Chapter 3 - Hydroelectric Energy

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Kemer Sarıyar Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP

Type: Type: Concrete Concrete Gravity Gravity

Purpose: Purpose: Irrigation, Energy Flood Installed Control, Capacity : Energy :160 MW Installed h (thalweg): Capacity : 90m 48 MW

h (thalweg): Location: 108m Ankara

Location: Construction Date: Aydın 1950-1956 Construction Date: 1954-1958

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Boyabat Karakaya Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type: Type: Concrete Concrete Gravity Gravity Arch River: Kızılırmak Purpose:

Aim: Energy Energy 513 MW 1,800MW 7,000GW 1500 GW

h(talveg): h (thalweg): 173m 150m

Place: Sinop River &Location: Construction Fırat- Date: Diyarbakır 2007-2012

Body Volume: Body Volume: 2.3 hm3 2 hm3 Construction Lake Volume Date: &Area 3 1976-1987 1.4 Billionm - 65km2 Lake Volume 10 Billionm3

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Gokcekaya Oymapınar Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type: Type: Double Double Curvature Curvature Arch Arch Purpose: Purpose: Energy Energy Installed Installed Capacity: Capacity: 278 MW 540 MW

h (thalweg): h (thalweg): 115 m 185 m

Location: Location: Eskişehir Antalya

Construction Construction Date: Date: 1967-1972 1977-1984

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Ermenek Deriner Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type:Double Type: Curvature Double Arch Curvature Purpose: Arch Energy Installed Purpose: Capacity: Energy 670 MW Installed Capacity: h(talweg): 306 MW 247m River and h(talveg): Location: 210 m Coruh-Artvin Body Location: Volume: Karaman 3hm3 Lake Volume Construction &Area Date: 2 Billionm3- 1977-2010 26km2

Construction Date: 1998 -2013

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Karkamıs Keban Dam Dam

Type: Type: Composite Composite (Claycore (Claycore Rockfill Rockfill & Concrete & Concrete Gravity) Gravity)

Purpose: Energy Purpose: Installed Energy Capacity: Installed 189 MW Capacity: 1, 339MW h(talveg): 29m h(thalweg): 210m Location:

K.maraş Location : Completed Elazığ Date: 2000 Constructio n Date: 1965-1975

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Type: Double Curvature Concrete Arch Reservoir Volume and Area: 2.2 Billion m3--33km2 Location: Chorakhi River Yusufeli, Arvin Purpose: Energy, 540 MW, 1,800 GWh h : thakveg): 220 m Construction Date: 2013-2018 Realization (March 2014): 20%

YUSUFELI Dam &HEPP

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Historical Cultural Peninsula in New Hasankeyf Township ILISU DAM and HEPP Type: Concrete Face Rock Fill

Purpose: Energy 1 200 MW, 4 000GWh River and Location: Tigris, Mardin, Dargeçit h (Thalweg): 141 m Construction date: 2010-2015 Embankment volume: 44hm3 Reservoir Volume and Area: 10 Billion m3 - 313km3 The biggest dam in the World as to embankment volume of this type. 2nd biggest dam in Turkey as to embankment volume 4th biggest dam in Turkey as to installed capacity. The biggest on Tigris 700 Million TL annual income will generate from electricity generation As of December 2013, Physical Accrual: % 63 Power house Excavation: 100% Concrete : 21% Physical Accrual in Electromechanical works: 47% Filling Accrual Amount: 15,600,000 m3 (66%) Dam construction will be finished at the end of 2014

CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

4 IRRIGATION 4.1 Water History in Anatolia The regions known as “cradles of civilization” have always been founded on the banks of rivers since ancient times. Throughout history, it has always been societies that have had the opportunity to benefit from rivers. Societies had established the most advanced civilizations of their era, but they left their lands when they faced droughts. Ancient inscriptions and relics prove that the first civilizations founded cities in ancient Mesopotamia, today known as the “fertile crescent”, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In 3500 BC, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were connected by a canal system constructed by the Sumerians, who benefited from these rivers more Water Administration Regional Divisions at the Early Years of Turkish Republic (22/07/1925) functionally. Anatolia is located at the crossroads of many civilizations having many The civilizations of the western Anatolia, during Hellenistic, Roman water facilities remained various periods of last 4,000 years. For that and Byzantine periods, have further contributed to the emergence of a reason, Turkey can be regarded as an open air museum in the context “water culture” in Anatolia. During these periods, water springs in of the relics of facilities of water resources development. mountains paved the way for water conveyance systems adapting to The Urartu civilization giving life to Van and its vicinity with many topographic features of the area and the replacement of canals by dams, reservoirs and irrigation canals deserves being referred to as the aqueducts to bring water to settlement areas. Water stored, conveyed to “Hydraulic Civilization”. These facilities dating back to the 1000 BC settlement areas by pipes. The first modern irrigation facility in played important role in transition from transhumance to settled Anatolia dates back to 1908-1914 (Ottoman period) as “Çumra communities engaging farming. Some of the 2800 years old facilities Irrigation and Drainage Project.” are being used even in our day. The Semiramid canal irrigating At the beginning of Turkish Republic, the State gave priority to the Gürpınar plain with an aqueduct over Hoşap and Ferhat canal to the drainage of swampy areas to combat against malaria. Then some small south of Lake Balık testify to the high level of water technology irrigation projects were introduced. Upon the establishment of the developed by the Urartus. The Hittite and Urartu civilizations on the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) General Directorate of in 1954 pursuant east of Anatolia have played a pioneering role in the development of to Act no. 6200, investments in such projects as dam-reservoir science and culture including their water related engineering. construction, pumping, regulation and irrigation networks etc. were intensified.

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

The General Directorates of Rural Services (GDRS) and Agrarian Reform were established to ensure efficiency in irrigation by on-farm development and land rehabilitation projects. The water resources having a flow of more than 500 liter per second fell within the mandate of the DSİ while smaller surface flows fell within the mandate of the GDRS which was dissolved in 2005. SPAs (Special Provincial Administrations) have taken over the responsibilities of GDRS.

A lmost one third of Turkey’s total area is arable land which is 28 Çumra Postalcık Regulator / KONYA million hectares. Comprehensive studies points out that, 8.5 million First Irrigation constructed by State (1907–1913) hectares (Mha) of the arable land is economically irrigable. As of 2013, 5.9 Mha of economically irrigable land have been equipped with Turkey’s Agricultural Land Potential irrigation facilities. By 2023, irrigation network of 2.1 Mha has been Surface Area of Turkey :78 M ha planned to be completed by DSİ. DSİ is major state institution Arable Land :28 M ha developing irrigation projects in the country excluding the abolished Economically Irrigable Area: 8,5 M ha GDRS (General Directorate of Rural Services). In addition to this, Dry Irrigated Land there are farmer based small scaled irrigation networks that accounts Farmi… Irrigate 5.9 million ha for about one million ha. These types of irrigations are called as d … individual farmer irrigations usually located near the water courses, around the lakes and reservoirs. Unirrigated Land 4.2 Agriculture and Irrigation in Turkey Since the amount of fresh water is not enough to meet the increasing 2.6 million ha demands of world population, fresh water sources are regarded as As of 2013, Current Irrigation Status strategically important commodity at the present time. In the future, Irrigated Land 5.9 million ha the most important factor affecting the use and quality of water Irrigation Network resources will be the population. In 2013, the world population has DSI : 3.6 million ha been 7 Billion and it is estimated to be 9.1 billion in 2050. In other Rural Services : 1.3 million ha words, the world population will increase 30% by 2050. Even today, Community : 1.0 million ha TOTAL : 5.9 million ha

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

total annual food production in the world seems not to be enough in As Per DSI Regional Directorate Main Crop Pattern (2013) meeting the world food consumption. Furthermore, there are differences in the amount of food production per capita among the regions in the world. In developed countries, less than 5% of general population involves in agriculture sector and a farmer family besides its own needs can meet the food requirements of 50 people who are active in non-agricultural sectors. In developing countries, 60% of general population is active in agricultural sector; above mentioned figure is just limited to 2 people. Therefore, agricultural sector is important for economic and social development of the country and food security as well. Water in irrigation is one of the most important inputs in the agricultural sector. It enables the agriculture partly independent upon climatic conditions, creates additional employment, improves income distribution in rural areas, makes fertilizer use possible, increases a variety of production, and results in yielding more than one crop depending on the length of the growing season. Increased crop yield with irrigated agriculture contributes greatly to food security of the country, provides important inputs to the agricultural industries, and halts migration to big cities and brings about social benefit. Success of irrigation depends on knowledge and skills of farmers as well as good management by responsible authorities.

Turkey has richer endowment of agricultural resources in terms of cultivable land and availability of water than any Middle Eastern country. This abundance of climatic conditions makes Turkey one of the few nations in which such a variety of good quality crop and foodstuffs can be produced. Turkey is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Despite agriculture's relative decline Irrigation Distribution as per Water Resources occupy more than half of the cultivated as a percentage of GDP (8.2), the land. The main species of cereal crops sector played an important role in produced in Turkey are wheat and barley. foreign trade. Turkey enjoys a The other cereals are oats, rye, maize, and Groundwater comparative advantage in many 20% millet. These crops are produced in most agricultural products and exports parts of the country with a heavier cereals, pulses, industrial crops, concentration in the central regions. Dam hazelnut, fresh and dried fruits, and River 53% 17% Cereals are generally grown in rainfed vegetables. Turkey primarily exports agricultural areas but the yield amount dried fruit and hazelnuts to Small Dam Lake and crop pattern diversify greatly with European Union (EU) and United 3% 7% irrigation. Crop patterns identified in DSİ States of America (USA). Middle irrigations are: 3% Rice, 2% Legume, 4% East countries primarily imports Income Increase with Irrigation Projects Sunflower, 16% cotton, 15% cereals, 24% fresh fruit and vegetables from maize, 5% sugar beet, 5% vegetables, 7% Turkey. fruits, 3% citrus, 5% forage crops, 1% 37.5 million tons of grain, 28.5 Pasture, and 10% other crops. million tons of vegetables and 18.2 Irrigation increases GDAP (Gross million tons of fruits are yearly Domestic Agricultural Product) nearly 6 produced in Turkey. The vegetal times. Agricultural income is around production is primarily made up of 163.TL/da with rainfed agriculture but it cereals, pulses (edible seeds of is 977.TL/da with irrigation. Increases in various pod-bearing plants such as the amount of crops with irrigation are: peas, beans, or lentils), industrial cereals 157%, legumes 254%, sugar beet crops (crops needing industrial Distribution Efficiencies Irrigation Efficiencies 90%, cotton 278%, maize 679%, fruits process e.g., olive, sunflower, sugar 144%, citrus 139%, and vegetables 169%. Classic layered systems 90% Surface irrigation 60% beet, barley, and maize) and perishables (e.g. fresh vegetables and Concrete raised parabolic flume 95% Sprinkler irrigation 80% fresh fruits). Of these, cereal crops Closed systems 100% Trickle irrigation 95%

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Rainfed crops include field crops Since slanting land necessitates many

(wheat, barley, etc), nut trees (olive, Classical Irrigation Canals Raised Concrete Parabolic water structures and many water pistachio, walnut, almond, hazelnut Flume Prefabricated distribution problems exist in and chestnut), and winter vegetables -conveyance -Secondary(lateral) canalettes irrigation systems, low (radish, cabbage, carrot, spinach,  Fist developed in Italy pressure pipe networks have become broccoli, etc.) Of the total rainfed -Main -Tertiary (branch)  Water can be taken from each necessary. As from 1990, low and crops production, 40% comes from point medium pressure pipe network have wheat and barley. been used thanks to advanced pipe The average yield for irrigated cereals tecnhologies. (wheat and barley) is 4.6tonnes/ha As of 2013, the cost of irrigation against 1.8 tonnes/ha for rainfed development varies as per nature of cereals. 4 tonnes/ha is the average irrigation between US$ 3,000/ha for yield for irrigated cotton, 12 for small schemes and US$ 12,000/ha maize, 32 for sugar beet, 15 for fruit, for large schemes (including pump). 26 for vegetables was and 9for The cost of rehabilitation to shift forage crops. from open canal to pipeline scheme 4.3 Irrigation Network is 5,000$ /ha. The costs of operation A classical irrigation network is and maintenance (O&M) vary from composed by a conveyance canal, a US$ 400/ha for schemes smaller main canal, secondary canals (lateral Classical Irrigation in Cunra, Konya Canelette in Gonen Plain than 1,000 ha, to US$ 130/ha for canals), and tertiary canals (branch schemes larger than 1,000 ha canals). From 1950 to 1965, open (including dams). canals were constructed in Turkey. Limited water resources After 1965, irrigation systems with corresponding to increasing water canalettes (concrete raised parabolic demand calls for water economy in flume) were started and largely irrigation in which the greatest share constructed in Turkey until 1980. takes in the amount of water consumed.

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Diverse Conveyance Canals Current Usage Ratio as of 2012 systems. Theoretically, there are operational (conveyance) losses 5% in main canals and 5% in the schemes, adding up to 10%. These losses amount more than this figure in practice. In large irrigation schemes, decreasing of these losses have greater importance. Pressurized pipe systems in newly developed irrigation projects increase water economy therefore modern irrigation systems are to be encouraged. To achieve maximum benefit from water sources, DSI has shifted its policy in 2003 from classical open channel distribution network to more water saving systems. Pipeline distribution network has been utilized extensively. Especially in inland areas where the water sources are Open Canal (39%) Pipeline 17% Canalette (44%) scarcer this becomes a major issue. The proportion of pipeline A typical example is the Southeastern Anatolia Project where long distribution has soared to 85% in projects under the construction while tunnels, expensive conveyance canals, high elevated pumps to convey it is 17% in the projects in operation. As of 2013, 39% of existing water to irrigation areas raised the cost of the water so much that water On the other hand, when water is conveyed to the farm, on-farm water economy have become compulsory. loses constitute the major proportion of the total water losses in Water amount for a plant growth period in DSI surface gravity irrigation. canals is classic canal, the %44 is canalettes (raised concrete irrigations is average 10,000 m³/ha. Farm efficiency in traditional parabolic flume) when they are classified as per service area. irrigation systems e.g., border or furrow irrigations is about 60%. If leakage, evaporation and operational losses are included, efficiency Comparison of Water Consumptions of on-farm Irrigation becomes 50%. In other words, 2 m³ is consumed to provide 1m³ in Modern and Traditional Irrigation Methods (m³/ha) water which means wasting of limited water resources, constructing distribution and drainage schemes with bigger capacities, thus increasing costs and additional power consumption if system includes pumping. If we add the cost of the water itself to abovementioned factors, it may be easily understood that water economy is really important. Because it is not possible to reduce water amount in crop water requirements, water economy could only be applied in water conveyance, distribution, and in modernization of on-farm irrigation Wild Irrigation 10,000 Sprinkler 6,000 Trickle 4,000

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Pipeline Network Intake Structure Pipiline Irrigation Irrigation Canal Types and Lengths (km) as of 2012 Network 75 618

Low Pressurized 80000 Medium Pressurized High Pressurized 60000 32 702 28 529 40000 10 685 ( km ) 3 702 20000

0 Earth Lined Canalette Pipe Total

Approximately 77% of total area is irrigated by surface irrigation methods (furrow, border, etc.). The remaining part (23%) is irrigated with pressurized irrigation methods (sprinkler 15% and trickle 8%). About 850,000 hectares area is equipped with sprinkler irrigation system of hand-carried pipes which is widely used among farmers. About 450,000 ha area has been irrigated by drip irrigation. In DSİ irrigation projects, mainly fruit trees are grown by using sprinkler Therefore the most important factor is the increase of farm efficiency. irrigation and mainly vegetables are grown by using drip Instead of traditional methods, if sprinkler and drip irrigation methods irrigationAccording to the canal types and their lengths, lined canals are utilized, sprinkler irrigation increases water efficiency from 60% to and canalettes are the major in the inventory. Total drainage canals 80% and drip irrigation raises water efficiency up to 95%. It means length is 24,775 km, 7,091 km of which is main drainage canals, 7,623 20% and 30% water economy. km secondary drainage canals, and 10,061 km tertiary drainage canals. On the other hand, other factors increasing agricultural efficiency are Furthermore, 41,083 km service roads have been constructed to other land works such as land consolidation, land leveling, and, provide farmers with transportation service and to perform operation, drainage. Farmers are to be trained in management of crop-land-water. management, maintenance, and repair of canals.

