DOCSLIB.ORG

Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S. Armed Forces Martha E. McSally Abstract: Women have voluntarily served to defend America since the birth of our nation, often driven by necessity or the ½ght for equal opportunity, but always limited by law or policy grounded in accepted gender roles and norms. Today, women compose 14 percent of the total active-duty military, and more Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/140/3/148/1829944/daed_a_00105.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 than 255,000 have deployed to combat operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. Despite their exemplary ser- vice and performance in combat, women are still restricted from serving in more than 220,000 military positions solely because of their sex. Women also continue to be exempt from the Selective Service System, for which their male counterparts are required by law to register. Are these continued inconsistencies be- tween the sexes in the area of national defense incongruent with democratic tenets? Have we gone too far or not far enough in allowing or compelling women to defend the nation if required? May all our citizens be soldiers and all our soldiers citizens. –A toast by Sarah Livingston Jay, the wife of John Jay, at a ball celebrating the end of the Revolution (Fall 1783)1 Women have served as volunteers in the defense of America since the birth of our nation, often driv- MARTHA E. MCSALLY is Profes- en by necessity or the ½ght for equal opportunity, sor of National Security Studies at but always limited by law or policy grounded in the George C. Marshall European accepted gender roles and norms. Today, women Center for Security Studies. After make up more than 14 percent of the active-duty more than twenty-two years of ac- military force; since 2001, more than 255,000 have tive duty, she retired from the U.S. Air Force as a Colonel in August deployed to Operation Enduring Freedom or Oper- 2010. She was one of seven women ation Iraqi Freedom, in which more than 130 have ½rst selected to become ½ghter pi- been killed and almost 700 wounded.2 As of April lots after Congress repealed the 2011, despite their exemplary performance in direct restriction in 1991 and the Depart- combat roles in the air, sea, and on the ground, ment of Defense changed its poli- women as a group are still banned by Department cy in 1993. She was the ½rst woman of Defense (dod) policy from being assigned to in U.S. history to fly a ½ghter in combat and to command a ½ght- more than 220,000 of the 1.4+ million authorized er squadron. Her military awards active-duty positions–regardless of their individ- include the Defense Superior Ser- ual abilities and quali½cations.3 While every Amer- vice Medal and the Bronze Star. ican male is required by law, as a basic obligation of U.S. Government Document: No rights reserved 148 citizenship, to register for Selective Ser- the occupations of civil life. The constitu- Martha E. vice within one month of his eighteenth tion of the family organization, which is McSally birthday (or potentially suffer ½nes, im- founded in the divine ordinance, as well as prisonment, and denial of educational in the nature of things, indicates the do- and employment opportunities),4 wom- mestic sphere as that which properly be- en continue to be exempt from this re- longs to the domain and functions of wom- sponsibility of citizenship. anhood. The paramount destiny and mis- Current dod policies are rife with in- sion of woman are to ful½ll the noble and consistencies and inef½ciencies, result- benign of½ces of wife and mother. This is ing in confusion, inflexibility, and out- the law of the Creator. right violations of the self-imposed –U.S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Brad- restrictions by the military. The male- ley, Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1873)7 Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/140/3/148/1829944/daed_a_00105.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 only Selective Service law and dod poli- cies are also incongruent with three of War and the military ethos required to America’s democratic tenets: 1) a fun- ½ght and win wars have traditionally damental obligation of full citizenship is been considered masculine in nature, the requirement to defend the nation with peace and the need to be protected if needed; 2) the armed forces, whether de½ned as feminine. Men take life and conscripted or volunteer, should reflect women give life. Men protect and wom- the society they defend; and 3) the U.S. en are protected. Men are strong and cou- Constitution is now interpreted to pro- rageous and women are weak and emo- hibit discrimination or lack of equal op- 5 tional. Men are responsible to the state portunity based solely on gender. and women to their family. Men are mo- U.S. national security is not being pur- tivated to function in the horror of war by sued in mixed company consisting of all the thought of returning to the normalcy quali½ed American citizens; instead, ex- of home as symbolized by mother, wife, isting restrictions have limited women’s 6 sweetheart, and the nurses who care for full participation in the military. This them in battle. The increasing integra- essay will explain the gender norms that tion of women in the military has con- continue to curtail women’s rights and fused and contradicted these gender obligations to national defense; elabo- norms and roles. Nonetheless, female rate on the three democratic tenets that Americans’ participation in defense has should drive the composition of Ameri- been and is still limited