SEAMEO-SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts

SPAFA Journal is published three times a year by the SEAMEO-SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts. It is a forum for scholars, researchers and professionals on archaeology, performing arts, visual arts and cultural activities in Southeast Asia to share views, research findings and evaluations. The opinions expressed in this journal are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of SPAFA.

SPAFA's objectives :

• Promote awareness and appreciation of the cultural heritage of Southeast Asian countries through preservation of archaeological and historical artifacts, and traditional arts;

• Help enrich cultural activities in the region;

• Strengthen professional competence in the fields of archaeology and fine arts through sharing of resources and experiences on a regional basis;

• Increase understanding among the countries of Southeast Asia through collaboration in archaeological and fine arts programmes. The SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology Editorial Board and Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) promotes Pisit Charoenwongsa professional competence, awareness and Elmar B. Ingles preservation of cultural heritage in the fields of Professor Khunying Maenmas Chavalit archaeology and fine arts in Southeast Asia. It is Zulkifli Mohamad a regional centre constituted in 1985 from the SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts, Editorial Assistance which provided the acronym SPAFA. The Eric Seifert Centre is under the aegis of the Southeast Asian Colin Dunne Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO). Production Services SEAMEO-SPAFA member-countries: Mayuree Srithiengtham • Brunei Prasanna Weerawardane • Cambodia Vassana Taburi • Indonesia • Laos Wanpen Kongpoon • Malaysia Wilasinee Thabuengkarn • Myanmar • Philippines Publication Co-ordinator • Singapore Ean Lee • Thailand • Vietnam Photographic Services Associate member-countries: Nipon Sud-Ngam • Australia • Canada Printers • Germany Amarin Printing and Publishing • France • New Zealand Public Company Limited • Netherlands 65/16 Chaiyaphruk Road, Taling Chan, Bangkok 10170, Thailand SEAMEO-SPAFA also co-ordinates and collaborates with countries, international organisations and academic institutions to achieve Tel. 882-1010 (30 Lines) common goals and objectives. Fax. 433-2742, 434-1385 Note for Contributors Manuscripts could be submitted in electronic form (PC or Macintosh). Related photographs or illustrations and a brief biographical paragraph describing author's current affiliation and research SEAMEO-SPAFA Regional Centre interests should accompany the manuscript. for Archaeology and Fine Arts

Annual Subscription Rates: SERVICES AND FACILITIES US $27 (Air Mail) Full-facility conference and lecture rooms US $24 (Surface Mail) Accomodation/guestrooms for rental US $19/Baht 465 (Within Thailand) Exhibition/display hall Applied Science Laboratory Cost Per Issue: US $6/Baht 150 Library and documentation centre Contact: Publication and audio-visual production services Training/Seminars/Workshops/Research SPAFA Regional Centre SPAFA Building ACADEMIC CONSULTANCY SERVICES Impact Assessment on Cultural Resources 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road, Samsen, Theves Rescue Archaeology/History Bangkok 10300, Thailand Museum Exhibit, Design and Curatorship Tel. (662) 280-4022-29 Fax. (662) 280-4030 Arts and Culture Management E-mail: [email protected] Performing Arts Management Website: www.seameo.org/spafa Cultural Tours Consultancy services on Teachers Training for art curriculum development SPAFA Journal Volume 9 Number 1 (January-April 1999)

CONTENTS

5 Did earth move to fell Angkor? Dr. Heng L. Thung

15 Archaeology Discovery of Late Prehistoric Burial Systems in Bali / Made Sutaba

19 Performing Arts Corporate Sponsorship or Corporate Hospitality for Performing Arts in Malaysia? Zulkifli Mohamad

23 Visual Arts Indonesia Art: the Creation of a National Identity

24 NEWS: • Southeast Asian Archaeology: Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists • Asean Youth Friendship Camp for the Study of Cultural Heritage • Atlas-Asia Inauguration Conference

31 Schedule of SPAFA Activities

32 Conferences

35 Art on Show

41 World Wide Web Sites

45 Bookmark

Did earth move to fellAngkor?

From the 9th to 13th centuries A.D., a dozen Khmer kings built successive capitals on a fertile plain between the Kulen Hills and the Tonle Sap Lake in northern Cambodia. With a sophisticated irrigation system, the Khmer civilisation was able to produce sufficient rice for a million inhabitants, and construct a multitude of monuments in laterite, brick and sandstone. What factors contributed to the decline of this 'Angkor empire', and did problems of water management weaken it substantially? Dr Heng Thung, a geologist who has been studying aerial photographs and satellite imagery, provides compelling intepretations from the perspectives of hydrology, geology and topography

ater was the fountain of life for Angkor; a disruption in its water supply would W simply be fatal. This importance of water to the Khmer empire is borne out in the fact that while the design of Angkor was influenced by religious beliefs, its location was based on the availability of a clean, sustainable water supply for consumption and irrigation. This sup- ported cultivation of rice which was essential to the population, who, in turn, were essential to the demanding maintenance of the many temple com- plexes. Seen from the air, little rectangular ponds - a trademark of the Khmer civilisation - are scat- tered across the vast expanse. The same pattern repeats itself like an imprint of Khmer dominance all the way through Northeast Thailand. Even in modern times, the water projects in "Isaan Khiaw", or Green Northeast Thailand, have simply copied this system which has existed for a millennium. The Khmer civilisation, at its apex, was an empire devoted to the building of religious edifices that now dot the landscape of more than half a million square kilometres covering the present Kingdom of Cambodia, parts of Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. The Khmers' rich legacy of monuments is unequalled in the world, Original arch of stonebridge, east of Angkor Thorn and reflect a sophisticated society whose archi-

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 5 tecture and fine arts show an Many historians have specu- The city depended on these incredibly high degree of tech- lated on the rise and fall of reservoirs as a source of water nical advancement. the Khmer kingdom, with during the dry season, which Inundated by the waters of numerous studies attempting coincided with the retreat of the Mekong, the coastal plain to explain its hydraulic system the shoreline of the lake. of Tonle Sap Lake provided (Groslier; Garami and Kertai). Unlike Bangkok, which has multiple crops annually. The Scholars have also followed been sinking slowly for many Khmer harnessed the rivers Khmer kings who moved from years, the Angkor site may flowing from the Phnom Kulen one city to the next before have risen imperceptibly mountain in the north, using settling in Angkor in the shadow during the centuries of its the flooding caused by the of Phnom Kulen, and seem life span. There was no way that annual rise of the water level of to agree that the last pillage by the ancient Khmers could have Tonle Sap Lake, and the deluge the Siamese and the following known about the gradual caused by the seasonal rains to forced exodus of slaves was changes in the earth's crust fill their huge water reservoirs precipitated by the city's which made the maintenance (Peng Seang). Laid out on inability to maintain itself. of the city and its complicated a gentle alluvial apron consist- There is no doubt that there water works more difficult as ing of mixed sandy material were several major contri- time progressed. underlain by rocks, the location buting factors to the decline of The difficulties that the of the Angkor complex seemed the empire, but it was the lack Khmer faced in maintaining ideal at its time of inception in of water, and the failure to their water system have been the tenth century. Laterite for maintain the intricate water noted by other researchers, the foundation of many temples system that left the Khmers some of whom have proposed was found in quarries east of so vulnerable that they could that the decline could have been the site, while the sandstone for not repel attacks. due to the impairment of the the buildings was found along barays or reservoirs as a result the foothills of Phnom Kulen. Phenomenon of the vagaries of climate and Contemporary historians It could be said that the site of siltation. and archaeologists argue that Angkor was not as appropriate About three decades ago, the sacking of the capital by the as it seemed for supporting Escande, a French geologist in Siamese in 1431 caused the a long human settlement over search of gold deposits in the sudden abandonment of sites five or more centuries. The city Siem Reap region, noted certain from which the vast and power- might have had been doomed, geological phenomena and ful Khmer empire had expanded even before it was built, by suggested that the decline of for centuries. Although this a slow geologic uplift that Angkor could perhaps have attack forced its inhabitants to eventually led to a shift in been precipitated by a geolo- scatter into the jungle, never to gradient of the rivers, ren- gic uplift. These observations return, new findings suggest dering the Khmers' enormous were presented in an article, that the civilization had already reservoirs useless. Over the "L'extinction de la civilization been weakened by difficulties centuries, the river which fed Khmere est-elle due a pheno- in maintaining its vital water- the large water reservoirs mene geologique?" (Escande, works before the final crippling shifted, and gained a steeper 1965). blow of the Siamese raid. profile than its previously slow, Some very important clues flat, and meandering course. to the nature of the phenom-

6 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 enon emerged from satellite significant downward erosion of topography, but rather to images and aerial photographs cutting into the stream beds. a change of climate and siltation used during the study of the The theory suggests that of the reservoirs. environmental setting of the the river, rejuvenated by its Aerial photography under- Angkor complex under the increased gradient, has reached taken by the Cambodian Geol- Zonal Environmental Manage- an optimum new gradient by ogy Department in 1998 have ment Project (ZEMP)1. Theuse eroding its river bottom to reach shown that the uplift is part of remote sensing allowed the the original mature profile. of relatively recent geological scientists a synoptic view of the activities affecting the Tonle Sap surrounding area, illustrating Evidence basin. Preliminary analysis the relationships between the It was necessary to find has revealed a rising in the different aspects of the land. It corroborating evidence to north-western part of the basin, was discovered that there were determine the validity of this while the land along the indeed signs of such a geologic geologic uplift hypothesis. southern shore has subsided, uplift, such as the entrenched Further research has revealed creating wide areas of sub- meanders of streams2. In the much to indicate such an uplift, merged forest3. This is a region north of Angkor, this both in the field and in docu- simple assessment made by change of river pattern indicates mentation. Many researchers viewing recent land form that a slow upward movement reported that the actively maps, but the structures, such of the earth crust has forced flowing meandering river as fault lines, the distribution these geologically-old mean- channels and canals of Angkor of entrenched meanders, and dering rivers to change their were deeply eroded below their other indicators of uplift and lateral course, becoming far original bottoms. However, subsidence, have yet to be less slow and winding than in none of them attributed the mapped. This final analysis is centuries past, and creating decline of the city to its change a major undertaking and will not be completed for several years.

1 ZEMP (UNESCO Zoning and Environmental Management Plan for the site of ANGKOR): The purpose of the program was to produce an integrated environmental, resource, and site management plan for the 300-square kilometre Angkor Archaeological Park that was implemented in 1992.

2 All rivers will attempt to achieve an optimum stream bed profile, which is steep at its origins and slowly flattens out (see profile). When the extent of the land surface over which the river flows is limited, the stream meanders in an attempt to lengthen its reduced profile. The river is rejuvenated when the equilibrium is disturbed by an uplifting of the land at the upper reaches of the river or a lowering of the water level at the mouth of the river. This effect can also occur due to sediments filling the river bed, but this is often caused by the same geological process as mentioned above or by dramatic climatic changes. The rejuvenation of the river forces it to adjust its profile to correct for the slow change of gradient by down-cutting its stream bed. The change must occur slowly, since a rapid change, rather than causing downward erosion, would force the river channel to change its course. In the case of the Siem Reap canal it is possible that the downward erosion first took place along the lower reaches of the canals below the stone bridge, finally breaching the bridge and then eroding more dramatically upstream.

3 While the profile shows a simple uplift, it has been speculated that there is a hinge (axis) running east southeast to west northwest cutting from an area south of the Roulos group northwesterly to the West Baray. The area north of this axis would have experienced this uplift, while the area south of the axis would have lowered. This theory accounts for the fact that the oldest Rolous group is now inundated. One can assume that it was originally built on dry land, and so were the many small temples and barays in the southwestern area which are now immersed.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 7 only two to three metres deep, as is generally found in the abandoned canals and moats around the large temple and city enclosures (Garami and Kertai). It is obvious that the Khmer would not dig canals six metres deep when only two A diagram showing the original (old) river profile and the result of the uplift. The hatched area or three metres would suffice. indicates the amount of material removed by the waterway to adjust towards the old stable profile. The intakes of the barays are approximately one or two Downward Erosion mately two to two-and-a-half metres below the surface to As mentioned earlier, the uplift metres deep when it was dug match the original water level caused the rejuvenation of the some eight centuries ago as of the canals. river basin. When disrupted by indicated by the old stone Of course, the actual time of a change in gradient, stream bridge, the footing of which the collapse of the original beds will generally start to lies two-and-a-half metres bridge is open to debate. A erode, lowering the stream below the water surface (over torrential flow during the rainy bottom to achieve the optimum which the water would flow). season could have easily stream profile. This deep However, the new river bottom breached the bridge when the cutting is evident along the is now about six metres deeper canal bottom below the bridge many streams north of Angkor. due to erosion, and the canal had been eroded. The Khmers The Hungarian team of the depth decreases downstream, must have attempted to maintain ZEMP project reported much levelling slowly to the original this important bridge, and field evidence of deeply eroded depth of two metres further whether they tried to fill the gap river bottoms. They measured down beyond the city of Siem or literally bridge it is another the river cross-sections along Reap. This is a reliable gauge question. The lowering of the north-south diversion canal of the amount of down-cutting stream bottom and thus the east of Angkor Thorn, which which took place since the water level during the dry was constructed to provide bridge was breached. season would render the intakes water to the moats of Angkor The canals dug by the to the reservoirs useless, with Wat. This canal was approxi- Khmer slaves would have been the water level diminished to the

