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View of War 33 Sweeney, Ernest Moniz, Daniel Schrag, Michael Greenstone, Jon Thomas G Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Protecting the Internet David Clark, Vinton G. Cerf, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba as a Public Commons & Henry E. Brady, R. Kelly Garrett & Paul Resnick, L. Jean Camp, Dædalus Deirdre Mulligan & Fred B. Schneider, John B. Horrigan, Lee Sproull, Helen Nissenbaum, Coye Cheshire, and others Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Summer 2011 The American Denis Donoghue, Rolena Adorno, Gish Jen, E. L. Doctorow, David Narratives Levering Lewis, Jay Parini, Michael Wood, William Chafe, Philip Summer 2011: The Modern American Military Fisher, Craig Calhoun, Larry Tribe, Peter Brooks, David A. Hollinger, William Ferris, Linda Kerber, and others The William J. Perry Foreword 5 Modern David M. Kennedy Introduction 10 American The Alternative Robert Fri, Stephen Ansolabehere, Steven Koonin, Michael Graetz, Military Lawrence Freedman The Counterrevolution in Strategic Affairs 16 Energy Future Pamela Matson & Rosina Bierbaum, Mohamed El Ashry, James Brian McAllister Linn The U.S. Armed Forces’ View of War 33 Sweeney, Ernest Moniz, Daniel Schrag, Michael Greenstone, Jon Thomas G. Mahnken Weapons: The Growth & Spread Krosnick, Naomi Oreskes, Kelly Sims Gallagher, Thomas Dietz, of the Precision-Strike Regime 45 Paul Stern & Elke Weber, Roger Kasperson & Bonnie Ram, Robert Robert L. Goldich American Military Culture Stavins, Michael Dworkin, Holly Doremus & Michael Hanemann, from Colony to Empire 58 Ann Carlson, Robert Keohane & David Victor, and others Lawrence J. Korb Manning & Financing the Twenty-First- & David R. Segal Century All-Volunteer Force 75 plus Public Opinion, The Common Good, Immigration & the Future Deborah D. Avant Military Contractors & of America &c. & Renée de Nevers the American Way of War 88 Jay M. Winter Filming War 100 James J. Sheehan The Future of Conscription: Some Comparative Reflections 112 Andrew J. Bacevich Whose Army? 122 what Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. The Military-Industrial Complex 135 Martha E. McSally Defending America in Mixed Company: Gender in the U.S. Armed Forces 148 Eugene R. Fidell Military Law 165 Jonathan Shay Casualties 179 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Cherishing Knowledge · Shaping the Future Inside front cover: The Shaw Memorial (1897) by Augus- tus Saint-Gaudens honors the Fifty-fourth Massachu- setts Regiment, the most famous African American regiment of the Civil War. The original bronze-cast version stands on the Boston Common. A gilded plas- ter cast of the monument (1900), photographed here, is part of the National Park Service, Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site collection and is on long-term display at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Photograph courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, Cornish, New Hampshire. David M. Kennedy, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications D Micah J. Buis, Associate Editor Erica Dorpalen, Editorial Assistant Board of advisers Steven Marcus, Editor of the Academy Rosanna Warren, Poetry Adviser Committee on Publications Jerome Kagan, Chair, Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Early, Linda Greenhouse, Jerrold Meinwald; ex of½cio: Leslie Cohen Berlowitz Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Nineteenth-century depiction of a Roman mosaic labyrinth, now lost, found in Villa di Diomede, Pompeii Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scien- tist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbol- izes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the lab- yrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings togeth- er distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was char- tered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its nearly ½ve thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Dædalus Summer 2011 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 140, Number 3 member individuals–$43; institutions–$113. Canadians add 5% gst. Print and electronic for © 2011 by the American Academy nonmember individuals–$48; institutions– of Arts & Sciences $126. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside the Unit- Defending America in Mixed Company: ed States and Canada add $23 for postage and Gender in the U.S. Armed Forces handling. Prices subject to change without by Martha E. McSally notice. U.S. Government Document: No rights reserved Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- year basis. All other subscriptions begin with Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, Norton’s Woods, the next available issue. 