by these general- ca’s armed forces; review the history of izations about what women as an entire women’s participation in U.S. defense class could and should do.8 and consideration for Selective Service in Take, for example, statements by Kath- light of these tenets and gender norms; leen Teague of the Eagle Forum. Testify- discuss the current gender situation in ing before a House Armed Services Com- the U.S. military; and make recommen- mittee in 1980 on women’s potential in- dations for the future. clusion in Selective Service registration, Teague said, “We expect our servicemen * * * to be tough enough to defend us against Man is, or should be, woman’s protector any enemy–and we want our women to and defender. The natural and proper ti- be feminine and human enough to trans- midity and delicacy which belongs to the form our servicemen into good hus- female sex evidently un½ts it for many of bands, fathers, and citizens upon their re- 140 (3) Summer 2011 149 Gender in turn from battle.” She also warned that quently, that the Citizens of America (with the U.S. “she and her colleagues were not about to few legal and of½cial exceptions) from 18 Armed Forces give up the right to be free from a military to 50 Years of Age should be borne on the obligation ‘just because a handful of Militia Rolls, provided with uniform Arms, women, unhappy with their gender, want and so far accustomed to the use of them. 9 to be treated like men.’” –General George Washington, “Sentiments In 1991, General Merrill McPeak, then on a Peace Establishment” (May 1783)11 chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force, tes- ti½ed to a Senate Armed Services Com- The democratic tenet that binds the mittee (which was deliberating potential rights of citizenship with the obligation repeal of the law that excluded women to defend the state is rooted in the writ- from flying combat aircraft) that he ings of America’s founding fathers and re- Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/140/3/148/1829944/daed_a_00105.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 would pick a less-quali½ed male pilot flected in our Constitution and laws. This over a more-quali½ed female pilot for relationship was central to the suffrage a combat mission. He conceded that his and civil rights movements, grounding view did not make much sense, but it was the arguments that women and African simply the way he felt. A year later, he Americans served in defense of the Unit- told a House Committee: “I believe the ed States and should therefore be granted combat exclusion law is discrimination all rights of citizens.12 The principle re- against women. And second, that it works mains strongly present in immigration to their disadvantage in a career context. law: past applicants for citizenship, male . And I still think it is not a good idea for and female alike, had their applications me to have to order women into combat. rejected if they refused to take an oath Combat is about killing people. Even that they would bear arms to defend the though logic tells us that women can nation. The current law mandating males [conduct combat operations] as well as ages eighteen to twenty-½ve to register men, I have a very traditional attitude for Selective Service requires even those about wives and mothers and daughters males living in the United States as aliens being ordered to kill people.” At the time, to register as a reflection of obligations of McPeak was responsible for organizing, residency and a possible path to citizen- training, and equipping the Air Force to ship.13 Indeed, honorable service in the fly, ½ght, and win in defense of America, military is today a guaranteed road to cit- yet he was willing to accept a less-capable izenship,14 further evidence of our belief force to ½t with his personal attitudes on 10 in the link between military service and the proper role of women.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Friendship in Early America
    CAMPBELL, THERESA J., Ph.D. Political Friendship in Early America. (2010) Directed by Dr. Robert M. Calhoon. 250 pp. During the turbulent decades that encompassed the transition of the North American colonies into a Republic, America became the setting for a transformation in the context of political friendship. Traditionally the alliances established between elite, white, Protestant males have been most studied. These former studies provide the foundation for this work to examine the inclusion of ―others‖ -- political relationships formed with and by women, persons of diverse ethnicities and races, and numerous religious persuasions -- in political activity. From the outset this analysis demonstrates the establishment of an uniquely American concept of political friendship theory which embraced ideologies and rationalism. Perhaps most importantly, the work presents criteria for determining early American political friendship apart from other relationships. The central key in producing this manuscript was creating and applying the criteria for identifying political alliances. This study incorporates a cross-discipline approach, including philosophy, psychology, literature, religion, and political science with history to hone a conception of political friendship as understood by the Founding Generation. The arguments are supported by case studies drawn from a wide variety of primary documents. The result is a fresh perspective and a new approach for the study of eighteenth century American history. POLITICAL FRIENDSHIP IN EARLY AMERICA by Theresa J. Campbell A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2010 Approved by Robert M.
