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SEEKING A PLACE IN THE SUN: SEPIA MAGAZINE’S ENDEAVOR FOR QUALITY JOURNALISM AND PLACE IN THE NEGRO MARKET, 1951-1982 by MIA CHANDRA LONG CARYL COOPER, COMMITTEE CHAIR GEORGE DANIELS KARLA K. GOWER MARGOT O. LAMME LENITA M. DAVIS A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Communication & Information Sciences in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2011 Copyright Mia Chandra Long 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Sepia magazine began in Fort Worth, Texas in 1947 as Negro Achievements , a magazine highlighting African American success articles and featuring reader-submitted true confessions stories. In 1951, two years after the death of its black founder, Horace J. Blackwell, Sepia found new leadership in white business mogul, George Levitan. With Levitan’s guidance, the magazine became the longest standing competitor to the more successful African American magazine, Ebony . This dissertation chronicles the history of Sepia magazine by discussing its editorial philosophy, comparing its editorial content to that featured in Ebony , and highlighting factors that potentially led to its failure. Previous studies provide information on Sepia ’s portrayal of African American women, Viet Nam coverage, and overall history. However, all prior research excludes the examination of the magazine’s final years, failing to assess the probable reasons for its demise. The current study utilizes magazine content, employee manuscripts, interoffice communication, and news articles in its investigation of the magazine’s life and death throughout the years of its existence, 1951-1982. This dissertation enhances magazine research in a variety of ways. Aside from being only the fourth study of Sepia , the use of Ebony as a point of comparison provides a backdrop against which thorough analysis of the magazine’s content can take place. The study’s assessment of the magazine’s poor business practices also reiterates the importance of a comprehensive business plan for any magazine. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the courageous men and women who endured criticism and violence so that I could walk through the arches, climb Rocky Top, and move beyond the schoolhouse doors. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am pleased to have this opportunity to thank the many colleagues, friends, and faculty members who have helped me with this research project. I am most indebted to Caryl Cooper, the chairperson of this dissertation, for sharing her research expertise and wisdom regarding historical methods and African American media. I would also like to thank all of my committee members, Lenita Davis, Karla Gower, Margot Lamme, and George Daniels, for their invaluable input, inspiring questions, and support of both the dissertation and my academic progress. I am also grateful to the wonderful staffs of Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library at The University of Alabama, the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, the Fisk University John Hope and Aurelia E. Franklin Library, the Main Library at the University of Georgia, the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Columbia University Libraries, the Robert W. Woodruff Library at Emory University, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, and the Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature. Without their assistance, this project would not be complete. I owe a tremendous debt to my parents and siblings for their love, encouragement, prayers, support, and companionship on the many trips to libraries and archives throughout the nation. To my friend, Walter Anderson, I offer thanks for his consistent motivation and considerable assistance. Last but certainly not least, I express thanks to God and to everyone who prayed for me, helped me and guided me through the challenges of creating this manuscript. iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................... iv 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................1 a. Literature Review .....................................................................................8 b. Research Questions ................................................................................35 c. Methods ..................................................................................................36 2. LIFE SUPPORT FOR A DYING MAGAZINE: 1951-1954 ................44 3. GAINING NATIONAL RECOGNITION: 1955-1961 .........................80 4. SEPIA COVERS TWO WARS: 1962-1970 ........................................106 5. CHANGING OF THE GUARDS: 1971-1977 ....................................138 6. THE END OF AN ERA: 1977-1982 ...................................................168 7. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................196 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................215 v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION It is worth considering not just what stories were told about decades, and what people emerged as symbolic of eras, but also what stories were not told, and what people were not included in those tales. 1 The October 8, 1976 issue of the Dallas Morning News featured the brief obituary of George Levitan. 2 Chicago-based Jet magazine announced his death within the space of a quarter of a page. 3 The articles reported that the 71-year-old magazine mogul died after a stroke in his office. The white publisher of six African American magazines had died. These minute mentions are representative of the lifetime of Levitan’s Sepia magazine. The magazine was relevant enough to create nostalgia for those who read its pages, so well-renown that the editors of John H. Johnson’s publishing company felt Levitan’s death worthy of mention, but not to the point of more than the bottom corner of a Jet page. 4 So Levitan went just as Negro Achievements (later Sepia ) founder Horace Blackwell did—sans fanfare. Yet, the contribution they both made to society lives on in the words and articles they chose to print in their magazine’s pages. From 1951 until 1982, Sepia magazine delivered news and stories of African American achievement throughout the nation. That story has yet to be told. In the mid-1940s, black entrepreneur Horace J. Blackwell founded a regional romance- true confessions magazine entitled The World’s Messenger published by a company of the same 1 Carolyn Kitch, Pages from the Past: History & Memory in American Magazines (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 28-29. 2 “Stroke proves fatal to George Levitan,” Dallas Morning News , October 8, 1976, Section C, p5. 3 “White Publisher of Sepia Magazine Dies,” Jet , November 18, 1976, 55. 4 John H. Johnson published Sepia ’s chief competitor, Ebony , as well as Negro Digest and Jet magazines. 1 name. 5 There were predecessors to this type of journalism, the most notable of which came out of New York and Chicago. 6 MacFadden Publications and Dell Publishing, both of New York, published the confessions magazines True Story and Modern Romances , respectively, targeted to the mainstream community. Fawcett Publications started True Confessions in 1922, also a mainstream confessions magazine. Robert S. Abbott, founder of The Chicago Defender, published Abbott’s Monthly in Chicago beginning in 1930, a confessions magazine targeted to the African American community. The Monthly closed in 1933 as a result of economic conditions. Blackwell began distributing The World’s Messenger nine years later in 1942. At the time, it was one of only two confessions magazines distributed regionally to African Americans. The other magazine, Bronze Confessions, was created by the editor of The Miami Whip newspaper. 7 What set Blackwell’s magazine apart, though, was his decision to target Southern working-class African Americans in a dialect with which they would find familiarity. Blackwell proved successful, gaining the ability to eventually purchase office space equipped with printing presses. In 1946, he began to publish another magazine under the title Negro Achievements— which later became Sepia. With Negro Achievements, Blackwell hoped to provide the black community with an alternative to the romance tabloids with which they were now so accustomed.8 The year prior, a Chicagoan by the name of John H. Johnson founded what would become America’s most successful African American magazine, Ebony .9 Blackwell’s Negro 5 Sherilyn Ruth Brandenstein, “Prominent Roles and Themes of Black Womanhood in Sepia Record , 1952-1954” (master’s thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1989), 75. 6 Ibid., 59-63. It was not until 1950 that Johnson Publishing began a confession magazine called Tan Confessions (later called Tan ). 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid., 78. 9 Theodore Peterson, Magazines in the Twentieth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 66; Roland E. Wolseley, The Changing Magazine: Trends in Readership and Management (New York: Hastings House, 1973), 106; Ben Burns, Nitty Gritty (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1996), 29. 2 Achievements still included some confessions but aimed to mirror Ebony with its black success stories and national advertiser base. 10 Unfortunately, the magazine never achieved the newsstand