauke Placke Form for referencing: Polina Verbytska, Robert Maier (Eds.). Images of Europe in Transition. Textbook Representations in Post-Soviet Space. Eckert. Dossiers 16 (2017). urn:nbn:de:0220‐2017‐0213 Contents Introduction (Robert Maier) ................................................................................................................... 4 The role of history in the construction of new identities and the responsibility of historical didactics (Polina Verbytska) ........................................................................................................... 13 Europe and the Countries of the Eastern Partnership: Thoughts on the Imaginative Space “Europe” (Frank Golczewski) ......................................................................................................... 17 Europe in History Education: Risks and Potentials (Bodo von Borries) .......................................................................................................... 28 What Role does Europe Play in Textbook Narratives? (Sergii V. Koniukhov) ...................................................................................................... 52 The Image of Europe in Belarusian Textbooks (Denis G. Larionov) ......................................................................................................... 68 Images of Europe in Moldavian Textbooks (Andrei Antonov) ............................................................................................................. 85 What Images of Europe Arise out of Georgian Textbook Narratives? (Nodar Shoshiashvili) ...................................................................................................... 96 The “Europeans of the Orient”: The Relationship between Armenia and Europe in Armenian History and Geography Textbooks (Mikayel Zolyan) ........................................................................................................... 104 Self-Orientalisation as a Practice of Europeanisation: Images of Europe in Azerbaijani History Textbooks (Sergei Rumyantsev) ..................................................................................................... 113 The Image of Europe in Russian Textbooks (Alexander Shevyrev) .................................................................................................... 123 Images of Europe in History Textbooks and their Correlation with Public Policy in the Baltic States and Countries of the Eastern Partnership (George Zakharov) ........................................................................................................ 132 The Nation and Europe: Semantics and Subject Models (Magdalena Telus) ......................................................................................................... 140 Images of Europe in Transition: In Search of a Common Denominator (Agnieszka Pawłowska) ................................................................................................ 158 Contributors ................................................................................................................... 171 Introduction (Robert Maier) The contributions collected in this volume sprung from the conference “Images of Eu- rope in Transition”, which took place in Kiev from 25 to 26 November 2016. The con- ference was organised by the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Re- search and the Ukrainian Association of Teachers of History, Civic Education and So- cial Studies, Nova Doba. It addressed images of Europe with geographical focus, con- centrating on Eastern Europe: specifically Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Ar- menia and Azerbaijan, but also Russia. In addition, temporal parameters were speci- fied: the investigations were to treat transformations in the period since 1991, when a number of these states first gained sovereignty. The sources employed for these empir- ical enquiries were school textbooks. In the past quarter century Europe has been the object of exceptionally heated soci- etal debate. In the 1990s it was the notion of the ‘European house’, arising initially in Eastern Europe but soon spreading to Western Europe, that guided considerations and provided the possibility of orientation around a common image. The metaphor of the ‘common European house’ has since then all but disappeared from the discussion. Yet Europe appears in our headlines more than ever, presented of course in a different light depending on location. In Western Europe there is much disillusionment with, and movements to withdraw from, the European project. Even the detached and measured positive stance towards Europe, termed “permissive consensus”1, has been punctured by Brexit, despite Theresa May professing the following in her statement on leaving the EU: “We are leaving the European Union, but we are not leaving Europe”2. At times, such as in connection with German reunification, as well as very recently, fears of a Europe dominated by Germany are aired.3 In East-Central Europe the euphoria that accompanied accession into Europe in the 1990s has been usurped by a certain disenchantment paired with increasingly routine participation in EU executive man- agement. In the countries of the Eastern Partnership, the idea of Europe is to some ex- tent still associated with a spirit of optimism, and with hopes for a means of escape 1 Stefan Immerfall and Andreas Sobisch, „Europäische Integration und europäische Identität. Die Euro- päische Union im Bewusstsein ihrer Bürger”, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 10 (1997), 36. 2 Theresa May, „Brexit Speech“, 17 January 2017. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/17/theresa-mays-brexit-speech-full/, last access 11 July 2017. 3 See for example Günter Nenning, Die Nation kommt wieder. Würde, Schrecken und Geltung eines eu- ropäischen Begriffs, Zürich: Edition Interfrom, 1990. Robert Maier 5 Introduction from messy geopolitical constellations, unfavourable economic-political conditions and burdensome historical experience.4 The events of Euromaidan in the years 2013 and 2014, triggered by the refusal of the Ukrainian government under Viktor Yanu- kovych to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union, demonstrated the mobilizing power of pro-European visions. In Russia, Putin’s government is succumb- ing to old anti-Western antagonisms and propagates differentiation from Europe under an ideology of Eurasianism. In recent times Turkey, long an aspiring candidate for EU-entry, has turned openly and aggressively against Europe, due not least to devel- opments in domestic politics. In light of its great societal relevance it is unsurprising that Europe also represents a highly topical field of research. Europe was long understood as a normative and es- sentialist concept. Generations of scholars attempted to determine what the essence, the core, of Europe consisted in, where its borders were to be defined and who might or might not be said to belong to it. For a long time the triad of Greek thought, Roman law and Christian faith was regarded as this constitutive core. Building on this Greco- Roman heritage, which manifested itself in art and literature, philosophical doctrines, rational sciences and systems of government, the Europe of the Middle Ages was unit- ed through Christianity in the corresponding narrative. With Charlemagne, styled as ‘Pater Europae’, this construction underwent a kind of personalisation, and was en- dowed a certain identity. The age of discovery, humanism, renaissance, reformation and enlightenment was regarded as providing further connecting elements. In the nine- teenth century, industrialisation extended the European shared ground and economi- cally secured the continent’s position as the dominant global power factor. Finally the introduction of checks and balances for those in power and the ideals of sovereignty of the people and human and citizens’ rights were represented as achievements of Euro- pean history, and upheld as a norm which today acts as a standard for membership. This master narrative masked profound divergences and disintegrative developments. The world wars of the twentieth century in particular prove unwieldy in a story of Eu- rope’s continuous development into a civilizational unity, which finds its logical con- 4 The Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko stated the following in an interview with Gudrun Büscher and Jochen Gaugele: “I am a passionate European, and I am proud to be president of one of the con- tinent’s most Europe-friendly countries. More than 70 per cent of Ukrainians support the European Union”. Gudrun Büscher and Jochen Gaugele, “Poroschenko: Lockerung der Russland-Sanktionen gefährlich”, in: Braunschweiger Zeitung, 2 February 2017. http://www.braunschweiger- zeitung.de/politik/ausland/article209473203/Ukraine-Praesident-Poroschenko-Die-Nato-ist- unverzichtbar.html, last access 12 April 2017. urn:nbn:de:0220-2017-0213 Eckert. Dossiers 16 (2017) Robert Maier 6 Introduction clusion in a flourishing European Union that unites the continent. European ‘catastro- phes’ are inserted into the narrative through the ascription
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