8 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 point where it lay below clay core dams and the depth of the intakes. many would have been The perennial Siem eroded (Van Liere Reap river was, there- 1980). The fact that the fore, not able to replen- barays lacked outlets for ish the barays just when irrigation indicate that water was most re- the Khmer practised quired. simple trickle irrigation, which allows water to Canal Profile seep through the dike, The degree of uplift can forming a very effective, best be measured along A vertical aerial photograph of the Prek Thnal Dak shipping canal regulated irrigation a canal profile. In gen- system. This method eral, canals must maintain other factors influencing the can still be seen in use all over a level profile, or they will drain change, such as various fault Cambodia. and dry out. The Khmers would lines influencing the different When French engineers not have built a canal that would areas of the region. It does, rehabilitated the reservoirs, have been dry at the time they however, indicate that signifi- they built a dam across Siem built it. Of course, the canals in cant geological upheavals have Reap, effectively raising the the Tonle Sap Lake area could affected the area since the time water level to bring water into have dried out when the lake the canals were built. the West Baray. This is by far level dropped below the bottom the simplest and most logical of the canals during the dry Dams method of rehabilitation, but season. This is not a normal The Khmers may have actually without the knowledge that the occurence, but Tonle Sap is a built dams or weirs upstream to French engineers had of clay unique lake in that its level prevent the canals from drying core dam construction, the varies some eight to ten metres out, some remnants of which Khmers could not have accom- between the wet and dry are visible from across the plished such a task. seasons. Rulous temple. However, ac- The Prek Thnal Dak canal cording to Van Liere, the Nonas thirty kilometres east of Angkor Khmers were not familiar with Norias Garge water wheels) are runs north-south for still in use, in the Siem approximately twenty- Reap area, to lift water, eight kilometres from and irrigate the fields on the present lake shore both sides of the rivers during the dry season. where the weirs are not The difference of eleva- able to raise the water tion between the two sufficiently. There are points is twenty metres, indications of small par- indicating a significant allel canals built along degree of upward shift the major waterways This difference in eleva- which may have been tion is not necessarily used to supply water to the same as that of Upgraded French dam raises ihe water level in the canal to allow the adjacent fields or reser- water to enter through the old intake and fill the West Baray. which has Angkor, as there are been converted to a modern irrigation reservoir. voirs.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 9 Elevated Roads possible that there was vol- The construction of raised canic activity in the area, roadways suggest that the since lava and basaltic area was flooded regularly. As deposits have been found such an undertaking would in north-east Cambodia. A demand a massive human small volcanic cone was effort, raised roadways would recently discovered in the only have been built if the Cardamon mountains. environment necessitated This would support the hy- their construction. pothesis that the area has been subject to turbulent Shift of lake shore geological shifts because The lake shore of Tonle Sap volcanic regions tend to be much less stable than non- shows the geological changes volcanic areas. which have taken place. Along the north-western shore, ex- Ancient lake area posed lake beds have been re- The original lake extended A present example of a working Nona used to irrigate vealed in a recent land form the nursery of Angkor Park. far beyond the present mapping project; while the shore to the north-west, south-western shore is inun- which was once under water as dated, showing a distinct tilt. obviously taken place in recent far as Sisophon some 50 kilome- It is interesting to note that history. If these changes were tres away — far beyond the de- part of a very old phenomena a large beach ridge fringes marcation of the present high they would be more difficult water mark during the rainy the northern shore, indicating to interpret from a such season. an interruption in the uplift4. a dynamic source as a river sys- The presently inundated tem. The fact that the canals forest (thus lowland) extends Stream and canal character- were altered by the Khmer in the south-western and north- istics implies that such shifts have eastern areas of the lake, As the shift in landscape was taken place within the period indicating a complex structural first recognised through inter- of Angkor's occupation. deformation of the earth crust. pretations of stream features, Looking at the general ge- It may well be that there is a these geological activities have ology of the region, it is very combined east-west fault tra-

Maps (Cambodians Department of Geology) showed that the original lake extended some hundred kilometres further west and northwest beyond the existing shoreline, lake beds and deltaic deposits. The extensive lake bed deposits are permeated by deltaic deposits, indicating that erosional material was deposited into the lake bed surrounding the ancient lake area. However, along the north shore where Angkor is located, the sediments bordering the lake beds appear as alluvial fans. The fan shape deposits demonstrate that they w ere deposited on land and not in w ater. Thus, those deposits represent rapid erosion and put forth the case of an uplift because the land was much steeper than other shores abutted by deltas. A more extensive research is planned to study the geological processes which created the lake and the dynamics of the lake's changes. It is obvious that the level of the lake was previously much higher, but there exist doubts as to whether this process influenced the foundations of the Angkor complex.

10 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 versed by north-south faults earth's surface. It might have were derived from the original separating the two halves of the appeared to them as some agricultural system of im- lake. change in the weather, the way pounding flood waters within For the geologist, this is a we now blame any adverse diked enclosures. This system very exciting investigation as it climatic effect on El Nino. is still practised throughout the has much wider ramifications Long before the attack on areas that are flooded annually on the study ofthe lake's origin. Angkor by the Siamese, the by the waters of the Mekong Since much of the evidence of Khmers must have started to river, including those surround- this uplift has been found in make corrections; but eventu- ing Tonle Sap Lake. the alluvial deposits, it is ally the Siamese invasion Originally, these enclosures possible to speculate that these removed the majority of the in the Siem Reap area were changes to the lake's geology slaves and deprived the Khmers rectangular but due to the took place in the Pleistocene of the manpower needed to increased slope along the lakes, era, or during the last million maintain their water works, they were later constructed as years. consequently rendering the site U-shaped dikes (because the uninhabitable. dike at the upper part of the Consequences of the uplift Similar geological activities reservoir was not necessary as Thus, even during the peak of occurred at almost the same the slope formed a natural wall). the Angkor settlement, the time in the coastal plain of The larger dikes built area was already facing Peru, where a slow geologic around the large barays re- a diminished water supply, uplift also destroyed the quired more material, as evi- making it difficult to provide delicate equilibrium necessary denced by the numerous de- for a large population. To to maintain the irrigation pressions adjacent to the struc- maintain and build temples system of the Chimus. In ture from which the soil was ex- and provide water for the their case, however, the civili- cavated to raise the dike. Today, population and irrigation, sation simply continued to water accumulates in the de- a huge labour force would be decline into oblivion, without pressions, allowing the local required to shore up the slowly the sudden impact of a hostile farmers to cultivate a rice crop decaying system. Inevitably, raid. The canals were eroded, in the dry season. This less the uplift caused changes in the water supply dropped, and labour-intensive method was the construction methods of food production fell. Recent observed by Grolier earlier. the water works. excavations showed a general In contrast with the dike More effort was required to decrease in the size of human construction of the East Baray, maintain the systems while skeletons due to starvation the West Baray was excavated. the people were increasingly during this period as their The digging of the West Baray employed in the building of fields disappeared, leading up was not yet completed when religious structures. The war to the eventual collapse of Angkor was abandoned. Exten- of expansion noted by historians An-An, the capital city of the sive excavations were required may have been necessary to Chimus' empire. to fill the reservoir since the obtain more slaves to satisfy Studies of aerial photo- flooding had receded due to the the greater demand for labour. graphs, maps ofthe Angkor site, continuing uplift, leaving the It is possible that the Khmers and subsequent field visits to surrounding land dry for the recognised the problem but not the area revealed that different majority of the time. The ex- the cause, because of the imper- methods were used to construct posed land area at the Eastern ceptibly slow movement of the the barays. The early barays side of the reservoir consists not

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 11 resulting cresting would cover the land and fill the empty reservoirs much more rapidly than simple replenishment from the river. Such activities still occur at present, albeit in less dramatic way, as studied on radar imagery by Peng Seang (1997). It was the decreasing lake water supply which necessitated the ever-increasing construc- tion of extensive dikes east- wards from Angkor to capture the waters from the different streams draining from the Kulen mountains and beyond. The technique of flooding the dike-enclosed reservoirs during The discovery of a geologic the rainy season is currently still being practiced along the north shore of the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong River floodplain uplift in recent time has far- north of Phnom Penh. reaching consequences. It has been generally assumed of sedimentation as thought walls collapsed; from these that the environment of by earlier researchers, but breaches, small deltas or alluvial Angkor was as it is today, of original land. This fact is fans developed and filled t h e s e despite the fact that some easily proven as the elevation water bodies5. researchers have noted that is the same both inside and the shoreline was previously outside of the baray. Further- Conclusion much further inland. However, more, the edge of the remaining During the early period of settle- it was the more level land that land shows concave patterns ment, the lake level reached allowed the irrigation systems indicative of excavations. Sedi- further inland. The rainwater to function, and provide the mentation would be shown as would flood the area more rap- Khmers with the water to convex outlines of small deltas, idly from the north because of grow rice. Additionally, the which is not the case. Silting, its lower elevation and more estimates of earlier research observed in many of the exca- gentle slope. This flow would on rice production in the area vated moats or reservoirs such collide with the flood waters of may well be inaccurate; it is only as Srah Srang, occurred when the Mekong, raising the water recently that satellite remote the protecting dikes or laterite level of Tonle Sap Lake. The sensing offers a detailed survey

5 Alluvial deposits are unconsolidated sediments deposited by water. In the case of deltas and alluvial fans, the finer material is carried farther away from the source. In deltas, the material consists of silts and clays, creating excellent areas for agricultural land. The alluvial fans, however, are near rocky escarpments and the apex usually contains course boulders, decreasing in size to pebbles and sands at the edge of the fan-shaped land form. Prehistoric villages, however, have been mapped along the lake shore northwest of Angkor and southwest of Batdambang (Moore), indicating that it is possible that the lake level has receded within recent times.

12 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 of these large areas that were a few decades ago, are available may see longer, more extensive once cultivated by the Khmer to us now. It is hoped that this and sustained periods of canal- people. general discourse will encour- building toward the end of the The difficult construction of age researchers to further period of habitation. If such the beautiful structures we so unravel this mystery of the past. an increase coincides with an admire was, therefore, not the One fruitful line of investi- overall decrease in the rate of only challenge the Khmers gation may be to examine temple-building, then it may encountered. The empire more carefully the chronology prove that the Khmer were required more resources to of the construction of the forced to divert increasing maintain itself, and might have various canals and irrigation portions of their labour force deforested parts of Cambodia systems. This research may toward a problem that was to provide for their capital. indicate how urgently the demanding more of their With aerial photographs, Khmers were trying to address efforts. Also, much more can ancient fields and the evidence the problem of their dwindling be deduced from the analysis of ancient sites can be seen water supply. If the Khmers and interpretation of aerial in many areas that are, once were indeed struggling against photography and satellite. An again, forested. a steadily growing problem, we extensive study of the changing Over the centuries, the channels gradually dried out as the land tipped, draining the canals. In 1431, the Siamese at- tacked, taking advantage of a vulnerable capital city, sacking the city and removing the Khmer slave labour force. As in the past, the Khmer leaders decided to abandon their capi- tal in favour of a safer location, leaving a once glorious empire to the encroaching jungle. They fled to the southeast, to a more secure and hospitable site, far from the Siamese borders. This is surely not the final word on this intriguing subject. Many questions are left unan- swered and more detailed stud- ies must be conducted. This treatise lifts only a corner of the shroud which covers the past. It is an opening to a new chap- ter of research on the rise and decline of Angkor. New tech- niques and technologies that re- searchers had no access to only Photographs by Nicolas Urban

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 13 drainage patterns of the area References Moore, E. Water management in may shed more light on this Briggs, L.P. The ancient Khmer early Cambodia: Evidence compelling subject. With con- kindom. Philadelphia: Ameri- from aerial photography. The tinuing efforts and new meth- can Philosophical Society. Geographical Journal 155(2) ods of research, this area of Transactions, New Series, vol. (July). London: Royal Geo- graphical Society, 1989. inquiry will undoubtedly yield 41, part 1,1951 Teng, Peng Seang. Monitoring of many new findings for years to Escande, E. L'Extinction de la water surface and estimation civilisation Khmere est-elle come. of water volume of Tonle Sap due a un phenomene Lake using satellite imagery. geologique? Rapport de la Master Thesis, Asian Institute mission miniere francaise, Dr. Heng L. Thung is Senior of Technology, Bangkok, 1964-5. (Publication data in- Remote Sensing Advisor to Thailand, 1998. complete), 1965? the Government of Cambodia, Thai Remote Sensing Centre. including the Cambodia National ESCAP Landsat imagery. Bangkok, Mekong Committee. He is Cambodia, Atlas of mineral 1992. an aerial photography expert, resources of the EXCAP re- UNHCR. French SPOT imagery a map maker, and has been gion. Vol. 10. New York: for UNHCR demining opera- studying the landscape of United Nations, 1993. tions. Toulouse, 1991. Cambodia for several years, Garami, F. and I. Kertai. Water Van Liere, W.J. Traditional water helping to establish the remote management in the Angkor management in the lower sensing and GIS capability in area (draft). Budapest: Mekong basin. World Archae- the country. Dr. Heng Thung Angkor Foundation, 1993. ology 2(3) (February), 1980. had also been involved in Groslier, B.P. La Cite hydrau- Workman, D.R. Overseas geology the same field in Thailand, lique Angkorienne: Exploita- and mineral resource: Geol- Laos, Myanmar, and East Africa, tion ou surexploitation du sol? ogy of Laos, Cambodia, South and was project co-ordinator for Vietnam and the eastern part the Regional Remote Sensing Jelen, J. and G. Hegyi. Angkor of Thailand. No. 50 London: Programme of United Nations and the Khmers: Recollec- Institute of Geological Sci- ESCAP. tions by Chou Ta Kuan. ences, 1997. Budapest: Hegyi and Partners The author would like to thank Publishing House, 1991. Ean Lee, Eric Seifert and Colin Mekong Secretariat. Aerial pho- Dunne for their assistance and tographs. Phnom Penh: Inte- layout design of the above grated Resources Information All photographs by Dr Heng Thung article. Centre, 1992. except on Page 13

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 Discovery of Late Prehistoric Burial Systems in Bali

I Made Sutaba, Senior Researcher in Prehistory, Bali Office, The National Research Centre of Archaeology, Indonesia

n July 1998, a team made up of members of contains human bones in flexed position. Almost the Bali Office of The National Research similar to the Pejeng type, this Manikliyu I Centre of Archaeology (NRCA), Indonesia, kettledrum is decorated with eight stars on the excavated a late prehistoric burial site in a western mountain village in Kintamani. The village, named Manikliyu, lies within the regency of Bangli, a province of Bali.

This excavation was a follow-up of the first one that had been carried out a year before, and its archaeological result is very important for tracing back burial customs before the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism, parti- cularly among the megalithic people in Bali. The burial site found in the village of Manikliyu represents a unique burial system that had not been discovered in Combined burial systems: sarcophagus and bronze kettledrum excavated Indonesia before. This burial consisted of two in Manikliyu. Bali (1997) large sarcophagi, and a bronze kettledrum, as con- tainer of the deceased.

