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Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics in Logged Forest of Malaysian Borneo

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Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics in Logged Forest of Malaysian Borneo Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2009 Ecosystem carbon dynamics in logged forest of Malaysian Borneo Saner, P G Abstract: The tropical rainforest of Borneo is heavily disturbed by logging, to date less than half of the original forest cover remains. To counteract such development logged forest is rehabilitated to regenerate its natural protective function. In this thesis we consider the carbon budget of logged forest and the ecology of the trees that are planted for rehabilitation. We show that the logged forest under study differs from unlogged forest due to the lack of the dominant trees and hence the organic carbon thatis stored in their biomass. Besides this difference our results indicate that logged forest can maintain its protective function for carbon storage and is therefore worth preserving. The dominant trees, known as dipterocarps, belong to the Dipterocarpaceae family and are keystone species of the lowland forests of Borneo. On the basis of experimental work we study the carbon dynamics of selected dipterocarp species at the seedling stage. With plant physiological measurements of the carbohydrate stores we demonstrate how seedlings adapt to a changing light environment. Our results show that photosynthates are invested into growth or carbohydrate reserves, irrespective of the tree species under study. Further, experimental evidence suggests that the ectomycorrhizal association (plant-fungi-symbiosis) is crucial for the growth of seedlings and should therefore be considered for forest rehabilitation measures. In contrast we could not find evidence for a complex ectomycorrhiza-network between dipterocarp trees and seedlings inlogged forest. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-25404 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Saner, P G. Ecosystem carbon dynamics in logged forest of Malaysian Borneo. 2009, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. ECOSYSTEM CARBON DYNAMICS IN LOGGED FOREST OF MALAYSIAN BORNEO Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Philippe Gérard Saner aus Beinwil (SO) Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. Andrew Hector (Leitung der Dissertation) Prof. Dr. Bernhard Schmid Prof. Dr. Michael Scherer-Lorenzen Dr. Simon Egli Zürich 2009 Contents Contents 1 Summary .....................................................................................................................1 2 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................7 3 General Introduction ...................................................................................................13 3.1 Scientific background .........................................................................................................14 3.2 Thesis outline .....................................................................................................................17 3.3 References ..........................................................................................................................20 4 Chapter One ................................................................................................................23 4.1 Introduction to the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment ............................................................23 4.2 Lowland mixed dipterocarp forest ......................................................................................24 4.3 Dipterocarp ecology ...........................................................................................................25 4.4 Timber extraction ..............................................................................................................26 4.5 Forest rehabilitation ...........................................................................................................28 4.6 Malua Forest Reserve .........................................................................................................29 4.7 The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment ....................................................................................33 4.7.1 Landscape, geology and soil classification ...........................................................................34 4.7.2 Rainfall ..............................................................................................................................35 4.8 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................37 4.9 References ..........................................................................................................................38 5 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................41 5.1 Carbon Baseline Estimation of the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment ....................................41 5.2 Abstract .............................................................................................................................42 5.3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................43 5.4 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................46 5.4.1 The Malua Forest Reserve ..................................................................................................46 5.4.2 The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment ....................................................................................46 5.4.3 Tree inventory ....................................................................................................................47 5.4.4 Tree diversity ......................................................................................................................48 5.4.5 Above-ground tree biomass ................................................................................................49 5.4.6 Wood density .....................................................................................................................50 5.4.7 Above-ground non-tree biomass ........................................................................................51 5.4.8 Standing litter and fine roots ..............................................................................................52 5.4.9 Litterfall .............................................................................................................................52 5.4.10 Deadwood .........................................................................................................................53 5.4.11 Soil organic carbon ............................................................................................................53 5.4.12 Carbon estimation .............................................................................................................54 5.4.13 Statistical analysis and graphical presentation .....................................................................54 5.5 Results ...............................................................................................................................55 5.5.1 Tree diversity ......................................................................................................................55 5.5.2 Carbon baseline estimation ................................................................................................57 Contents 5.5.3 Above-ground tree biomass ................................................................................................57 5.5.4 Above-ground non-tree biomass .........................................................................................62 5.5.5 Litterfall .............................................................................................................................62 5.5.6 Soil organic carbon ............................................................................................................64 5.6 Discussion..........................................................................................................................65 5.6.1 Tree carbon storage ............................................................................................................65 5.6.2 Tree diversity ......................................................................................................................66 5.6.3 Carbon baseline estimation ................................................................................................68 5.7 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................71 5.8 Appendix ...........................................................................................................................73 5.9 References ..........................................................................................................................80 6 Chapter Three ..............................................................................................................87 6.1 Reduced Soil Respiration in Gaps in Logged Lowland Dipterocarp Forest .........................87 6.2 Abstract .............................................................................................................................88 6.3 Introduction
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