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The Chinese Communist Youth League Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization the Chinese Communist Youth League China: from Revolution to Reform

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The Chinese Communist Youth League Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization the Chinese Communist Youth League China: from Revolution to Reform CHINA: FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM Tsimonis The Chinese Communist Youth League The Chinese Communist Youth Konstantinos D. Tsimonis The Chinese Communist Youth League Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization The Chinese Communist Youth League China: From Revolution to Reform The China: From Revolution to Reform Series was launched by AUP to meet the rising influence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as an economic, military, and political power in the world arena. Forty years after the Chinese Communist Party kicked off the reform, the PRC is now poised to surpass the United States as the world’s greatest economy. A more confident and powerful PRC coupled with increasingly rich primary sources have drawn tremendous interest from scholars around the world. The primary focus of this series will be the PRC in the new era with somewhat dual attention to previous periods such as the Republic of China (1912-1949) and the late Qing (1644-1911), both of which are not only intertwined with and inseparable from the PRC but also crucial to our better understanding of the PRC. This series invites studies from a wide variety of disciplines and topics in politics, law, history, diplomacy, gender, and the like. Researches in earlier periods of 20th century China, Taiwan, or Hong Kong are also welcome. Series Editor Qiang Fang, University of Minnesota Duluth Editorial Board Xiaobing Li, University of Central Oklahoma Chen Linghai, East University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai Aminda Smith, Michigan State University Harold Tanner, University of Northern Texas Xiaoping Cong, University of Houston The Chinese Communist Youth League Juniority and Responsiveness in a Party Youth Organization Konstantinos D. Tsimonis Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: ID 77285442 Source: © Esebene | Dreamstime.com Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 986 3 e-isbn 978 90 4854 264 2 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462989863 nur 740 © Konstantinos D. Tsimonis / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. To Daphne, the source of all happiness Table of Contents Acknowledgments 11 1 Introduction 17 Scope and importance of the study 20 The challenge: Reversing the legacy of an uneasy relationship 24 Enter Hu Jintao: ‘Keep the Party Assured and the Youth Satisfied’ 28 Beyond dependency: ‘Youth’ as a junior political subject 30 Researching the League 33 Organization of the book 35 2 ‘Juniority’ and the generational subordination of party youth organizations 47 Circumventing dependency: Cadre agency and responsiveness 49 Youth leagues and generational politics 55 Generational subordination and juniority 61 3 The League on Campus 81 Joining the League 85 Grassroots League committees and cadres 89 League activities on campus 94 The view from below: The League’s evaluation by students 101 Conclusion 110 4 The League in the workplace 117 Locating ‘youth’ and the League in the Chinese workplace 119 Deregulated labor and League membership 124 ‘Building the League through building the Party’ 128 The League’s activities: Between the Party committee and the management 132 Serving and representing young employees 138 Conclusion 143 5 Training youth cadres 151 Organizational aspirations and realities 153 The Central League School: Training generalist cadres 157 The League School at the grassroots 163 Improving training at the local level 167 Personnel exchange and recognition programs 173 Conclusion 178 6 In Search of Responsiveness 185 Youth work norms 187 Serving youth in practice 196 Relations with social organizations 214 Conclusion 225 Conclusion: From Hu to Xi 235 The League as a dependent and junior organization 237 The League under Xi: Factional considerations or a new mission? 242 Juniority beyond the League 248 Appendix 255 Bibliography 287 Index 317 List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 3.1 Main motive for young people joining the Youth League (%) 88 Figure 3.2 Is joining the party important to you? (%) 88 Figure 3.3 How should CYL cadres be appointed? (%) 102 Figure 7.1 The CYL under Xi 246 Tables Table 2.1 Age limits for Communist Youth League cadres 68 Table 3.1 Requirements for League awards 91 Table 3.2 Does your league branch follow these procedures? 103 Table 3.3 Have you participated in CYL events after entering university? 104 Table 3.4 CYL activities that students participate in, prefer, consider useful 105 Table 3.5 How useful are the following organizations in helping you with study-related issues and student-life-related issues? 