The large sarcophagus measures 206 cm in length and 70 cm in breath; is well preserved, but not yet opened. The other one is smaller, 172 cm in length and 69 cm in breath, and although it has not been opened, some parts are broken. Amidst the sarcophagi is a bronze kettledrum - belonging to the Pejeng type but smaller in size (height 120 Bronze kettledrum contained human bones in flexed position (detailed), cm and diameter of the tympanon 77 cm) - which Manikliyu, Bali (1997)

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 15 Map of Manikliyu village, Kinlamani. Bali

16 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 Combined burial system: two sarcophagi and bronze kettledrum found in Manikliyu tympanon, and human masks on the body. Several Balinese. This position is based on the universal funeral gifts, such as carnelians, beads, bronze religious concept of the megalithic people that the spirals and bronze fingers protector, are buried mountain is the abode of the leader's or the ancestor's in the same area. Beside these gifts, a number of spirit. These spirits have magic power for protect- pottery (partly broken) were excavated outside ing families or the communities, and the offering of the burial site, and near the containers, as custo- burial gifts were for the continuation of life in the mary. According to the team's palaeoanthro- spirit world. pologist, the human bones are determined to be that of a young man between 20 and 35 years old. He The bones of the second human are buried was believed to have been killed by the impact of a uncovered south of the containers. They show sharp tool, as shown by the broken part of his upper the Mongoloid affinities as in the first one even face. Anatomically, these human remains are thought though they are incomplete, probably due to to be Mongoloid. the climatic conditions and other unknown reasons. This is a young female, between 20-25 The sarcophagi, the kettledrum and the un- years-old; the cause of her death could not be covered burial are lying parallel to the Northeast determined. Southwest direction, clearly indicating that the dead were buried to the Mount Panulisan- Funeral gifts, namely carnelians, bronze spirals Batur orientation, the sacred mountain of the crowned on the skull and bronze fingers protector.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 17 were found. Here a couple of pottery lay, without bronze kettledrum, and that of East Sumba any decoration, and appeared similar to the pottery (large urns with dolmen graves). Another burial from Gilimanuk, western part of Bali (Gilimanuk is system used stone cists in Pasemah (South an important necropolis site of the late prehistoric Sumatra), pandhusa in Bondowoso (East Java), period, where more than a hundred human bones of waruga in Minahasa (North Sulawesi) and Mongoloid character were preserved in this site). Kalamba in central Sulawesi. Burial systems Also found were many pottery, bronze goods (axes, may vary over the large region of Indonesia, and bracelets), glass bracelets and other funeral gifts. are characterised by the differences in types, and decorations; but all of them are definitely founded By 1998, more than a hundred sarcophagi have on the same religious beliefs in ancestors' spirits. been found in Bali. Some were broken, but several remain in good conditions. Although not as The findings in Manikliyu, especially the bronze sophisticated as in Manikliyu, another combined kettledrum and the Mongoloid character of the burial system in a single site in Bali had also dead, lead to an assumption that a socio- been discovered. cultural relation It contained dou- between Bali ble jars, sarcop- with the people hagi, and uncov- of Southeast ered burial (as Asia has been in Gilimanuk), created through and sarcophagi trading and combined with other relations opened burial (as during the late in the village of prehistoric pe- Keramas, Gian- riod. This must yar). A variety of have been facili- funeral gifts such tated when the as bronze goods people achieved (rings, bracelets, the highly me- spirals, axes and tallic techno- shovel) and car- logy along with nelians were bur- ied with this Combined burial system: sarcophagi and um burial. Gilimanuk. West Bali (1994) the develop- burial. ment of the megalithic tradition. Burial systems, whether Combined burial systems are also found in other using containers or not, and bearing different places, for example the uncovered burial in funeral gifts in quantities and qualities, are a Plawangan (Central Jawa) with evidence of urn. symbol of the social status of the dead.

18 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 Corporate Sponsorship or Corporate Hospitality for Performing Arts in Malaysia?

Performing arts have a role in the private sector, and vice-versa. Zulkifli Mohamad gives his perspectives

Introduction n Malaysia, the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism is responsible for the preservation, i I development and promotion of arts, culture and tourism in the county - the only one in South East Asia that lumps arts and culture with tourism (in most South East Asian countries, arts and culture are combined with education to ensure the preservation, development and promotion of their arts and culture, even though the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism recently initiated a new depart- ment, Culture Tourism to incorporate monuments and historical sites into plans and Classical performing arts such as Wayang Kulit fixtures for tourism). (shadow puppetry) and Mak Yong (Kelantan Musical Theatre) did not receive enough attention Tourism Malaysia, under the Ministry of Culture, to be included as a National Culture component by Arts and Tourism, has been using dance and the National Arts Council in 1970 due to the use of other performing arts to attract foreigners to visit the heavy Kelantan dialect. Both classical art Malaysia. Towards this end the National Cultural forms were also perceived and considered to be too Complex ('Kompleks Budaya Negara"), which was rural. Moreover, the state government of Kelantan, established in 1970 under the same ministry, have ruled by the Malaysian Islamic Party, does not been organising performances of traditional arts, recognise Wayang Kulit and Mak Yong. Since the mostly folk dances. As a further step towards late 1960s, Wayang Kulit has been banned in a National Theatre, the Ministry of Culture, Arts Kelantan because of the animistic rituals involved in and Tourism established in 1994 the National Arts the performance, as well as its Hindu-based Academy, and in the same year, honoured shadow Ramayana epic. Mak Yong, as were other dance puppeteer (Dalang Wayang Kulit) Hamzah Awang performances, has been banned because it included Amat with the National Artist Award. The academy women on stage. These performing art forms covers the performing arts of dance, music, drama have attracted many scholars, domestically and and creative writing. abroad, including Prof. William Malm and Prof.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 19 Amin Sweeney from American universities. The and were partly inspired by the researches of late Tan Sri Mubin Sheppard had also extensively William Malm, Amin Sweeney and Mubin researched on both art forms in the 1960s. Local Sheppard. Suasana, which means atmosphere, scholars like Ghulam Sarwar and Mohd. Ghouse first performed in Melbourne in the mid 1970s; Nasaruddin continued their research in the same a dance troupe led by Dr. Zamin Haroon (Chan- area in the 1970s. drabhanu) promoted a new Malay dance theatre using traditional Malay dance genres. Apart from the above researches, nothing signifi- cant has been contributed by the Ministry of Today, Suasana is known in Malaysia for its neo- Culture, Arts and Tourism, compared to Thailand, classical Malay dance theatre, and has produced Indonesia, Myanmar and Cambodia, where more than ten full-length productions, including 'Ramayana: Seri Rama - Siti Dewi', which was perhaps the first Ramayana dance drama in Malaysia. Its version of the Ramayana, called 'Seri Rama - Siti Dewi', premiered in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1988 in promoting tourism under the direction of the Minister of Culture, Arts and Tourism. Azanin drew dance vocabularies from Mak yong, Asyik, Joget Gamelan, Terinai and Silat while combining musical scores from Wayang Kulit and Mak Yong theatre. She selected musicians from various groups in Kelantan to form the Suasana Music Ensemble for performances in Kuala Lumpur and abroad. classical arts continue to prosper. Mak Yong and Wayang Kulit enjoyed a short stint of revival in Over the years, Suasana has been invited to national television programmes during the 1970s various international arts festivals, including but failed to receive adequate sponsorship to keep the Edinburgh Arts Festival, Hong Kong Arts the show running. Despite the bans, both art Festival, Singapore Arts Festival, Tokyo Interna- s forms continue to struggle for survival in the tional Theatre Festival, London I ' International The- villages of Kelantan, with many of its master atre Festival, Berlin Arts Festival, Perth's Asia Pa- practitioners having passed away along with their cific Festival, etc.. In conjunction with Malaysia Air- line System (MAS)'s Inaugural Flight from skills; and some having changed professions due ,h to the lack of support from both the public and Kuala Lumpur to New York on 12 April 1998, government. Suasana were selected by MAS to present a thirty- minute cultural performance (alongside a fashion Suasana Dance Company show by Yeohli, a Malaysian Chinese designer Upon their return from Australia, Azanin Dato' based in New York). Ahmad, dancer-choreographer, and Prof. Shahril Talib, South East Asian Historian, established the MAS Executive Chairman hosted the occasion for Suasana Dance Company in Kuala Lumpur as 300 special guests, including mayors of New York a dance theatre company in 1978. They were keen and New Jersey. Suasana, with its twenty years of on preserving, developing and promoting the dying reputation and excellence, was an obvious choice art forms of Malay classical dance and theatre, to provide MAS the needed authenticity and

20 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 sophistication with a performance entitled Rhythms they were mostly derived from Malay history, in Traditions. Although it was not the first legends and tales, and characters that are narrated time MAS had Suasana under its wing, it was in Malay literature. certainly the first for corporate hospitality as opposed to corporate sponsorship. Corporate Hos- Rhythms in Traditions marked another cornerstone pitality is a practice by which corporations chose for Suasana. Azanin Ahmad, choreographer- certain productions of performing arts to entertain dancer-director of the centre, was concerned with their clients. The production could either be com- the concepts of multi-culture and diversity, and missioned work or ready products - with changes, if the unification of the traditional and contemporary need be - suitable to the liking of the corporation. in dance performance. Two young choreographer- Corporate sponsorship refers to the case when prof- dancers, Guna Segaran from Khazana Product- its (made by the corporation that sponsor the se- ions, and Mew Chang Tsing from River Grass lected production) are channelled back to the com- Dance Theatre, were invited to work on the project. munity and society. In the official eyes of the coun- They were both trained in Malay dance, and were try, Suasana is perceived as "appropriate" to repre- therefore no strangers to the scene. sent aspects of Malaysian culture to New Yorkers in the theatre-land of America. This is the second The performance at New York's Waldorf Astoria time that Suasana had been chosen to represent opened with the silat dance, performed by Roslan Malaysia to promote tourism. (The first time was in Hussein, and followed by Silat trio. The third 1988 for the San Francisco tourism promotion). The dance piece 'Malacca', was a solo dance performed difference on this occasion was that Suasana had by Azanin Ahmad. It signified the grandeur of been asked to incorporate various dance elements such as Indian and Chinese, as well as folk dance, in a repertoire similar to those produced by Tourism Malaysia (co-sponsor for the inauguration).

Rhythm in Traditions Known for its neo-classical dance theatre, Suasana has been challenged by these two corporations, MAS and Tourism Malaysia, to include folk and other ethnic dances, something normally performed by Kompleks Budaya Negara, and which Tourism Malaysia would be familiar with. Suasana, as a private company saw these challen- ges as opportunities, firstly to help the company the Malay court of Malacca in the 15lh century with survive during the current economic crisis; secondly its neo-classical dance style fused by the classical to expand the company's repertoire. If not for music of makyong and wayang kulit of Kelantan. The these reasons, these two corporations should fourth item, Kipas (fan dance), presented three respect the company's repertoire and identity. court maidens who danced, holding fans which were not only regarded as part of their costumes In the past, Suasana had incorporated dance but also as their weapons. The dance carried influences from other genres such as the dance a sense of the gracefulness of the Malay court of 'Puteri China' (Chinese princess) Jentayu ladies who were able to transform into 'Sri Kandi' production, the King of Siam in 'Puteri Sa 'adong'. warrior women when confronted by the enemies. Hang Li Poh, the Chinese princess, and Raden It also revealed the richness of the Malay world that Galoh, the Javanese princess in 'Kunang-Kunang incorporates the ethnic dances of the Javanese, Gunung Ledang (Fireflies of Mount Ophir)', but Bugis and Malays. All of these dances were

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 21 excerpts from Suasana's latest production, Tun viable for economic survival. The Ministry of Arts, Fatimah dance drama. Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Education, MAS and many other national corporations have the power The complexity of Malaysia's multi-ethnic society and capability to do something about the situation. and its wealth of vast and glorious influences Promotion of Malaysia and its arts and culture from civilisations of the past and present are are meaningless without real preservation and revealed in a multitude of dance genres. Being development; it is an illusion that tourism is a multi-racial and pluralistic society, Malaysia has enough to promote local culture. Institutions and inherited other Asian dance cultures that came organisations must regard traditional arts and with the arrival of Indie and Chinese communities. culture and social elements that consolidate identity Bharatha Natyam dance, for example, is a well- and national dignity as assets that need special at- known classical Indian dance which was formerly tention. Arts and culture should not remain as a mar- presented in temple ceremonies but later merged keting tool and promotion of corporate hospitality into contemporary Malaysian dance. but require public and corporate support and spon- sorship. A Bharatha Natyam welcome dance was presented to depict the devotions and love between two people; followed by the sixth piece, 'Sword Dance of References Princess Hang Li Poh' evoked the princess's 1. Suasana Ramayana: Seri Rama Siti Dewi; feelings when she travelled from China, accompa- From Shadow Puppet to Contemporary Dance nied by Admiral Cheng Ho, to marry the Sultan of th Theatre, Zulkifli Mohamad, World Dance Malacca in the 15 century. The final dance, Alliance-Melbourne Greenmill, 1996. 'Festival', combined Malay folk dance with 2. Dance in Malaysia: Major Forces in the contemporary movements drawn from Indian, Changing Scene, Mohd Anis Md. Noor, Chinese and Western influences in a spirit of SPAFA Journal vol. 5 1995. togetherness and harmony. The dance, colourful with graceful costumes, was upbeat with fast 3. The Changing Emphasis of Malay Dance, rhythms and movements symbolising contemporary Mohd Ghouse Nasaruddin, SPAFA Digest vol. 11 1990. life in Malaysia. 4. Contemporary Theatre in Malaysia, Salihah Ishak, SPAFA-World Theatre Encyclopedia Malaysian Culture Proceeding, 1990. As far as MAS's and Tourism Malaysia's 5. Suasana's company profile, production intentions are concerned, brochures and interviews. 'Rhythms in Traditions' has certainly left its mark, 6. Cempaka Emas: Mak Yong Dance Genre in but perhaps they should Suasana, Zulkifli Mohamad, Mak Yong also be aware of the Seminar, University of Science, Penang, problems affecting Malaysia, 1994. arts and culture in Ma- 7. Sponsorship Strategy of The Scottish Ballet laysia, where the clas- and Other Ballet Companies in United sical and traditional Kingdom. (Unpublished Master Thesis) are neglected even Strathclyde University, Glasgow, 1992. by private compa- nies such as Zulkifli Mohamad, performing arts specialist, participated in the dance performance in New York Suasana, which which Suasana Cultural Centre offered on the may find it no occasion of MAS's inaugural flight from Kuala longer tenable or Lumpur to New York in April 1998

22 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 Indonesia Art: the Creation of a National Identity Helena Spanjaard's thesis, which was defended last year at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, is a lengthy work on modern Indonesian painting. Spanjaard divides Indonesian developments in the modern visual art into different periods, starting from the beginning of this century. On many occasions, the political situation has exerted an influence on the artistic scene. The rise of Indonesian nationalism, the fight for independence, and the ensuing process of de-colonisation have caused major cultural changes. Spanjaard distinguishes four phases.

riginally. Indonesian painters followed the Western pronounced. Nowadays, motifs borrowed from many standard of the "Beautiful Indies' (Phase 1. 1900-1942) different local cultures are an intrinsic part of Indonesian art. During the fight for independence (Phase 2. 1942- The position of artists today is often double-edged. On the O 1950), the character of Indonesian painting changed. one hand, there is a bond to be continued with disappearing A socially engaged realism replaced the 'holy traditions, but on the other, trinity' of the ricefield. the misty volcano, and the same traditions stand in the the palm tree. The self-taught pioneers of way of new developments modern Indonesian painting chose a realistic, in society as a whole. impressionistic, or expressionistic style to manifest their revolutionary ideals. As Helena Spanjaard states, contemporary art can no longer be After official independence from the Nether- divided geographically and the lands (December 1949), the two official art artificial, colonial differentiation institutes, the ASRI (Akademi Seni Rupa between East and West is no longer Indonesia) art academy in Yogyakarta. and valid. The art-historical term the art academy in Bandung, were the most 'non-Western' for any art that is influential bodies (Phase 3. 1950-1965). produced outside the West is an The ASRI was a product of the struggle for example of the colonial model of independence. The painters from Yogyakarta a centre (the West) and a periphery continued the socially involved traditions till (the East). This model follows 1965. The art academy of Bandung, derived the hierarchy that has been used by from a Dutch school for teachers of drawing the West for ages to document and painting (1947), was more internationally the art of other cultures measured orientated. The artists and art critics of against 'dominant' Western culture. An analysis of modem Indonesian Yogyakarta who ironically labelled Bandung art. therefore, can only be valuable if taken from a pluralistic 'the laboratory of the West' did not appreciate the inclination view point, in which Western and Indonesian norms and towards abstract art, shown by the Bandung painters. values can co-exist. For Spanjaard. the formulation and spreading of a knowledge of Indonesian modern art could The political changes of 1965. when the Orde Baru of correct the dominant role of the Western judging President Soeharto was established, opened up new directions non-Western' art. And in such way the Western imagination in the field. The socially involved, realistic art gave way about 'the Other' can be corrected and eventually lead to more abstract-decorative and aesthetically-inclined art. towards a more balanced international dialogue. Hand in hand with this, there was a conscious effort to use traditional Indonesian motifs in modern Indonesian art (Phase 4, 1965). This process of By Karin Slarrthof indonesianization' evolved from two circumstances: firstly, Published in HAS Newsletter No. 17 some Indonesian painters, who had been studying abroad, started to see their own culture through different eyes; Helena Spanjaard. Het Ideaal van een moderne Indonesische secondly, the Indonesian government promoted an art in Schilderkunst 1900-1995: De creatie van een nationale which the 'Indonesian character' should be clearly identiteit. 1998. 276 p.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 23 news