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Water Structures Developed by DSI Aim Unit Benefit Irrigation 2,320 2,847,382 ha Desiccation 93 113,925 ha Torrent Control 6,256 1,725,000 ha Energy 64 43,000GWh/year

DSI Irrigations (Units) & (ha)

TOTAL 2,320 2,847,382

Constructed for Others 30 17,285

GIC 1,403 487,421 Operated by DSİ 108 142,740

Transferred to WUOs 779 2,208,936

Area Characteristics as of 2013 Equipped with Drained Facilities 2,100,000 Waterlogged 190,000

Irrigation Types in Irrigations Developed by DSI Flood Prone Agricultural Land 1,000,000 Flood protected 1,725,000 Gravity Pumping Groundwater Total DSI Irrigations in operation Area of salt affected soils 383,000 ha ha ha ha Area under sprinkler irrigation 850,000 Area under micro-irrigation 450,000 Imposed tariffs by DSI 47 285 300 47 585 Without tariffs by DSI 59 999 35 156 95 155

Transferred to various WUOs 1 780 675 369 765 58 496 2 208 936 Gravity 66% Constrcuted by DSI for other agencies 47 100 17 138 17 285 Ground Operated by Groundwater Ir. Coop. 478 421 478 421 water Pumping 20% 14% Total 1 888 006 405 021 554 355 2 847 382

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

4.4 Priorities of DSİ for Irrigation Projects farmers will have safe and clean water along the irrigation season for Land and water resources projects as well as their economic and their irrigated agricultural activities. Gravity irrigation investment cost technique feasibilities are researched by investigation and planning is much cheaper than pumping irrigation. What is more, pumping studies. Proposed facilities are to be sized in the most economical way irrigation incurs much more the financial burden on farmers during the because sources for the investment are to be used rationally. DSI pumping irrigation. Likewise, expropriation and other investment costs investments are determined by taking into account ratability reports decrease in consolidated lands. In this way, optimal and efficient prepared as result of investigation and planning studies. operation conditions could be provided. Continuously increasing DSİ evaluates prospective irrigation projects agricultural land prices, expropriation expenses in some areas may have as per the following requirements: equal cost to project budget, even more. To solve these problems, land Farmers’ demand, consolidation activities are implemented by DSİ. Land consolidation Land, climate and ecological suitability eliminates expropriation costs, and decreases construction, operation and maintenance costs to large extent in irrigation projects. Gravity irrigation in preference to pumping, Water resource availability 4.5 DSİ Irrigation Network Land consolidation works As of 2013, DSİ has realized the construction of 2,411 irrigation schemes serving net 2,808,602 ha, 95,241 ha of which DSİ itself The Projects complying with these all criteria is called “5 star operates on 80 irrigation schemes, whereas 2,240,344 of which (915 irrigation projects”. The first and crucial step on investment of irrigation schemes) has been transferred to Water User Organizations, irrigation projects is the farmer participation which shows the farmers’ predominantly to Water User Associations. Some small scale irrigation willingness for irrigation and accepting the cost recovery of irrigation projects (84,335 ha on 32 irrigation schemes) with 2,161 wells have investments by establishing an organization. Groundwater Irrigation been drilled by DSİ in exchange of money for other agencies such as Cooperatives and Water User Associations are the most widely State Farms, Universities etc. Besides, DSİ in cooperation with defunct irrigation organizations that farmers have constituted. Fertile lands and GDRS has drilled 11.700 wells and developed 428,275 ha and suitable climate conditions can give satisfactory results in getting more transferred to 1,426 Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives than one crop in the same year. On account of this, the nature of lands (Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives (GIC)) for Operation and and interaction with ecological balance are to be cautiously considered Maintenance. for irrigation development. Dams may have more than one purpose, including flood protection, energy generation, irrigation, and domestic and industrial water supply. If water source is a dam or a small dam,

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

4.6 Regional Projects the Tigris basin. Within the scope of 4.6.1 Southeastern Anatolian these 13 sub-projects, it is foreseen Project (GAP) the construction of 22 dams and 19Hydroelectric Power Plants GAP Region, comprises 10% of (HEPPs) and HEPPs to be Turkey’s surface area, 20% of developed by private firms with an Turkey’s agriculture potential, and installed power capacity of 17% (36.7Billion kWh/year) of 11,000MW producing 36,700GWh Turkey’s Technical hydroelectric hydroelectric energy production potential. Southeastern Anatolian annually. As of 2013, the realization Project (GAP) is an integrated for the irrigation projects (411,504ha) development project aiming socio- has been 23% and the realization for economic development of the region the hydroelectric projects has been through predominantly irrigation and 60%. energy investments in the Tigris- GAP action plan has been declared in Euphrates basin of Eastern Anatolia. 2008 with Prime Ministry Circular The project area covers 9 provinces No.2008/11 put into effect in order in the region namely; Gaziantep, to realize infrastructure projects of Adıyaman, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, social and economical development. Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Batman, Thus, 1,058,000ha area is planned to and Şırnak. According to population be equipped with irrigation facilities. census held in 2007, almost 7.35 If GAP Project were completed, 2.2 million people live in these provinces. Billion$, Irrigation benefit, 4 Billion$ The project constitutes one of the Energy Benefit, 410 Billion$, biggest investments of Republic of Watersupply Benefit and total 6.31 Turkey. DSİ implements the major Billion $ would be contributed to the part of the Project containing 13 sub- National Economy and 1,270,000 projects; 7 of which took place in the people would be employed directly. Euphrates basin and 6 of which in

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Facilities of GAP GAP Irrigation Area As of 2013 GAP Irrigations in Operation (ha) 22 Dams 411 508 ha 23% In Operation 19 HEPPs 150,422 ha 8% Under Euphrates Basin 343,885 Akçakale Groundwater 10,255 Construction 1,795,142 ha Irrigation 1,252,821 ha 69% In Plan Şanlıurfa Harran 147,887 Ceylanpınar Groundwater 9,000 9 Water supply projects 1,794,821 ha 100% Mardin Ceylanpınar 13,455 Derik Dumluca 1,860 Irrigation Potantial in GAP : 1,795,142 ha Mardin Ceylanpınar 57,253 Hacıhıdır 2,080 Irrigation Accrual 354 255 ha (DSİ) + 57,253 ha (TİGEM) Groundwater (TIGEM) (as of 2013) Total: 411,508 ha (%23) Çamgazi Dam Irrigation 8,000 TIGRIS BASIN 67,623 Energy Potantial 11, 000MW-36 700 GWh (Adıyaman) Energy Accrual (as of 2013) 6, 000MW-22 000 GWh (60%) Hancağız Dam Irrigation 6,945 Kralkızı- Tigris Gravity 1 1,336 Yaylak Plain Pumping 18,322 Kralkızı-Tigris Pumping 6,692 Watersupply Potantial : 962 hmᶟ/year Irrigation Watersupply Accrual (as of 2013) : 518 hm /year (54%) Bozava Pumping Phase 1 8,669 Batman Left Bank 13,000 ᶟ Suruç Plain Pumping 16,500 Belkız Nizip Pumping 10,164 Batman Right Bank 8,000 Kayacık Plain Irrigation 12,000 Individual Irrigations 33,595 Up Harran 13,455 Devegeçidi Dam 10,600 Irrigation Samsat Pumping 2,806 Silvan Phase I and II 8,790 Irrigation Paşabağ Irrigation 400 Slopi Nerdüş 2,740 Bozova Centre Pumping 1,080 Çınar Göksu 4,234 Individual Irrigations 31,795 Garzan Kozluk 3,973 Nusaybin Çağ Çağ 8,600 10. Bölge Küçüksu İşleri 3,258 General Total 411,508 Bozova Pumping Irrigation

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Euphrates Catchment Irrigation Projects Mardin Ceylanpınar Plain Irrigation (211,000 ha)

Bozova Pumping Irrigation (45,500ha) Suruc Pumping Irrigation 95,000ha

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Before GAP Action Plan put into practice, irrigated area was 198.854 Tigris Catchment Irrigation Projects ha. As of end of 2013 it has been 411,508 ha. It has been 150,422 by Silvan Project 245,400ha adding 57,253 ha area developed by Agricultural Operations General (TIGEM). 1,058,509ha is aimed to be irrigated by considering 99.793 ha in construction and 686.019 ha to be adjudicated soon.

In Agricultural Sector The following projects started before the GAP Action Plan has been accelerated and completed within the context of GAP Action;  Çamgazi Plain Irrigation Construction (8,000 ha),  Samsat Pumping Irrigation 1st Phase Construction (2,806 ha)  Upstream Harran Main Canal Construction ( (86,372 m)  Upstream Harran Plain Irrigation Network Construction (13,455 ha)  Harran Plain Irrigation 6th Phase Construction (28,683 ha)

The Status of the projects adjudicated within the context of the Kralkizi-Tigris Irrigation (130,160ha) GAP Action Plan is as follows:  Pertaining to Downstream Euphrates 2nd Phase Projects having 211,000 ha irrigation area;  Downstream Main Canal 1st Phase Construction (Completed),  Downstream Main Canal 2nd Phase Construction (Completed),  Downstream Main Canal 3rd Phase Replenishment Construction (Completed),  Mardin Ceylanpınar Plains Gravity Irrigation 1st Phase Network Construction is under construction  Pertaining to Suruç Plain Pumping Irrigation Project having 95,097 ha irrigation area are under Construction;  Main Conveyance Canal Phase 1 Construction , Main Conveyance

CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION

Canal Phase 3 Construction, and Right Bank Main Canal Construction  Pamukçay Dam Irrigation and is over,  Ambar Dam Irrigation Construction were put out tender and their  Taşbasan Storage, Main Conveyance Canal 2nd Phase Construction work in progress.

(Suruç Tunnel), Left Bank Main Canal Construction, TP1 Pumping  Pertaining to Bozova Pumping Irrigation Project; Irrigation Network Construction, Taşbasan Right Bank Network st  Günışık Main Canal Force Main Construction is over. Construction, Taşbasan Left Bank Irrigation 1 Phase Network nd nd  Construction, and Taşbasan Left Bank Irrigation 2 Phase Network 2 Phase Unit 1 Network Construction, are under construction.  Günışık Main Canal Construction,  2nd Phase Main Canal Construction, and  Pertaining to Kralkızı Dicle Phase 1 Project having 97,893 ha  3rd Phase Network Construction are under construction irrigation area under construction;  Kralkızı-Dicle Gravity Irrigation Phase 2 Main Canal Construction The works under construction as part of GAP Action Plan are to and Phase 3 Main Canal Construction are over. be finished in 2014 thanks to the allocations;  Phase 3 Replenishment Construction, Phase 4 Main Canal • Project work for 800,000ha area is to be finished, Construction and Phase 4 Main Canal Replenishment Construction • Main Canal construction 211km having in length to serve 211,000 are completed, ha irrigation area is to start.  Kralkızı-Dicle Gravity Irrigation 3rd Phase Network is under • Mardin Ceylanpınar Plains Gravity Irrigation Network Phase 2 and Construction Phase 3 are to be put out tender and works are to begin. • Suruc Plain Pumping Irrigation Main Canals with 120,000 m to Pertaining to Diyarbakır Ergani Project; rd serve 95,097 ha irrigation area and Tasabasan Storage are to be - Ergani Dam Construction was put out tender on 3 10 2013, completed. Additional 31 000ha network is to be finished. Pertaining to Silvan Project;  Pamukçay Dam Construction put out tender in 2009 will be • Kralkızı-Dicle Gravity Main Canal with 156.816 m in length will finished in 2012. serve 97,893ha irrigation area. 87,000km of Kralkızı-Dicle Gravity  Silvan Dam is under Construction. The accrual is 24%. Main Canal has been completed. The remaining part of Kralkızı-  Ambar Dam is under Construction. The accrual is 29%. Dicle Gravity Main Canal is to be finished. rd Kralkızı-Tigris Gravity Irrigation Network constructions of Phase  was put out tender on 03 10 2013. • Kuruçay Dam Construction 2 and 4 are to be put out tender and their works are to start.  Silvan Dam Conveyance Phase 1 Construction (Babakaya Tunnel),  Silvan Dam Conveyance Phase 2 Construction (Silvan Tunnel),

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• Constructions are to continue on Silvan Project Silvan Dam 4.6.2 Konya Plains Project (KOP) Conveyance Canal Phase 1 (Babakaya Tunnel), Silvan Dam Project area comprising 8.3% (65,322 km²) of Turkey’s surface area Conveyance Canal Phase 2 (Silvan Tunnel), Pamukçay Dam and 4% (3million people) Turkey’s population is composed of Irrigation and Ambar Dam Irrigation. provinces of Konya, Karaman, Aksaray, and Niğde.. Being socio-

• Günışık Main Canal as part of Bozova Pumping Irrigation is to be economic regional development project, the scope of Konya Plains finished. Bozova Pumping Irrigation Phase 2 Unit 1 and Phase 3 Project (KOP) is; to meet water demand for irrigation, domestic and Kısım Şebeke İnşaatına devam edilmesi, industrial water supply, to hinder excess groundwater extraction, • Günışık Main Canal as part of Bozova Pumping Irrigation is to be ensuring balance in groundwater table, to raise agricultural yield by completed. Network Constructions of Bozova Pumping Irrigation modern irrigation with consolidation and land leveling, to preclude Phase 2 Unit 1 and Bozova Pumping Irrigation Phase 3 are to wind erosion, to promote stock breeding, to augment the forest and continue. protect environment. If KOP were completed, First, 1,100,000ha area would be equipped • Additional 15,000 ha to Batman Right and Left Bank Irrigation is to with irrigation facilities thus annual 2.2 Million $ would generate. be equipped with irrigation facilities. 3 Second, 193 million m water would be supplied for domestic and Siirt Water Supply Pervary Conveyance Line, Şanlıurfa Water Supply industrial use for 3 Million people thus generate annual 70 Million $. Conveyance Line Phase 2 and the treatment Plant, Diyarbakır Third, 3 billion kWh/year hydroelectric energy thus 300 Million $ Ergani Water Supply Conveyance Line and the treatment Plant, would be generated. Total annual 2.3 Billion $ would generate and Şırnak Silopi Water Supply Conveyance Line is and treatment plant, 100,000 people would be employed. and Mardin Dargeçit Water Supply Conveyance Line and treatment plant are under constructions. • Mardin-Ömerli Water Supply Conveyance Line, Mardin-Midyat Water Supply Conveyance Line, Mardin-Yeşilli ve Kabala Water Supply Conveyance Line, put out tender in 2014. The biddings are being evaluated. • Kilis Yukarı Afrin Water Supply project and Şırnak-Cizre Water Supply project are being continued. When they are over, they will be put out tender in 2014.

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Konya-Cumra Irrigation 2-B Stage KOP Irrıgation (1,100,000 ha)

17 KOP projects; -14 Irrigation projects, -2 Water Supply projects -1 Hydro Electric Power Plant (HEPP)projects

KOP Irrigable Area: 1,100,000 ha Accrual (2013): 819,000ha (74%)

Water Supply : 193 hm/year Accrual (2013 ) :71hm/year (37%)

Hydropower :Installed Capacity 916MW 2,950GWh/Year Accrual(2013): 479MW(52%).1,649GWh/Year(56%)

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• Bagbası Dam and Blue Tunnel were put Konya Plains Project (KOP) out tender in 2006. Water has been impounded in Bagbası Dam. Works have been finished in Blue Tunnel which is ready for operation. • Konya Blue Tunnel Water Supply Conveyance Line and the treatment plant are under construction. • Karaman Water Supply Conveyance Line and the treatment plant are under construction. • "Yeşilburç Dam" with 450 ha irrigation area within the context of Niğde Gebere 2nd Phase was completed in 2013. 930 ha is to be equipped with irrigation facilities within the context of “Niğde Bahçeler Irrigation and Replenishment” under Construction. • Seydişehir Suğla Gravity Irrigation within the context of Konya-Çumra 2-B Phase Project put out tender in 2009 is to be completed in 2014. Within the context of Konya-Çumra 3rd Phase: • Konya-Çumra 3. Merhale Projesi kapsamında; • The accrual of Bozkır Dam is 63%. • The accrual of Hotamış Storage is 73%. • The accrual of Avşar Dam is 12%.

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4.6.3 East Anatolian Project (DAP) Arpaçay Dam Shaft Arpaçay Dam

East Anatolian Project (DAP) comprises total ongoing 41 large scale shaft water projects in investment program; 33 IrrigationArpaçay and improvement Dam DAP comprises 23% (1,222,475 ha) of irrigable land in Turkey. Arpaçay Dam Annual Mean Precipitation in DAP is 521mm. Turkey’s Mean projects, 6 Services projects, 2 Hydroelectric energy projects, as well as Precipitation is 643 mm. DAP Region receives 19% less precipitation 28 project works. than that of Turkey. DAP comprising 20% of Turkey’s surface area If DAP were completed; 1,078 million $ irrigation benefit, 300 million (779,500 km²) 20% and 8% of Turkey’s population (nearly 6 Million) $ energy benefit, 40 million $ water supply benefit, total annual 1,418 consists of 14 provinces, Erzurum, Erzincan, Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, billion $ benefit would be contributed the National Economy and Ardahan, Van, Hakkari, Bitlis, Muş, Elazığ, Malatya, Tunceli, and 1,220,000 people would be directly employed.

