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Geoecological Situation in the Volga

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Geoecological Situation in the Volga J. Wetlands Biodiversity (2020) 10: 95-111 INFESTATION OF FISH LOUSE, ARGULUS FOLIACEUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) (CRUSTACEA: BRANCHIURA) ON RAINBOW TROUT FARM IN MANYAS DAM LAKE, TURKEY Ahmet Öktener and Abdulkadir Ünal Received: 11.09.2020 / Accepted: 02.11.2020 Abstract: The study presents the occurrence of fish louse, Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss caged in Manyas Dam Lake, Turkey, on 2019. This argulid species is found on the gill filaments of hosts. Morphological characters of fish louse are given with photos. This finding is the first report of Argulus foliaceus from rainbow trout and Manyas Dam Lake. In addition to, host preferences and updated-checklist of Argulus species reported from Turkey are provided. Moreover, Ichthyophthirius sp. that caused the death of approximately 100,000 rainbow trout fry has been identified at another trout farm that farms fish in concrete pools. Keywords: Argulus, fish louse, Ichthyophthirius, Manyas Dam Lake, Turkey Introduction:1 species of Argulus are known from Europe. Argulus coregoni Thorell, 1865, Argulus Members of Branchiura are known as fish lice foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) are native to of fish louse. Argulidae family (Crustacea; Europe, while Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 Branchiura) contains four genera, Argulus, as a non-native has recently been introduced Chonopeltis, Dipteropeltis and Dolops. This (Rushton-Mellor 1992; Taylor et al. 2006; group is especially ectoparasitic crustaceans Soes et al. 2010). of freshwater fishes, occasionally live marine Argulus is a serious pathogen capable of fishes, rarely on amphibians such as tadpoles, serious pathological effects on both wild and salamanders and alligators. Argulus genus is cultured fishes. Fish infested with Argulus are cosmopolitan and very often reported in the lethargic, cease feeding and lose condition. World (Poly 2008; Møller 2009). Three They are initially trying to remove the Ahmet Öktener: Abdulkadir Ünal : Deparment of Fisheries Balıkesir Directorate of Provincial Aqriculture Sheep Research Institute and Forestry Çanakkale Road 7km Paşaalanı Mahallesi Gaffar Okkan Caddesi 10200, Bandırma Karesi, Balıkesir, Turkey Balıkesir, Turkey e-mail (for all authors): [email protected] Istros – Museum of Braila "Carol I" 96 Wetlands Biodiversity (2020) 10: 95-111 parasite by rubbing against the substrate. In Kabata (1985), Rushton-Mellor and Boxshall heavier infections these changes may be (1994) for Argulus foliaceus. accompanied by excessive production of mucus, small hemorrhages at the sites of parasite attachment, and fin erosion (Stammer Results and discussion: 1959; Kabata 1970; Walker et al. 2004; Lester and Hayward 2006). The wounds caused by In this parasitological study, Argulus parasites facilitate the entry of secondary foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) was identified as infections such as fungi, parasite, bacteria and ectoparasite on the rainbow trout, but viruses to fish (Bower-Shore 1940; Stammer endoparasite was not found in the internal 1959; Shimura and Inoue 1984; Rahman organs of fish. Prevalence value of Argulus 1996; Molnar and Szekely 1998). There are foliaceus was found as 13%. serious argulid outbreaks resulting in fish mass mortalities in the World (Lahav et al. Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 1962; Menezes et al. 1990; Northcott et al. Branchiura Thorell, 1864 1997; Gault et al. 2002; Pekmezci et al. 2011). Argulidae Leach, 1819 Two species of Argulus genus are reported Argulus Müller O.F., 1785 from Turkey: Argulus foliaceus and Argulus Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 1 japonicus. and Fig. 2, Annexes) This study aims is to determine parasites in farmed trout in Manyas Dam Lake, to Description of male: General body shape present host preferences and Argulus reported elliptical; cephalic region oval, with from Turkey, to obtain scientific information symmetrical sides. Dorsal shield about cultured fish for prevent and control of suborbicular. Total length 0.84 - 2.95 mm; possible diseases in the future. carapace length 0.57 - 2.1 mm, carapace width 0.4-1.55 mm; abdomen length 0.13 - 0.65 mm, abdomen width 0.11 - 0.5 mm. Materials and methods: Anterior respiratory areas much smaller than, and in front of, posterior respiratory areas. Forty-three specimens of rainbow trout, First antenna includes proximal section and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) were distal section. Every section with two obtained from a trout farm in Manyas Dam segmented. First segment with a large Lake (39°58'42.6"N 27°46'42.5"E) posterior spine, second segment bears blunt (Balıkesir, Turkey) during 2019. Fish samples anterior spine, claw-like terminal spine