Asteraceae), a Medicinal Plant Widely Used in Traditional Medicine in the Central West Region (Burkina Faso

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 97-108

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 09 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.014

Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosic Characterization of Acanthospermum hispidum (Asteraceae), A Medicinal Plant widely used in Traditional Medicine in the Central West Region (Burkina Faso)

Jotham Yhi-pênê N’do1*, Adama Hilou1, Dramane Pare1, Samson Guenne1 and André Tibiri2

1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA) / University of Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 848 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso 2Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS / CNRST), Department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopoeia (MEPHATRA-PH), 03 BP 7192 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants are an important source for the research of active molecules against K e yw or ds diseases. The plants used in this setting are rich in therapeutic substances. This study aimed to collect the ethno-medical use of Acanthospermum hispidum in the Central West Acanthospermum region from resource persons and to determine these pharmacognosic characteristics. A hispidum, survey collected information on Acanthospermum hispidum using a sheet. The whole plant Ethnomedicine, has been used for pharmacognosic characterization through histochemistry and biological Histochemistry, activities. There was strong use of the plant in the Central West region. The majority of the Burkina Faso people surveyed were men (76.40%). The histochemistry of Acanthospermum hispidum Article Info allowed the detection of phytochemical groups. Biological activities showed that the

Accepted: ethanolic extract had a good ability to trap free radicals, with a 50% IC of 21.46 ± 1.85

04 August 2019 μg/mL for rat liver lipids. These results are probably a scientific source for the use of

Available Online: Acanthospermum hispidum as a medicinal plant in the Central West region. The high use 10 September 2019 of this plant could be explained for its wealth of secondary metabolites.

Introduction some aquatic species. The main characteristic of this family is the presence of many flowers Asteraceae or Compositae constitute one of united in a capsule. The genus the largest families of Angiosperms Acanthospermum includes annual herbaceous (Cronquist 1981), containing more than 1500 plants that are erect or prostrate. The leaves genera (25 000 known species) or nearly 10% are simple, opposite, with dentate or entire of the total flora of the world (Verdi et al., margins, and the inflorescence is axial or 2005). Although 98% of Asteraceae are terminal, with yellow flowers (Mallmann et herbaceous, shrubs, lianas, trees, there are also al., 2018).

Acanthospermum hispidum is a branched plant Beschickung, Loadig, Model 100-800), Rotary that can reach 0.6 m in height. The stems of Evaporator (Büchi 461) with Vacuum Pump, this plant are covered with tufted hairs and Bain Marie (Büchi B-480, Switzerland), small glandular hairs. magnetic stirrer (Fisher Scientific, Topmix), sonicator (Elma Gemany), refrigerated The leaves are elliptical, oval 1.5 cm to 7 cm centrifuge (Eppendorf, 5702 RH). long. When mature, Acanthospermum hispidum bears yellow flowers. Each head has Glass 5-9 flowers; the petals of rays of about 1.5 mm are pale yellow. The flowers of the disc in the Column, Flask, Graduated cylinder, center of the head are sterile. Spiny fruits 5 cm Erlenmeyer flask, Volumetric flask, Test to 10 cm long are flattened and triangular in tubes, Separating funnel. shape. These fruits are covered with stiff hooked hairs and have either a pair of straight Reagents or curved spines at the top. Sigma reagents (Steinheim, Germany): The ruffled and grouped appearance of the methanol, hydrochloric acid, chloroform, fruits on each head is an essential criterion for ether, lugo, mayer reagent, Physiological the identification of this species of plant Solutions: Phosphate Buffer, Tris Buffer, (Gomathi et al., 2013). These spines, arranged Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Sodium in the form of stars, constitute distinctive Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Potassium points of this species (Goodridge, 2007). Chloride. Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), is a medicinal plant (El-Ghani 2016). It is used in Consumables: Aluminum Foil, Surgery Kit, traditional medicine in the Central West Porcelain Mortar, Microscope Gloves, Slides region for the treatment of several diseases. and Slides, Bleach, Blotting Paper, 96-Well Microplate, Micropipettes, Eppendorff Tubes, The objective of this study was to determine 90 ° Alcohol. They are all analytical grade. the ethnomedicine of Acanthospermum hispidum in the Central West region and to Plant material elucidate these pharmacognosic features. Thus pharmacognosic tests and biology activities The entire plant of Acanthospermum hispidum have justified this important use of was harvested in Reo (province of the Acanthospermum hispidum by the population sanguie). The plant has been identified at the of the Central West region for their health Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Botany of problems. University Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO. Specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Materials and Methods the biodiversity laboratory under the identification code ID 16875. Laboratory equipment To obtain extracts, the harvested plants were Appliances dried at the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA) at room Scale (Radwag Poland), UV-Visible temperature, at room temperature. Shelter Spectrophotometer (epoch 251465, Biotek from the sun, then the dry plant material was Instruments, USA), Steamer (Momment, sprayed.