Bingöl. Irrigation Area 1,222,475 ha Acrual (2013) 435,553 ha (35%)

• Kars - Ardahan - Iğdır : 18,678 km². Watersupply 410 hmᶟ/year Acrual (2013) 130 hmᶟ/year (32%) • Erzurum - Erzincan - Ağrı : 47,227 km². • Elazığ - Malatya -Tunceli - Bingöl : 38,535 km². Hydropower 1,852 MW….7,468 GWh • Van - Hakkari - Bitlis - Muş : 45,056 km². Acrual (2013) 1,712 MW (92%) 7,045 GWh (94%) TOPLAM : 139,269 km².

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Alparslan 1 Dam DAP IRRIGATIONS (1,222,475 ha) On Development In Operation

700,000 ha 57% 440,000 ha 35%

Under Construction 83,000 ha 8%

• Kars Watersupply Project has been completed in 2012. • Muş Watersupply Storage and Annexes were finished in 2012. • As part of Erzurum-Palandöken Project, "Sakalıkesik Plain Irrigation" with 12,030 ha irrigation area is under construction. • As part of Kuzova Pumping Irrigation Project, “Kuzova Pumping Irrigation Phase 1 Replenishment (Ziyarettepe Force Main Centre) with 4,780ha is under construction. • As part of Malatya-Kapıkaya Project, Kapıkaya Irrigation with 3,662 ha is under construction. • As part of Ağrı Yazıcı Project, "Ağrı Plain Yazıcı Irrigation” construction is to be completed in 2014. • As part of Erzincan Çayırlı Phase 1 Project, "Turnaçayırı Dam" with 14,887ha irrigation area is under construction. • As part of Erzurum Narman Phase 1 Project, "Narman War Memorial Dam" with 4,706 ha irrigation area is under construction. • “Daphan Plain Gravity Irrigation Phase 2” with 12,039 ha irrigation area was completed in 2014. • Within the context of Malatya Çat Project, "Derme and Çerkezyazı

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Irrigations” with 16,140 ha irrigation Malatya-Darende-Gökpınar Irrigation Glass Project for Van environs is over, the area is be finished in 2014. Reinforced Pipeline (GRP) siphon application construction will be put out tender. • Elazığ Kanatlı Project Kanatlı Dam (H=85 m) • When Water supply Project for Iğdır is over, and Facilities as well as Malatya the construction will be put out tender in Yoncalı Project Yoncalı Dam 2014. Replenishment are to be put out tender Ongoing Irrigation Projects as part of DAP in 2014. (28 Units) • As part of Iğdır Project, "Karakoyunlu 1. Erzurum (Kuzgun Daphan Phase 1) Irrigation" with 1,100 ha irrigation area Ortabahçe Plain Project Work was adjudicated in 2013 and the work 2. Erzurum (Kuzgun Daphan Phase 1) Karasu started. Plain Project Work • Conveyance Line and treatment plant 3. Erzurum –Aşkale Regulator Irrigation Project of Elazığ Watersupply Project work is Work over. It will be put out tender. 4. Erzurum Hınıs Başköy Dam Irrigation • Bingöl Watersupply Project was put Project Work out tender in 2013. The evaluation is in 5. Erzurum Narman Project Şehitler Dam progress. Irrigation Project Work • Bitlis Watersupply facilities under 6. Erzurum Çat Yavi Irrigation Project Work construction will be over in 2014. 7. Erzurum Pasinler Söylemez Dam Irrigation • Van Watersupply conveyance line Project Work construction is over. Water is being 8. Erzincan Turnaçayırı Dam Irrigation Project delivered to the city. Work 9. • Van Erciş Watersupply conveyance Erzurum Pasinler Tımar Regulator and line Phase 1 is under construction. The Irrigation Project Work 10. constructions of Van Erciş Ağrı Yazıcı Project Ekincik Irrigation Project Watersupply treatment plant and Work

conveyance line Phase 2 will be put out 11. Ağrı Aydıntepe Dam Irrigation Project Work

tender in 2014. When Water supply 12. Elazığ Kanatlı Irrigation Project and Expropriation Planning Work

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13. Elazığ İli Sulamaları Rehabilitasyonu Proje Yapımı Kars Conveyance line and Treatment Plant Facility (17 hm³/year), Van 14. Bingöl Gözeler(Gülbahar) Irrigation Project Work Watersupply Conveyance Line (75 hm³/year), and Muş 5000 m³ 15. Bingöl Yedisu Irrigation Planning Report and Project Work Watersupply tank were completed thus total 209,44 hm³/year water is 16. Bingöl-Gayt Upstream waterside level siphon discharge structures being supplied. Project Work  17. Bingöl-Genç Irrigation Proje ve Expropriation Planning Work Elazığ Hamzabey Dam Construction, Project Work of Conveyance Replenishment Line and Treatment Plant (44,18 hm³/year) and Iğdır Watersupply 18. Malatya Kuruçay Project Boztepe Irrigation Project Work Project Work (24 hm³/year), and Project Work for Van environs (89 19. Malatya-Yoncalı Conveyance Tunnel and Irrigation Project and hm³/year) are in progress. Van-Erciş Watersupply Project (17,99 Expropriation Planning Work hm³/year) and Bitlis Watersupply Project (7,41 hm³/year) are under 20. Malatya Province Irrigations Rehabilitation Project Work construction. When these Project Works and constructions are over, 21. Tunceli-Akpazar Irrigation Application and Expropriation Planning 201.5 hm³/year will be supplied for the related settlements. Project Work Grand HEPP Projects (Energy) within the context of DAP 22. Kars Stream Watershed Kars Dam Irrigation Project Work 1. Kigı Dam and HEPP Project 23. Kars Dam Irrigation Conveyance Tunnel and Canal Project Work 2. ZAP (Hakkari Dam and HEPP) Project; Installed Capacity: 242 24. Selim Irrigation Project Work Erzurum-Daphan Plain Irrigation Aqueduct Structure 25. Van Çaldıran Plain Discharge Project Work 26. Van Erciş Pay Irrigation Project Work 27. Alparslan II Dam Muş Plain Irr. Pl. Revision and Project Work 28. Hakkari Dilimli Dam Irrigation Project Work Grand Watersupply Projects (Services) Elazığ Watersupply Project: Hamzabey Dam Construction and Watersupply Facilities Application Project Works are in progress. Construction will be put out tender when the Project has been finished. Completed and ongoing Watersupply Projects as part of DAP  Erzurum Palandöken Tunnel (63 hm³/year), Ağrı Conveyance Line and Treatment Plant (28,29 hm³/year, Hakkari-Şemdinli Watersupply Project (3.15 hm³/year) Elazığ Watersupply Project (23 hm³/year),

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MW, Energy Generation: 625 GWh/year. Within the context of Law evaluated. No. 4628, the firm has been determined at the meeting of source • Rize Water supply conveyance line is under construction. contribution share. Conveyance Line and treatment plant as part of Ordu Water supply • HEPP Projects (Energy) within the context of DAP Project is under construction.  Alparslan 1 Dam and HEPP has been consummated and started • Treatment plant and Rehabilitation Work as part of Trabzon Water energy generation in August 2012. The installed capacity is 160 MW supply Project is in progress. average annual energy generation is 488 GWh, and the reservoir capacity 2.9 Billion m³. Köse Dam  Alparslan 2 Dam and HEPP will be realized by private company. The installed capacity is 280 MW average annual energy generation is 862 GWh, and the reservoir capacity 2 Billion m³.  Kigı Dam and HEPP Project are under construction on Peri River 10 km east from Kıgı township in Bingol province.  The installed capacity is 140 MW average annual energy generation is 450 GWh, and the reservoir capacity 508 Million m³.  Kigı Dam and HEPP will be consummated on 04.09.2014.

4.6.4 East Bleaksea Project (DOKAP) Köse Irrigation • Gümüşhane Kelkit-Köse-Kaş Project Work is over. • Bayburt Water supply Rehabilitation Project Work is over. • Project work of Artvin Water supply Conveyance Line and treatment plant is in progress. • Giresun Water supply Conveyance Line Project Work is in progress. • Planning report of Gümüşhane Bahçecik Dam, Water supply Treatment plant and Conveyance Line as well as Bahçecik Dam Final Project Work is in progress. • Samsun-Bafra ve 19 May (Samsun) water supply conveyance line application Project was put out tender in 2014. The bidding is being

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4.6.5 Trakya Development Project (TRAGEP) hm3/year) are to be finished in 2014.

TRAGEP covers Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ and Çanakkale provinces. • Conveyance lines and treatment plant as part of Tekirdağ 3 . 2 dams (Hamzadere and Çokal), 9 irrigation facilities (Telmata 1,350 ha, Watersupply Project (7,94 hm /year) are under construction P4 irrigation 550 ha, Sultankoy 7,773 ha, Yenikarpuzlu 2,868 ha, Cimra • Project work of Edirne Kayalıköy dam Conveyance line and 4,329 ha, İbribey 385 ha, Armağan Çukurpınar 590 ha, Meriç Akçadam treatment plant is in progress. When it is over, it will be adjudicated in 536 ha, Kırklareli Irrigation Additional Networks 1,300 ha), 14 small 2014. Construction of conveyance line from Kayalıköy dam to Edirne dams and irrigations, 80 flood control facilities (39 settlements, 8,435 as part of the Project will be realized. ha agricultural land) 3 Waste Water Treatment facilities (Edirne • Project work of Tekirdağ-Hayrabolu Project İnecik-Dedecik dams Uzunköprü, Kırklareli Merkez and Vize) are to be completed in 2013. Conveyance line and Project work of Tekirdağ Saray-Ayvacık Small • Kırklareli Çayırdere Dam having 2,583 ha irrigation area and dam water supply facilities are in progress. • Water supply project as part of Meritza River Corlu Watersupply Tekirdağ Naipköy Dam is to be finished in 2014. 3 • Saray Yoncalı Dam, Saray Ayvacık small dam, Kırklareli Lüleburgaz Project to convey 189 million m water from Meritza River to Corlu Watersupply, Ahmetbey Small dam are to be put out tender in 2014. and its environs is to start in 2014. • Hamzadere dam irrigations with 27,335 ha was put out tender in • As part of Domestic Wastewater Facility Project, 9 Domestic 2013. 5,000 ha irrigitons of Hamzadere dam irrigations is to be Wastewater Facilities (Edirne Keşan, Tekirdağ Malkara, Çorlu, completed in 2014. Çerkezköy Municipality Unions (Çerkezköy, Kapaklı, Veliköy, • Meriç-Edirne Irrigation Project to Kızılpınar), Saray, Hayrabolu, Muratlı, Kırklareli irrigate 8,900 ha in Edirne is to start Babaeski, Pınarhisar) and wastewater projects of in 2014. 586 Industrial Wastewater Facilities in 7 Organized Industrial Zone to discharge treated • Evreşe Kavak Plain Irrigation Project to irrigate 12,757 ha is to water to Marmara Sea is to start in 2014. start in 2014. • Flood Early Warning System awarded contract 40 small dams and their irrigations in 2013 is to be harnessed in 2014 thus floods as part of GÖL-SU Project is to be will be forecasted beforehand and necessary completed in 2014. precautions will be taken.

• Constructions of Conveyance • 52 flood control facilities are to be finished by lines and treatment plant as part of the end of 2014 thus 84 settlements and 51,789 Gelibolu Watersupply Project (16,8 ha agricultural land will be protected.

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4.7 GOL-SU Project by 1,000 Small Dams in 1,000 Days 4.8 Alternative Irrigation Investment Models Having started in 4.4.2012, DSI aims to complete “1,000 Days 1,000 Built Operate Transfer (BOT) as per Law No. 3996 Small Dams GOL-SU Project” so as to construct small dams and Alternate Models have been researched to complete and benefit irrigation facilities. Thank to this project, small scale areas falling irrigation projects in short term. Built Operate Transfer (BOT) is one outside large scale irrigation projects will be equipped with irrigation the alternative irrigation investment models. Some part of the facilities in a short time. Total 1,071 small dams having 1 Billion m3 investment cost would be borne by beneficiaries in long term and some reservoir capacity will irrigate 250,000 ha area and will protect areas part of the investment cost would be borne by the State. against flood hazards. Law No. 3996 stipulates that “Some Investment and Service 3996 1,000 Small Dams in 1,000 Days could be transferred to private firms. Within the framework of Built GOL-SU Project” aims to: Operate Transfer (BOT) Model”, construction, maintenance,  provide employment for 300,000 people per year, operation, and repair could be taken over by companies via the  halt migration to big cities by providing employment in situ. contracts signed by DSI and the companies. The contracts to be  raise income 900 Million TL per year, signed by DSI and the companies are the contracts of Application,  mitigate flood hazards and soil Construction, and erosion, Operation. Total duration

 provide domestic and industrial water, GÖL-SU 3 of the contract of (2014 ) ) (2014 ha (ha)

hm Units Units Flood  Project Application is 23-24 years. ensure groundwater extraction in safe Storage Irrigation Control

Project Settlement Water Supply Cost (Million TL) yield, The duration of the  enhance aquaculture production In Operation 344* 288 60,662 4,371 151 7.4 1,029 investment is 3-4 years. The  shift from pumping irrigation to Under Construction 642* 642 150,249 17,474 43 20.9 3,932 duration of the operation is 20 years. The investment gravity irrigation thus reducing cultivation 85* 39 9,403 21,845 238 In Project Stage cost covers cost by providing energy saving, **  use as part of fire extinguishment, TOTAL 1,071 969 220,314 194 28.3 5,199  form recreational areas, GÖL-SU Outset 04.04.2012 Days past: 705  extend afforestation, and PROJECT End 30.12.2014 Remaining: 295  mitigate climate change hazards by increasing water reservoir capacity. * Including T.B. ** Including Yedidalga Small Dam to be constructed in Northern Turkish Cyprus Republic

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the costs of facilities, operation, articles of the contract, investment maintenance, credit, and contractor’s cost would be reimbursed by profit. The cost of the investment does beneficiaries and DSI budget as not cover the costs of expropriation, land contribution during the operation consolidation, and on farm period just after the construction is improvements. These services would be over. The amount to be collected borne by DSI. from beneficiaries would be The cost of the one ha area would be conducted according to the ability calculated by dividing the total investment to pay and the crop type, which cost by total irrigated area. The would be stipulated in the contractor awarded the work by tender implementing convention. would be one who bid the lowest price During the reimbursement, the for the cost of the one ha and who Water Resources and Runoff amount to be collected from complies with all other tender conditions, For Agricultural Irrigation beneficiaries would be calculated which are economic and finance competence, taking into account irrigated agricultural area. 80% Surface Water Resources balance sheet and endorsement, professional and DSI budget as contribution would be calculated technical competence, as well as similar work  %14 Pumping taking into account all the agricultural irrigated document indicating that the contractor has  %66 Gravity area and half of the non-irrigated area (this completed irrigation and drainage, water supply or area could not exceed 20% of area put into dam construction in the last 15 years. The biddings 20% Ground Water Resources service). The amount from beneficiaries would are to be Turkish Lira. In case of disagreement,  %3 Augmentation of Gravity be collected by the company in charge. 80% of local arbitration would be used. The collateral  %17 Extraction via pumping by the investment cost would be paid to the would be 0.5% (five per thousand). It would be Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives company in the first 10 years of the operation discounted 0.1% (one per thousand) during the and 20% of the investment cost would be paid operation. The contractor is to insurance with “All-Risk insurance” to the company in the second 10 years of the operation. DSI would be against natural disasters for the duration of construction and authorized to audit the company whether it comply with articles of operation. contractor not. DSI or a consultant firm accredited by DSI would audit Insurance policy would not deduct for exemption other than minimum the company whether it comply with articles of contractor not. limits ratified by Turkish Insurance and Reinsurance Carrier. As per the

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4.9 Advanced Construction Techniques electronically. Being as laboratory works, these endeavors are to be Presently, water saving is imperative because of incapacitated water evaluated future works. resources, soaring demand other than irrigation, and long conveyance Tunnels excavated by conventional techniques are convenient because tunnels and pumping station for high altitudes. In order to achieve construction duration is long and excess excavation makes the diameter maximum benefit from water sources, DSI has shifted its policy from bigger than the diameter defined by the Project. Besides, the stability of classical open channel distribution network to more water saving the cross section of the tunnel may be damaged by the losing neighbor systems. Pipeline distribution network has been utilized extensively. At rocks by the blast. Thence, TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) can be used present, the proportion of pipeline distribution has soared to 71% in economically since it can work in every kind of ground depending on projects under the construction while it is 14% in the projects in the diameter and length of the tunnel. TBM can be applied the operation. Besides, some open canal systems in operation are being excavation and lining works together, thence construction duration is rehabilitated and transformed to closed systems. Compared with open short. DSI uses TBM in various tunnel constructions. systems, closed systems provide water saving and necessitate smaller DSI uses Jet Grouting method for impervious curtain. But, DSI plans discharge capacity of distribution and drainage networks as well as to use Deep Mixing method for impervious curtain because it ensures lower energy demand in pumping station. Hence, water is deliberately better ground improvement. Deep mixing refers to the blending of conveyed to plant, salinity, water table, and problems are halted in the cement, lime, slag, and/or other binders in powder or slurry form to land which has drainage issue. Erosion is also precluded because there stabilize soil in-situ. When the binder is in powder form, the method is is no surface flow. Arable land rises since there is less land loss in commonly referred to as the dry method. When the binder is in slurry pipeline irrigation systems. Pipeline systems having automation, remote form, the method is commonly referred to as the wet method. The control, and scaled water distribution have many advantages for Water choice of application method will depend upon the nature of a User organizations (WUOs) and farmers during the irrigation particular site and the desired performance characteristics of the treated operation. For example, because of topographic conditions and soil soil. structure, sprinkler irrigation has been applied in Yaylak project and 4.10 Irrigation Management Bozova Pumping Irrigation in which water is taken from Ataturk Dam Reservoir via Yaslıca Tunnel. The network equipped with high pressure Rivers in Turkey have generally irregular regimes. The natural flows pipeline has been operated as per the downstream controlled demand cannot be taken directly as usable sources. The average annual method which is also decided to apply at the main canal. Water level precipitation, evaporation, and surface runoff varies with respect to control and discharge control or canal regulation is ensured near gates time and geography. Nearly, 70% of the total precipitation falls from equipped with electronic sensors and radial gates controlled October to March. There is little effective rainfall during the summer months in which agricultural sector needs water.