Southeast Asian Archaeology Report on the 7"' EurASEAA Conference, Berlin, 1998

The European Association of Southeast Asian Recent research at Trakieu, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam Archaeologists (EurASEAA) held its 7,h International Ian Glover Conference at the Museum for Vilkerkunde, Dahlem, The political geography of Central Vietnam during the 1 " Berlin between 31st August and 4th September 1998. millennium A.D. The organiser of the meeting was Dr. Wibke Lobo, the William Southworth International Secretary of EurASEAA and Curator of Southeast Asian Art at the Museum. An overview of the early historic ceramics from the Thu Bon Approximately 170 people attended the confe- river valley - with particular reference to Tra Kieu, Central Viet Nam rence and about 70 papers were presented (see below). Ruth Prior The conference was divided into two concurrent panels because of the number of papers: the one primarily The inscribed vessel of Champa: new publications and prehistory and new results from field archaeology, the other historical perspectives mainly art historical; so that those with strong regional Anne-Valerie Schweyer interests could attend all sessions in the one panel, the organiser had thoughtfully grouped together papers on The kosa masks of Champa: new evidence John Guy Angkor and Khmer culture, on Cham art and archaeology, and on Indonesia. Panel II Cambodia In addition, delegates were invited to a reception hosted by the Deutsches Archeologisches Institut; were Gods and kings in the Khmer spiritual system according able to see the reserve ethnographic collections from to epigraphy Saveros Pou Southeast Asia in the museum; and viewed a historic film made some fifty years ago by the French archaeologists Epigraphic evidence of Pasupata Saivism in Bengal and ,h Jean-Yves Claeys - to honour the 50 anniversary of the Cambodia EFEO (Ecole Francaise D' Extreme Orient). Gouriswar Bhattacharya The majority of the papers presented at the conference will be published, within two years, either in The royal square of Angkor Thorn and Jayavarman VII. Claude Jacques a special volume by the Museum for Vilkerkunde or in the series published by the Centre for South-East Asian The changing environment of Angkor: the NASA/JPL AIRSAS Studies, University of Hull, UK. mosaics E. Moore. A. Freeman & S. Hensley Programme for the 1998 Berlin conference Nang Kanhing Brah Dharani, a preliminary survey Elizabeth Guthrie Monday, August 31 - Panel I Vietnam

Money in 14th century Singapore The pre- and protohistory of the Southern Vietnam Brigitle Borell Pham Due Manh

The unknown Pre-Angkorian site of Sri-Ampil Excavations at Ba Tho/Co Eo complex (Viet Nam): Son Soubert A preliminary report on the 1998 campaign Pierre-Yves Manguin

24 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 news

Tuesday, September 1 • Panel I Indonesia, Thailand Results of 1998 fieldwork in Vat Phu area (Champassak Prov- ince, Laos) The archaeology and early history of the Bugls Kingdom of Manelle Santoni Luwuq, South Sulawesi I.A. Caldwell From the Mekong to the Ganga: a carved rock near Vat Phu (South Laos) The shop syndrome: identifying the archaeological evidence Christine Hawlxbrock for intrusive economic activity at subsistence sites of mari- time adapted communities Wednesday, September 2 - Panel I Cambodia, Laos Pamela Rumball Rogers & Richard Engelhardt Angkorian settlements in the Champasak district Chinese ceramics found in the French-Indonesian excava- Oscar Nalesini tions of Barus Mane-France Dupoizat Zoning and environmental management plan for Wat Phu, Laos Middle-Eastern ceramics found in Barus (Lobu Tua): a pre- Patrizia Zolese liminary study Daniel Perret Geophysical prospecting: a tool for decision makers in pres- ervation of archaeological remains. The Zemp project of Wat Update on Ban Chiang dating Phu, Laos Joyce White Mauro Cucarzi

Trade in ancient Bali Circular earthwork krek 62/52: recent research on the prehis- I Wayan Ardika tory of Cambodia Miriam Haidle New discoveries at Braholo Cava, Gunung Sewu Harry Truman Simanjuntak Pottery making in Kampong Chhnang: a prehistoric technic still used in Cambodia nowadays Panel II Cambodia, Laos Sirik kada

Rising from the ashes: Reflections on stupas and statues in Wednesday, September 2 • Panel II post-Angkorian times Ashley Thompson Central Javanese motifs on East Javanese temples: possible implications Perpetual recreation Marijke J. Klokke Ang Choulean Candi Kendalisada at Mount Penanggungan in East Java - its Iconography of a Khmer Bayon style bronze mandala of God reliefs presenting Panji, Arjuna and Bima Hevajra Lydia Kleven Thierry Zophir Skulls, Fangs and Serpents: a new development in East Les voies de communications du Cambodge ancien. Essai Javanese iconography sur les relations entre Angkor et la province Pauline Lunsingh Scheurleer Bruno Bruguier The religious function of temple-reliefs in the Majapahit Conservation of the Apsara and Devata reliefs at Angkor Vat period Hans Leisen Hariani Sanliko

The use of drawings for the making of the reliefs from Angkor Reinventing Majapahit terracotta art. Fakes and faking indus- Wat try in Trowulan, East-Java Vittorio Roveda Brlgitte Khan Majlis

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 25 news

Thursday, September 3 • Panel I Philippines, Indonesia The Chiang Saen Historic Park: Some considerations for planning Underwater archaeology of the Pandanan wreck - a mid 15th Sawang Lertrit century A.D. vessel, Southern Palawan, Philippines Eusebio Dizon Phu Phrabat: An archaeological site in North-eastern Thailand Ceramic sourcing in social context: an ethnographical Nandana Chutiwongs example from the Philippines Mark A. Neupert Friday, September 4 - Panel I Thailand

Spotting early state formation in Southeast Asia through A late pleistocene-holocene human environmental sequence ethnoarchaeology from Southern Thailand: The phutolith evidence from Nong William Longacre Thalee Song Hong, Trang Lisa Kealhofer Fibres and dyestuffs in early Java and Bali Jan Wisseman Jan Wisseman Christie The Mac Cham Site, Chiang Mai Province, North Thailand. Petra Martin An open-air Hoabinhian site with special implement features Per Sorensen Material culture of Enggano Island (West Indonesia) Pieter ter Keurs Upland-lowland interaction and collapse in North Western Thailand A.D. 1000-1650 Objects from Java, Borneo and Sumatra in the Castle Peter Grave Friedenstein in Gotha/Germany Falk Reitz Production of earthenware and stoneware ceramics Louise Cort & H. Leedom Lefferts Looking back to the ancestors: museum politics and practices in Indonesia Pottery technology studies in Southeast Asia: A review Fadjar L. Thufail Brian Vincent

Thursday, September 3 - Panel II Indonesia, Thailand Sawankhalok Ceramics - the integration of later production and transportation Maya's dream in Borobudur (First Terrace): Indian origins Don Hein & Ian Edwards and variations on the theme A.M. Quagliotti Excavations of kilns near the old city of Sisatchanalai, Thailand prompt redevelopment of pottery production Mahapratisara images in Java and their iconographic links Karen Randolph with South, Central and East Asia Gerd Mevissen Friday, September 4 - Panel II Myanmar, Thailand

Role and status of women in ancient Java The life of Shakyamuni on the murals of Pagan - the Indian Titi Surti Nastiti connection Claudine Bautze-Picron Raden Saleh Bustaman, 1811-1880: Artist, archaeologist, palaeontologist The secularization of Burmese mural painting? A preliminary Werner Kraus study of a narrative tradition Alexandra Green Balinese painting - reflection of a mystical world Monika Rohrbach A note on the Mahabodhi temples at Pagan Tilman Frasch Newly discovered collection of the Siamese sculpture at the Hermitage, its history and research results La grandiose pagode de Shwe Dagou a Yaugou Olga Deshpande Francoise Legendre

26 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 news

Recent researches in the cemetery of Ban Wang Hi, Lamphun Finally I should mention that seven of the papers presented Province, Thailand at the 1996 Leiden EurASEAA conference (as well as three Jean-Pierre Pautreau, Patricia Mornais, Toana Doy-Asa other archaeological papers) were published in The Journal of the Siam Society 85 for 1997, and copies of this The great Inscribed silver reliquary from Sri Ksetra: the can be purchased for US$16.00 plus postage from The oldest Buddhist art in Burma Janice Stargardt Siam Society, 131 Soi 21 (Asok) Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok 10110, Thailand, fax +662) 258-3491, e-mail . the history of the Pyu and of the Mon at the Gulf of Martaban Dietrich Mahlo Future EurASEAA conference

Publications Eighth Archaeological Scientfic Conference of the Asso- We would also like to call readers' attention to some recent ciation of Indonesian Archaeologists was held between publications of previous conferences in this series: 15 and 18 February, 1999 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The theme of the conference was 'The Dynamics of Scientific Southeast Asian Archaeology 1992, In the Rome Oriental Dialogue in terms of Theory, Approach and Application". series No. LXXVII, R. Chiarla & F. Rispoli (eds) 1997. (the 1992 Dr. Patrizia Zolese, the EurASEAA National Secretary for Rome Conference). Italy, generously offered to host the next EurASEAA Con-

Southeast Asian Archaeology 1994 vol. 1 P.-Y. Manguin (ed) ference in 2000, and it will probably be held at Cortona, 1998. This is the first volume of the 1994 Paris EurASEAA Arezzo, Tuscany in October of that year. Enquiries should Conference. be made to Dr. Zolese at IslAO, via Merulana 248, Rome 00185, who will be sending out a first announcement some- Southeast Asian Archaeology 1996,1998 M. Klokke and time in 1999. Dr. Zolese informed us that on account of T. Bruyn (eds) 1998, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, the large numbers of tourists and pilgrims expected in Italy University of Hull, HU6 7RX. (the 1996 Leiden Conference). in 2000, those wishing to attend should make their travel The first volume should be ordered from IslAO, via bookings as early as possible. Accommodation may also Merulana 248, Rome 00185, and costs Lira 110,000 (about be limited and last minute bookings may be difficult. The th US$40,000 and last two are available from the Secretary, possibility of holding the 9 EurASEAA Conference in Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, HU6 London is being investigated. 7RX for US$20.00 including surface postage. The second volume of the 1994 Paris Conference should also be out about the end of the year, also from Hull, and probably at the same price as the volume 1. Enquiries and orders for Dr. Ian Glover, this should be sent to the same address. Ruthall Cottage, Ditton Priors, Shropshire, WV16 6TN.UK Some copies of Southeast Asian Archaeology 1992 (the Tel. (44) 0 1746 712 462 (phone only) 3rd EurASEAA, Brussels conference) are still available Fax/answer machine (44) 0 1746 712 070 (For fax and to from the Hull Centre but we believe that Southeast Asian receive voice messages) Archaeology 1986, (the 1 st EurASEAA, London Confer- e-mail: and (when overseas).

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 27 news Asean Youth Friendship Camp for the Study of Cultural Heritage 6-20 March 1999, Thailand

The Office of the Working Group on Notional Culture Literary and ASEAN Commission held Studies, and Chair- the ASEAN Youth man of the Working Friendship Camp for Group on Visual and the Study of Cultural Performing Arts), on Heritage from 6 to behalf of the Chair- 20 March 1999. The man of the ASEAN- Camp was attended COCI Thailand, de- by five delegates livered the opening from each of nine address. ASEAN member countries, namely The Camp's activi- Brunei Darussalam, ties included presen- Indonesia, Malaysia, tation of country Myanmar, Lao PDR, papers, study visits, the Philippines, practical exercises Singapore, Thailand, and exchange of and Vietnam. daily experiences. Other activities The theme of the organised were Thai camp was archaeol- traditional dances, ogy in relation to welcome and fare- art and environment. well parties during It was also meant to which all delegates prepare youth to be were invited to acquainted with the present their cultural people in the rural areas - to study their way of performances. living, and to learn their arts and crafts which were handed down from generations. Each delegation presented country report which focused on the cultural heritage of their own country During the Opening Ceremony at the Royal River through the forms of media such as slides, Hotel, Bangkok, the Camp Director, Dr. Charnvit audio-visual, samples of artifacts and demonstration. Kasetsiri welcomed delegates to the Camp. M.R. Chakrarot Chitrabongs (Deputy Secretary General of Study visits of selected historical, archaeological and the National Culture Commission, Chairman of the cultural sites as well as handicrafts making were

28 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 news arranged in Bangkok, Ayutthaya. Sukhothai, Chiang In Ayutthaya, participants and leaders of the delega- Rai and Chiang Mai (the Temple of the Emerald Bud- tions were divided into four groups to practise the dha, Ayutthaya Historical Study Centre, Ayutthaya crafts offish mobiles, musical instruments, classical Historical Park, the ancient city of Sukhothai, Mr. dance masks and artificial flowers. Each group Thawan Dachanee's residence, Doi Tung Palace and comprised one participant from each country and at Wat Phra That Doi Suthep etc.). least two country leaders in the group.

In Sukhothai, the participants observed the making of three kinds of handicrafts, i.e. traditional goldsmith, textile weaving and pottery. Divided into 3 groups according to their interests, the participants held discussion sessions to share their views and ideas.

In Chiang Mai, the participants and country leaders were divided into four groups in the same way as at two previous provinces. They practiced the crafts of lacquerware, silversmith, wood carving and umbrella making, re- spectively.