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. Phone: 617 491 2600. Fax: 617 576 5088. Single issues: $13 for individuals; $33 for insti- Email: [email protected]. tutions. Outside the United States and Canada add $6 per issue for postage and handling. Library of Congress Catalog No. 12-30299 Prices subject to change without notice. isbn 978-0-262-75144-5 Claims for missing issues will be honored free Dædalus publishes by invitation only and as- of charge if made within three months of the sumes no responsibility for unsolicited manu- publication date of the issue. Claims may be scripts. The views expressed are those of the submitted to [email protected]. Mem- author of each article, and not necessarily of the bers of the American Academy please direct all American Academy of Arts & Sciences. questions and claims to [email protected]. Dædalus (issn 0011-5266; e-issn 1548-6192) Advertising and mailing-list inquiries may be is published quarterly (winter, spring, summer, addressed to Marketing Department, mit Press fall) by The mit Press, Cambridge ma 02142, for Journals, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge ma the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. An 02142. Phone: 617 253 2866. Fax: 617 253 1709. electronic full-text version of Dædalus is available Email: [email protected]. from The mit Press. Subscription and address Permission to photocopy articles for internal changes should be addressed to mit Press Jour- or personal use is granted by the copyright nals, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge ma 02142. owner for users registered with the Copyright Phone: 617 253 2889; u.s./Canada 800 207 8354. Clearance Center (ccc) Transactional Report- Fax: 617 577 1545. ing Service, provided that the per-copy fee Printed in the United States of America by of $12 per article is paid directly to the ccc, Cadmus Professional Communications, Science 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers ma 01923. Press Division, 300 West Chestnut Street, The fee code for users of the Transactional Ephrata pa 17522. Reporting Service is 0011-5266/11. Submit all other permission inquiries to the Subsidiary Newsstand distribution by Ingram Periodicals mit tn Rights Manager, Press Journals, by com- Inc., 18 Ingram Blvd., La Vergne 37086, and pleting the online permissions request form Source Interlink Distribution, 27500 Riverview fl at www.mitpressjournals.org/page/copyright Center Blvd., Bonita Springs 34134. _permissions. Postmaster: Send address changes to Dædalus, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge ma 02142. Peri- odicals postage paid at Boston ma and at addi- tional mailing of½ces. The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda ca. Each size of Cycles has been sep arately designed in the tradition of metal types. Foreword William J. Perry The dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended World War II but ushered in an entirely new form of conflict that came to be called the Cold War. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union each built up enormous arsenals of nuclear weapons designed to deter the other from launching a conventional military or nuclear attack. At the time, deterrence worked in the sense that the United States and the Soviet Union did not come into direct military con- flict with each other. But these vast nuclear ar- senals did not deter the Soviets from using con- ventional military force in Czechoslovakia, Hun- gary, or Afghanistan. They did not deter the United States from using military force in Korea and Viet- nam. And they did not preclude both sides from amassing large conventional forces in Europe. WILLIAM J. PERRY, a Fellow of When the Cold War ended, many hoped that a the American Academy since 1989, new era of peace would replace the threat of large- is the Michael and Barbara Ber- scale nuclear war breaking out at any moment. berian Professor at Stanford Uni- versity, where he is also a Codirec- Many believed that this peace would be accompa- tor of the Preventive Defense Proj- nied by a signi½cant global reduction in nuclear ect and Senior Fellow in the Insti- weapons. Instead, new challenges to world security tute for International Studies. At arose. Regional instabilities led to threats of war the U.S. Department of Defense, between India and Pakistan, on the Korean Penin- he served as Secretary of Defense sula, and in the Mideast. These threats contributed (1994 to 1997), Deputy Secretary to and were exacerbated by the proliferation of of Defense (1993 to 1994), and Undersecretary of Defense for nuclear weapons in these regions. Additionally, Research and Engineering (1977 catastrophic terrorism arose as a new threat to to 1981). He received the Presiden- world security, with large-scale attacks on civilian tial Medal of Freedom in 1997. populations in the United States, Russia, India, © 2011 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences 5 Foreword Spain, the United Kingdom, and Indone- development facilities capable of build- sia.
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