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(28%), inadequacy of water resources (5%), insufficient irrigation Thence, it is absolutely necessary to have storage facilities in order to structures (7%), high watertable (1%), salinity and alkalinity (2%), ensure agricultural water supply as well as other necessities e.g., inadequate maintenance (3%), topographic conditions (3%), economic domestic& industrial supply, and hydroelectric energy. & social problems (25%), irrigation areas converted to industrial & 80% of the irrigation water is derived from surface sources and the settlement areas (6%), pasture land not irrigated (%5)and other 20% from groundwater in areas equipped with irrigation in Turkey. reasons(6%). These results are obtained from the assessments of DSİ DSİ applies 3 planned irrigation management works; 1) planning irrigations, the size of which is more than 1,000 ha. Since the majority before irrigation, 2) irrigations open gravity monitoring water Irrigation Rates in DSI Regional Directorate Command Area as of 2012 of DSİ canals, the target is to raise distribution during irrigation efficiency up to 50%. irrigation, and 3) evaluation after The Code 6200 instructs that irrigation. Irrigation the whole actual operation and ratios and irrigation maintenance expenditures efficiencies are used to incurred by DSİ for irrigation determine performance investments are subject to be criteria of irrigation paid back by beneficiaries as facilities. The irrigation operation and maintenance ratio and the irrigation charges. Operation and efficiency have been maintenance charges are 65% and 45% determined each year by respectively which Council of Ministers’ decree. reflects average long Code 6200 authorizes Council term figures. of Ministers also to discount in operation and maintenance charges. The reasons of low irrigation ratios have been studied in more than In addition, investment costs as well as expropriation cost for DSİ 1,000 ha irrigated areas in which DSI operates and areas in which developed irrigation facilities are to be recovered by beneficiaries management of the operation has been transferred to various Water pursuant to Code 6200. Installments payments of cost recovery prices User Organizations. The reasons of low irrigation ratios are; fallowing are updated in certain periods by Governmental Decrees. But the last (13%), enough rainfall or some crop types with rainfed cultivation update was made on 7th May 2001 with Prime Ministry Approval and

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annual investment cost recoveries were determined between 1,500- 184 (20%) 11-20 years old, 88 (9%) 6-10 years old ,and 153 (17%) 7,500 TL/ha. Recovery payment period is average 11 years. 1-5 years old.

Sediment accumulation and weed on the canals hinder the water Management of irrigation facilities are transferred to water user conveyance. Mechanical clearance is to be preferred to eradicate these organizations, some of which are difficulty in financing maintenance problems. Before the irrigation season water structures (canals, check services. In this regard, conditions of some irrigation facilities can be gate, gauging facilities, and intake structure) are to be prepared by set out as follows: maintenance.  Some Irrigation facilities in poor quality have been transferred to WUOs. Maintenance and repair process contains preparation of the  Because some WUOs could not repair and maintain, the conditions maintenance and repair program for facilities constructed and operated of irrigation facilities became worse. by DSI, Allocation of the budget of Maintenance and Repair,  Wear and tear condition of some irrigation facilities is so poor in Monitoring final account files, Preparation of the facilities quality that they cannot be restored simply by repair and maintenance. identification dossier, Development of techniques of Maintenance and  Urgent rehabilitation and rejuvenation of these irrigation facilities Repair, and Weed control. are needed not only to increase irrigation rate but also to raise irrigation In the period of last 15 years in the irrigations operated and efficiency. transferred irrigations, DSI annually executes average following Aims of rehabilitation and rejuvenation projects are: maintenance and repair works; 4 million m³ irrigation canal  To ensure full function of the irrigation facilities, cleaning, 3 million m³ drainage canal cleaning, 76,000m³ concrete  To continue the contribution of the facilities to the National repair, 112km canalette change, 39,000m² painting of dam and Economy, regulators. In the period of last 15 years in the flood control  To ameliorate conditions in which farmers can benefit from facilities operated by DSI, 14.4million m³ riverbeds cleaning, as facilities, well as levee and backfill construction, 40,000m³ concrete  To secure the sustainability of the repair and maintenance, maintenance, 2,000km service road maintenance, 85,000m³ lying  To save water in irrigation, stabilize on roads.  To ease the repayment of investment cost of irrigation facilities, 4.10.1 Rehabilitation of Irrigation Facilities and The ages of irrigation 917 facilities constructed by DSI are as  To achieve collaboration between DSI and WUOs follows: 64 facilities (7%) are 50 years old and over, 107 (12%) are between 40-49 years old, 321 are between (35%) 21-39 years old,

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4.10.1.1 Rehabilitation and rejuvenation project total cost incurred by DSI shall be recovered from WUOs as per Law Facilities have been worn and out of fix by adverse impact of climate No. 6200. and by passage of time. For that reason, DSI has initiated rehabilitation Hitherto, the 135 WUOs have applied for the rehabilitation, 77 which project which have been put into practice by “Ministerial Decree” for submitting theirs rationale reports have been approved by DSI. The the irrigation projects developed by DSI and transferred to various rehabilitation work has started for the 77 projects. water user organizations. Participation of beneficiaries and water user 7 applications, which the water user organizations have obtained grant organizations is focal point in this by themselves for the rehabilitation, have been found Project. Rehabilitation criteria are acceptable on the condition that DSI has endorsed considered in order to determine them. DSI has completed the process of modernization priorities in the rehabilitation works for 4 facilities. Two water user organizations have applications. completed the process of modernization works for 2 Rehabilitation Planning/Technical facilities. The process of modernization works for total Report and construction application 6 projects have been completed, 4 of which are under projects are prepared for the facilities construction. complying with criteria and approved by DSI to issue within the project 4.10.1.2 Rehabilitation Criteria context. DSI could offer put the  Duration in operation rehabilitation and rejuvenation projects  Water Resources and Project Area hydrology Data in investment program on the condition  Change Need in Irrigation System that the WUO make the certain amount  Maintenance and Repair Condition of the Facility of total estimated construction cost of  Fiscal and Operational Structure of the Organization rehabilitation and rejuvenation project  Cost benefit Rate in the Project Area and Plant Type in advance.  80% of total cost of rehabilitation and Irrigation Rate rejuvenation projects shall be met by  Irrigation Area DSI and remaining 20% shall be  Irrigation Efficiency incurred by WUOs. However, after the  Facility Deficiency completion of the project, the 80% of  Condemnation Appraisal

100

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4.10.2 Irrigation Management Transfer process, and who take decisions on their own. However, (IMT) it has become difficult for WUOs to meet all the Problems relating to the utilization, sufficiency and expenses of operation and maintenance cost of irrigation reliability of water resources have raised serious concerns facilities. throughout the world and, consequently the model Transfer of operation, maintenance, and management “Devolution in Irrigation Management” has come to the responsibilities of irrigation systems from DSİ to Water fore as solution starting from the 50s. This devolution is User Organizations (WUOs) adopted by many countries. Being a transfer in essence, has gained momentum since 1993. While small and this devolution is coined differently in countries. For isolated projects were being transferred before 1993, example, it is “transfer” in Indonesia and the Philippines; transfer activities began to include large-scale irrigation “delegation of management” in Mexico; privatization” in systems after 1993. WUOs assume the responsibility for Bangladesh; “responsibility sharing” in China and operation rights of the irrigation facilities; they do not “Irrigation Management Transfer-IMT” in Turkey. take the ownership rights of them. It was not possible for Turkey to meet all the expenses of operation and maintenance cost of irrigation facilities 4.10.2.1 Rationale of IMT augmenting every year together with public finance Reasons: capacity and existing employment policy. Turkey - Decrease in budget and other assets, searched for alternate models because of the hardships -The reality that users often perform services more in operating and maintaining irrigation facilities by State. economically, systematically, more swiftly, and Participatory Irrigation Model which may be described as -Similar approaches in the world. participation of beneficiaries in actions of operation and Targets: -Farmer participation and local management, maintenance, stand out. -Sense of ownership, and -Self-control. Benefits: The model may also even be explained as transfer of the -Decrease in operation and maintenance expenditures operation and maintenance responsibilities of irrigation (staff, energy, maintenance, and repair costs), facilities to the organizations e.g., Water User -More equitable, reliable, and adequate water Organizations or Water User Cooperatives, representing distribution, beneficiaries who participate in irrigation management -Solution of problems in each locality.

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The rationale behind this transfer is to encourage Name of the Uni Unit Area (ha) Area required for running of the irrigation farmers to commit themselves to the Irrigation WUO t Rate Rate facility and over determination of Management Transfer (IMT), ensure their active % (%) irrigation wages which form nearly all participation in irrigation activities and thus to Village income of the union for obtaining the reduce the financial burden of the State related to Authority 231 24,8 40 095 1,8 allocation required. The supervision of the costs of the irrigation management. Municipality 168 18,0 78 365 3,5 368 irrigation unions managerial and WUAs 374 40,1 1 954 494 88,5 fiscally is carried out by the General 4.10.2.2 Legal Arrangement ICs 139 14,9 110 813 5,0 Directorate of Local Administrations Irrigation Unions were founded according to the Rural Services 14 1,5 20 909 0,9 under the Ministry of Internal Affairs 133-138 articles of 1580 numbered Municipality Other 7 0,8 4 260 0,2 which took over running and Law until 2004. Since there is no regulation about TOTAL 933 100,0 2 208 936 100,0 maintenance responsibility of the foundation of unions in Municipality laws Irrigation Management Transfer Share irrigation facilities which serve to nearly 2 numbered 4272 and put into force in 2004 and As Per Agencies million he area by the end of 2010. 5355 that numbered 5393 and put into force in 2005, a numbered Local Administrative Unions legal gap occurred regarding all unions which Law could not meet the requirements municipality founded including irrigation unions. enough regarding arranging the facilities This gap has been filled through 5355 numbered of irrigation unions. To solve problems Local Administrative Unions Law and soon after regarding irrigation unions, determined adopted by National Assembly it was put into after the research and analysis carried out force on 11 June 2005. Today irrigation unions for 15 years since 1993, the need maintain their facilities within the scope of this emerged for a separate “Irrigation law and in order to provide participation of the Unions Law” to realize sustainable farmers into the assembly of irrigation unions a irrigation industry, controllable and special regulation has been conducted in 19th transparent structure of the union. article. In current situation the budgets of irrigation unions are put into force Afterwards the intensive studies held with the approval of Mayor soon after adopted by union assembly. Our between 2008-2011, 6172 numbered Irrigation Unions Law was put General Directorate has no sanction power legally over allocations into force on 22.03.2011 soon after being published at Official Journal regarding staff, vehicle, energy, maintenance and repair which are all numbered 27882.1-Establishment process and founder members.

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by Assembly decision. (Article 4-11 item) 4.10.2.3 Some Articles of WUO Law No. 6172 Tran Changes by this law can be set out as follows: sfe… 7. The number of assembly members is to be determined 1- Establishment of assembly of WUAs DSI as per the irrigation area with at least two farmers as 2-Preperation of budget and coming into effect 3% members at each accommodation site. (Article 6-4 3-Determination of tariffs 4-Personel employment Items) 5- Imposition of a penalty 6-Auditing 8. Assembly members is estimated to be assigned for 4 7-Special arrangements on energy consumption, repair and years. (Article 6-7 Items) maintenance. 9. Monitoring and supervision have been established to have auditing 1. The running of unions shall be provided according to “Union Frame powers in terms of views, opinions, reporting, running and Main Status” which will be determined by DSİ. (Article 4-1. Item) maintenance issues as to facilities of union. Supervision and guidance 2. Duty area is restricted with irrigation area. (Article 3-1. Item) as to facilities carried out by union and being among issues within duty 3. The union can be set up with the application of at least 5 persons area of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Husbandry, (Article 17) utilizing from the irrigation and form Establishment Committee. 10. The assembly decisions will be taken by majority of the votes while (Article 4-1 Item) the decisions regarding internal and foreign 4. The irrigation unions will only loans by the 2/3 votes (Article 6-12 Item) deal with irrigation facility. They 11. Water usage service cost shall be will have the authority of the determined by Union Assembly not below institution which takes over (DSİ) the tariff determined each year by Council within the scope of transfer of Ministers. (Article 6-15 Item) contract. (Article 4-2 Item) 12. Forming a SUPERVISORY BOARD 5. At least 18 water user members out of Union Assembly thus inner auditing are needed to become official as a will be provided. (Article 8) union. (Article 5-2 Item) 13. The members of Executive and 6. Those who give up water user Supervisory Board will be appointed for 2 identity shall be excluded from the years and the Head for 4 years by the membership by Executive assembly. (Article 7, 8, 9) Committee and under other 14. 30% of the fees in GRAVITY circumstances denoted at the Law, irrigations and the 15% in the PUMPED Area Equipped with Irrigation Facilities By DSI are to be spared for maintenance and

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repair and in case amount remains it is to be spared to the next year. 23. Those damaging irrigation facility which union took over shall be The energy cost at least for the former year in PUMPED irrigations is punished as per criminal sentence of damaging the state property. to be added to the budget as expenditure and this money cannot be (Article 18-7 Item). used for any other purposes. (Article 7-5 Item) 25. Existing irrigation unions will adjust their positions to this law 15. A balanced budget is to be prepared. After confirmation of DSİ within 18 months. (Provisional Article 1-4 Item) Regional Directorate, the approval of the budget will be realized by 26. Existing permanent staff to other public agencies can be transferred Mayor. (Article 10) by maintaining their acquired rights. Contracted staff will go on to 16. Debt stock cannot exceed the final budget incomes. (Article 10) work in existing positions without losing any rights. (Provisional 17. The head and executive members who do not carry out the Articles 1-2-3. Item) necessary procedures for collecting the debts in time and accurately, 4.10.2.4 Water User Organizations (WUOs) will be responsible for the damage during their period. (Article 13) Irrigation Management transfer in Turkey has been implemented The debts which cannot be collected in time shall be collected according to “k” Article of the establishment law of DSI. Until 2011, according to Bankruptcy and Enforcement Law. (Article 13) there was no separate law related to WUAs. Water User Organizations 18. Staff expenditure is to be disciplined, staff will be employed as per have been established pursuant to: Labor Law, staff charges cannot exceed 30% of the budget, under Local Administrations Law No. 5355, urgent circumstances this amount can be increased to 40% with the Village Legal Entities Village Act no. 442, approval of Minister. (Article 14). 19.Travelling expenses of union staff Municipalities Municipality Act no. 1580, will be provided as per Travel Expense Law. (Article 14) Cooperatives Act No. 1163. 20.The highest manager (director/engineer) employed will not be fired WUOs can be in several forms. If an irrigation network goes through without the permission of DSİ Regional Director. (Article 14) one local authority area, the whole management of the irrigation 21. It is given the authorization to apply BOT and other investment network can be transferred to that authority (Municipality or village models to the unions (Article 15). authority). However, the majority of irrigation networks goes through