and were examined for ecto and endoparasites medial spine. Third segment bears a long and using a stereomicroscope. Specimens of a short seta and terminal segment with six argulids recovered from the hosts were fixed apical spines. in 4% formaldehyde. They were cleared in Second antenna with five segmented. First lactic acid, and their appendages were segment bears a large posterior spine and dissected out by using Wild M5, Leica M140 covered five setae; second, third and fourth stereo microscope. Dissected parts were segments with four setae; fifth segment with mounted on slides in glycerin-gelatine five small setae. mounting medium. The photos were taken Basal plate of coxa, slightly triangular with the aid of Canon camera (EOS 1100D) with three long spines, pad with three long connected to a microscope. All measurements setae and numerous scales. Basis and are in millimeters. Scientific names, segments of endopod bear pectinate scales synonyms of the host were checked through and short setae densely. Terminal segment of Froese and Pauly (2019). Identifications were endopod bear two curved spines and a blunt done according to Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya spine. Abdominal lobes very broadly et al. (1962), Yamaguti (1963), Fryer (1982), Istros – Museum of Braila "Carol I" J. Wetlands Biodiversity (2020) 10: 95-111 97 rounded. Carapace not covering fourth pair The information concerning Argulus legs. reported in Turkey such as host, prevalence In this parasitological study only male value, infestation site on host, locality of host individuals of parasites were found in the gills fish, author and date of published record is of rainbow trout. The reason for determining presented as follows (Tab. 1 and Fig. 3, only male on host may be a parasitic behavior Annexes). The host parasitism was examined mentioned by several researchers. Male for the order diversity according to reports on individuals tend to detach host in order to find Argulus foliaceus reported from fish of a mate in mating, while female individuals Turkey; 20 (71%) of 28 host species belong to remain more stable in the host (Pasternak et Cypriniformes; the remaining 7 host species al. 2000; Bandilla et al. 2008; Mikheev et al. (26%) belong to Siluriformes, Perciformes, 2015). Mugiliformes, Synbranchiformes, This study contributes the information of Esociformes, Salmoniformes (Fig. 4). new host and new locality for Argulus The preferred habitat type of host species foliaceus in Turkey. When the argulid species concerning Argulus foliaceus is generally reported in fishes belonging to benthopelagic with 16 host species (57%), Salmoniformes are examined, Argulus demersal with 9 host species (32%), rarely coregoni Thorell, 1864 are known to be pelagic with 3 species (11%) (Fig. 5). typical, especially for trout. Argulus coregoni The hosts parasitism with Argulus was reported on the rainbow trout foliaceus was examined according to the Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) by climatic distribution; 14 (50%) of 28 host Pasternak et al. (2004), Hakalahti et al. species in temperate zones; 13 host species (2004). Although Argulus coregoni has been (13%) in subtropical zones; 1 host species reported from the rainbow trout, Argulus (4%) in tropical zones (Fig. 6). foliaceus also have records from rainbow The host parasitism with Argulus foliaceus trout (Menezes et al. 1990; Buchmann et al. according to feeding habits are 21 (75%) of 1995; Gault et al. 2002; Harrison et al. 2006; 28 host species are omnivorous; 6 species Taylor et al. 2009). (21%) carnivorous; 1 species (4%) herbivorous (Fig. 7). Figure no. 4 The host distribution of Argulus foliaceus according to order diversity 2 1 1 1 2 1 20 Cypriniformes Siluriformes Perciformes Mugiliformes Synbranchiformes Esociformes Salmoniformes Istros – Museum of Braila "Carol I" 98 Wetlands Biodiversity (2020) 10: 95-111 Figure no. 5 The host of Argulus foliaceus according to the prefered habitat type 9 3 16 Benthopelagic Demersal Pelagic Figure no. 6 The host of Argulus foliaceus according to the climatic distribution 13 1 14 Temperate Subtropical Tropical Istros – Museum of Braila "Carol I" J. Wetlands Biodiversity (2020) 10: 95-111 99 Figure no. 7 The host preference of Argulus foliaceus according to feeding habits 6 1 21 Omnivorous Carnivorous Herbivorous The Manyas Lake and its surroundings are Therefore, it is very important to investigate under intense pressure of pollutants such as the parasite faunas of fish in cultural waste water including pesticides, fertilizer, environments and to monitor their seasonal paddy waters, waste from animal farms. Due infection percentages. This study was carried to the effect of this pollution, the serious fish out to contribute to studies aimed at mortalities are observed in the lake and determining parasite faunas of the fish that neighbouring places such as brook and ponds have been farmed. in
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