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North American Bioactive Plants for Human Health and Performance Maria Pontes Ferreira Wayne State University, [email protected]

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North American Bioactive Plants for Human Health and Performance Maria Pontes Ferreira Wayne State University, Maria.Pontes.Ferreira@Fulbrightmail.Org Wayne State University Nutrition and Food Science Faculty Research Nutrition and Food Science Publications 11-1-2012 North American Bioactive Plants for Human Health and Performance Maria Pontes Ferreira Wayne State University, [email protected] Fidji Gendron First Nations University of Canada Katrina C. McClure University of Kansas Kelly Kindscher University of Kansas Recommended Citation Ferreira M.P., Gendron F., McClure K. C., Kindscher K. (2012) "North American bioactive plants for human health and performance," Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants and Indigenous Medicine 1(11), 568-582, available at http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/ nfsfrp/1/ Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/nfsfrp/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nutrition and Food Science at DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition and Food Science Faculty Research Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 1, Issue 11 | November 2012 | 568–582 ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal Review article NORTH AMERICAN BIOACTIVE PLANTS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE Ferreira Maria Pontes 1*, Gendron Fidji 2, McClure Katrina C3, Kindscher Kelly 4 1Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, 5045 Cass Avenue, Science Hall 3009, Detroit, MI, USA, 48202 2Assistant Professor, Department of Science, First Nations University of Canada, 1 First Nations Way, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 7K2 Canada 3Graduate Research Assistant, University of Kansas, Department of Geography, Lawrence, KS 66047 4Senior Scientist, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] ; Phone: (313) 577-5888; Fax: (313) 577-8616 Received: 20/09/2012; Revised: 25/10/2012; Accepted: 31/10/2012 ABSTRACT Native and naturalized bioactive plants of the Canadian and American temperate biome are examined for their health and performance enhancement properties. Some of these plants are now being used as natural health products, and many have a long history as traditional foods and/or medicines with indigenous groups. This paper reviews the medicinal/cultural uses and bioactive properties of selected plant families: the Holly family (Aquifoliaceae) as stimulants, the Celery family (Apiaceae) as normoglycemic aids and analgesics, the Ginseng family (Araliaceae) as energy- boosting aids, the Sunflower family (Compositae) as anti-inflammatory aids, and the Legume family (Fabaceae) and Nightshade family (Solanaceae) as functional foods. These North American plants show promising avenues for innovative health and performance enhancement aids and it is concluded that they should be investigated further for their bioactive properties. KEY WORDS: Athlete; botanicals; complementary & alternative medicine; dietary supplement; ergogenic aid; grasslands; functional food; indigenous; natural health product; prairie; phytotherapy To Cite this article: Ferreira M P, Gendron F, McClure K C, Kindscher K (2012), NORTH AMERICAN BIOACTIVE PLANTS FOR HUMAN HEALTH & PERFORMANCE, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. , Volume 1(11), 568–582 Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI || Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 1, Issue 11 | November 2012 | 568–582 INTRODUCTION well, this biome boasts a rich cultural diversity, including dozens of indigenous groups with a North Americans are avid users of long history of use of botanicals for food and complementary and alternative medicine medicine. Despite being one of the most human (CAM), such as dietary supplements and altered landscapes on the planet, due to natural health products (NHP), for health risk colonialism and agriculture, the grasslands reduction and performance enhancement. biome continues to be a source of functional Regarding performance enhancement, the foods and medicines for indigenous and non- American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of indigenous people today (Kindscher, 1987, Canada, and the American College of Sports 1992). While CAM is not evidence-based, and Medicine have a joint position statement on the thus not part of allopathic medicine, this is use of supplements and ergogenic aids, due to changing. Increasingly, there is growing the popularity of their use amongst athletes and scientific evidence documenting the potential fitness enthusiasts (American Dietetic health and performance value of North Association et al., 2009). Regarding