22. The unions areas to be audited by the commission formed by more than one local authority area or serves more than one governorship. The Ministry will realize managerial and fiscal administrative unit. Therefore, WUAs are necessary to take over the supervision. (Article 18). Unions can be audited by Turkish Court of management responsibility. Accounts directly (Article 18). WUOs have been established according to Law No. 5355, 1580 and 24. It is determined the utilization conditions of farmers who are not 442, Irrigation Cooperatives (ICs) have been established according to members of the union at the irrigation site. Law No. 1163. Irrigation schemes serving the area of only one

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administrative unit, could be transferred to the Municipalities and participatory approach by the users has generated a sense of Village Authorities. As of 2013, the transfer ratio of DSİ has reached responsibility that did not existed before, to better use the resources 97%, which indicates the success of these transfer activities. This figure and the facilities and protect them. Water use is more reliable and does not include the transfer of Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives equitable, the plots situated at the upstream or the downstream of the (GWICs), which were set up jointly by DSİ and the abolished GDRS. irrigated land are equally served. All farmers using water for irrigation Now, SPA (Special Provincial Administration) has taken over the are members of the WUAs, and they are equally served as a member. responsibility of GDRS). Detailed information related to GWIC is There is a mutual supervision mechanism, carried out locally on a given below. But shortly, well-drilling, electrification, and motor-pumps continuous basis. On the whole, the collection rate has increased from requirements of GWIC are carried out by DSİ, but irrigation network 42% (irrigation by DSI) to more than 90%. is completed by SPA. Conflict management has been accomplished locally. Moreover, voting 4.10.2.5 PPIMIP Project in a WUA assembly and having a chance to be a member of executive Participatory Privatization of Irrigation Management and Investments council encourage the people to participate and cooperate. Project (PPIMIP) has been developed to buy machinery and equipment needed by water user organizations taking over the Irrigation efficiency has been attained. Overall, the area of irrigated responsibility of operation and maintenance services of irrigation land has increased for the same volume of water, a consequence of facilities developed by DSI. Irrigation organizations have financed 60- better operation and maintenance of the facilities provided by the local 80% of purchasing of equipment by their own sources, and 20-40% by O&M (operation and maintenance) staff of the WUOs. Energy the project. The project also supported rehabilitation of irrigation consumption of pump irrigation has decreased after the transfer. facilities. 17 Irrigation Associations have performed modernization and 4.11 Groundwater Potential rehabilitation in the whole of their schemes or in some parts with the Turkey has various lithological formations formed various geological condition of participating to the cost by 50%. The loan amounted 20 times. Groundwater wells generally may have depths ranging from 10 million dollars provided from the World Bank have been used between to 450m. Groundwater in Turkey is used for domestic and industrial the years of 1998-2004. water supply, as well as for irrigation. Groundwater activities used to be 4.10.2.6 Outcomes of IMT carried out by DSI and defunct GDRA (General Directorate of Rural The transfer of Operation and Management (O&M) services to the Affairs. Groundwater activities now carried out by DSI and Provincial Water User Organizations (WUOs) has had positive impact on the Administrations. O&M issues both from the technical and financial point of view. The Groundwater investigations have been carried out since 1956. According to studies performed as per 2013, exploitable groundwater

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resources of Turkey are 16.4km3/year, excluding the discharges of the over extracted therefore the government initiated some measures to springs. At present, DSİ has allocated total groundwater of 14,000 control the use of groundwater. To this end, some gauging systems hm3/year, 4,000hm3/year of which is for DSI, public, and GWO have been necessary in order to measure the groundwater use. irrigations, 4,000hm3/year of which is for domestic use, and 3 3 As per Provisional Article 2 added to Law No. 6111 and Law No. 167, 1,000hm /year of which is for industrial purposes, and 5,000 hm /year it has been imperative that gauging systems are to be installed in of which for individual farmer use. boreholes.

The groundwater activities in Turkey have been executed by DSİ on “DSI Groundwater Gauging System Regulation” come into effect on behalf of the State according to Groundwater Code 167. DSİ 07th .06.2011 and published on Official Gazette numbered 27957. The determines number, location, depth, other characteristics of wells and Regulation stipulates that groundwater extraction can be controlled by the amount of water extraction. Drilling well without licensed can be gauging electric water counter and by other gauging systems. fined as per the Law no 167 and the well is documented, or closed. As per the amendment in Article 10 of Law No. 167 to control The border, structure and characteristics of groundwater areas are groundwater and ensure efficient and sustainable manner, Ministerial defined by DSİ as per Groundwater Code 167, Article 3, and then Board was authorized to determine the basins in which groundwater these areas are proclaimed as “Operable Areas for Groundwater gauging instruments are to be installed. At the preliminary stage, Extraction” by related Ministry upon DSİ General Directorate’s Ministerial Board has decided that groundwater gauging instruments proposal. Searching and using groundwater in and out of proclaimed are to be installed to all groundwater wells at Konya and Ergene groundwater operation areas depends on the permission given by DSİ Watersheds. As to intensity in use and the relation of the reserve- as per Code 167, Article 8. In the same manner, allocation, the installation of groundwater gauging permission documents for rehabilitation and Groundwater Reserve and Allocation instruments will also be compulsory in other alteration are also granted by . Groundwater DSİ Allocation hm³ % watershed areas. In addition, installation of in Turkey is used for domestic and industrial groundwater gauging instruments has been made water supply as well as irrigation. Groundwater Groundwater Irrigation 4,000 30 compulsory in all industrial purposed use irrigation projects were executed by DSI General Domestic 4,000 30 groundwater wells in Turkey no matter which Directorate and defunct Village Service General groundwater wells are located in. Directorate (KHGM). But now they are Industrial Usage 1,000 5 Within the context of Turkish Legal arrangements implemented by DSI and Province Special Individual Irrigations 5,000 35 of alignment with EU Acqis, “Regulation against Administration. There has been great demand to pollution and degradation of groundwater” come use groundwater recently. Groundwater has been Total 14,000 100 into effect on 07th.04.2012 and published on

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Official Gazette numbered 28257. The regulation stipulates that end of 2013, 2,051 deep wells are used in 100,470 ha of these groundwater is to be protected against pollution and degradation. irrigations. From year to year, operational rights of these irrigation Thanks to these 2 regulations, groundwater will be governed networks are being transferred to irrigation organizations. sustainable and effective in terms of quality and quantity. 4.11.2.2 Public Groundwater Irrigations 4.11.1 Groundwater Irrigations In the need of public institutions, mostly Agricultural Enterprises Since domestic water supply has priority, present groundwater (TIGEM), DSİ drills groundwater wells and provides irrigation resources are used for domestic water supply without waiting schemes with equipments on the cost recovery base. The operation of development of surface water resources. Some groundwater irrigations these projects is performed by related institutions. As of 2013, in 32 may be used until development of surface water resources. projects with 2,161drilled wells, 84,335 ha area have been irrigated by In order to calculate rentability of the investment in groundwater groundwater. irrigations, crop pattern and new crop pattern with irrigation are to be 4.11.2.3 Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives (GICs) known. At present 10 l/s discharge of a well is rentable, but there are As per Law No. 1163 in order that State invest in groundwater some cases which can be rentable below this figure. 10 l/s discharge of irrigations, manage, maintain and repair, repair groundwater irrigation a well could irrigate 10-20 ha area depending on the on farm irrigation network, Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives are to be set up if method such as wild irrigation or closed system. Drilling well cost farmers want to use groundwater varies as per lithology of the well. As of 2013, as per DSI unit price, Groundwater irrigations, originally, has been started by the protocol 1m well drilling varies 77-2,165 TL signed by DSİ and General Directorate of Soil-Water Conservation Groundwater Irrigations can be divided into 2 groups; State Irrigations Services as well as Agricultural Bank. This protocol was revised in and Public Irrigations. 1973. 4.11.2 State Irrigations Later on, the General Directorate of Soil-Water Conservation Services State Irrigations can be divided into 3 groups; DSI Groundwater was abolished, and instead, the General Directorate of Rural Services Irrigations, Public Groundwater Irrigations, and Groundwater has been founded. However the activities have been kept on by these Irrigation Cooperatives (GICs). two General Directorates together under the name of “Irrigation

4.11.2.1 DSI Groundwater Irrigations Cooperatives with Restricted Responsibility”. These activities are realized based on the Cooperation Protocol dated as March 03, 1966 There are combine irrigations where surface water is insufficient, and then revised protocol dated December 31, 1973 which were signed groundwater extractions is supplementary tool for irrigation. Some among the institutions; DSİ, Soil-Water Conservation Services and groundwater irrigations are constructed and managed by DSİ. As of Agricultural Bank. The purpose of the Protocols was to encourage

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establishing irrigation cooperatives, construct facilities and perform c-)The administrative units of Provincial Directorate prepares Phase 1 activities once these cooperatives have been in operation. investigation data and dispatches them to Geotechnical Services and DSİ has been assigned to realize following activities concerning Groundwater Department of DSI General Directorate who irrigation cooperatives services which are to prepare technical and investigates the status of the groundwater in the area. economic feasibility reports concerning the facilities to be constructed d-) Investigation and appraisal Sectional Directorate of Geotechnical by DSİ, to drill groundwater wells, to erect the electrification Services and Groundwater Department of DSI General Directorate installations to these wells, to determine right motor-pumps and demand the related DSI Regional Directorate to investigate the area if procure them for the wells. After the installments of the wells, GISs the groundwater status is suitable or not. take the responsibility of facilities constructed by DSİ, to perform e-) The related DSI Regional Directorate informs Investigation and operation, maintenance and repair works of them. Appraisal Sectional Directorate of Geotechnical Services and Groundwater in Turkey is used for domestic and industrial water Groundwater Department of DSI General Directorate if the supply as well as irrigation. Groundwater irrigation projects were groundwater is suitable. The Sectional Directorate dispatches the executed by DSI General Directorate and defunct Village Service 1/2,500 scaled maps and the size of the area (ha) to be irrigated and General Directorate (KHGM). Provincial Services of Service General demands that Phase 2 date are to be prepared. Directorate (KHGM) were annulled on 13th 012005 as per Law No f-)The prepared Phase 2 date are to be delivered to Planning and 5286. Thence, the duties of KHGM have been transferred to Province Reserve Sectional Directorate of Geotechnical Services and Special Administration. Groundwater Department of DSI General Directorate who prepare As a result, all process of Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives (GIC) feasibility report. Planning and Reserve Sectional Directorate used to subject to Law No 1163 and Law No. 3476 are being implemented by prepare feasibility reports. DSI Regional Directorates prepares Agricultural Development Sectional Directorate of Province Special feasibility reports since 1996. Administration. g-)The bore holes are drilled after the feasibility reports are prepared The establishment process of GIC is as follows: and sanctioned. Then, the Provincial Directorate construct the a-) 7 farmers are to be come together to form a commission to irrigation network, thence irrigation begin. demand GIC. As of 2013, 1 426 GICs, manage 482,275 ha equipped with irrigation b-) The commission consisting of 7 farmers with their proof of facilities and 11,700 operational drilling wells. DSİ has been assigned residence and their copies of identity cards are to sign a petition to realize following activities concerning irrigation cooperatives demanding to set up a particular kind of GIC are to apply to services which are to prepare technical and economic feasibility Provincial Directorate of the Ministry. reports concerning the facilities to be constructed by DSİ, to drill groundwater wells, to erect the electrification installations to these

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wells, to determine right motor-pumps and procure In Turkey, beginning from groundwater irrigation projects’ them for the wells. After the installments of the wells, starting date, the greatest development has been realized in GISs take the responsibility of facilities constructed irrigation cooperatives. Presently, there are 1,426 by DSİ, to perform operation, maintenance and Groundwater Irrigation Cooperatives., intensely in Konya, repair works of them. Isparta, Eskişehir, Kayseri, Edirne, Samsun, and İzmir.

The abolished General Directorate of Rural Services As of 2013, GICs, DSI, public groundwater irrigations (GDRS) used to perform the services and facilities of manage 667,080 ha equipped with irrigation facilities having the ground water wells on the free charge basis. 15,912 operational drilling wells. The share of GICs in total However, the services and facilities by DSİ are groundwater irrigated area is 72%, that of irrigations by DSI subjected to repayment. The cost recovery of these is 15%, and that of public groundwater irrigations is 13%. facilities has been computed taking under no interest Ministerial decree no.2005/9173 has been put into force to consideration, and facilities have been transferred to complete the unfinished irrigation facilities after The cooperatives in accordance with the “Transfer General Directorate of Rural Services (GDRS) was Contract” which prepared by DSİ, pursuant to the abolished. As per the ministerial decree, irrigation networks Decision of Council of Ministers. The Transfer of Groundwater Cooperatives can be realized by DSI on Contract used to comprise 30 years of operational the cost recovery base if there is a demand by the period, the first five years of being the grace period, Cooperative Administration. and following 25 years containing the cost recovery Groundwater Irrigation Cooperation (GICs) prefers Special schedule. During this 30 years period, operational Province Administrations (SPAs) because there would be ground water wells would be renewed just one once, no reimbursement if the groundwater irrigation schemes but motor-pumps used to be renewed twice. were realized by SPAs But farmers are in difficulty in using However, with the decree of the Prime Ministry irrigation because of delays in realization of irrigation dated June 26, 1997, Transfer Contracts have been schemes since SPAs have the insufficient funds. For that renewed for facilities constructed after this date. The reason, funds are transferred to SPAs via the protocol cost recovery has been reduced to 15 years-the first signed amongst SPAs, DSI, and GIC. three years being of grace period, and 12 years being regular cost recovery period which are subjected to So as to save groundwater and contribute it to Turkey’s annually equal payment installments. economy, the studies to shift open canal canals to closed canals have started. The transformation program has started

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by signing a protocol and pre-contract among Irrigation Cooperative- Groundwater Irrigations by the State SPA-DSİ. 267 cooperatives having 122 409 ha will have been transformed to closed system by the end of 2013. 600000 500000 th As per the amendment in 10 Article of Law No. 167, the 400000 300000 determination of the catchment areas in which the gauging stations are 200000 compulsory has been vested to Ministerial Board in order to control Groundwater 100000 Irrigaiton Area (ha) 0 groundwater, to ensure its sustainability and to manage efficiently. 1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2013 At the preliminary stage, gauging stations on Konya Basin and Ergene Year Basin have to be installed at all the wells regardless their purpose. The application of gauging stations on other catchments will be compulsory as per their intensive use of groundwater and relations to reservation- allocation. Gauging stations have to be installed at all industrial Gorundwater Irrigation Area Developed by State purposed wells in Turkey regardless of their basins. Unit Well Irrigated Area 4.11.3 Private Groundwater Irrigations Groundwater Irrigation 1 426 11 700 482 275 As per Law Code no 167, land owners or farmers can irrigate their own Cooperative (GIC) 72% fields from individually operated groundwater wells. To operate them, DSI’ce İşletilen Sulamaları %15 41 2 051 100 470 farmers have to get a user’s license from DSİ if the well depth is more TIGEM’ce Geliştirilen 32 2 161 84 335 than 10 meters. This permission depth is decrease to 5m in some Sulamalar %13 extraordinary conditions of coastal areas to avoid from sea water Toplam 1 499 15 912 667 080 intrusion. 5,000 hm³ (Billion cubic meters) was allocated for individual groundwater irrigations. 241,642 user’s licenses have been granted for Irrigation Groundwater individual irrigations as of 31/12/2011. Area Irrigation Operated by Cooperative DSI 15% (GIC) 72%

Developed by TIGEM

13%

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Uşak – Kozviran Small Dam

Remaining area Area in Planning Stage Antalya – Hatipler Small Dam Area in Investment In Program Area in Operation

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Bafa Lake Swelling Rubber Regulator Birecik Dam for Irrigation and Hydroelectricity Generation

Manyas Regulator

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5.1 History of Water Supply in Anatolia fountains in the city helped dwellers Development of dams and water conveyance systems provide their water needs. Among 3 in Anatolia dates back hundreds years ago. The antic antic dams in Anatolia, the one city of Bergama in Western Anatolia was provided constructed in Dara near Mardin water by eight water conveying systems belonging to during the reign of Justinianus (527- the Hellenistic era. The water conveyance system 565) is known as the oldest arch-type around Mount Madra dated 200 BC bears special dam in the world. The Löptüğün landfilled dam near Amasya was significance in terms of water engineering. Another constructed in the Byzantine era. interesting facility dating back to 130 BC comprises In Ottoman architecture merited for two tunnels through which Bergama stream flows its mastery of reaching fine shape and under the Serapis Temple. function by getting rid of trivial The antic city of Ephesus had its water from a details. Celebrated Architect Sinan waterway extending 10 km in length. It is also known contributed much to the solution of that the area around the Arthemis Temple had its water problems in İstanbul with his water through a reverse siphoning system. Perge antic neatly designed waterways. Kırkçeşme city is also significant for its success in water storing water conveyance system constructed and conveyance systems. High capacity conveyance by the Roman Emperor Theodosius lines dating back to the 1st and 2nd centuries conveyed (379-395 AD) is one of the three water from two shorts cut to BC Perge antic city significant waterways serving to the having five discrete water collection points, cisterns European part of İstanbul. After and canals for wastewater discharge. Remaining from restorations introduced in Cebeciköy the 2nd century BC the water conveying system in the during the reign of Fatih Sultan antic city of Aspendos deserves to be called as one of Mehmet, a part of water was diverted the engineering marvels of antic times. The antic Side to fountains under Bozdoğan city on the Mediterranean coast used Manavgat stream Aqueduct. The coin of “Kırkçeşme” to solve its water problem. Water from this stream reached the antic (“40 fountains”) derives from the distribution system to these city through a 30 km in length canal (2ndcentury BC). Monumental fountains.