At the Clos- ing Ceremony (Lotus Hotel, Pang Suan Kaew, Chiang Mai). M.R. Chakrarot Chitrabongs, Deputy-Secretary General of the National Culture Commission, presided over the occasion and presented souvenirs to the Camp Director, and Leader of each delegation, followed by an exchange of souvenirs between the delega- tions. Each member country presented a 10-15 minute cultural performance, following which the special award and certificates were presented by the Practical exercises of selected handicraft-making Camp Director. were arranged for the participants at Ayutthaya, Sukhothai and Chiang Mai provinces. The partici- Before the camp was officially closed, an evaluation pants were guided to share experiences within 3 session was held. It was attended by the Camp areas, i.e. Director, Heads of the Delegations and the Secre- i) The reason for choosing the craft; tariat. The delegations strongly agreed the camp ii) The similarities and differences of the work in was fully successful and recommended that it be comparison to participant's country; and organised again. iii) The recommendations made for preserving the craft. - Khunying Maenmas Chavalit

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 29 news Atlas-Asia Inauguration Conference 'Entrepreneurship and Education in Tourism*

The Asia-Pacific region is the world's fastest growing lity of tourism enterprises, both small and large, and their tourist destination. Its share of international tourist arrivals contribution to tourism development. And questions will be increased from 3% in 1970 to 11.5% in 1991, and is expected raised about what 'counts' as tourism knowledge and the ways to reach 18% in the year 2000. The travel and tourism industry in which scholars think about and structure tourism education. in the area is expected to account for more export earnings than any other industry by the turn of the century. Recognition The conference will feature sessions on: of these economic facts has led to mounting scholarly and - human resources for tourism development; professional interest in tourism in the region, with a prolifera- - tourism industry perspectives and employment oppor- tion of journals, scholarly associations, and tourism studies tunities; programmes. - small-scale entrepreneurship and self-employment; The growth in tourism has to meet requirements of - tourism education. sustainability; tourism is supposed to raise both the national income and the people's standard of living, without degrading Topics to be addressed during conference workshops the natural environment and threatening the integrity of culture. include: public versus private tourism education; standards of This policy requires considerable investment in education and competency and accreditation of tourism programmes; body of training for jobs in the tourism sector. Efforts to improve these knowledge for tourism; advantages and disadvantages of areas have to focus not only on vocational training, but also on tourism education; grass-roots education, local participation, academic education, to provide the Asia-Pacific region with and community development; education and training needs in people who are able to conduct policy development and strate- the small-scale and medium-size tourism sector (e.g. handicraft gic management in tourism at the highest level. production, accommodation sector, souvenir and food vending); the art of mediation: guide training courses; self-employed people It is against this background that the European Associa- in the tourism industry; 'frontline' workers in the tourism indus- tion for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) established try: subcontracting in the tourism industry; the gendered nature ATLAS ASIA to offer a forum for scholars involved in tourism of labour relations in the tourism industry: labour mobility in the research and education in the Asia-Pacific region. The ATLAS tourism industry; and the role of the government in tourism ASIA inauguration conference will be organised on July 5-7, education and entrepreneurship. 1999, in Bandung, Indonesia. This conference is a collabora- tive effort by the European Association for Tourism and Leisure The conference will be followed by a two-week Education (ATLAS); the Department of Leisure Studies of 'Summer University' on the theme of 'Challenges in Tourism Tilburg University (Netherlands); Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, Management', aimed at professionals in Asia Tourism. Netherlands): the Dutch Ministry of Education; and the Centre for Research on Tourism, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) For further information regarding the workshops, (Indonesia). conference fee, registration, and hotel accommodation, please contact the conference secretariat: The conference focuses on the relationship between ATLAS ASIA entrepreneurship and education in terms of tourism employment, Karin Bras, Department of Leisure Studies tourism policy making, and tourism training and teaching, both Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 50000 LE Tilburg vocational and academic. The purpose is to map the field of The Netherlands tourism education and to compare different educational Tel:+ 31-13-4662191 practices and experiences in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, Fax: + 31-13-4662370 to explore the needs for education and training among large- E-mail: [email protected] scale and small-scale entrepreneurs, and to discuss opportuni- Updated conference information can also be found on the AT- ties for, and threats to, tourism employment and industry growth. LAS homepage: http://www/allas-euro.org A comparative perspective on Asian and European countries will be welcomed. Questions will be asked about the sustainabi- HAS Newsletter No. 18

30 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 SPAFA Activities SPAFA Schedule of Activities 1999/2000

Arts & Culture Management Date: 14-21 February 2000 Seminar & Workshop Venue: Thailand The aim of this seminar is to promote awareness and Date: 15-30 October 1999 understanding of ancient Hindu-Buddhist iconography; to catalogue the sculptures and icons; and to discuss recent Managers and administrators of arts and culture institu- studies. tions will be brought together to share their skills in management and organisation of arts and cultural activi- The Development of Performing Arts Curriculum ties, with focus on use of space and planning of events. for Southeast Asian Secondary Schools Workshop Performing Arts Production Design, Technology Venue: Philippines and Management Date: 6-16 March 2000 Workshop Venue: Malaysia This workshop will bring together teachers and curricu- Date: 26 November-5 December 1999 lum developers to discuss performing arts curriculum con- cepts based on culture, discipline, and integrated as well. Particularly for production designers, managers and di- rectors to discuss traditional and modem technological ap- Ethno-Technology of Textile proaches to production; and develop new techniques in Seminar & Workshop scenography, stage and set design, lighting, costume and Venue: Laos & Thailand make-up. Date: 8-18 May 2000

The Role of Museums in Community Development There are regional commonalties in the ethno-technology of textiles in Southeast Asia, and this seminar and work- Seminar shop will provide a forum for sharing information and theo- Venue: Vietnam ries on design, production techniques, etc., and for pro- Date: 8-15 December 1999 moting awareness of the heritage in textile-making.

How true is the joke that generally, museums are for the Socio-Cultural Analysis and Interpretation of under 15 and the over 50? This seminar will focus on the Southeast Asian Folklore role of museums in community development, and how to Seminar & Workshop make museums more attractive to visitors and the public, Venue: Myanmar and to encourage their participation. Date: 12-22 June 2000 If you're interested in the nature and significance of Art Curatorship and Exhibition Design folklore (music, dance and drama), you should not miss Advanced Training Course this event, which includes analysis and interpretation of Venue: Thailand folklore, and preservation of folkore as a cultural heritage. Date: 17-31 January 2000 For more information, please contact: For curators and exhibition designers, this is an opportu- nity to study more curatorial and exhibition design prin- SEAMEO SPAFA ciples and techniques in art museums and galleries. 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road, Samsen, Theves Bangkok 10300, Thailand Hindu-Buddhist Iconography in Southeast Asia Tel : (66-2) 280-4022-29 before 1,000 AD Fax : (66-2)280-4030 Seminar Email : [email protected] Venue: Cambodia Website : www.seameo.org/spafa

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 31 conferences

23-25 April 1999 16-18 June 1999 5-7 July 1999 Tacoma, Washington, USA Pattani, Thailand Bandung, Indonesia Seventh ASIA Network Annual The Fourth ASEAN Inter- Atlas-Asia Inauguration Conference University Seminar on Social Conference: Entrepreneurship

Marianna Mcjimsey, ASIA Network, Development and Education in Tourism The Colorado College, 14 East ASEAN ISSD4 Secretariat, Division Karin Bras, Department of Leisure

Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, of Academic Affairs Prince of Studies, tilburg University, CO 80903, USA Songkla University, Pattani 94000 RO. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, tel: +1-719-3897706 Thailand The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] Tel:+66-73-312 238 Tel:+31-13-466 2191 Fax:+66-73-313 485 Fax:+31-13-466 2370

12-15 May 1999 email: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

La Paz, Bolivia URL http://www.atlas-euro.org 'Alternative' Histories & 25-27 June 1999 Non-Written Sources: new Leiden, the Netherlands 5-8 July 1999 perspectives from the South 4th ESfO conference: Asia in the Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sephis secretariat, Pacific 7th International Conference on

Cruquiusweg 31, 1019 ESfO oprganizing committee, ISIR, Thai Studies

AT Amsterdam, the Netherlands Nonnensteeg 1 -3, 2311 VJ Leiden HAS Branche office, Oudezijds email: [email protected] the Netherlands, Achterburgwal 185, 1012 DK

5272632 fax:+31-71- Amsterdam, The Netherlands 21-23 May 1999 e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +31 -20-525 2940 Berkeley CA, USA Fax:+31-20-525 3658

SEALS IX Southeast Asia Linguistic 28 June-2 July 1999 email: [email protected]

Society: Call for Papers Moscow, Russia URL:http://www.pscw.uva.nl/icts7 The 9th Meeting of the Southeast 11th ECIMS: The Indonesian and Asia Linguistic Society Malay World: Milestones of the 5-9 July 1999 Professor James Matisoff, Center for Second Millennium Leiden, The Netherlands

Southeast Asia Studies Dr. Eugenia Kukushkina, Institute of 15th International Conference on

2223 Fulton Street, Room 616 Asian and African Countries, South Asian Archaeology

University of California at Berkeley Lomonosov Moscow State The European Association of South Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univeristy, 11, Mochovaya St., Asian Archaeologists, Prof. K. van Tel:+1-510-642 3609 Moscow 103009 Russia Kooij, MAS. P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA, Fax: +1 -510-643 7062 fax:+7-95-9547622 Leiden, The Netherlands email: [email protected] Fax : + 31 -71 -527 4162 e-mail: [email protected] (please mention SAA 99)

32 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 conferences

2 August 1999 3-8 April 2000 The aims of this Colloquium are:

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Turin, Italy - to explore alternative future Second International Malaysian Xith World Sanskrit Conference directions for the development of Studies Conference Oscar Botto, President CESMEO, prehistory in Cambodia, Foo Ah Hiang, conference manager, International Institute for Advanced Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,

Institute of Postgraduate Studies Asian Studies, Via Cavour 17, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Research, University of Malaya, 1-10123 TORINO, Italy and Vietnam, taking into account

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Fax:+39-011-545 031 each country's level of T e l : + 60-3-759 3606 development, strengths and

Fax: + 60-3-756 7252 27-20 September, 1999 weaknesses;

URL: ttp://ipsp.um.edu.my International Colloquium on - to identify the main research Southeast Asian Prehistory in the issues and problems in Southeast 22-24 October 1999 3rd Millennium Asian prehistory so that each Leiden, The Netherlands is organized by the Centre for country's work plan can also keep Fourth Euro-Japanese Interna- Archaeological Research Malaysia, in mind the comparative and tional Symposium on Mainland Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 regional perspective;

Southeast Asian History: Penang, Malaysia. Those interested - to attempt at establishing a Mainland Southeast Asian in participating should e-mail prioritized agenda for the Responses to the Stimuli of Foreign [email protected] or fax 604 657 development of the field in Material Culture and Practical 3546. The 1 st announcement Southeast Asia

Knowledge (14th to mid-19th follows: - to provide one another with an century) As we approach the 3rd update on the national and millennium it is time to take stock of regional issues and problems to

IIIAS, co-organized by Dr. J. Kleinen, where Southeast Asian archaeology help individual countries HAS Amsterdam Branch Office, is at and to explore future directions strategise their excavations to Oudezijds Acherburgwal 185, 1012 for its archaeological development obtain the necessary data to KD amsterdam, The Netherlands in the 21 st century. Archaeology in understand their own national or Tel: +31-20-525 3657 Southeast Asia has had a chequered local cultural development while Fax: + 31 -20-525 3658 or uneven development mainly due at the same time filling in gaps for e-mail: [email protected] to historical reasons. This collective the complete regional perspective. and regional stock-taking is neces- Such an approach will strengthen sary so that not only Southeast our understanding on the Asian prehistory will be better chronology and processes of understood but that we can plan to change in prehistoric Southeast have a more structured agenda for Asia, as well as its links to South future work, more in keeping with China, Taiwan and japan. needs and priorities.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 33 INTACH INDIAN COUNCIL OF CONSERVATION INSTITUTES, LUCKNOW Announcement of Forthcoming Workshops and Training Programmes

Supported by: JAPAN FOUNDATION; October 25-30.1999 FORD FOUNDATION; NORAD; Workshop on Preventive Conservation March 20-25, 2000 INTACH (UK) Trust of Works of Art at Government Workshop on Preventive Care of Art Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, Objects at INTACH IndianConservation July 24-29, 1999 India (WS/99/4) Institute, Lucknow, India (WS/99/7) Workshop on Care and Preventive Eligibility: Curators, Librarians, Museum Eligibiltiy: Personnel of Libraries, Museums, Measures of Paper Manuscripts, Books personnel, Archivists, Conservators. Archives. Conservators, etc. and Library Materials at Rampur Raza Objective: Participants will be able to know Objective: The participant may comprehend Library. Rampur. India (WS/99/1) the various causes of damage to works of the causes of damage to art objects, their Eligibility: Librarians, Curators. Archivists, art and may learn how to carry out technology and may also be able to carry Conservators, etc. preventive conservation. out preventive conservation. He may also Objective: Participants may be able to Contact Person: Mr V.N. Singh, Director, learn how to measure pH, Light, U.V., R.H., understand the causes of damage, material- Government Museum and Art Gallery, temperature, etc.through practical technology and they may leam how to carry Sector 10-C, Chandigarh- 160011. exercises. Contact Person: Mrs. Mamta out preventive measures on such objects. Phone & Fax (0712) 742501. Misra, Training Coordinator, INTACH Indian Contact Person: Dr. W.H. Siddiql, Officer on E-mail: museum@chd nic.in. Conservation Institute, B-42, Nirala Nagar, Special Duty. Rampur Raza Library, Last Date For Receipt of Luckmow- 226020. Fax: (0522) 326187; Rampur- 244901, (UP) India. Fax: (0595) Applications: September 13, 1999. 377814; 376858. 340548 Last Date For Receipt of Applications: November 29- December 4. 1999 January 20, 2000. September 11-16. 1999 Workshop on Care of Manuscripts, Workshop on Preventive Books and Library Materials at INTACH November 15, 1999- March 11, 2000 Conservation of Manuscripts, Books Chitrakala Panshath Art Conservation Training Course on Curative Conseration and Library Materials at Khuda Baksh Centre. Bangalore, India (WS/99/5) of Palm Leaf and Paper Manuscripts Oriental Public Library, Patna, India Eligibility: Curators, Librarians, Museum at ICI-Onssa Art Conservation Centre, (WS/99/2) peronnel, Archivists, Art Conservators and Bhubaneswar, India (TC/99/1) Eligibility: Personnel of Libranes, Museums, Custodians of Manuscripts in Eligibility: Curators. Librarians. Archivists, Achives, Conservators, etc. Government and Voluntary Organisation. Art Conservators and Custodians of Objective: Participants will learn causes of Objective: Participant will understand the Manuscripts. damage and the pnnciples of preventive causes of damage to manuscnpts, books Objective: The participant may be able to conservation, measurement of pH, light & and will be able to carry out the preventive know the causes of degradation of palm U.V.. humidity, temperature etc. measures and minor care of binding. and paper manuscripts, and to carry out Contact Person: Mr. H.R. Chighani. Contact Person: Mr. S. Subbaraman, conservation treatment, examination and Director, Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Director. ICKPAC. Kumar Krupa Road. analysis of palm leaf and paper Library, Patna- 800004. Fax: (0612) 67109. Bangalore- 560001. Phone (080) 2250418; manuscnpts. Fax(080)2263424 Contact Person: Mr. Anupam Sah, Project September 6-15, 1999 Last Date For Receipt of Appications: Coordinator, ICI Orissa Art Conservation Workshop on Preventive October 5. 1999. Centre. State Museum Premises, Conservation of Palm Leaf and Paper Bhubaneswar-751014, Orissa, India. Manuscripts at ICI-Onssa Art Conservation December 13-18. 1999 Fax: (0674) 432638 Centre, State Museum Premises. Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Last Date For Receipt of Bhubaneswar, Orissa. India (WS/99/3) Paper Manuscripts, Books and Library Applications: July 20, 1999 Eligibility: Curators. Libranans. Archivists, Materials at Akshardham. Gandhi Nagar, Art Conservators Centre, State Museum Ahmedabad, India (WS/99/6) Central Coordination: Premises, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. India. Eligibility: Personnel of Libraries. Museums, Mrs. Mamta Misra. Training Coordinator, Eligibility: Curators. Libranans, Archivists, Archives, Conservators, etc. Indian Conservation Institute, B-42, Nirala Art Conservators. Objective: To be able to use preventive Nagar. Lucknow-226020. Objective: Participants will be able to know methods for control of damage to Fax: (0522) 326187; 376858. to causes of damage to palm leaf and paper manuscripts, books and library materials; E-Mail: [email protected] in manuscripts and carry out preventive leam methods of storage, handling, saving (Information on all the above Workshops measures in such collections. from insects, fungus. and Training Programmes can also be Contact Person: Mr. Anupam Sah. Centre Contact Person: Mr. J.M.Dave, Research abtained from the Central Coordination). Coordinator, ICI Orissa Art Conservation Associate, Akshardham, J.Road, Centre. State Museum Premises, Sector-20. Gandhinagar- 382020. Bhubaseswar- 751014, Orissa. Phone: (20678) 23779; Fax: (2712) Fax (0674) 432638. Last Date For Receipt of Applications: October 25, 1999.