Ethnobotanical survey Data processing

Land of inquiry The herbaria of Acanthospermum hispidum have been realized and authenticated. The The Central West region covers an area of completed survey forms were processed using 21,891 km², or 8% of the national territory Sphinx V5 software to obtain certain (Ministère et al., 2010). It is limited to the parameters on the plant. East by the Central Plateau, Central-South and Central regions, to the North by the Northern The usual value (UV) of treated disease for region, to the west by the Mouhoun region and each use category was evaluated to show the South-West regions, and to South by the importance that individuals place on Republic of Ghana. Acanthospermum hispidum in the locality to treat a given disease. It is obtained by The Central West region is subdivided into 4 calculating the following ratio: UV = Σ U/N provinces, 4 urban communes, 38 Where U represents the number of times the departments, 34 rural communes and 563 species is cited for a use category (disease) villages. The provinces of the region and their and N the total number of informants (Sarr et capitals in brackets are the following: al., 2013). Boulkiemde (Koudougou), Sanguie (Reo), Sissili (Leo) and Ziro (Sapouy) (Ministère et We used the Informal Consensus Factor (ICF) al., 2011). The chief town of the region is that we re-adapted to characterize the species Koudougou and the chief towns of the in five (5) categories of use: abdominal pain, provinces mentioned above constitute the eruptive fever, hepatobiliary disorders, urban communes (Ministère et al., 2010). microbial infections and other diseases (epilepsy, mental disorders, gonorrhea, sexual Conduct of the investigation impotence, hernia, joint pain, dental, fractures, pneumonia). It was used to estimate the The investigation consisted of going to the variability of Acanthospermum hispidum uses. field with a recommendation. The interview Its value varies between 0 and 1. It is obtained process was semi-structured (Yelemou et al., by using the following formula (Canales et al., 2007) with traditional healers and herbalists. 2005). The interest of this survey was to record knowledge transmitted orally by persons ICF = Nur - Nt / (Nur - 1) With Nur is the holding knowledge inherited and/or revealed number of times the species is cited for a on the ethno-medicinal use of this plant. particular category of use and Nt is the total number of times that the species is used by all The exchanges with the respondents were informants for this same category carried out in french and in local languages (Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011). Loyalty Level (lyele, moore, dioula). The conversations were (LL) (Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011) highlights around the questions contained in the survey the importance that populations place on card. Acanthospermum hispidum for its role. It is calculated by the following formula: The questions asked allowed to have information on the use of Acanthospermum LL (%) = Np / N × 100 Where Np is the hispidum, the method of preparation, the mode number of citations of the species for a use of administration, the pathologies treated, the category and N is the total number of uses for type and the duration of the treatment. all categories. 99

Pharmacognosic characterization (1%). The appearance of blackish blue or blackish green in the tissues, indicates the Structure of the drug presence of tannins.

The plant material (whole plant of Detection of alkaloids Acanthospermum hispidum) after being dried under the required conditions, was sprayed. A brown precipitate in the cell vacuoles using This powder has been the subject of lugol as a reagent on the sections indicates the macroscopic and microscopic observations. presence of alkaloids.

Histochemical characteristics Extraction

Histological sections were performed on the Extraction by ethanol maceration stems and roots of Acanthospermum hispidum to identify secondary metabolites in plant The whole plant powder of Acanthospermum tissues. hispidum was mixed with ethanol (in the proportions 5%) and stirred for 24 hours. After Double carmino-green coloration filtration under reduced pressure, the filtrate obtained was frozen and then lyophilized. Carmino-green double staining was performed on sections of Acanthospermum hispidum. For Extraction by aqueous decoction this purpose, the sections were soaked in a solution of sodium hypochlorite and then In a flat-bottomed flask was mixed rinsed three times. They were then dipped in a Acanthospermum hispidum powder with coloring solution of carmino-green Mirande distilled water in the proportions 1:5. The for 5 minutes. The stained sections were mixture was homogenized and boiled under rinsed with distilled water and then mounted reflux for 30 minutes. The contents of the between slide and coverslip in a drop of flask, after being allowed to warm, were glycerin for observation under a microscope spilled in centrifuge tubes. The supernatant (Nacoulma 1996). obtained was concentrated, frozen and freeze- dried. Detection of secondary metabolites Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat tissue Detection of flavonoids liposomes