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In Üsküdar, many civilian, military and providing water to the city of Edirne religious premises were provided water Components of A Water Supply System from water collectors to the northeast. through 16 independent conveyance systems These waterways join near Küçül Düllük built during various periods. These water village before reaching the city. Facilities - Upstream (Source) (Catchment) facilities are fed by springs existing on the Water Source - Groundwater (well) dating back to the late Ottoman era Raw water conveyance line slope of Çamlıca hills. Facilities named - Surface water include the landfilled dam near - pressurized (pipe, tunnel) River (regulator) Natural lake - Without pressurized( canal) Mihrimah, Solak Sinan, Atik Valide, Hüdai, Storage facility (dam, small dam) Anadoluhisarı and Şamlar Dam in Çinili, Aslan Ağa, Selami Ali Efendi and Cedit - With gravity Küçükçekmece. As a peninsula, Anatolia - Lift (pumping station, force fed more than 150 fountains, religious lodges main, forebay) benevolently provided her natural Treatment / Chlorination facility DSİ is not responsible for and palaces in this part of Istanbul. Water this Stage resources for the inflorescence and storage and conveyance has always been Clean Water Conveyance Line social-economic development of many a problem in Istanbul. The Taksim water civilizations mentioned above. These system dating back to the 18th century is one City Cistern City Distribution civilizations in turn contributed much to Network facility mitigating this problem. This 23 km in the emergence of a universal culture. length facility has 3 water reservoirs (Topuzlu, Our task now is to add further to this Valide and Sultan Mahmut). During the 18th culture reaching to us from the depths of century, the facility was supplemented by what ancient history. was called “Hamidiye water way” used mainly The first dam built after the for drinking water supply. In the period 1554- establishment of Turkish Republic in 1963, the facility was further extended by 1923 is the Cubuk-I Dam constructed Sinan with the construction of Kağıthane from 1930 to 1936 to meet water need water facility in Belgrad Forests. Celebrated of Ankara. The rate in dam architect Sinan shaped the cultural topography construction has increased of Istanbul with his monumental works. tremendously after 1950’s, especially Sinan’s architectural contributions can also be after the establishment of DSİ (State found in Edirne, including water facilities. Hydraulic Works) in 1954. Sinan designed and supervised the construction of Taşlımüsellim waterways

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5.2 DSİ Domestic Water Supply Activities Recently, presurazed filters (for arsenic elimination) and reverse The General Secretary of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, said on osmasis (hardness and heavy methals elimination) are used in water “World Water Day” that “Access to safe water is a fundamental human supply treatment plants. need and therefore a basic human right. Contaminated water Conventional method: According to quality deteriation criteria of jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. It is an raw water to be used for domestic pupose, the water is treated by affront to human dignity.” implementing a number of operations, such as aeration, fast mixing, As it is known, the year 2008 was announced as “International Year of slow mixing, settling, filtering, cloring, pre-ozonation, and chemical Sanitation” at the 83rd General Meeting of Assembly of United Nations operations, sludge eliminating. on 20th December 2006. To support the International Year of Presurized Filter Method: Chamber filters are strong enougt to Sanitation, UN Water Group determined the theme of year 2008, withstand the presuure. Water enter ito filter with pressure and water is March 22nd Water World Day as “sanitation” which can be defined as treated after it leaves the filter. The fundemental method to eliminate “precautions and their applications to protect public health and to arsenik is to seperate arsenic molocules by means of paticulate trap by +3 prevent diseases” It is aimed at raising public awareness on sanitation settling or by forming complex with heavy methals e.g., Fe ). When and providing needed services to at least half of the population which arsenic elimination in treatment process is examined and when are lack of main sanitation facilities like clean drinking water and investment and operation cost is considesed, the optimum solution is +3 sewerage. coagulation filtering method with Fe inculuding conventional Many methods are used in the world for domestic water supply method since, it is set up in short time for small discahrges for small treatment. These can be conventional, reverse osmasis, ion exchange settlements. etc. The treatment is choosen as per the values of raw water, which will Reverse osmosis method: Osmosis is the name for the tendency of be treated to comply with the Ministry of Health’ provisions of water to migrate from a weaker saline solution to a stronger saline “Amended Regulation on the Regulation related to water for the solution, gradually equalizing the saline composition of each solution purpose of human consumption” put into effect by published on when a semi-permeable membrane separates the two solutions. official gazette No. 28580 on 07.03.2013 . Reverse osmosis, simply stated, is the opposite of the natural osmosis Domestic water mostly mostly is treated by conventional methods in process of water. In reverse osmosis, water is forced to move from a Water treatment plants projected and constructed by DSI General stronger saline solution to a weaker solution, again through a semi- Directorate in Turkey because this methot is compatible with raw permeable membrane. Although the investment and operational cost water parematers and this method is less cosly in terms of investment of reverse osmosis method is much more expensive than conventional and operation. water supply treatment facilities, it is widely used in some countries

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such as middle east countries, Libya, Malta, in which there is not Treatment plant units enough water resources other than sea water. Recently, DSI has started 1. Water Treatment Units to use reverse osmosis method in treating domestic water in cases the • Intake system conventional treatment techniques are not enough to eliminate • Inlet and aeration hardness and heavy metals • Coagulation The water treatment plants constructed by DSİ are generally • Flocculation conventional type water treatment plants and treated water quality • Settling confirms the requirements defined by WHO, EU and TS 266. • Filtration

• Contact and treated water tank The points for selecting treatment plant place: • Back wash water and back wash water recovery tank • There should be enough place with fair price for general layout, 2. Sludge Treatment Units • There should be suitable layout not forcing expensive arrangements, • Sludge thickening • The physical properties of the layout; topography, drainage, • Sludge dewatering groundwater and geotechnical properties are very important. 3. Other Service Units • There should be reliable energy supply, • Chlorine - Ozone • During construction, there should be satisfactory transportation • Chemical building possibility of construction materials, equipment, and chemicals during operation.

• There should be disposal facility of treatment wastes • Natural beauty of the place, • The place should be suitable to allow coordination of network, source, transmission line and treatment plant operation and maintenance. • Presence of qualified personnel with enough number.

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The advantages of water intake from different levels for Provinces whose drinking water projects in operation by DSI drinking water dams The improvements in water quality; • Big pieces in raw water can settle down, • Turbidity of raw water can decrease, • Dissolved oxygen in raw water can increase, • Hardness of the raw water can decrease, • By organic oxidation -improvement of smell, taste and color -decrease in BOD • Decrease in coliform number and microorganism, • Balance in raw water quality. The setback in water quality -The growth of algae. -Pollutants can reappear. For example, taste and smell problem can be caused by anaerobic resolution of organic material at dam Provinces whose drinking water projects under construction by DSI base. -Decay in water quality due to temperature layers.

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Treatment Plant Projects completed by DSI İstanbul Cumhuriyet 720,000 Melen Stream Classical 2012 Kars 22,000 Bayburt Dam Classical 2012 Treatment Plant m3/day Raw water source Type Outset Karabük 44,500 Karasu Spring Membrane 2012 İstanbul Ömerli 300,000 Ömerli Barajı Classical 1978 Aksaray, Niğde, 52,358 Kuyular Pressurized 2012 300,000 Classical 1978 İstanbul Kağıthane TerkosG.& Alibeyköy Nevşehir,(Arsenik) Filter İstanbul Yeniemirli 500,000 Çanak,Göksu D, Darlık Classical 2001 Sinop-Erfelek 54,000 Erfelek Dam Classical 2013 Ank.-İvedik I 564,000 Kurtboğazı , Çamlıdere Classical 1985 Ünye 26,150 Cevizdere Regulator Classical 2013 Ank.-İvedik II 564,000 Kurtboğazı, Çamlıdere Classical 1993 Afyonkarahisar 12,744 Kuyular Pressurized 2013 Ank.,Kayaş-Bayındır 30,000 Bayındır Dam Classical 1999 ve Beldeleri Filter Ankara Pursaklar 75,000 Çubuk Dam Classical 1999 (Arsenik& Nitrat) Samsun 200,000 Çakmak Dam Classical 1981 Aydın 65,000 İkizdere Barajı Konvansiyonel 2014 Bursa-I 250,000 Doğancı Dam Classical 1985 Bursa-II 250,000 Doğancı Dam Classical 1994 Treatment Plant projects under Construction Mersin-I 130,000 Berdan Dam Classical 1984 Treatment Plant m3/day Raw water source Type Mersin-II 130,000 Berdan Dam Classical 1993 Ordu 78,800 Ordu Dam Type Mersin-III 130,000 Berdan Dam Classical 1998 Karaman 82,500 İbrala Dam Classical Konya 104,000 Altınapa B Dam Classical 1995 Antalya-Alanya 90,000 Mutad Boğaçay and Classical Gaziantep 120,000 Kartalkaya Dam Classical 1981 Duraliler Wells 520,000 Dam Classical 1998 İzmir Tahtalı Tahtalı İskenderun 135,000 Cevdetiye Regulator Classical

Manavgat 250,000 Manavgat Çayı Classical 2000 Hatay 123,000 Büyük Karaçay Dam Classical 255,000 Dicle Dam Classical 2002 Diyarbakır Zonguldak-Ereğli 70,000 Kızılcapınar Dam Classical Balıkesir 220,000 İkizcetepeler Dam Classical 2002 Şanlıurfa 270,000 Atatürk Dam Classical 2003 Şereflikoçhisar 26,395 Peçenek Dam Classical Sivas 135,000 4 Eylül Dam Classical 2007 KKTC 200,000 Geçitköy Dam Classical Kilis 30,000 Seve Dam Classical 2007 Trabzon (Rehabilitasyon) 165,000 Galyan Deresi Airing, Ozone Çorum 60,480 Yeni Hayat Dam Classical 2007 Çanakkale-Gelibolu 100,000 Çokal Dam Type Afyonkarahisar 42,500 Akdeğirmen Dam Classical 2008 Yozgat 62,300 Musabeyli Dam Classical Şanlıurfa (2 kademe) 270,000 Atatürk Dam Classical Uşak 35 000 Küçükler Dam Classical 2009 Şırnak-Silopi 60,000 Silopi Dam Classical Çankırı 60,000 Güldürcek Dam Classical 2010 Sivas-Divriği 8,000 Mursal Dam Classical Kahramanmaraş 90,000 Ayvalı Dam Classical 2010 Çorum-Alaca 10,000 Koçhisar Dam Classical Siirt 50,000 Kezer Çayı Classical 2011 Konya (Blue Tunnel) 366,850 Bağbaşı Dam Classical Muğla-Bodrum 40,000 Geyik Dam Çamköy Classical 2011 Afyonkarahisar Phase 2 16,700 Kuyular Pressurized Filter Groundwater Arsenik Ağrı 40,000 Yazıcı Dam Classical 2011 Diyarbakir Ergani 42,500 Dicle Dam Classical Kula (Manisa) 5,700(5,700 Groundwater Membrane 2012 Nevsehir 52,500 Kizilirmak Membrane +2,700)

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Source Treatment Outcome

River **Filtration-Disinfestation Potable *Lake * Physical-Chemical Treatment Water *Sea (Conventional) *Dam *Desalination with Osmosis

DESALİNASYON * YUKARIDAKİLERİN BİLEŞKESİ

The advantages of water intake from different levels of dams: As a result, to take raw water with better quality, and therefore to • The improvements in water quality; decrease cost, taking water from different level from drinking water dams is very advantageous. • Big pieces in raw water can settle down, • Turbidity of raw water can decrease, Water treatment unıts • Dissolved oxygen in raw water can increase, 1. Inlet • Hardness of the raw water can decrease, 2. In inlet system, to measure the flow there is a flow meter. • By organic oxidation 3. In the case of good raw water quality, raw water can be taken to • - improvement of smell, taste and color contact tank by general by-pass line to be chlorinated to give people. • - decrease in BOD 2. Aeration • Decrease in coliform number and microorganism, 1. The main purpose of the aeration which is generally cascade type, • Balance in raw water quality. 2. To decrease of any deficiency in dissolved oxygen concentration, The setback in water quality below the saturation concentration. • The growth of algae. 3. To provide the oxidation and precipitation of iron and manganese • Pollutants can reappear. For example, taste and smell problem can and removal of hydrogen sulfate or carbon dioxide. be caused by anaerobic resolution of organic material at dam base. 4. To remove CO2 in order to balance carbonate in raw water, 5. To remove hydrogen sulfur, methane and harmful chemicals. • Decay in water quality due to temperature layers. 6. Chlorine is used for pre disinfection to aerated water

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Coagulation 5. Settling 1. It is the process of collecting the colloidal and suspended materials It is the process of removing the suspended solids from water by by adding chemicals. gravity. 2. Aerated water goes to flash mixing chamber which has a In settling process, water is goes through settling tank where motion mechanical paddle inside, to mix with coagulant chemical (Ferric is very stable. As the coagulated and growth flocks settles down, chloride/aluminum sulphate) clarified water goes up to clarified water Aim of chemical coagulation is to remove channels located at the surface of the o turbidity, settling tank. o colloids, clay particles, organic Two types of settling process are used by materials, bacterial and algae, DSİ o color • Sludge blanket system with upward In designing flash mixing flow, units, average retention time is about 30 -60 sec, and • Inclined Plate system. velocity gradient is about 300 - The sludge, combination of particles at the 1,000 sec-1. bottom of the settling tank is transmitted to sludge treatment system 4. Flocculation The clarified water is collected at the surface of the settling tank and It is the process of growing the flocs to settle down. goes to filtration units. Flocculation process occurs in flocculation tanks where 6. Filtration polyelectrolyte is added as coagulant aid. It is the process to remove suspended particulate material from water By flocculation, by passing through filter media. Aim of filtration; -After coagulation process, the colloids as a combination of small - to remove suspended particles, reduce turbidity. particles are slowly mixed to form bigger flocs that can easily settled - to remove microorganisms down. - to oxidate iron, manganese and ammonium In Flocculation tanks, average retention time is about 15-45 min. and Two types of filters classified by filtration rate; 3 2 velocity gradient is about 10-100 sec-1.  Slow sand filters (filtration rate = 0,1 - 0,5 m /m /h)  Rapid sand filters (filtration rate = 5 -12 m3/m2/sa) Rapid sand filters are used at the project by DSİ.

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Rapid sand filters necessary at least two filters and back wash water recovery tank has a Filter media capacity to store water return from back washing of at least two filters.