other American traditional foods and medicine consumer group use of botanicals, in 2007, products. For example, Echinacea species approximately 40% of surveyed USA adults (family Compositae) are wild perennials used used CAM, and 18% of these therapies are widely in North America by indigenous people dietary supplements (Barnes et al., 2008). In for a variety of health and performance Canada, 71% of adults surveyed in 2005 have purposes. Today, Echinacea species are one of used NHP (Ipsos, 2005). the most commonly utilized NHP by mainstream North Americans; as well, it is one CAM is a broad group of diverse medical of the most researched botanicals from the and health care systems (e.g., traditional / Americas (Price and Kindscher, 2007). indigenous medicine), various practices (e.g., sweat lodge, meditation), and products (e.g., The National Institutes of Health (NIH) functional foods, supplements, and NHP). invested nearly $90 million in mechanistic, pre- Natural health products are naturally occurring clinical and clinical research studies of substances derived from organisms from the 5 botanicals through two rounds of the Botanical life kingdoms: plants, animals, microbes, Research Centers Program between 2000– fungi, and protists. These products come in a 2010. The center is currently in its third five- variety of forms such as powders, extracts, year funding cycle. The Office of Dietary ointments, capsules, and tablets. They include Supplements and National Center for vitamins and minerals, botanical remedies, Complementary and Alternative Medicine zootherapies, ergogenic aids, probiotics, (both NIH entities) jointly orchestrate a homeopathic, and traditional medicines. Many network of interdisciplinary centers devoted to traditional/indigenous food and medicines the study of botanicals, with the Botanical inform the research and development of Research Centers Program being the largest relevant bioactive components into commercial (Coates and Meyers, 2011). In Canada, the NHP. Over 80% of Canadians believe that it is functional foods and NHP sector continues to important to respect the role that NHP play in grow, with total annual revenues of $3.7 billion some cultures (Ipsos, 2005). Thus, traditional CND, as estimated from the Functional Foods and indigenous knowledge systems continue to and Natural Health Products Survey 2007 have a broad impact on the use of CAM by (Statistics Canada, 2007). Growth of this mainstream consumers. Canadian sector is enhanced through the spending of $148 million CND (in 2007) for Across Canada and the USA, a large research and development by functional food 2 temperate grasslands biome (3 million km ) is firms and those producing and/or marketing host to a rich diversity of landscapes yielding a NHP. New developments of this wide range of variety of native and naturalized plants. As product lines (over 22,000) include extraction Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI || Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 1, Issue 11 | November 2012 | 568–582 and processing of bioactive compounds to metabolites with significant plant growth and produce products with increased health and development roles (e.g., colour pigments, well-being benefits. hormones, and sterols), the vast majority are secondary metabolites with roles in plant In this paper we give a brief introduction to defense (e.g., essential oils and latex). Conifers the basic secondary metabolites in botanicals, and many flowering plants produce essential and how they may be used for health and oils rich in terpenes and terpenoids, which may performance enhancement. We will then have medicinal properties. The native North introduce selected native plants, organized by American hops ( Humulus lupulus L., family, that come from a variety of habitats Cannabaceae) are herbaceous perennial vines across the grasslands biome and have a history that grow in moist fertile soils in the prairie of utilization by indigenous people (past and/or bioregion. The female flower clusters are present). Ethnobotanical and evidence-based valued by indigenous people for their sedative information regarding the health and qualities and are used as an herbal analgesic performance properties of the plant will be and for insomnia. In the brewing industry, hops discussed with implications for future research. contribute anti-microbial, flavour, and aroma It is our hope that this multidisciplinary properties attributed in part to the terpene conversation regarding these plants will inspire compounds. Beer has been used by athletes for indigenous interest in higher education; its therapeutic qualities since recorded history; protection and appreciation of the varied yet in immoderate doses alcohol continues to habitats that occur in the North American be abused amongst athletes (Ferreira
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