    [Show full text]
  • "Amiable" Children of John and Sarah Livingston Jay by Louise V
    The "Amiable" Children of John and Sarah Livingston Jay by Louise V. North © Columbia's Legacy: Friends and Enemies in the New Nation Conference at Columbia University and The New-York Historical Society, Dec. 10, 2004 Sarah Jay wrote her husband [Oct. 1801]: "I have been rendered very happy by the company of our dear children . I often, I shd. say daily, bless God for giving us such amiable Children. May they long be preserved a blessing to us & to the community." Who were these 'amiable' children, and what were they like? The happy marriage of John and Sarah Jay produced six children: Peter Augustus, born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1776; Susan, born and died in Madrid after only a few weeks of life, in 1780; Maria, born in Madrid in 1782; Ann, born in Paris in 1783, William and Sarah Louisa, born in NYC in 1789 and 1792 respectively. As you can see by the birthplaces of these children, their parents played active parts on the stage of independence, doing what needed to be done, wherever it needed to be done, at the end of a colonial era and the birth of a new nation. John Jay held a greater variety of posts than any other Founding Father, posts he insisted he did not seek but felt it his duty to his country to assume. Sarah Livingston Jay, brought up in a political household, was a strong support to her husband, astutely networking with the movers and shakers of the time (as a look at her Invitation Lists of 1787–1788 shows).
    [Show full text]
  • Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S
    Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S. Armed Forces Martha E. McSally Abstract: Women have voluntarily served to defend America since the birth of our nation, often driven by necessity or the ½ght for equal opportunity, but always limited by law or policy grounded in accepted gender roles and norms. Today, women compose 14 percent of the total active-duty military, and more than 255,000 have deployed to combat operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. Despite their exemplary ser- vice and performance in combat, women are still restricted from serving in more than 220,000 military positions solely because of their sex. Women also continue to be exempt from the Selective Service System, for which their male counterparts are required by law to register. Are these continued inconsistencies be- tween the sexes in the area of national defense incongruent with democratic tenets? Have we gone too far or not far enough in allowing or compelling women to defend the nation if required? May all our citizens be soldiers and all our soldiers citizens. –A toast by Sarah Livingston Jay, the wife of John Jay, at a ball celebrating the end of the Revolution (Fall 1783)1 Women have served as volunteers in the defense of America since the birth of our nation, often driv- MARTHA E. MCSALLY is Profes- en by necessity or the ½ght for equal opportunity, sor of National Security Studies at but always limited by law or policy grounded in the George C. Marshall European accepted gender roles and norms. Today, women Center for Security Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756--1802: Dynamics of Power, Privilege and Prestige in the Revolutionary Era
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2005 Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756--1802: Dynamics of power, privilege and prestige in the Revolutionary era Jennifer Megan Janson West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Janson, Jennifer Megan, "Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756--1802: Dynamics of power, privilege and prestige in the Revolutionary era" (2005). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 797. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/797 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sarah Livingston Jay, 1756-1802: Dynamics of Power, Privilege and Prestige in the Revolutionary Era Jennifer Megan Janson Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Colonial and Revolutionary History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Department Chair Mary Lou Lustig, Ph.D., Committee Chair Ken Fones-Wolf, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Children of John and Sarah Livingston