34 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 art on show

AUSTRIA Queensland Art Gallery [email protected] Queensland Cultural Centre Daily 10 am - 5 pm Museum fur Volkerkunde South Bank, South Brisbane closed on Mondays Wien P.O. Box 3686 Neue Hofburg Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Hessenhuis Vienna I Tel:+61-7-38407333 Falconrui 53, 2000 Antwerp Tel:+43-1-S34-300 Fax:+61-7-38448865 Tel:+32-3-2060350 Fax:+43-4-S3SS320 Daily 10 am - 5 pm Fax:+32-3-2060370 Daily 10 am - 6 am E-mail: [email protected] Permanent Collection closed on Tuesday Internet: http://www.DMA.be/ The Kanneth and Yasuko Myer cultuur/hessenhuis Collection of Contemporary Museum of the History of Art Daily 10 am - 5 pm Asian Art has some outstanding Maria-Theresien Platz closed on Mondays pieces of Asian art. 1010 Vienna Tel:+43-1-5277301 Daily 10 am - 6 pm CANADA closed on Mon. BELGIUM Art Batus Royal Museums for Art and History Permanent collection Ml 888 Nelson Street Jubelpark 10, 1000 Brussels Egyptian and Oriental collection, Vancouver BCV6Z2HI Tel:+32-2-7417214 paintings, coins, and antiquities. Tel: + 1 -604-688-2633 Fax:+32-2-7337735 Fax:+1-604-688-2685 Daily 10 am - 5 pm, closed on Mon. Wiener Secession Friedrichstra Be 12. A-1010 Vienna Art Beatus highlights contemporary Museum of Fine Art and Archaeology Tel:+43-1-5875307 international art with a special focus on Place de la Revolution (Place du Fax:+43-1-5875307-34 Asian art. Marche) 25000 Besancon Quadrivium Tel:+33-81-814447 2-50 Gallery Level 2 CHINA Fax:+33-81-615099 South Queen Victoria Bldg closed on public holidays. George St, Sydney NSW 2000 Red Gate Gallery Tel: + 61 -2-9264 8222 Level 3, China World Hotel Permanent collection Fax: + 61 -2-9264 8700 1 Jianguomen Wai, Peking 100600 Fine Art and archaeology from Tel:+86-10-65322286 non-Western areas. Fax:+86-10-5324804 AUSTRALIA Daily 12-6 pm Royal Museums of Art and History - Brussels The Art Gallery of New South Wales Cinquantenaire Museum Art Gallery Road The Domain FRANCE Jubelpark 10 Sydney, NSW 2000 1000 Brussels Tel: +61 -2-92251846 Museum of Fine Art and Archaeology Tel:+32-2-7417211 Fax: +61 -2-92216226 Place de la Revolution (Place du Fax: +32-2-7337735 Marche) Daily 10 am - 5 pm, closed on Mon. National Gallery of Victoria 2500 Besancon and Public Holidays 180 St Kilda Road Tel:+33-81-814447 Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Fax:+33-81-615099 Permanent exhibition Tel: +61 -3-92080222 Closed on pulbic holidays. Important collections regarding Fax: +61 -3-92080245 China, Korea, India and Southeast Asia. Musee Guimet Permanent exhibition Place d'lena 6 Ethnographic Museum The Asian Gallery features Chinese 75116 Paris Suikerrui 19, 2000 Antwerp ceramics and archaic bronzes, tel:+33-1-47238398 Tel:+32+3-2208600 plus Hindu and Buddhist art fax:+33-1-47238399 Fax:+32-3-2270871 from India, the Himalayan region, Due to renovations the museum will be E-mail: China and Japan. closed until the end of 1998.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 35 art on show

Permanent collection Stadtisch Kunsthalle British Museum Fine art and archaeology from Moltkestrasse 9.68165 Mannheim Great Russelstreet, London WCIB 3 DG non-Western areas. Tel:+49-621-2936413 Tel:+44-171-6361555 Fax:+49-621-2936412 Fax:+44-171-3238480 Musee Cernuschi Daily 10 am - 5 pm, Thu. 12 pm - 5 pm, Daily 10 am - 5 pm, Avenue Valasquex 7 7S008 Paris closed Monday Sun. 2.30 pm - 6 pm Tel:+33-1-45635075 Fax:+33-1-45637816 Museum fur Volkerkunde Hamburg Permanent collection Daily 10 am - 5.40 pm, closed Monday Rothenbaumchaussee 64 Antiques from Egypt, Western and public holidays 20148 Hamburg Asia, Greece and Rome. Medieval, Tel: +49-40-44195524 Renaissance, Modern and Oriental Fax:+49-40-44195242 collection, prints, drawings coins Calerie Nationale du Jeu Paume and medals. 1. Place de la Concorde, 75001 Paris Museum fur Ostasiatische Kunst Tel:+33-1-47031250 Takustrasse 40D-14195 Berlin (Dahlem) Brunei Gallery Tel: +49-30-8301383/83011 School of Oriental and Africon Studies Fax: + 49-30-8316384 Thornhaugh Street GERMANY Russel Square WCIH OXG London Museum of Ethnology GREAT BRITAIN tel:+44-171-3236230 Lansstrasse 8 fax:+44-171-3236010 D-14195 Berlin Museum of East Asian Art Tel:+49-30-83011 12 Bennett Street, Bath BAI n2QL Victoria & Albert Museum Fax:+49-30-8315972 Tel:+44-1225-464640 South Kensington Dail 9 am - 5 pm, London SW7 2RL Sat./Sun. 10 am - 5 pm From September 1998 Tel:+44-171-9388500 The Colour of Ivory Fax:+44-171-9388264 Permanent Collection Daily 10 am - 5.50 pm, Studies of the cultures of the Percival David Foundation of Mon, 12-5.50 pm Pacific Islands. Africa, America and Chinese Art Southeast Asia. 53 Cordon Square Fitzwilliam Museum London WCIH 0PD Octagon Gallery. Trumpington Street Museum of Indian Art Tel:+44-171-3873909 Cambridge CBI IRD Lansstrasse 8, Fax:+44-171-3835163 Tel:+44-1133-332906 D-14195 Berlin Tue. - Sat. 10 am - 5 pm. Tel:+49-30-8301-361 Ashmolean Museum Sun. 2.15 pm - 5 pm, closed Monday Fax:+49-30-8316-384 Beaumont Street Daily 9 am - 5 pm, Oxford OXI 2PH The Museum of Mondern art Sat./Sun. 10 am - 5 pm Tel:+44-1865-278009110 Oxford Fax:+44-1865-278018 30 Pembroke Street, Oxford OXI IBP Permanent Collection attn. R.I.H. Charlton Tel:+44-1865-722733 Archaeological objects from India: Tuesday to Saturday 10 am - 4 pm; Fax:+44-1865-722573 terracotta, stone sculptures and Sunday 2-4 pm bronzes from India, the Himalayan Chinese Arts Centre countries and Southeast Asia: miniature The Burrell Collection 39-43 Edge street paintings. 2060 Pollokshaws Road, Manchester M4 IHW Glasgow C43 IAT T e l : + 44-161-832-7271 Brohan Museum Tel:+44-41-6497151 Fax:+44-161-832-7513 Schlossstrasse la, 14059 Berlin Fax:+44-41-6360086 Tel: +49-30-3214029 Dail 10 am - 5 pm, Sun. 11 am - 5 pm Laing Art Gallery Tue.-Sun. 10 am - 6 pm: Newcastle upon Tyne Thu. 10 am - 8 pm, closed Monday Permanent collection URL : www.the-people.org Art objects from the ancient civilizations of Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Italy, the Orient and from Medieval Europe.

36 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 art on show

Museum of Contemporary MALAYSIA Art Tokyo 4-1-1 Miyoshi. Koto-ku, Tokyo 135 The Window Caleri Wan (main gallery) Tel:+48-3-62454111 33 Altamount Road No. 4 Jalan Binjai Fax:+48-3-62451140/1141 Mumbai 400 026 Off Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala India Lumpur Permanent collection tel:+91-22-386 96 28 Tel:+60-3-2614071 The history of contemporary art fax:+91-22-389 1606 Fax:+60-3-2614072 in Japan and other countries after 1945.

Galeri Wan exhibits various works Hiroshima City Museum of INDONESIA by contemporary as well as Contemporary Art traditional Malaysian artists. 1 -1 Hijiyama-koen Cemara 6, Caleri Kafe Minami-ku, Hiroshima )alan Cemara 6, Jakarta Pusat 10350 National Art Gallery Tel:+81-82-264-1121 Tel:+62-21-324505 I Jalan Sultan Hishanuddin Fax:+81-82-264-1198 Fax:+62-21-325890 Kuala Lumpur 50050 Tel:+60-3-23-15718 Setagaya Art Museum Permanent Collection Fax:+60-3-23-66 1 -2 Kinuta-koen, Setagaya-ku, Paintings by more than 40 Daily 10 am - 6 pm Tokyo 157 Indonesian painters and a special Tel:+81-3-34156011 room featuring the work of the Galerie Petronas Fax:+81-3-34156413 painter Salim, who lives in Paris. I st Floor, Dayabumi Complex Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin Tokyo Station gallery Cleripadei Kuala Lumpur 50778 1 -9-1 Marunouchi Jl. Jr. H. Huanda 329. Bandung 40135 Tel:+60-3-2753060/61 Chiyoda-ku tel: +62-22-250-0578. fan: -4229 Fax:+60-3-2740451 Tokyo 100 Tuesday to Sunday 10am - 20pm Tel:+81-3-3212 2763 Balai Seni Maybank Fax:+81-3-3212 2058 February 1999 II th Floor Menara Maybank Zoulkifili Yusoff 1100. Jalan Tun Perak, The Tokyo Station Gallery, opened in A exhibition of paintings by this 50050 Kuala Lumpur 1988 and is located in the corner of the contemporary artist from Malaysia. former Tokyo Station which was 19 December - 28 January 1999 constructed in 1913. Aiming to be a March 1999 Contemporary Malaysian Islamic small but authentic art gallery, its focus Comic World Art Exhibition - The exhibition will is given to photographs, poster art, Comics of Thariq. Motul, Cimot and showcase a wide range of Islamic archtiectural design and Japanese Pidi requestion the change of histories, art including textile, fibre art, modern artists. myths, values of truth and nations. ceramics, fine metal and architectural designs as well as paintings Cemeti Gallery, Yogyakarta and sculptures. Jalan Ngadisuryan 7a, Yogyakarta 55133 Tel:+62-274-371015 NN Gallery Kwangju Biennale Fax:+62-274-371015 23 Jalan Jati Information 55100 Kuala Lumpur San 151 -10, Yangbong-dong Puk-gu Tel: +60-3-243-3630 Kwangiu 500-070 Fax:+60-3-241-3631 Tel:+82-62-5214627 Monday 10 am - 1 pm, Fax:+82-62-5214626 The Museum of Modern Art Tuesday to Saturday 10 am - 6 pm, E-mail: [email protected] 2-1-53 Yukinoshita Sunday 2 - 5 pm Internet: http:// Kamakura, Kanagawa 248 www.kwangjubiennale.org Tel: +81 -467225000 Fax: +81 -467332464 http:lwww.c-arts.co.jp/mu/ kanagawa.html (Japanese language)

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 37 art on show

Indonesie Museum Nusantara Gate Foundation THE NETHERLANDS St. Agathaplein 1 Keizergracht 613 2611 HR Delft 1017 DS Amsterdam Rijksmuseum Tel:+31-15-2602358 T e l : + 31-20-6208057 Hobbemastraat 19. P.O. Box 74888 Fax:+31-15-2138744 Fax: + 31 -20-6390762 1070 DN Amsterdam Daily 10 am - 5 pm. Sun. 1 pm - 5 pm Tel:+31-20-6732121 Croninger Museum Fax:+31-20-6798146 Permanent exhibition on Indonesian Museumeiland I Daily 10 am - S pm cultures 9700 ME Croningen Empire of Treasures Nusantara T e l : + 31-50-3666555 Permanent collection (Schattenrijk Nusantara), a presentation Fax: + 31-50-3120815 The new South wing of the of ceremonial objects, dance masks, museum houses a permanent etcetera. exhibition of Asiatic art. NEW ZEALAND Museum The Princessehof Tropenmuseum Crote Kerkstraat II Covett-Brewster Art Gallery Linaeusstraat 2, 1092 CK 8911 DZ Leeuwarden Queen Street Amsterdan Tel:+31-58-2127438 New Plymouth Tel:+31-20-5688418 Fax:+31-58-2122281 Tel:+64-6-7585149 Fax:+31-20-5688331 Daliy 10 am - 5 pm. Sun. 2 pm - 5 pm Fax: +64-6-7580390 attn. Gill Winter Daily 10.30 - 5 pm Semi-permanent exhibitions about Permanent collection the life of people in the tropics, Large exhibition of ceramics from including a special Southeast China, Japan, India, Vietnam etc.. NORWAY Asia department.

Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum Ethnographic Museum Calerie Amber Ubierring 45 Frederiksgate 201640 Oslo Hooglandsekerkgracht 8 50678 Cologne Tel: + 47 22 859300 2312 HT Leiden Tel:+49-221-3369413 Fax: + 47 22 859960 Tel:+31-71-5149040 Fax:+49-221-224155 Daily (September 15th to May 14th ] Fax:+31-71-5149040 Daily 10 am - 4 pm, first Thursday in the 12-13 pm. (May 15th to Daily 11 am - 27.00 pm month 10 am - 8 pm, closed on Mon. September 14th) Permanent collection 11 am n 3pm, closed on Monday Museum of Ethnology Rotterdam Collections illustrating non- Willemskade 25. 3016 DM European cultures. Rotterdam POLAND Tel:+31-10-4111055 Foundation for Indian Artists Fax:+31-10-4118331 Fokke Simonszstraat 10 The Asia and Pacific Museum Daily 10 am - 5 pm. Sun. and public 1017 TC Amsterdam 24 solec Str. holidays 11 am - 5 pm Tel: +31 -20-6231547 00-403 Warsaw Fax:+31-20-6231547 Until the end of 1999 Daily 1 pm - 6 pm, closed on Monday, Nusantara Gallery Made in the Pacific 1 st Sunday of the month 2 pm - 5 pm 18-A, Nowogrodzka Street. Top items from the internationally Warsaw renowned Oceania collection of Museum of Ethnology Tel: 629-24-41 the museum. Steenstraat 1, 2312 BS Leiden Monday - Friday: 11 am - 5 pm Tel:+31-71-5168800 Asia Gallery Kunsthal 88 Fax:+31-71-5128437 5. Freta Street. Elisabethhof 2. 7600 AS almelo Tuesday to Friday 10 am - 5 pm, Warsaw, tel:+31-546-852692 Sat./Sun. 12 - 5 pm. closed on Mon. Tel: 635-28-11 Tuesday - Sunday: 11 am - 5 pm 20 February - 28 March 1999 Van Cogh Museum Canvas Paulus Potterstraat 7 Dong Nam Oriental Art Gallery Contemporary Art from Asia and Amsterdam 45 Marszalkowska Street Latin America in co-operation with Tel:+31-20-5705200 the Canvas Foundation. Fax:+31-20-206735053

38 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 art on show

Rietberg Museum PORTUGAL Continuing indenfinitely Goblerstrasse 15, CH-8002 Zurich Sculpture of South and Southeast Museum of Ethnology Tel:+41-1-2024528 Asia Avenida llha da Madeira-ao Restelo Fax:+41-1-2025201 Luxury Arts of the Silk Route 1400 Lisboa Daily 10 am - 5 pm, closed on Mon. Empires Tel:+351-1-301526415 Museum der kulturen Fax:+351-1-3013994 Arthur M. Sackler Museum Augustinergasse 2 Daily 10.30 am - 6 pm, closed on Mon. 2 Quincy Street, Cammbridge, CH 4001 Basel MA 02138 Tel:+41-61-2665500 Permanent collection Tel:+1-617-4952397 Fax: + 4 1 -61 -2665605 Ethnological collections from Fax:+1-617-4964732 http://www.mkb.ch Africa, America, Asia, and Europe. Dail 10 am - 5 pm, closed on Sunday

Baur Collection The Art Institute of Chicago Due to renovations, the museum will be 8 Rue Munier-Romilly Michigan Av. & Adams Street closed in 1999. 1206 Geneva Chicago, IL 60603 Tel:+41-22-3461729 Covett-Brewster Art Gallery Tel:+1-312-4433600 Fax:+41-22-7891845 Fax:+1-312-4430849 Queen Street, New Plymouth Daily 2 pm - 6 pm, closed on Monday Tel:+64-6-7585149 Denver Art Museum Fax: +64-6-7580390 attn. Gill Winter 100 W 14th Avenue, PKWY Daily 10.30 - 5 pm TAIWAN Denver CO80204 Tel:+1-303-6402295 Taipei Fine Arts Museum Fax:+1-303-6405627 SINGAPORE 181, Chung-shan North Road, Taipei Tel: +886-2-5957656 Kimbell Art Museum Asian Civilisations Museum Fax:+886-2-5944101 333 Camp Bowie Boulevard 39 Armenian Street Forth Worth, Texas 76107-2792 Singapore 179939 Tel:+1-817-3328451 THAILAND Fax:+1-817-8771264 Permanent Display attn. Wendy Gottlieb/Mary Lees This exhibition will introduce Gallery of Fine Arts Tues.-Thurs. 10 am - 5 pm, visitors to the world of Chinese Silpakorn University Fri. 12 - 8 pm. Sat. 10 am - 5 pm, beliefs, symbolism, connoiseurship, Klan Gwan House II, 19th floor Sun. 12 - 5 pm and the Chinese scholar tradition. 140/1 Wireless Road Bangkok 10330 Honolulu Academy of Arts Singapore A r t Museum Tel: +66-2-255-9100 ext 201 9 0 0 S. Beretania Street 71 Bras Basah Road Fax: + 66-2-255-9113-14 Honolulu, HI 96814-1495 Singapore 189555 Tel:+1-808-5328700 Fax:+65-2247919 Opened 1 February Fax:+1-808-5238787 Alter-Ego The National Museum The exhibition aims to develop a closer The Asia Society 61 Stamford Road. #02-01 relationship between Thailand and 725 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021 Stamford Court, Europe and to enhance cross-cultural Tel:+1-212-2886400 Singapore 178892 dialogues. European artists will be Fax:+1-212-5178319 Tel: +65-3309552 working in Thailand as artists in Daily 11 am - 6 pm, Thursday 6 - 8 pm, Fax:+65-3309568 residence. Sunday 12 - 5 pm Daily 9 am - 5.30 pm

China Institute USA 125 East 65 Street SWITZERLAND New York, NY 10021 -7088 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Tel:+1-212-7448181 Barbier-Mueller Museum Smithsonian Institute Fax:+1-212-6284159 10 Rue Calvin, 1204 Geneva 1050 Independence Avenue SW Tel:+41-22-3120270 Washington DC 20560 Fax:+41-22-3120190 Tel: +202-3574880 Daily 10 am - 5 pm Fax:+202-3574911

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 39 art on show

Indiana State Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art VIETNAM Sth Avenue at 82 nd Street 202 N. Alabama St. New York NY 10028 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Red River Gallery Tel: +1 -212-8795500 Tel: +1 -317-2321637 71A Nguyen Du Street Hanoi Fax: +1 -212-5703879 Tel: +84-4-229064 Pacific Asia Museum 13 April 1999-9 January 2000 46 North Los Robles Avenue Pasadena Permanent collection Cruardians of the Longhouse : California 91101 Work of such Vietnamese Art in Borneo Tel: + 1 -818-4492742 Painters as Khuc Thanh Binh, Fax: +1 -818-4492754 Thah Chuong, Dao Tanh Dzuy, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Pnam Minh Hai, Dang Xuan Hoa, 2800 Grove Avenue The Philadelphia Museum of Art Tran Luong, Pham Hong, Thai, Boa Richmond, VA 23221 -2466 26th St. & Benjamin Franklin Parkway Toan, Truong Tan, Do Minh Tarn. Tel: +1 -804-3670844 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Art Gallery Hien Minh Fax: +1 -804-3679393 Tel: + 1 -215-763800 1 st Floor, 44 Dong Khoi Street, Daily 11 am - 5 pm, Sun. 1 pm - 5 pm, http://pma.libertynet.org Distr. 1 closed on Monday Ho Chi Minh City Sotheby's New York gallery Tel: +84-8-224590 Peabody Museum of Salem Fuller building E. India Square, Salem, MA 01970 41 East 57th Street Permanent collection Tel: +1 -508-745187679500 New York Work of the Vietnamese Fax: +1 -508-7446776 Tel:+1-212-606-7176 painter Nguyen Thi Hien. Daily 10 am - 5 pm, Sun. 12 - 5 pm Fax:+1-212-606-7027 Galleria Vinh Loi Asian Art Museum of San Francisco First USA Riverfront Arts Center 49 Dhong Koi Street, I Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 800 South Madison Street Ho Chi Minh City Californai 94118 Wilmington, Delware 19801 -5122 Tel: +84-8-222006 Tel:+1-415-3798800 Tel :+1 -302-777-7767 Fax:+1-415-6688928 Fax:+1 - 3 0 2 - 6 5 8 - 2 0 4 0 Permanent collection Among other items the work of Seattle Asian Art Museum Arther M. Sackler Gallery the Vietnamese artist Bui Xuan 1400 E. Prospect Street, Volunteer Park From 5 April 1998 Phai (1921 -1988) Seattle WA 98122-9700 Khmer Ceramics Tel: +1 -206-6258900 Eighty rare glazed ceramics from the 9th Fax: +1 -206-6543135 to the 14th century Khmer empire go on view in the South Asian sculpture gallery. Seattle Art Museum The works range in height from less than 100 University Street an inch to more than 2 feet and are Seattle WA 98122-9700 fashioned into animal, bird and human Tel: +1 -206-6258900 forms, as well as into gracefully curving Fax: +1 -206-6543135 jars decorated with incised designs. Dail Tues.-Sat. 11 am - 5 pm, Thurs. 11 am - 9 pm, Sun. 12 - 5 pm Curtis Arts Humanities Center Freer Gallery of Art 2349 East Greenwood Village Smithsonian Institute Denver, CO 80121-1570 1000 Jefferson Drive at 12th street SW Tel:+1-303-797 1779 Washington DC 20560 Tue-fri from 10 till 5 pm Tel: +1 -202-3572104 Fax: +1 -202-3574911

40 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 World Wide Web sites

The Metropolitan Museum National Gallery of Australia UNESCO (The United Nations of Art Canberra, Act Educational, Scientific and New York, New York, USA (www.nga.gov.au) Cultural Organisation) maintains (www.metmuseum.org) a website that identifies world National Gallery in Prague heritage sites - www.unesco.org/ The Museum of Modern Art Prague, Czech Republic whc. New York, New York, USA (www.czech.er/NG) (www.moma.org) The World Monuments Watch 'ASIA' Home Page maintains a list of the world's The Art Institute of Chicago Exhibitions in Asia, events, 100 most endangered Chicago, Illinois, USA and information about man-made sites - (www.artic.edu) several Asian countries. www.worldmonuments.org http://www.jaring.my/at-asia/ Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ANU-SocSci Bibliographies SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES (www.philamuseum.org) Clearinghouse. CENTRES http://combs.anu.edu.au/ HTTPV/WWW.NIU.EDU/ACAD/ The J. Paul Getty Museum CSEAS/CENTERS.HTML Los Angeles, California, USA Australian National University (www.getty.edu) Information Servers for Social Links to Centres and Associa- tions for Southeast Asian National Gallery of Art Sciences. Links to a.o.Buddhist Studies, Asian Studies mainly in the USA, but Washington, D.C., USA Studies, Tibetan Studies, the also in Asia and Europe. The (www.nga.gov) ANU ftp archive for Social site is part of the homepage of the Center for Southeast Asian National Gallery of Canada Studies, and ANU Social Studies gopher server. Studies, Northern Illinois Univer- Ottawa, Ontario, Canada http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ sity, USA. (national.gallery.ca)

Musee du Louvre Art East UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH- Paris, France http://sinon.net/-art/arteast/ EAST ASIA (www.louvre.fr) HTTP://SUNSITE.NUS.SG/ ICOMOS (International Council SEALINKS/UNIVERSITY.HTML State Hermitage Museum on Monuments and Sites) is an St. Petersburg, Russia international, non-governmental Links to universities in Indone- (www.hermitage.ru) organisation dedicated to the sia, Malaysia, the Philippines, conservation of the world's Singapore, and Thailand. Museo del Prado historic monuments and sites. Maintained by SunSite, the Madrid, Spain http://www/ National University of (museoprado.mcu.es) international.icomos.org/icomos Singapore.

Museo Guggenheim Bilbao SOUTHEAST ASIA WEB Bilbao, Spain HTTPV/WWW.GUNUNG.COM/ (www.guggenheim.org) SEASIAWEB/

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 41 www 'Internet Resources for scholars, Please also refer to the Asia Arts researchers and friends of Gateway to Asian Studies at Online forum for the study Southeast Asian Studies', http://iias,leidenuniv.nl/gateway/ and exhibition of the Arts maintained by Stephen Arod index.html. of Asia Shirreffs. Clear distinctions are http://webart.com/asianart/ made between informative and ASEAN Internet Search just-for-fun pages. Information search facility for Casting News for Actors, searching and retrieving info Dancers, and Singers for SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHIVE on ASEAN Web servers. Asia HTTP://WWW.LIB.UCI.EDU/ individuals, organisations, http://hookomo.aloha.net/- RRSC/SASIAN.HTML subject keywords. wrap/asia.htm http://sunsite.nus.sg/ais/ The University of California Asia Now Homepage CERN/ANU- Asian Studies Libraries, Irvine, USA provides http://neog.com/asianow/ WWW VL. The World Wide the UCI Southeast Asian Archive Web Virtual Library Newsletter online as well as Asia Online Links to many WWW servers links to other web pages on Digital silkrout of the 21th and other information servers Cambodia, the Hmong, the Lao century in Asian countries and Vietnam. Links to all kinds of http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ information about Asia as a WWWVL- DIGITAL ARCHIVES whole; business, news, HTTP:// travel, hotels. City.Net Asia WWW.LIBRARY.WISC.EDU/ http://www.branch.com:80/ Information and pointers to ETEXT/SEAIT/ silkroute/ information on countries in Asia Search the digital archives of http://www.tile.net/tile/news/ http://www.city.net/regions/ the Southeast Asian images and asia.htm asia Texts Project (SEAiT), created Asia Part of TILE.NET/News at the University of Wisconsin, The complete reference to Asia History in General Madison, USA. Usenet Newsgroups Archives Links to following http://neal.ctsateu.edu/history/ INTERNET RESOURCES ON newsgroups: world THE PHILIPPINES -clari.world.asia.central HTTP:// -clari.world.asia.china H-net asia mailing list web WWW.LIBRARY.WISC.EDU/ -clari.world.asia.hong-kong site GUIDES/SEASIA/PHILO.1 HTM -clari.world.asia.india http://h-net.msu.edu/-asia/ -clari.world.asia.japan Internet Resources on the -clari.world.asia.koreas Infoasia: Other Sites to go to Philippines: general information, -clari.world.asia.south links to other sites in Asia newspapers and journals, -clari.world.asia.southeast http://none.coo.ware.com/ history, government, politics, -clari.world.asia.taiwan infoasia/asia.htm human rights, economics and -rec.travel.asia business, statistics, education, International e-mail language and literature, health, Asia Resources: Publishing accessibility science and technology, arts http://silkroute.com/silkroute/ Clickable map of Asia. and recreation, travel, internet asia/rsrc/type/publishing.htm http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/misc/ discussion lists, and other bymap/asia.htm internet sites.