106 Table 3.6 If you require the assistance of an organization to deal with a problem, will you turn to the CYL? 107 Table 3.7 CYL representation and responsiveness beyond the campus 108 Table 3.8 Problems university students face and the CYL’s effectiveness in addressing them 108 Table 3.9 CYL member’s views and suggestions 110 Table 4.1 Characteristics of work units and companies analysed in this chapter 119 Table 4.2 Annual transfer of members 2003-2007 125 Table 4.3 League membership development 2003-2007 126 Table 4.4 Example of annual plan of activities 133 Table 4.5 Example of annual plan of activities 134 Table 4.6 Frequency of political study meetings 135 Table 4.7 Rights protection 142 Table 5.1 CYL branches and cadres in numbers 2002-12 (in 000s) 156 Table 5.2 The League School in numbers 159 Table 5.3 Educational background of LS/CYUPS instructors 160 Table 5.4 2006 and 2007 Sessions of the Central League School 161 Table 5.5 Advanced Level League School Training Plan 165 Table 5.6 Study subjects of 2004 Minority Youth Cadres Training Class (week long) 172 Table 5.7 All-China Outstanding League Cadres Award Winners 176 Table 5.8 Red Flag League Committee (Grassroots Branches) Award Winners 177 Table 6.1 Content of CYL activities initiated at the national level, 1980-2007 187 Table 6.2 Beijing City League committee activities, 2010 189 Table 6.3 When looking for employment, where did you get help from? 198 Table 6.4 During the past year, did you join a meeting of a participatory politics institution? (%) 211 Acknowledgments Work for this book began at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) as research for my PhD thesis, and was completed a few blocks away, at King’s College London. Necessary ‘detours’ included a few years in Beijing, long visits to Zhejiang, Shanghai and Shandong, intensive writing periods in Sai Wan Ho (Hong Kong), Peckham and Pimlico (London) and Kifisia (Athens), and unmissable summer breaks in Palio (Kavala). In all these places, I was fortunate to have the academic and personal support of many wonderful people. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my former PhD supervisor Julia Strauss for her patience and valuable guidance throughout my postgraduate studies at SOAS. I will always be thankful for her pas- sionate teaching in the module ‘State and Society in the Chinese Political Process’, which inspired me to work on China’s domestic politics. The life and career path I chose as a result of taking this module was until then unimaginable for a student coming from a country with no tradition in East Asian or Chinese studies. I’m also deeply grateful to Laleh Khalili, Dafydd Fell, Patricia Thornton and Jennifer Altehenger for their critical comments and constructive suggestions at different stages of my PhD. Thoughout my doctoral studies, the A.G. Leventis Foundation was a generous financial supporter. I was also fortunate to receive a grant to conduct my fieldwork, from the China University Committee in London. In China, I would like to acknowledge many people whose identity has to be protected, especially in the repressive post-2013 social and political environment. These include, among others, academics and researchers at Peking University, at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and at the China Youth and Children Research Centre. I am grateful to my interviewees and to many more occasional discussants, as well as my Chinese friends who supported me through their contacts, comments, hospitality and cooking! Back in the UK, I am particularly indebted to Gerda Wielander who provided critical comments on the first draft, prompting me to rethink and redesign its framing, and rewrite and restructure its content. In the process of writing this book, I have also benefited greatly from discussions with and comments by superb colleagues and good friends: Igor Rogelja, Jerome Doyon and Zaad Mahmood. I consider myself very fortunate in my colleagues at the Lau China In- stitute at King’s College London, my academic ‘home’ since 2015. Working with Kerry Brown, Charlotte Goodburn, Jan Knoerich, Sun Xin and Ben 12 THE CHINESE COMMUNIST YOUTH LEAGUE Barratt has been a privilege – they are not only brilliant academics but also wonderful individuals and co-workers I rely upon. I have benefited greatly from their support and scholarly example. I am also deeply grateful to my academic mentor at King’s, Anthony Pereira, for his guidance and constant encouragement. I have presented bits and pieces of my work on the Communist Youth League at different conferences and seminars including the Conference on Youth Mobilisation and Political Change (ZOiS, Berlin 2019), the European Association of Chinese Studies Biannual Conference (Glasgow 2018), the 10th Annual International Asian Dynamics Initiative Conference (Copenhagen 2018), the 10th and 11th Conferences on Asian Studies, Palacky University (Olomouc 2016, 2017), the International Conference on Political participa- tion in Asia (Stockholm 2015), the British Association of Chinese Studies Conference (Newcastle 2014) and the China Postgraduate Network Annual Conference (Lancaster 2013).
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