    A Founding Family Confronts Multiple Disabilities Large scale editions of the writings of Founding Fathers and other “Great White Men” in Early American History are often associated with contributions only to traditional fields of history, and not with the newer forms of social history. But in fact because the publications and the larger collections on which they draw are so comprehensive, and include private as well as public papers, they can and often have made contributions to many other aspects of history. Standard academic procedures often don’t call attention to such hidden topics. Reviews generally don’t refer to them. Indexes may not highlight them. The finding aids to the archival collections may not note them. As editions increasingly are placed online and become searchable some of these problems may be overcome. Health conditions are one of the most common items mentioned in Early American correspondence and diaries, and references useful to the history of disabilities can sometimes be found. Such is the case with The Papers of John Jay, based on original manuscripts in the Rare Book and Manuscript Room of the Columbia University Libraries and photocopies assembled from repositories around the world. New York Founding Father John Jay (1745-1829), was the sixth of seven surviving children of Peter Jay (1704-82) and Mary Van Cortlandt Jay (1705-77). Four of his older siblings were inflicted in varying degrees by disabilities. As editors of the Jay Papers we have primarily been interested in how this family circumstance affected Jay’s life, personality, and character, and how it affected family dynamics generally.
    [Show full text]
  • NJS: an Interdisciplinary Journal Summer 2015 39
    NJS: An Interdisciplinary Journal Summer 2015 39 The Ladies of Trenton: Women’s Political and Public Activism in Revolutionary NJ By Catherine Hudak DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v1i1.12 Abstract Using the Ladies of Trenton as a case study, this article examines the extent and forms of women’s public and political activism in the early national period. An analysis of the Ladies of Trenton’s efforts demonstrates the pivotal roles women played in the formation of the vibrant political culture that emerged in late eighteenth century America. These elite NJ women had access to rich worlds of social and educational refinement coupled with strong political connections. The Ladies of Trenton used their literacy skills, knowledge of the patriot cause, and high social standings to captivate the nation as they entered male-dominated spaces of politics and print culture. Among the civic acts organized by the Ladies of Trenton include a fundraising campaign to assist the Continental Army and a public tribute honoring newly-elected President Washington. Contemporaries publicly recognized the significance of their fundraising to the success of the war effort as these NJ women refashioned gender roles for women by assembling to establish a committee, managing financial matters, and delving into military concerns. The Ladies of Trenton’s public tribute for Washington included profound symbolism commemorating the battles of Trenton and Princeton as well as being reflective of the new nation. The contributions of the Ladies of Trenton demonstrate the presence of active public roles for women during this critical historical period of nation building in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • America in the Jacksonian