Detection of flavonoids in plant tissues was The potential of both forms of extracts to achieved by mounting the sections in a 5% protect biomembranes from four rat organs NaOH solution. The presence of flavonoids (liver, kidney, pancreas and lungs) against (flavones) in the tissues is indicated by a ferrous Fe 2+ ion and sodium nitroprusside was yellow or orange-yellow coloring. evaluated respectively according to the methods described by Su et al.,(Su et al., Detection of tannins 2009) with some modifications. The percentages of inhibition were determined at The detection of tannins in the tissues of different concentrations and then reported on a Acanthospermum hispidum was performed by curve to derive the inhibitory concentration mounting the sections in a solution of FeCl3 50% (IC 50%). These tests were performed in

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 97-108 triplicate independently. The results were consisted mainly of men, including 68 men. It expressed as mean ± standard deviation. was found that Acanthospermum hispidum is an herb that is widely used in traditional Trapping hydrogen peroxide medicine in the Central West region against several diseases including mainly abdominal Hydrogen peroxide has a relatively long life pain, eruptive fever, hepatobiliary disorders, and is capable of causing damage far from its microbial infections and other diseases. place of production. It diffuses easily through the cell membrane. Under oxidative stress Analysis of the table revealed that for the conditions, it can give rise to the hydroxyl usual value (UV), the greatest value was radical in the presence of metal ions. The recorded in the treatment of bacterial ability of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of infections with calcination as a method of Acanthospermum hispidum to trap hydrogen preparation (0.68). The decoction of peroxide was evaluated according to the Acanthospermum hispidum administered method described (Ogbunugafor et al., 2012). orally against abdominal pain presented the The reaction mixture consisting of 100 μL of highest informant consensus factor (Table 1). extract and 100 μL of hydrogen peroxide (100 As for the level of fidelity, a low value was mM) was incubated for 10 minutes at room observed at the level of the treatment of other temperature. Residual hydrogen peroxide was diseases (2.21%) whereas the strongest one measured at 230 nm against a blank was noted at the level of the treatment of the containing only the phosphate buffer. The microbial diseases with Acanthospermum activity of the hydrogen peroxide trapping hispidum (Table 1). extract was expressed as a percentage of trapping hydrogen peroxide relative to the Results of pharmacological control without extract. The experiment was characterization carried out in triplicate (independent tests) and ascorbic acid was used as a reference Image of the drug substance. Photo (1a and b) shows the macroscopic Statistical analysis tools appearance and the microscopic aspect of the plant drug. The appearance of the vegetable The results were expressed as the mean value powder makes it possible to optimize the yield of several independent experiments ± standard of the extractions. deviation. The MS Excel software was used to obtain the graphs of the survey results. For Histochemical characteristic statistical analysis, Graph Pad Prism software (version 5.0) was used to obtain standard The histochemistry of Acanthospermum curves and graphs, percentages of inhibition, hispidum is shown in Photo 2. The numbers 1, averages and standard deviations. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, of the photos respectively indicate the epidermis, the collenchyme, the medullary Results and Discussion parenchyma, the sclerenchyma, the phloem, and the xylem of the stem of Acanthospermum Results of the survey hispidum.

The survey allowed to exchange with 89 The plant has a secondary tissue structure with herbalists and traditional healers. These people a remarkable presence of hair on the aerial