42 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 Job listings from the The Southeast Asia MALAYSIA Association for Asian Studies Homepage of the University in America of Wisconsin Information on Malaysia http://www.easc.indiana.edu/ http://www.library.wisc.edu/ http://www.jaring.my/Gateway pages/aas/JobUpdates.htp guides/SEAsia to Malysia

Nerd World: ASIA INDONESIA Malaysia http://challenge.tiac.net/users/ http://malaysia.net.Malaysia.net. dstein/nw478.htm Indonesia and Indonesian http://www.mtc.com.my/ Home Page Virtual-Library/Malaysia, htm Virtual tourist II - Asia Useful links to WWW servers Map of Asia with pointers to in and about Indonesia, Malaysian World www servers and information newsgroups adn mailing lists Information about Malaysia. about them http://www.umanitaba.ca/ http://www.yes.com.my/ http://wings.buffalo.edu/world/ indonesian/homepage.htm vt2/asia.htm Indonesia Festival PHILIPPINES Virtual Tourist - Asia http://www.bart.nl-tvdl/ Directory, map based of english.htm Philippines WWW servers in Asian http://remus.rutgers.edu/-arth/ countries Dramma, dance, film, http://wings.buffalo.edu/world/ literature, visual arts to celebrate 50 years asia.htm The First Philippine Page of Republic of Indonesia Trivia Yahoo - Art: Asian http://www.bart.nl-/tvdl/ Popular obscure information Link to Asian Art sites english.htm on Philippine history, SOUTHEAST ASIA culture, business and Indonesian Homepage in http://www.yahoo.com/Art/ industry, entertainment, Jakarta Asian performing arts, science Good starting point for and technology, travel, finding information about and SEASCALINFO points to politics, cuisine, music and in Indonesia resources of interest to the many more. http://mawar.inn.bppt.go.id/ Southeast Asianist scholarly http://pubweb.acns.nwu.edu/- community at University of flip/ken.htm Indonesian Studies University California at Berkeley (Cal) of Auckland, Department of and elsewhere Asian Languages and http://garnet.berkeley.edu:4252/ Literatures SINGAPORE http://www.auckland.ac.nz/asi/ Politics, culture and history of Southeast Asian Monuments: indo/indonesian.htm a selection of 100 slides Singapore. Hindu and Buddhist http://www.iipl.com.sg/infovies structures, dating rougly LAOS from the 9th to 15th century http://www.sg/Singapore http://www.leidenuniv.n/pun/ Information about Laos and Infomap. ubhtm/mjk/intro.htm Lao and Hmong in Cyberspace http://minyos.xx.rmit.edu.au/- s914382/hmong/lao.htm

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 43 www THAILAND VIETNAM The Old Bookroom (Booksellers) Archive of the Newsgroup Vietnam Insight Online http://www.ozemail.com.au/- soc.culture.thailand. http://www.vinsight.org/ oldbook/ Links to archive of other insight.htm soc.culture Newsgroups. Harvest Booksearch http://www.nectec.or.th/ REVERSEVIDEO email :search @ harvest soc.culture.thai/index.htm book.com Asian Rare Books The virtual Library Entry for http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ Paragon Book Gallery Online Thailand ccs/cuwl/clients/arb/ http://www.paragon.book.com http://www.nectec.or.th/WWW- VL-Thailand.htm Gert Jan Bestebreurtje, Antiquarian Bookseller http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/ antique/antique2.htm

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia introduces many traditional forms of theatre that are not widely known outside their countries of origin. Edited by Dr Chua Soo Pong, Currently the Director of the Chinese Opera Institute in Singapore, the book discusses how traditional forms of theatre should be revitalised in the rapidly changing socio- economic environments of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia (US$ 10 ex- cluding postage cost) can be obtained from:

Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts SPAFA 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road Samsen, Theves Bangkok 10300, Thailand Tel : (66-2) 2804022-9 Fax : (66-2) 2804030 Email: [email protected]

44 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 bookmark

Compiled by Khunying Maenmas Chavalit

NEW ACQUISITIONS BIRDS-THAILAND/THAILAND- THE MUSEUM OF BIRDS VIETNAMESE HISTORY- Amranand, Ping and William HO CHI MINH-GUIDEBOOKS Warren. Howard, Michael C. The elephant in Thai life Textiles of Southeast Le Trung, ed. and legend. Bangkok: Asia : an annotated and Vietnamese ceramics in Monsoon Editions, 1998, illustrated bibliography. the Museum of Vietnamese history Ho Chi Minh City. 239 p., col.ill., 34 cm. Bangkok: White Lotus, ISBN 974-86302-9-3 1994, 212 p., 30 cm. Ho Chi Minh : the Museum of ISBN 974-8496-13-9 Vietnamese History, 1998,180 ELEPHANT IN ART-THAILAND/ SOUTHEAST ASIA-TEXTILES/ p., col.ill., 27 cm.CERAMICS- THAILAND-ELEPHANT IN ART TEXTILES-SOUTHEAST ASIA VIETNAM-HO CHI MINH/ VIETNAM-HO CHI MINH- Dang Van Thang and others. CERAMICS/THE MUSEUM Prehistoric and Koh Buck Song, ed. OF VIETNAMESE HISTORY- protohistoric archaeology Southeast Asian art : a new spirit. Singapore : HO CHI MINH -COLLECTIONS of Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Art and Artist Speak, Minh : the Youth Pub., 1998, 1997, col.ill., 35 cm. Mabbett, Ian and David 678 p., col.ill., 24 cm. ISBN 981-00-9699-2 Chandler. HO CHI MINH-PREHISTORIC SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART/ART- The Khmers. Chaing Mai: ARCHAEOLOGY/HO CHI SOUTHEAST ASIA Silkworm Books, 1995, 289 p., MINH-PROTOHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY 23 cm. (The Peoples of South- Le Trung, ed. East Asia & the Pacific Series) Champa collection : Viet ISBN 974-7100-27-4 Enriquez, Major C M . Nam History Museum Ho Chi KHMER (PEOPLE)-SOCIAL Races of Burma. 2nd ed. Minh City. Ho Chi Minh : the LIFE AND CUSTOMS Delhi: Manager of Pub., 1997, Museum of Vietnamese History, 161 p., ill., 20 cm. (Handbooks 1994, 103 p., col.ill., 30 cm. Mattani Mojdara Rutnin. for the Indian Army) THE MUSEUM OF VIETNAM- Dance, drama, and theatre ISBN 0-404-16816-7 ESE HISTORY-HO CHI in Thailand : the process of ETHNOLOGY BURMA/ MINH -CHAMPA COLLECTION development and moderniza- BURMA-SOCIAL LIFE tion. Chiang Mai: Silkworm AND CUSTOMS Le Trung, ed. Books, 1996, 312 p., 22 cm. The Museum of Vietnam- ISBN 974-390-006-3 Eve, Roland and Anne-Marie ese History : Ho Chi Minh DANCE-THAILAND/DRAMA- Guigue. City. Ho Chi Minh : the Museum THAILAND/ Birds of Thailand. of Vietnamese History, 1996, THEATRE-THAILAND/THAI- Singapore: Times Editions, 200 p., col.ill., 19 cm. LAND-DANCE/THAILAND- 1996. col.ill., 178 p., 23 cm. DRAMA/THAILAND-THEATRE/ ISBN 981-204-780-8

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 45 bookmark

THAILAND-PERFORMING ISBN 0-7007-0336-5 Art AsiaPacific, vol.22, ARTS/PERFORMING ARTS- ARABS-LITERARY-HISTORY/ 1999, p.20-22. THAILAND LITERARY-HISTORY-ARABS FILIPINO CONTEMPORARY ARTS/ARTS EXHIBITIONS McDonald, Stuart and Danielle P.Lim Pui Huen, James Karalus. H.Morrison and Kwa Chong Goodfellow, Rob. Thailand : for travellers by Guan, ed. "History imitating art, travellers. Australia: Tales Oral history in Southeast imitating life : the art of From the Other Side, 1997, 704 Asia : theory and method. Bramantyo." Art AsiaPacific, p., 21 cm. Singapore: Institute of vol.22, 1999, p.64-67. ISBN 0-646-31385-1 Southeast Asian Studies, ART, INDONESIAN/IMTATING THAILAND-GUIDEBOOKS 1998, 172 p., 24 cm. ART ISBN 981-3055-77-4 McQuail, Lisa. ORAL HISTORY-SOUTHEAST Goodman, Jonathan. Treasures of two nations : ASIA/SOUTHEAST ASIA-ORAL "Small marks, big spaces : Thai Royal gifts to the United HISTORY the painting of Yeong Gill States of America. USA.: Kim." Art AsiaPacific, Smithsonian Institution, 1997, Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris vol.22, 1999, p.46-51. 182 p., col.ill., 33 cm. Baker. YEONG GILL KIM-PAINTER ISBN 1-891739-02-6 Thailand: economy and NATIONAL MUSEUM OF politics. USA.: Oxford Univer- Loh Kah Seng. NATURAL HISTORY (U.S.)- sity Press, 1997, 449 p., 23 cm. "Within the Singapore ETHNOLOGICAL COLLEC- ISBN 983-56-0037-6 story : the use and narrative TION-CATALOGS/ETHNO- THAILAND-ECOMOMY/ of history in Singapore." LOGICAL MUSEUMS AND THAILAND-POLITICS/ Crossroads, vol.12, no.2, COLLECTIONS-CATALOGS/ ECONOMY-THAILAND/ 1998, p.1-21. DIPLOMATIC GIFTS/MATERIAL POLITICES-THAILAND SINGAPORE-HISTORY/ CULTURE-THAILAND-CATA- HISTORY-SINGAPORE LOGS/THAILAND-FOREIGN Rooney, Dawn. RELATIONS-UNITED STATES Angkor: an introduction Momoki Shiro. to the temples. Bangkok : "Dai Viet and the South Mulder, Niels. Asia Books, 1994, 240 p., China sea trade : form the Inside Southeast Asia: coll., 21 cm. 10,h to the 15,h century." religion, everyday life, cultural ISBN 962-217-289-X Crossroads, vol.12, no.1, change. Amsterdam : the Pepin ANGKOR-GUIDE BOOK/ 1998, p.1-34. Press, 1996, 264 p., 21 cm. TEMPLES-ANGKOR-GUIDE VIET NAM-ANCIENT TRADE- SOUTHEAST ASIA-SOCIAL BOOK CHINA/CHINA-ANCIENT LIFE AND CUSTOMS TRADE-VIETNAM ISBN 90-5496-028-0 SELECTED ARTICLES Pen Chen. Nicholson, Reynold A. FROM SERIALS "The Temple of Guanyin : A literary history of the a Chinese shadow play." Arabs. England: Curzon Chattopadhyay, Collette. Asian Theatre Journal, vol.16, Press, 1993, 506 p., 22 cm. "At home and abroad : no.1, Spring 1999, p.60-106. contemporary Filipino views." CHINESE SHADOW PLAY

46 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 bookmark

Piprell, Collin. Yoshiko Okazaki. Crossroads "Designed for leisure." "Liturgical music among A journal is published two Sawasdee, vol.28, no.4, the Toba Batak people of times each year, by Center April 1999, p.24-31. North Sumatra : the creation for Southeast Asian Studies, TRADITIONAL THAI HOUSE/ of a new tradition." Northern Illinois University, ARCHITECTURE-THAILAND- Crossroads, vol.12, no.2, DeKalb, IL 60115 USA. PHUKET 1998, p.55-74. MUSIC, LITURGICAL-NORTH Sawasdee Rimac, Melissa. SUMATRA A monthly magazine, published "Tibetan religious art." (TOBA BATAK PEOPLE) by Thai Airways International Art AsiaPacific, vol.22,1999, Public Company Limited, p.59-63. produced by Time Inc. Asia RELIGIOUS ART-TIBET/ SOURCES 505-508 Westlands Centre 20 TIBETAN RELIGIOUS ART Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Art AsiaPacific Hong Kong. Suthon Sukphisit. A quarterly journal, published Tel. 2516-1000, Fax. 2561-3454, "Confessions of a collec- by Fine Arts Press Limited, E-mail: [email protected] tor." Sawasdee, vol.28, no.4, 112 Talavera Road, North Ryde ISSN 0251-7418 April 1999, p. 18-21. NSW 2113, Australia CERAMICS, THAI-COLLEC- ISSN 1039-3625 TIONS/DAMRONG SUWATTANAMEKIN-COLLEC- Asian Theatre Journal TOR A journal is published twice each year by Vail, Peter T. the University of Hawai'i Press, "Modern Muai Thai 2840 Kolowalu Street, Honolulu, mythology." Crossroads, HI 96822 USA. vol.12, no.2, 1998, p.75-95. THAI BOXING

SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 47 International Colloquium on Archaeology in Southeast Asia in the 3rd Millennium

Penang, Malaysia lems to help individual countries strategise their excavations to obtain the necessary L'7tli to 2911) September 1999 data to understand their own national or local cultural development while at the same (organised by the Centre (or Archaeological Research Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malay- time filling in gaps for the complete regional perspective. Such an approach will sin. I1800 Penang, Malaysia). Those interested in participating, contact strengthen our understanding in the chronology and processes of change in prehis- Tel: (604) 860 3357 Fax: (604) 6573546 E-mail: dir_ark®usm.iny loric Southeast Asia, as well as its links to South China, Taiwan and Japan.

As we approach the 3" millennium, it is time to take stock of where Southeast Asian Malaysia Airtines (MAS) is offering Colloquium participants a special discount on air- archaeology is at and to explore future directions for its archaeological development in fares. Please contact the nearest agent to you (see list below). Malaysia Airlines is Die the 21 * century. Archaeology in Southeast Asia has had a chequered or uneven devel- official carrier for the Colloquium, opment, mainly due to historical reasons. This collective and regional stock-taking is necessary so that not only Southeast Asian prehistory will be better understood but that If you need an official letter of invitation for your leave or grant, please contact organisers we can plan to have a more structured agenda for future work, more in keeping with and let them know how you would like it sent to you - e-mail or fax or snail mail (if you needs and priorities. need an original). The aims of this Colloquium are: - to explore alternative future directions for the development of prehistory in Cambo- Organisers will provide you with a tentative list of papers and participants in our next dia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, taking announcement. If you are involved in Southeast Asian archaeology, this is a MUST into account each country's level of development, strengths and weaknesses; meeting for you, as you will be meeting key people in research and policy, from Cambo- - to identify the main research issues and problems in Southeast Asian prehistory so dia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, that each country's work plan can also keep in mind the comparative and regional perspective: Please e-mail any suggestions you may have that would make this - to attempt at establishing a prioritised agenda for the development of the field in Colloquium a great success. This is the last archaeological meeting of this millenium - Southeast Asia; so be a part of it, and leave your impact for the development of archaeology in South- - to provide one another with an update on the national and regional issues and prob- east Asia in the 3rd millenium.

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48 SPAFA Journal Vol. 9 No. 1