    UNIT 10 ___ . ___ In Our American Story for Unit 10, we learn about the presidencies of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. God’s Wonder for this unit is America’s The Knapp Children islands. The Alamo in Texas is our by Samuel Lovett Waldo (c. 1834) American Landmark. Our American Biography is about Chief Justice Jay and his service as president of the American Bible Society. In our Daily Life lesson, America in the we learn about the Cherokee people and their hardships on the Trail of Tears. Jacksonian Era AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL 357 357 Dining room in Jackson’s home, the Hermitage Lesson 46 Old Hickory, First President Our American Story from the West ndrew Jackson of Tennessee was the first president who was not from one of the original 13 colonies A and the first president from west of the Appalachian Mountains. Until 1829 each of the presidents of the United States came from only two states: Virginia and Massachusetts. Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were from Virginia; Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams were from Massachusetts. As we learned in Unit 9, Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans had made him a national hero. Though Jackson received the most votes in the election of 1824, four men had run for president and no one had enough votes for a majority. Jackson felt cheated when the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as the sixth president. While Adams served as president in Washington, Jackson made plans to run against him in 1828.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Cusno the Sicilian Immigrant and the Jays Of
    JOSEPH CUSNO THE SICILIAN IMMIGRANT AND THE JAYS OF BEDFORD The story of Joseph Cusno is one that embraces the American dream and a dream that this enterprising man realized beyond all expectations when he became a household servant at John Jay’s farm in Bedford. His journey from Sicily to America eventually brought him a long association with three generations of the Jay family and a home and family of his own. To understand the world that he entered, we must begin with John Jay’s own retirement in 1801 to his Bedford farm after a long and distinguished career as a public official. By 1798 Jay, then governor of New York, had determined to retire to his farm in Bedford, which he acquired through inheritance and purchase. A cottage on the property was occupied by his farm manager, Maj. Lyons, and was converted into a three-story house with a piazza over looking the country side. It was not as grand as Mount Vernon or Monticello, but was comfortable with a simple elegance and quiet reserve and ultimately proved to be home to the Jay family for more than 150 years. In May of 1801 Jay wrote to Maj. Lyons “It often gives me pleasure to reflect on Good Will & friendly attachmt (sic) - which I have uniformly experienced from the Town in which I expect and hope to pass the Remainder of my life.”i Jay moved into the house in the spring of 1801 with his seventeen year old daughter, Anne, known as Nancy. Jay‘s wife, Sarah, was in poor health and did not take up residence in the house until later that year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Selected Papers of John Jay, 1760–1779 Volume 1 Table of Contents the Jay Family Editorial Note Education Editorial Note
    The Selected Papers of John Jay, 1760–1779 Volume 1 Table of Contents The Jay Family Editorial Note Education Editorial Note The Laws of King’s College in Force during Dr. Johnson’s Presidency, 29 August 1760 Peter Jay to David Peloquin, 16 May 1762 Samuel Johnson to Peter Jay, 24 September 1762 To John Jay from Peter Jay, early 1763 Entering upon Law Studies Editorial Note Peter Jay to James Jay, 15 February 1763 Changes at King’s College Editorial Note Statutes of King’s College in the City of New York, 2 March 1763 Peter Jay to James Jay, 14 April 1763 Peter Jay to David Peloquin, 14 April 1763 David Peloquin to Peter Jay, 26 July-6 August 1763 To John Jay from Peter Jay, 9 August 1763 To John Jay from Peter Jay, 23 August 1763 To John Jay from Samuel Johnson, 27 October 1763 Peter Jay to David Peloquin, 15 November 1763 Law Clerk for Benjamin Kissam Editorial Note To John Jay from Peter Jay, 16 January 1764 To John Jay from Peter Jay, 28 February 1764 Peter Jay to David Peloquin, 15 May 1764 To John Jay from Peter Jay, 22 May 1764 Account of the King's College Commencement, 28 May 1764 The Jay-Livingston Friendship Editorial Note From John Jay to Robert R. Livingston, 2 April 1765 To John Jay from Peter Jay, 15 April 1765 From John Jay to Robert R. Livingston, 1 May 1765 From John Jay to Robert R. Livingston, 31 October 1765 From John Jay to Robert R.