Gravel ~10-15 cm in depth 4 - 8mm diameter Sludge Treatment Units Sand 80 ~150 cm in depth 0,8-1,2 mm diameter As the first unit of sludge treatment, sludge comes to sludge thickeners The collection of filtrate and distribution of air scour and wash water is from two units; done by means of nozzles set in a reinforced false 1- Back wash water recovery tank– back wash water floor. is stored at this tank and transmitted to thickener. Pressure Filter 2- Settling tanks– sludge taken from bottom of the Pressure filter capacity for each modul is the 3 settling tanks is transmitted to thickener. range of 5-100 m /hour (1,5-30 lt/second). 1. Sludge Thickening 7. Contact and Treated Water Tank Contact Tank • Thickening process provides returning the Dosing of chlorine as final disinfection and supernatant water to the inlet and reducing the dosing of caustic soda/lime as pH adjustment is amount of sludge to be treated. done in contact tank which give at least 30 • Since, the sludge produced by drinking water minutes retention, and rapid dispersion of treatment plant, contains only natural materials and chlorine and caustic soda/lime. metal hydroxides in raw water, there is no hygienic

Treated Water Tank or ecological risk to environment. After the contact tank, the finally chlorinated Working principles of sludge thickeners water goes to treated water tank which provides • Sludge enters the thickeners where water and at least 1 hour retention to balance treated water solid particles leaves, from the center. Solid output with demand. At the outlet of treated particles settles down to bottom and are water tank, residual chlorine, pH and turbidity is collected by scraper. measured continuously. • At the surface, supernatant water is recovered

Back Wash Water and Back Wash Water by supernatant water weir and then pumped Recovery Tank to aeration unit. Back wash water tank has a capacity of water

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2. Sludge dewatering Coagulant Chemicals: Ferric chloride (FeCl3) / Aluminum sulphate The methods of Sludge dewatering. Max coagulant dosing:

- Mechanical dewatering -Ferric chloride (FeCl3) 35 ppm -Aluminum sulphate 40 ppm - Filter Press Flocculant Chemicals - Belt Filter • Polyelectrolyte - Systems with centrifuge • Max coagulant aid dosing: - Sludge lagoons • Polyelectrolyte 0,2 ppm - Sludge drying beds • pH adjustment Other service unites pH adjustment 1.1 Chlorınatıon Caustic Soda (NaOH) / Lime Max dosing: 1.2 Ozonation • Caustic Soda (NaOH) 40 - 20 ppm 1. 1.Chlorination • Lime 25 - 15 ppm It contains necessary storage and dosing facility for pre and final • The systems with lower initial cost and equipment should be chlorination. Max chlorine dosing: preferred. -Pre chlorination 2,5 ppm -Final chlorination 5 ppm If there is no difficulty in place, the compact systems with high The storage facilities are able to accommodate the need for 1 month • operation by one metric tone liquid chlorine drums. The chlorine in initial and operation cost should not be preferred. gaseous form taken from the drums is dosed by means of chlorinators. • Before construction phase, process and hydraulic design should be

1.2. Ozonation done and unnecessary hydraulic losses should be eliminated.

It contains necessary ozone and dosing facility for pre and final • Treatment plant place should be selected by studying the hydraulic ozonation. Max Ozone dosing: carefully between water source and network to avoid unnecessary Pre ozonation1,5-2ppm Final ozonation 2,5-3ppm pumping. • For plant layout, the systems with min. piping should be preferred. 2. Chemical Building It contains necessary facilities for appropriate handling, storage, feeding, preparation, dosing, transmission, injecting and mixing of all Systems Eradicating Water Hardness chemical used in the system. Because the membrane operation systems are more effective and easier Chemicals to operate than classical softening methods, reverse osmosis or nano -Coagulant -Flocculant -pH adjustment filtering methods are preferred to eradicate water hardness .

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Reverse osmosis method: -Final treatment: are required to Osmosis is the name for the stabilize treated water. tendency of water to migrate Pros and Cons: from a weaker saline solution Reverse osmosis it can be supplied to a stronger saline solution, and installed in short time. That gradually equalizing the saline salinity of seawater is low makes this composition of each solution system is cheap in terms of when a semi-permeable investment and operation. membrane separates the two Reverse osmosis needs intensive solutions. Reverse osmosis, energy and its equipment is to be simply stated, is the opposite covered by special material against of the natural osmosis process corrosive effect of seawater. of water. In reverse osmosis, Membranes are to be changed every water is forced to move from 5 years and spare parts are needed. a stronger saline solution to a The cost of the treated water by weaker solution, again through a semi-permeable membrane. reverse osmosis system varies as per the salinity of water. The cost 3 3 Main component of Reverse osmosis facilities are: range 0.2-2.5 US$/m as to operation cost and 400-1,500 US $/m /day -Pre-treatment: membranes are the most important and the most as to investment cost The economic life of the facility is about 15 years expensive parts of the facility. Pre-treatment is imperative to maintain and membranes are to be changed per 4 or 5 years. the membranes, to hinder the degradation of them, to control water In obtaining fresh water from seawater, this method is more efficient characteristics, and to banish the compounds that may harm the than the traditional one involving evaporation and condensation membranes. method. It necessitates smaller facilities that those of traditional ones.

-High pressure pumps: are to be between 10-100 bar depending on Although operation and investment cost of reverse osmosis system is 3 salinity nature of water so as to exceed osmotic pressure to allow water more expensive than the conventional systems (0.1 US$/m as to 3 pass through into the membrane. operation cost and 50-150 US $/m /day as to investment cost), it is widely used in middle east gulf countries e.g., Libya, Malta to obtain -Membrane ranges: are repeated modules of cylindrical shapes in the fresh water from seawater. number of required capacity.

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5.2.1 Planning, construction and transfer process collection and treatment plants to all settlements having municipalities. -The Municipality’s application with the decree of the Municipality As of the end of 2013, DSİ has completed 50 water supply projects in 3 assembly, operation supplying approximate annual total of 3.46 billion m of -Furthering the protocol to be signed by DSI to the Municipality to the domestic and industrial water to 36 millions of people. Ministries of Interior and Finance in order take their opinion, 1. Adıyaman (Conveyance Line) 2. Adıyaman- Çelikhan,(Conveyance ) -Signing the protocol by DSI and the Municipality, 3.Afyonkarahisar (Akdeğirmen Dam, Conveyance Line treatment -Preparing feasibility report and furthering it to Development Ministry plant, vicinity settlements arsenik treatment plant Phase 1) 4. Ağrı, to take their opinion, 5.Ankara Kurboğazı Dam and Conveyance Line , Çamlıdere Dam and -the Project could be included in the investment program if Conveyance Line , Akyar Dam and Conveyance Line, Kavşakkaya Development Ministry endorsed it, Dam and Conveyance Line , İvedik treatment plant Phase 1 and 2) - After the Project Works are over, putting out the tender the Project, 6. Antalya, (Groundwater wells and Conveyance) 7. Aksaray, -Training of Municipality’s staff before facilities (especially water 8.Balıkesir, 9.Bayburt, supply projects) beginning operation. 10.Bursa(Doğancı&Nilüfer Dam and Conveyance) -Temporary acceptance having Municipality staff in observation status, 11. Çorum, (Yenihayat Dam, Conveyance Line and treatment plant, -Transferring the facilities to the Ministry by signing the protocol Hatap Dam, and Conveyance Line , during the temporary acceptance process, 12. Çanakkale (Ayvacık Conveyance Line ve Gelibolu Çokal Dam) -Calculating all cost as of the year of water supply facilities in operation 13. Çankırı, (Güldürcek Dam, Conveyance and treatment plant) and starting the payment in the following year, 14. Diyarbakır (Dicle Dam, Conveyance line and treatment plant ) -Recovering the calculated cost in 30 equal installments and raising the 15. Edirne, 16. Elazığ (Groundwater wells and Conveyance Line) payment amount of the installment as per the increase in water charges 17. Erzurum, 18. Gaziantep, 19. Hakkari-Şemdinli, 20. Isparta, each year. 21. İstanbul (Yeşilçay Conveyance lines, treatment plant and regulator, Melen system Phase 1 Conveyance line and treatment plant , regulator, 5.2.2 Water Supply Activities tunnels, Sazlıdere Dam, Ömerli Dam) According to Law No 1053 put into effect in 1968, DSİ General 22. İzmir (Sarıkız springs, Conveyance Line, Gördes Dam and Directorate continued to develop, water resources for the purpose of Conveyance Line , Phase 1, Tahtalı Dam Conveyance Line and domestic and industrial water supply to cities with a population of th treatment plant) more than 100,000. But pursuant the amended law of 1053 18 April 23. Kahramanmaraş (Ayvalı Dam Conveyance and treatment plant) 2007 DSİ has been authorized to develop, water resources for the 24. Karabük, 25. Kars, 26. Kilis, purpose of domestic and industrial water supply as well as waste water

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27. KKTC (Conveyance Line between Kumköyve Serhatköy ) There are some water supply projects being implemented by DSI, 28. Konya (Altınapa Dam, Conveyance Line and treatment plant) 29. which are under construction. Once these projects are over, annual Manavgat 30. Manisa-Kula, 1,939,520 m³/day treated water will supplied for 20 cities (İskenderun, 31.Mardin (Center and Kızıltepe from Beyazsu spring, Nusaybin Şereflikoçhisar, Yozgat, Ordu, Karaman, Şanlıurfa Phase 2, Trabzon Conveyance Line) Rehabilitasyon, Konya Mavi Tünel, Çorum Alaca, Hatay, Diyarbakır- 32. Mersin(Berdan Dam, Conveyance Line and treatment plant) 33. Ergani, Tekirdağ, KKTC, Şırnak-Silopi, Çanakkale-Gelibolu, Nevşehir, Muğla-Bodrum-Peninsula, Zonguldak-Ereğli, Sivas-Divriği, Alanya, Afyonkarahisar Phase 2 34. Niğde, 35. Nevşehir 36. Safranbolu, 37. Samsun, Arsenic Treatment).

38. Siirt (Kerez spring conveyance line, treatment plant The cities in which treatment plant projects are being prepared are; 39. Siirt-Pervari (conveyance line) Bursa-Gemlik, Elazığ, Adapazarı, Samsun-Bafra, Sinop-Boyabat- 40. Sinop (Erfelek Dam, Conveyance Line, treatment plant) Durağan, Sinop-Gerze, Tokat-Turhal, Düzce, Kütahya-Tavşanlı, 41 Sivas 4Eylül Dam, Conveyance Line , treatment plant) Trabzon, Iğdır, Safranbolu, Tekirdağ-Hayrabolu,Kırşehir, Antalya- 42. Şanlıurfa, 43. Şırnak, 44. Şırnak İdil, Gazipaşa,Şanlıurfa-Viranşehir, Şanlıurfa-Siverek, Şanlıurfa-Suruç, 45. Trabzon (Atasu Dam) 47. Uşak, 48. Ünye, Muğla-Milas, Şırnak-Cizre, Hakkari-Yüksekova, Sivas-Şarkışla, 49. Van (Conveyance Line) 50. Zonguldak (Tunnel) Afyonkarahisar-Çay-Bolvadin, Kilis-Afrin, Nevşehir ENH, Van-Civar, As of the end of 2013, 59 domestic water treatment plants in 30 cities Mersin-Pamukluk, Edirne-Kayalıköy, Aydın Kuşadası-Söke, Aydın of abovementioned projects developed by DSİ are being operated by Didim-Akbük, Aydın Nazilli ve Çevresi, Denizli, Muğla-Milas, Muğla, related municipalities. 747,432 m³/day of water volume is treated in Giresun, Artvin, Bartın-Kozcağız, Çanakkale Watersupply facilities these treatment plants in accordance with European Union standards. Satge 2 and typical projects.

These 59 treatment plants are İstanbul Ömerli, İstanbul Kağıthane, Additional 1.71 billion m³ water will be provided to 18 million people İstanbul Yeniemirli, İstanbul Cumhuriyet, Ankara İvedik 1, Ankara via 37 water supply projects under construction. İvedik 2, Ankara Kayaş-Bayındır, Ankara Pursaklar, Samsun, Bursa 1, 1. Adapazarı Bursa 2, Mersin 1, Mersin 2, Mersin 3, Konya, Gaziantep, İzmir 2. Afyonkarahisar (vicinity settlements arsenik treatment plant Phase 2) Tahtalı, Manavgat, Balıkesir, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Sivas, Kilis, Çorum, 3. Alanya 4. Ankara (Gerede Sistemi) Afyonkarahisar, Afyonkarahisar Arsenik (16 units), Uşak, 5. Antalya (Karacaören 2 Dam and Conveyance ) Kahramanmaraş, Çankırı, Siirt, Niğde, Nevşehir (3 units), Aksaray (2 6. Aydın 7. Bingöl 8. Bitlis units), Bodrum, Ağrı, Manisa-Kula, Karabük, Kars, Sinop, Ünye, 9. Bursa (Gemlik Büyükkumla Dam) Aydın. 10. Çanakkale-Gelibolu (Conveyance Line and treatment plant)

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11. Çankırı (Phase 4 Conveyance Line ) Water extracted from groundwater developed by DSİ Regional 12. Çorum (Yenihayat Dam derivations) Directorates by means of drilling wells for municipalities and other 13. Çorum-Alaca institutions is not included in the above-mentioned annual volume 14. Diyarbakır Ergani (Conveyance Line and treatment plant) because these works are not done within the scope of Law No.1053.

15. Elazığ (Hamzabey Dam) 16. Hatay 17. İskenderun The approximate total length of transmission pipeline, including 18. İstanbul (Melen Dam) concrete, ductile, steel and glass-reinforced pipe (GRP) with different 19. İzmir (Conveyance Line Phase 2 and Phase 3) diameters has reached 2,515 km since 1968. 20. Kahramanmaraş (Afşin Conveyance Line) 21. Karaman As per the Law No.167–the “Law as to Groundwater Resources”, 22. KKTC (Alaköprü ve Geçitköy Dams, land and sea Conveyance groundwater permission is to be obtained by applying to DSİ if well Line, treatment plant, and distribution lines) depths are greater than 10m depth. In this context, water supply is 23 Konya (Mavi tünel Conveyance and treatment plant) obtained from groundwater for the cities in which there is no water 24. Mardin (Dargeçit Conveyance Line) supply system from surface water sources or surface water is not 25. Mersin (Pamukluk Dam) enough to meet the demand. 26. Nevşehir (Conveyance Line and treatment plant) 27. Ordu 28. Rize Conveyance Line ) 29 Silopi 5.3 Water Supply Action Plan 30 Siirt-Pervari Conveyance Line After the Law No 1053 has been amended, first “81 Province Centers’ 31. Sivas –Divriği (Conveyance e and treatment plant) Domestic and Industrial Water Supply Action Plan (2008-2012) was 32. Şereflikoçhisar prepared in 2008. Then, this action plan was revised and “81 Province 33. Şanlıurfa (Stage 2 Conveyance and treatment plant) Centers’ Domestic and Industrial Water Supply Action Plan (2008- 34. Tekirdağ 35. Trabzon (Treatment plant rehabilitation) 2014) was prepared at the outset of 2010. In addition, action plan was 36.Yozgat, 37. Zonguldak (Ereğli Conveyance and treatment plant) also prepared for the settlements, the populations of which are 50,000 Besides, when water supply works in planning and project stage are or over. 3 finished , additional 1.63 billion m water will be provided. After the DSI General Directorate Water Supply Department has revised completion of the construction works, these facilities are transferred to previous action plans of 2010-2014 Action Plans, 2013-2017 81 the related municipality. When DSI water supply projects under Province Action Plans and Action Plans for Township Centers, the construction, in final design, and in planning stages are finished, it is population of which is over 50,000. In addition, action plan was also 3 aimed that DSI projects will supply total 6.63 billion m annual water prepared for large settlements, the populations of which are 25,000 or together with existing DSI projects. over.

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According to 81 Province Center’s 2013-2017 year action; 6 province centers will need water supply in Short term (2019-2023),48 province centers in middle term (2024-2045), and 11 province centers in emergency (2013-2015). Therefore , DSI General Directorate, Water Supply Department continue the works as follows:

5.3.1 Urgent water need in 11 provinces centers 1. Hatay: Project works to meet long term water need the city center is planned to meet from Büyük Karacay dam are over. Preparation works for the construction have started. 2.Aydin: Long term water need of the city will be supplied from Ikizdere Dam. The conveyance canal and regulator, and the treatment plant are over. Having put out tender the 1st phase of the water supply project conveyance canal for settlements in close vicinity of Aydın, the construction started. The conveyance canal Phase 1st will be put out tender in 2013. The 2nd phase of the conveyance canal was put out tender at the end of 9/1/2014. 3. Canakkale: Because existing treatment plant is old and under capacity to treat water from Atikhisar dam in operation, the project for the new treatment plant to meet the water need till 2050 has started. The project will finish by the end of 2014. 4. Çorum: Constructions of Yenihayat and Hatap dams, conveyance lines, the treatment plant were completed and water is being delivered to the city. Construction of Yenihayat diversion is under construction to meet middle term water supply need of the city. 5. Denizli: Project works to meet long term water need the city center is planned to meet from Pınarbaşı spring and Akbaş dam are in progress. When the project finish in 2014, the construction will be put out tender.

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6. Artvin: Because existing groundwater wells are insufficient, the Project work to meet water need of the city till 2050 from Hatila stream has started and will be finished by the end of 2014. 7- Şanlıurfa: Treatment plant Stage 2 and connection lines to take water from Atatürk dam meeting water need of the city are under construction. 8. Yozgat: Domestic water supply facilities from Musabeyli dam meeting water need of the city center is under construction and will finish by the end of 2014. 9. Batman: Project is over. The construction of the project has not been adjudicated, because there has no demand by the Municipality. 10. Igdir: The project work has started. to meet long term water need of Igdir and its neighbor settlements from Unlendi dam. The construction will be put out tender by the end of 2014. 11. Tokat: Project works to improve existing water supply sources were started by İLBANK.

5.3.2 Short Term Water Scarcity in 6 Provinces 1. Antalya: To meet long term water need from Karacaören dam in operation, conveyance canal is under construction. The project work of treatment plant is in progress. 2. Elazığ: Hamzaköy dam is under construction to meet long term water need. The construction of water supply facilities, project work of which has been completed, will be adjudicated in 2014.

