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Die Bedeutung Der Golanhöhen Für Den Staat Israel

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Die Bedeutung Der Golanhöhen Für Den Staat Israel Die Bedeutung der Golanhöhen für den Staat Israel Eine Analyse der politischen, militärischen und wirtschaft- lichen Entwicklungen auf den Golanhöhen seit dem Sechs- tagekrieg Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Daniel MODIC am Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung Begutachter Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. Peter ČEDE Graz, 2021 Vorwort Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit mit dem Titel „Die Bedeutung der Golanhöhen für den Staat Israel – eine Analyse der politischen, militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen auf den Golanhöhen seit dem Sechstagekrieg“ ist die Abschlussarbeit meines Lehramtstudiums der Un- terrichtsfächer Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde und Englisch an der Karl-Franzens-Univer- sität Graz. Diese Arbeit dient dem Abschluss meines Lehramtstudiums und markiert somit auch den Beginn eines neuen Lebensabschnittes als Lehrer. Im Rahmen meines Studiums absolvierte ich Lehrveranstaltungen zu der Thematik des Nahen Ostens und begann mich dadurch mit diesem Thema näher auseinander zu setzten. Durch dieses Interesse fasste ich den Entschluss, meine Diplomarbeit über die Region im Allgemeinen zu verfassen und fand in Herrn Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Peter Čede den idealen Ansprechpartner, wel- cher mit bei der Themenfindung für diese Arbeit im Speziellen und durch sein umfassendes Wissen mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand und wofür ich äußerst dankbar bin. Weiterer spezieller Dank gilt meinen Eltern, meinem Bruder, meiner Lebensgefährtin und allen Freunden, welche mich immer unterstützt hatten und sowohl in positiven als auch negativen Lebenslagen während der letzten Jahre immer versucht hatten, mich zu motivieren und eine große Stütze waren. II Zusammenfassung Die Golanhöhen spielen seit jeher eine wichtige Rolle in der Region des Nahen Ostens, vor allem nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und der Entstehung des Staates Israel am 14. Mai 1948. Durch die Tatsache, dass ein jüdischer Staat im Nahen Osten entstanden ist und dieser von arabischen Staaten umgeben ist, deren Beziehungen und Ansichten in Bezug auf Israel von mangelnden diplomatischen Beziehungen bis hin zur Aufforderung nach Vernichtung des Staa- tes reichen, spielt das Plateau im Nordosten des kleinen Landes eine immense Rolle in strate- gischer und militärischer, aber auch in politischer und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht. Auf Grund dessen wird in dieser Arbeit versucht jene Bereiche zu analysieren und die wichtigsten histori- schen Ereignisse in Bezug auf die Golanhöhen und den Staat Israel zu nennen, um die Bedeu- tung dieser für den Staat näher beleuchten zu können und zu verstehen. Die nachfolgende Ana- lyse basiert auf Quellen aus unterschiedlichen geisteswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, aus offi- ziellen Statistiken, sofern diese ersichtlich und öffentliche zugänglich sind und aus Zeitungsar- tikeln der jüngeren Vergangenheit. Zu dem zentralen Ergebnis dieser Arbeit zählt unter ande- rem die Tatsache, dass das Überleben des jüdischen Staates ohne die Besetzung dieses strate- gische Bedeutenden Plateaus vor allem in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts stark gefährdet gewesen wäre. III Abstract The Golan Heights have always played an important role in the Middle East region, especially after World War II and the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. Consequently, the state emerged in the Middle East. This Jewish state was surrounded by several Arab countries, whose relations towards Israel ranged from the lack of diplomatic relations to the demand of its de- struction. The Golan plateau in the north-east of this small country plays a critical role in terms of strategic and military significance, as well as political and economic aspects. Focussing on these aspects, this work tries to analyse the meaning of the plateau and thus to sketch the historical facts in this area since the emergence of the Jewish State. The following analysis is based on sources from different academic areas, on official statistics provided by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics and on international newspapers and press releases from the recent past. One of the crucial results of this work is the fact that, without the occupation of this strategically important plateau, the survival of the Jewish State would have been severely en- dangered, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ............................................................................................................................... II Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................. III Abstract.............................................................................................................................. IV Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ V Abbildungsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... VII Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ VIII 1) Einleitung .......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebietes................................................................1 1.2 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung ..........................................................................2 1.3 Forschungsfragen ..................................................................................................3 1.4 Arbeitsgrundlagen und Arbeitsmethodik ...............................................................3 2) Die Golanhöhen und Israel ...........................................................................................5 2.1 Länderportraits......................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Israel .....................................................................................................................5 2.1.2 Syrien ...................................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Libanon ................................................................................................................9 2.1.4 Jordanien ............................................................................................................ 11 3) Ein geographischer Überblick – Eine karge Wüstengegend? .................................... 13 3.1 Geologie und Morphologie ................................................................................. 14 3.2 Klima und Vegetation ......................................................................................... 14 3.3 Wasserreserven ................................................................................................... 18 4) Historischer Abriss ...................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Die Golanhöhen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges ........................................ 21 4.2 Die Golanhöhen unter französischem Mandat ..................................................... 24 V 5) Politische und militärische Bedeutung der Golanhöhen für den Staat Israel ........... 27 5.1 Der Sechstagekrieg ............................................................................................. 27 5.2 Der Jom-Kippur-Krieg ........................................................................................ 36 5.3 Die Annexion der Golanhöhen ............................................................................ 41 5.4 Die militärische Bedeutung der Golanhöhen ....................................................... 43 5.5 Die Schebaa Farmen ........................................................................................... 46 6) Die Siedlungsstruktur der Golanhöhen ...................................................................... 50 6.1 Drusendörfer ....................................................................................................... 50 6.2 Jüdische Siedlungen ............................................................................................ 58 6.3 Arabische Siedlungen ......................................................................................... 62 7) Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Golanhöhen für Israel ........................................ 64 7.1 Naherholung für die israelischen Einwohner – Tourismusfaktor .......................... 64 7.1.1 Mount Hermon Ski Resort .................................................................................. 65 7.1.2 Kursi ................................................................................................................... 67 7.1.3 Banyas Natural Reserve ...................................................................................... 70 7.1.4 Nimrod Castle ..................................................................................................... 73 7.2 Öl auf den Golanhöhen ....................................................................................... 76 7.3 Weinbau auf den Golanhöhen ............................................................................. 78 8) Internationale Ereignisse in Bezug auf die Golanhöhen ............................................ 81 8.1 Die UN-Friedensmission mit österreichischer Beteiligung .................................
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