    [Show full text]
  • View of War 33 Sweeney, Ernest Moniz, Daniel Schrag, Michael Greenstone, Jon Thomas G
    Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Protecting the Internet David Clark, Vinton G. Cerf, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba as a Public Commons & Henry E. Brady, R. Kelly Garrett & Paul Resnick, L. Jean Camp, Dædalus Deirdre Mulligan & Fred B. Schneider, John B. Horrigan, Lee Sproull, Helen Nissenbaum, Coye Cheshire, and others Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Summer 2011 The American Denis Donoghue, Rolena Adorno, Gish Jen, E. L. Doctorow, David Narratives Levering Lewis, Jay Parini, Michael Wood, William Chafe, Philip Summer 2011: The Modern American Military Fisher, Craig Calhoun, Larry Tribe, Peter Brooks, David A. Hollinger, William Ferris, Linda Kerber, and others The William J. Perry Foreword 5 Modern David M. Kennedy Introduction 10 American The Alternative Robert Fri, Stephen Ansolabehere, Steven Koonin, Michael Graetz, Military Lawrence Freedman The Counterrevolution in Strategic Affairs 16 Energy Future Pamela Matson & Rosina Bierbaum, Mohamed El Ashry, James Brian McAllister Linn The U.S. Armed Forces’ View of War 33 Sweeney, Ernest Moniz, Daniel Schrag, Michael Greenstone, Jon Thomas G. Mahnken Weapons: The Growth & Spread Krosnick, Naomi Oreskes, Kelly Sims Gallagher, Thomas Dietz, of the Precision-Strike Regime 45 Paul Stern & Elke Weber, Roger Kasperson & Bonnie Ram, Robert Robert L. Goldich American Military Culture Stavins, Michael Dworkin, Holly Doremus & Michael Hanemann, from Colony to Empire 58 Ann Carlson, Robert Keohane & David Victor, and others Lawrence J. Korb Manning & Financing the Twenty-First- & David R. Segal Century All-Volunteer Force 75 plus Public Opinion, The Common Good, Immigration & the Future Deborah D. Avant Military Contractors & of America &c. & Renée de Nevers the American Way of War 88 Jay M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Education of John Adams R
    The Education of John Adams R. B. Bernstein "Drawn & Engraved by H. Houston / His Excellency John Adams President of the United States / Respectfully Dedicated to the Lovers of their Country and Firm Supporters of its Constitution / Published by D. Kennedy 228 Market St. Philad". (ca. 1797) Please do not cite or quote without permission of author. Book scheduled to be published on 4 July 2020 by Oxford University Press Prof. R. B. Bernstein Department of Political Science North Academic Center, Room 4/138A 160 Convent Avenue New York, New York 10031 TEL: 212.650.7385 15 August 2019 EMAIL: rbernstein@ccny cuny edu To the Colloquium: I am honored to start off our semester – honored and apprehensive. The Education of John Adams has made more than one appearance before this group, as part of its gestation, which has taken fourteen (yes, 14) years. In the past year, I have had to edit the manuscript severely when its 126,000 words exceeded the contracted-for length by 26,000 words.. Repeated reviews of the text have cut it by approximately 26,500 words. In addition, I have severely edited it to make it as clear and concise as possible. Thus, there is no longer any need for further editorial advice. What I do need and ask of you, please, is that you assess the book’s argument in general and as to particular subjects. The particular subjects have to do with John Adams, slavery, and race. The appearance in 2018 of Arthur Scherr’s combative monograph John Adams, Slavery, and Race (Peraeger/Greenwood) has spotlighted issues that previous students of Adams’s life and work have overlooked or neglected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Man and His Portrait
    John Jay: The Man and His Portrait In the near future students and visitors to the campus will be able to view one of the most famous portraits in the country's history thanks to the generosity of David Livingston Jay Hughes and William Dudley Foulke Hughes, descendants of our country's first Chief Justice for whom the College is named. The portrait of John Jay, a 1935 copy of Gilbert Stuart's original painting, will hang in the lobby of the College's Haaren Hall. In a December ceremony, President Jeremy Travis noted the importance of strengthening the identification between the College and the man. The Hughes family also deposited with the College, a rare family Bible inscribed in 1814 by John Jay to his daughter. The ceremony was marked by a presentation by Landa M. Freeman, Louise W. North and Janet M. Wedge, editors of the Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay, who read passages of the letters pertaining specifically to the portrait. The occasion also included a lecture by Dr. Elizabeth M. Nuxoll of Columbia University who is the editor of The Papers of John Jay. Although best known as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Jay held numerous posts in the new country. He was an ambassador to Spain and France, the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and Governor of New York to name just a few. John Jay is also considered to be the first counterintelligence chief when he headed the NYS Committee and Commission for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies during the early period of the American Revolution.
    [Show full text]