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3. Konya: To meet long term water need from Bağbaşı dam in Water supply projects are under construction for Ergani and Silopi. operation, via Blue Tunnel, the water supply facilities are under Water supply projects are in project stage for Söke, Karacabey, construction. Kuşadası, Cizre, Manavgat, Milas, Serik, Siverek, Viranşehir, 4. Ordu: To meet long term water need from the regulator to be Yüksekova. constructed on Melet river, temporary approval of conveyance line is over. The treatment plant is under construction. 5.3.4 Action Plan of 68 township/setlements centers, 5 Trabzon: To meet long term water need from Atasu dam, the population of which is between 25,000 and 50,000 rehabilitation construction of the existing treatment plant and project 4 township centers will need water supply in short term (2016-2018), of water supply from Atasu dam are over. The construction of 4 township centers will need water supply in middle term (2019-2023), conveyance and treatment plant will be put out tender in 2014. and 6. Kilis: Constructions of Seve dam, conveyance lines, the treatment 47 township centers will need water supply in long term (2024-2045). plant were completed and water is being delivered to the city. 13 township centers will need water supply urgently (2013-2015). Construction of water storage facility from Yeniyapan and Narlıca Water supply projects for 13 township centers that domestic water springs are under construction need urgently are as follows: Water supply projects are under construction for Gelibolu, Gölbaşı, 5.3.3 Action Plan of 65 township centers, population of Kapaklı, Samandağ, Sandıklı, and Şereflikoçhisar , which is 50,000 and over; Water supply projects are in project stage for Bolvadin, Bulancak, 2 township centers will need water supply in Short term (2016-2018), Çumra, Didim, Dinar, Milas Vezirköprü. 8 township centers will need water supply in middle term (2019-2023), and As per the agreement with the Ministry of Development, individual 41 township centers will need water supply in long term (2024-2045). projects for township/settlements centers, population of which is 14 township centers will need water supply urgently (2013-2015). Water between 25,000 and 50,000 will be realized by Province Bank as part of supply projects for 14 township centers that domestic water need SUKAP. But, they would be realized by DSI, if they were within a urgently are as follows: group water supply project. Two water supply purposed dams are under construction for Çerkezköy, Çorlu

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5.4 Major Water Supply Projects European Side 660 Asian Side 793 5.4.1 Istanbul Yeşilçay Project Terkos Dam 134 Ömerli B. (DSİ) 188 To meet the medium- term water need of İstanbul, the Yeşilçay project 82 92 has been designed to convey water from the Göksu and Çanak rivers in B.çekmece D. (DSİ) Darlık Dam 51 15 the Ağva region 60 km away from Ömerli Dam. At the first stage, 145 Sazlıdere Dam (DSİ) Elmalı Dam million m³ water has been secured annually by Sungurlu and İsaköy Alibey Dam (DSİ) 33 Yeşilçay (DSİ) 145 regulators constructed on these rivers. The Sungurlu and İsaköy dams Istranca I-II 235 Melen 1 (DSİ) 268 will be constructed on the rivers at a future date, thus with the Diğer 20 Diğer 40 additional 190 million m³ water, total to be conveyed to the city will be YAS (Licensed) 105 YAS (Licensed) 45 335 million m³. The water collected by Sungurlu and İsaköy Regulators Population 60 % Population 40% goes to İsaköy Pumping Station. Then the water goes to the surge tank Total Need Istanbul Demand-Supply Graph (2012) via 2,560m raising main. The water then is carried by gravity through hm37year Water Resources: 1,453hm3/year the pipeline to the Darlık and Kömürlük tunnels, and reaches Emirli Surface: 1,303 hm3/year, treatment plant. Thus, the need of an additional 1.5 million inhabitants Groundwater: 150 hm3 /year will be met. The first stage of the system was inaugurated in 2003.

5.4.2 Istanbul Melen System Melen Project developed to meet the medium-term and long term municipal water demand of Istanbul has been inaugurated on 12.12.2012 as Melen Project the Stage 1 comprising total 189 km in length conveyance canal including 36 km tunnels and conduits conveying annual 268 million m³ water taken from Grand Melen Stream near Duzce to Asian and European part of Istanbul to meet the domestic needs of an additional 2.75 million people in Istanbul. According to water need of population growth of Istanbul Melen Project the Stage 2 will be completed in 2016, the Stage 3 in 2013 and the Stage 4 in 2034. At the final stage, that is, the Stage 4, Melen Project will supply total annual 1,770 Million m³ water to meet water

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demand of Istanbul till 2071. Melen Project Stage 1 comprises wide YEŞİLÇAY SYSTEM ranging works including Bosporus Crossing, tunnels and conduits, to serve water conveyance in 4 stages of Istanbul Melen Project. EMIRLI TREATMENT PLANT ISAKOY PUMP STATION

(SP 5) (SP 3) (SP 2) (SP 7) Cumhuriyet Treatment Plant Conveyance Line, Melen Rising Tank and Conveyance Bosphorus 3 L=69 665 m. 720 000 m /day Line L=69 284 m Sea Crossing (SP 1) SUNGURLU REGULATOR CONVEYANCE SYSTEM by Tunnel Cumhuriyet L=(5,551 m Pumping (SP 4) (SP 1) Station and Ye il Vadi Melen Regulator ş and Pumping Force Main Conveyance Station Line

(SP 6) Osmankuyu- Kağıthane Conveyance Line and the tunnel

Yeşilçay Emirli Treatment Plant Yeşilçay Yeşilçay- Yeşilçay link Conveyance Line İsaköy Regulator (Isakoy Melen-Ye ilçay Link Pumping and Sungurlu) ş 3 Station Yeşilçay system in operation (145 million m /year) Water source : Goksu and Canak rivers Yeşilçay- Emirli Yavuz Treatment Plant Pipe : reinforced concrete, Ø = 3000 mm, L=45 km Water Treatment Plant at Q = 500 000 m3/day Pumping Station at Hm = 210 m, Q = 1,75 m3/s/unit Istanbul Melen and Yeşilçay Water Supply Projects

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Lift Tank Lift Tank 26,000 m3 26.000 m3 Elevation: 135m Elevation: 210m

Kağıthane SP-5 Treatment Cumhuriyet Plant Treatment SP-2 – 3A – 3B Plant SP-6 720,000m³/day

Main Force SP-6 SP-4 Terfi Hattı SP -3B Sile Control Melen Centre & Stream SP-7 the Bosporus Balancing Tunnel 34,000 m³ SP-1 SP-1 Pumping Station Pumping Station Elevation 39 m & Regulator

Elevation: 14 m

Melen Conveyance Canal (Total Length: 190 km)

SP 8, SP 9, SP 10: Steel pipe contract, SP 11: Energy supply contract package

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The project has been divided into 11 separate work units. the Bosporus Transition Tunnel will convey water from Asian side to European side. Istanbul Melen Water Supply with Phase 4 Project Scope The 3,145m section between Derbent–Beykoz shaft of Bosporus Transition Tunnel was completed by Tunnel Boring Machine on 2nd Stage Supplied Water Transmission Pumping Water Treatment Water Intake / Main Capacity Plant capacity May 2009. The section of the tunnel to be excavated by mans of drill hm³/year- Facility (m³/s) (m³/day) and blast is 2,378m, 2,067 m of which is over. The excavation of the Diameter Capacity m³/s (mm) (m³/s) rest and steal lining of the tunnel was completed in 2010. The other tunnels on the Asian and European sides have been excavated and the I. 268 8.5 Regulator Ø 2,540 8.5 8.5 720,000 lining of these tunnels was completed. The treatment plant was II. 307 10 Ø 3,000 15 10 800.000 completed in 2011. For the 11 work units of the Melen project Phase 1, a loan of 94,783,000,000 Japanese Yen has been secured in two parts III. 307 10 Dam Ø 3,000 15 10 800.000 from the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). IV. 308 10 - - 10 800.000 The raw water from the Melen River intake will be pumped to Cumhuriyet Water Treatment Plant under construction at Ömerli via a Total 1.190 38.5 38.5 38.5 3.120.000 transmission line (190 km). The other components of the transmission line up to Cumhuriyet Water Treatment Plant are the construction of Alaçalı balancing reservoir, the Şile-Alaçalı and Alaçalı-Ömerli tunnels. Cross Section of Pipe Line Platform The Water Treatment Plant located on the north side of the Omerli reservoir will have capacity of 720,000 m³/day. The treated clean water will then be conveyed via Cumhuriyet-Beykoz Tunnel and Bosporus Transition Tunnels to Service Station at Kagithane or other facilities to be constructed for this purpose. Melen System Unit 1 has been finished. Of 11 work units, regulator, pumping station, force main of Melen section, 105 km conveyance line, and energy supply of Melen section are over. In addition, the completed parts of the Melen System have been linked to Yesilcay System to meet water demand of Istanbul during the drought periods. Melen system conveyed water to İstanbul via a short link to the Yesilcay system in 2007.

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Work packet 4 composed of Şile Control Centre, Yeşilvadi Transition between the treatment plant and Buca Tank was put out tender and Conveyance Tunnels. The total length of the tunnel of the 4th work 30.10.2013 and the contract was signed packet approximately is 12 km, 84% of which has been completed. 5,454 m in length conduit work of work packet 4 has started. In the scope of Phase I of Yesilcay and Melen System, 235 km pipe line diameters of which are 3m and 2,5m are being laid down. The greatest treated water pumping station in Europe has been achieved. First in history, a tunnel has been crossed under the Istanbul Bosporus. The biggest treatment plant in Turkey has been accomplished. Melen Dam to serve 2nd, 3rd, and 4th phases of Melen Project is under construction. Derivation tunnel T1 tunnel has finished. Derivation tunnel T2 tunnel has progressed 153m and excavation and revetment works continues. 40 m access and relocation road will be constructed, 6km of which is over. Diversion tunnels will be completed in October 2013 and cofferdams in April 2014. 5.4.4 Ankara Gerede System Project Ankara Gerede Water Supply Project starts form the northeast of 5.4.3 İzmir Gördes Project Gerede Township located within Bolu Province. It advances towards İzmir Water Supply (Gördes and Caglayan) application project will the South and ends at Camlıdere dam. By means of the 32 km meet the domestic and industrial water need of all settlements of Izmir conveyance tunnel 4.5 m in diameter, 226 Million m3/year amount of Metropolitan city until 2040. 114 km conveyance line, 2 tunnels, a water would be conveyed from Gerede basin to Camlıdere reservoir by pumping station, a tank and a treatment plant exist within the scope of gravity. The 32 km conveyance tunnel to be constructed in the the project. To meet urgent domestic and industrial water need of scope of the Project will be the longest tunnel in Turkey. The İzmir and to supply additional annual 59m³, the construction of the facilities to be constructed as part of the Project are as follows: 36km conveyance line from Gördes dam water intake structure will be At present, the 1 Million m3/day water need of Ankara is supplied completed to link with existing Sarıkız Conveyance Line. The form Cubuk 2, Kurtbogazı, Camlıdere, Egrekkaya, Akyar and conveyance Line Phase 2 is under construction. The treatment plant Kavsakkaya Dam reservoirs. The active volume of these dam reservoirs will be realized by İzmir Metropolitan City Water and Wastewater is 346 Million m3. “Ankara Water Supply Phase 2 Project Gerede Affairs General Directorate (IZSU). Project of conveyance line phase 3

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System” considering the population rise in 2015-2045 would meet the water need of Ankara by 2050. Within the scope of the Ankara Gerede Water Supply Project, water will be collected and regulated at Isıklı Regulator to be constructed on Gerede- Ulusu stream. 3 TBMs (Tunnel Boring Machines) with 250 m in length will excavate and cover with segments, and injections. This is the first Project in which 3 TBMs excavate concurrently starting from 3 different places. Isıklı regulator construction is over. 3 TBMs excavate concurrently starting from 3 different places. The construction of Gerede system consisting of the regulator and tunnel has started since 2011. The whole Project is planned to finish at the end of 2014. As of 2014, L=18 600 is over. The accrual is 60%.

Sufficiency Graph of Ankara Water Need

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Following Shafts and Tunnels shall be excavated;  From the regulator to the construction shaft, the tunnel by TBM 1;  Vertical construction shaft with 10 m in diameter and 62m in depth;  10km tunnel towards downstream.by TBM 2 downed into the shaft; To install and operate TBM 2, 91m tunnel via NATM method,  10km tunnel from Camlıdere towards upstream, by TBM 3,  Vertical Ventilation shaft with 1.5 m in diameter and 440m in depth. “

The scope of the Ankara Gerede

Water Supply Project Isıklı Regulator Water Conveyance Tunnel; 32 km Tunnel Inlet- Outlet Structures& Tunnel Outlet Access Road 1 place of production shaft 2 Ventilation Shaft 800m2 jet Column Area

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amount of water, 38hm3(50%) of which for domestic and industrial water, 37 hm3 of which for irrigation(50%). The Application Projects stage has been activated on 30/12/2005 after approval of feasibility studies in 1999. Soon after approval of technical capabilities of sea crossing engineering services on 18/12/2007 by DSI, engineering services studies of territorial structures began. Sea crossing and also territorial structures application projects were approved as of the end of 2011. The construction has started after the completion of all construction tenders within 2012. The completion of “TRNC Water Supply Project” has been planned to be completed on 7/3/2014. 5.4.5 TRNC Water s-Supply Project Benefits to be obtained from the project: Transmitting drinking, Existing Situation: There has been an ascending water shortage for portable, industrial and irrigational water from Turkey to TRNC shall last 30 years in TRNC. This problem occurs in terms of the amount contribute to TRNC’s development to large extent since TRNC is an and quality. Sea water intrusion into groundwater occurred as result of island country having limited resources. With the realization of the over extraction in TRNC in which all drinking water needs have been Project, water need of TRNC having limited resources of groundwater met out of groundwater resources. The salinization of the resources and surface water currently shall be covered by 2035. Also, high has come into being first in Magusa and then in Guzelyurt. income by irrigated agriculture shall be obtained. Thanks to the long Groundwater obtained out of Besparmak Mountains although having a and hot summers and short and warm winters 2-3 fold yield out of high quality serves to a limited population. productive agricultural areas in the island can obtained within a year. Chronology: Water and soil resources potential of TRNC according to TRNC Water Master Plan was realized by DSI in 2004 to define TRNC Water Supply Project water need for drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigated agriculture as Turkish Side 1-Alaköprü Dam 2-Conveyance Canal 3-Balancing Tank per population predictions for 2035 (As of 2006 census, the population Mediterreneasn Sea Crossing of TRNC was 265,100 by studying alternative options with technical 4-HDPE Pipe Production and Assemble KKTC Side 5- 6- Territorial Structures and economic capabilities. State of art “TRNC Water Master Plan” in Geçitköy Dam detail has been prepared as per 2035 population predictions and KKTC Distribution Line drinking, domestic and industrial water needs, thence “Cyprus Water 7-Conveyance line between Serhatköy-Yenidikmen Storage Project Feasibility Report” has envisaged allocation of 75 hm3/year 8-Treatment Plant 9-Distribution Line

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Works to be done within Turkey; Works to be done at Sea crossing; 1. Alakopru Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam and HEPP having 26MW 4. 80 km in length and 1,600 mm diameter high intensified installed capacity to be constructed on Anamur Dragon Stream, with polyethylene pipeline (HDPE) to be suspended in 250 m in depth from 93m height from foundation, with 88m height from thalweg with the sea surface level. 73,157m HDPE pipe has been produced. The 130million m³ water capacity. Acrual of Alaköprü Dam construction accrual is 47%. The Contractor produces pipes, provides equipment has been 94% as of March 2014. from domestic or abroad market, and continues the mounting as well 2. 1,500mm diameter diameter ductile iron pipes have been put on the as lining works. site of 23km Conveyance Line between Alakopru dam and seashore Works to be done in TRNC; facilities. 5. Geçitköy Dam with 65 m height from foundation, 58 m height from 3. The excavation, the foundation concrete works, and 75% of curtain thalweg with 27million m³ water capacity. As of March 2014, Geçitköy wall concetre of Anamuryum Balance Storage with 10,000m³ water Dam embankment has been completed. The accrual is 92%. volume capacity has been completed. 17.314 m (%77) of 15 400m diameter ductile iron pipe has been laid down. As of 6/12/2013, the accrual is 67% in Conveyance and Line Balance Storage.

-Sea Transition Conveyance pipes till the water depth is 20m will be embedded on the land under the seashore. -Sea Transition Conveyance pipes till the water depth is 20m and 280m will be installed 250m under the sea level and stabilized by suspended vertical lines anchored concrete blocks on the sea bed till the water depth is 20m.

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