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 97-108 part. Flavonoids have been observed in the 89 recognized Acanthospermum hispidum for conductive vessels; tannins, they have been treatment. This high rate of use of located in the epidermis and conducting Acanthospermum hispidum (70.63%) could be vessels (photo 2). As for the alkaloids, they justified by the large number of diseases that were found in trace at the level of the the plant treats, which in turn can be explained medullary parenchyma of the stem and the by the quality and diversity of the active root (photo 2). molecules contained in this plant (Yuan et al., 2016). Results of biological activities Phenolic compounds such as tannins and Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat tissue flavonoids have been demonstrated in the liposomes tissues of Acanthospermum hispidum. Flavonoids have been found in the The ethanolic extract of Acanthospermum collenchyme of the stem and root. The hispidum gave a good ability to inhibit the presence of flavonoids in the tissues of this peroxidation of the membrane lipids of the herb is in agreement with the work of various organs compared with the aqueous Ouattara(Ouattara et al., 2011) which extractwith 31.33 ± 1.2 μg/mL as the indicates that the aerial parts of inhibitory concentration of the peroxidation of Acanthospermum hispidum are rich in 50% of rat liver lipids. The ascorbic acid used flavones. The presence of flavonoids in plant as the reference compound had a better tissues is an indicator of the plant's defense activity compared to the extracts with mechanism against multiple aggressions (Ally respectively 5.5 ± 1 µg/mL, 5.03 ± 1.2 µg/mL, et al., 2017). Phenolic compounds in general, 0.8 ± 0.0 µg/mL and 10.5 ± 0.9 µg/mL, for and flavonoids in particular, are involved in inhibition of peroxidation of membrane lipids plant defense mechanisms in the face of of the liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas (Figure environmental threats such as temperature 1). fluctuations, and UV radiation (Kulbat 2016). Flavonoids and terpenes are synthesized in Result of trapping hydrogen peroxide plant tissues in response to infections (Guenne 2014). On the other hand, alkaloids and The ethanolic extract of Acanthospermum tannins, thanks to their toxic and astringent hispidum showed better ability to trap effect, defend the plant against insects and hydrogen peroxide compared to the aqueous repel ruminants. The presence of these extract. secondary metabolites such as flavonoids highlighted in histochemical sections may Ancestral knowledge is an important basis in confirm the results of biological activities. the search for solutions against the evils that undermine our societies. For years, African The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic people have been resorting to herbalists and extract of the whole plant of Acanthospermum traditional healers when they have health hispidum could highlight a capacity of this problems (Makhanya 2012). These people, form of extract to act within the membrane who are knowledgeable, tend to take care of lipid bilayer or on the lipophilic surfaces of medicinal plants. Acanthospermum hispidum lipoproteins and prevent the initiation of lipid is an herb widely used in the Central West peroxidation caused by biological radicals region. Out of a total of 126 people surveyed (Mothana et al., 2009b). (herbalists and traditional health practitioners),

Table.1 Results of the survey

Mode of Mode of Usual Factor Loyalty Level preparation application value Consensus (%) Informant Treatment of hepatobiliary disorders (Mallmann et al., 2018), (Mothana et al., 2009a) Decoction Oral 0.35 0.58 20 Infusion Oral 0.25 0.42 Treatment of abdominal pain (Lemonica and Alvarenga 1994), (Mihigo et al., 2015), (Mallmann et al., 2018) Infusion Oral 0.21 0.25 28,35 Decoction Oral 0.64 0.75 Treatment of eruptive fever (Edewor and Olajire 2011), (Chinedu, Arome, and Amed 2014; Herekrishna et al., 2010) Infusion Oral 0.25 0.26 26,11 Decoction Oral 0.62 0.74 Treatment of microbial infections (El-Ghani 2016), (Onguéné et al., 2014) Calcination Application on 0.68 0.67 33.34 the skin Infusion Oral 0.15 0.15 Decoction Oral 0.19 0.18 Treatment of other diseases (El-Ghani 2016), Infusion, Oral, bath, 0.09 0.05 2.21 Decoction, application to Inhalation and the skin, Calcination inhalation

Fig.1 Central West Region, Sannguié Province (survey area) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-Ouest_(Burkina_Faso)#/media/Fichier:Burkina_Faso_- _Centre-Ouest.svg(accessed August 03, 2019)

Fig.2 Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of liposomes from rat tissues

50 c 40 c c c 30

b b µg/mL 20 b b

a 10 a a a 0 Liver (IC 50%) Lungs (IC 50%) Kidney (IC 50%) Pancreas (IC 50%) Aqueous extract Ethanolic extract Ascorbic acid

A significant difference is considered for p = 0.05

Fig.3 Result of trapping hydrogen peroxide

100 b a 80 c 60

40 Inhibition % Inhibition 20

0 Aqueous extract (0.5 mg/mL) Ethanolic extract (0.5 mg/mL) Ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/mL)

A significant difference is considered for p = 0.05

Photo.1 Macroscopic (a) and microscopic (b) aspects of the plant drug

(×10)

Photo.2 Histochemical sections of Acanthospermum hispidum DC

Tissue structure (Stem) Alkaloid Test (Stem)

Tannin and Polyphenol Test (Stem) Flavonoid Test (Stem)

Tissue Structure (Root) Alkaloid Test (Root)

2 ': cortical parenchyma

Tannin and polyphenol test (Racine) Flavonoid test (Racine)

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How to cite this article:

Jotham Yhi-pênê N’do, Adama Hilou, Dramane Pare, Samson Guenne and André Tibiri. 2019. Ethnobotany and Pharmacognosic Characterization of Acanthospermum hispidum (Asteraceae), A Medicinal Plant widely used in Traditional Medicine in the Central West Region (Burkina Faso). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(09): 97-108. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.014