CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Kemer Sarıyar Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type: Type: Concrete Concrete Gravity Gravity Purpose: Purpose: Irrigation, Energy Flood Installed Control, Capacity : Energy :160 MW Installed h (thalweg): Capacity : 90m 48 MW h (thalweg): Location: 108m Ankara Location: Construction Date: Aydın 1950-1956 Construction Date: 1954-1958 65 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Boyabat Karakaya Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type: Type: Concrete Concrete Gravity Gravity Arch River: Kızılırmak Purpose: Aim: Energy Energy 513 MW 1,800MW 7,000GW 1500 GW h(talveg): h (thalweg): 173m 150m Place: Sinop River &Location: Construction Fırat- Date: Diyarbakır 2007-2012 Body Volume: Body Volume: 2.3 hm3 2 hm3 Construction Lake Volume Date: &Area 1976-1987 1.4 Billionm3- 65km2 Lake Volume 10 Billionm3 66 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Gokcekaya Oymapınar Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type: Type: Double Double Curvature Curvature Arch Arch Purpose: Purpose: Energy Energy Installed Installed Capacity: Capacity: 278 MW 540 MW h (thalweg): h (thalweg): 115 m 185 m Location: Location: Eskişehir Antalya Construction Construction Date: Date: 1967-1972 1977-1984 67 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Ermenek Deriner Dam& Dam& HEPP HEPP Type:Double Type: Curvature Double Arch Curvature Purpose: Arch Energy Installed Purpose: Capacity: Energy 670 MW Installed Capacity: h(talweg): 306 MW 247m River and h(talveg): Location: 210 m Coruh-Artvin Body Location: Volume: Karaman 3hm3 Lake Volume Construction &Area Date: 2 Billionm3- 1977-2010 26km2 Construction Date: 1998 -2013 68 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Karkamıs Keban Dam Dam Type: Type: Composite Composite (Claycore (Claycore Rockfill Rockfill & Concrete & Concrete Gravity) Gravity) Purpose: Energy Purpose: Installed Energy Capacity: Installed 189 MW Capacity: 1, 339MW h(talveg): 29m h(thalweg): 210m Location: K.maraş Location : Completed Elazığ Date: 2000 Constructio n Date: 1965-1975 69 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Type: Double Curvature Concrete Arch Reservoir Volume and Area: 2.2 Billion m3--33km2 Location: Chorakhi River Yusufeli, Arvin Purpose: Energy, 540 MW, 1,800 GWh h : thakveg): 220 m Construction Date: 2013-2018 Realization (March 2014): 20% YUSUFELI Dam &HEPP 70 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Historical Cultural Peninsula in New Hasankeyf Township ILISU DAM and HEPP Type: Concrete Face Rock Fill Purpose: Energy 1 200 MW, 4 000GWh River and Location: Tigris, Mardin, Dargeçit h (Thalweg): 141 m Construction date: 2010-2015 Embankment volume: 44hm3 Reservoir Volume and Area: 10 Billion m3 - 313km3 The biggest dam in the World as to embankment volume of this type. 2nd biggest dam in Turkey as to embankment volume 4th biggest dam in Turkey as to installed capacity. The biggest on Tigris 700 Million TL annual income will generate from electricity generation As of December 2013, Physical Accrual: % 63 Power house Excavation: 100% Concrete : 21% Physical Accrual in Electromechanical works: 47% Filling Accrual Amount: 15,600,000 m3 (66%) Dam construction will be finished at the end of 2014 71 CHAPTER 3 - HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY 72 CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION 4 IRRIGATION 4.1 Water History in Anatolia The regions known as “cradles of civilization” have always been founded on the banks of rivers since ancient times. Throughout history, it has always been societies that have had the opportunity to benefit from rivers. Societies had established the most advanced civilizations of their era, but they left their lands when they faced droughts. Ancient inscriptions and relics prove that the first civilizations founded cities in ancient Mesopotamia, today known as the “fertile crescent”, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In 3500 BC, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were connected by a canal system constructed by the Sumerians, who benefited from these rivers more Water Administration Regional Divisions at the Early Years of Turkish Republic (22/07/1925) functionally. Anatolia is located at the crossroads of many civilizations having many The civilizations of the western Anatolia, during Hellenistic, Roman water facilities remained various periods of last 4,000 years. For that and Byzantine periods, have further contributed to the emergence of a reason, Turkey can be regarded as an open air museum in the context “water culture” in Anatolia. During these periods, water springs in of the relics of facilities of water resources development. mountains paved the way for water conveyance systems adapting to The Urartu civilization giving life to Van and its vicinity with many topographic features of the area and the replacement of canals by dams, reservoirs and irrigation canals deserves being referred to as the aqueducts to bring water to settlement areas. Water stored, conveyed to “Hydraulic Civilization”. These facilities dating back to the 1000 BC settlement areas by pipes. The first modern irrigation facility in played important role in transition from transhumance to settled Anatolia dates back to 1908-1914 (Ottoman period) as “Çumra communities engaging farming. Some of the 2800 years old facilities Irrigation and Drainage Project.” are being used even in our day. The Semiramid canal irrigating At the beginning of Turkish Republic, the State gave priority to the Gürpınar plain with an aqueduct over Hoşap and Ferhat canal to the drainage of swampy areas to combat against malaria. Then some small south of Lake Balık testify to the high level of water technology irrigation projects were introduced. Upon the establishment of the developed by the Urartus. The Hittite and Urartu civilizations on the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) General Directorate of in 1954 pursuant east of Anatolia have played a pioneering role in the development of to Act no. 6200, investments in such projects as dam-reservoir science and culture including their water related engineering. construction, pumping, regulation and irrigation networks etc. were intensified. 72 CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION The General Directorates of Rural Services (GDRS) and Agrarian Reform were established to ensure efficiency in irrigation by on-farm development and land rehabilitation projects. The water resources having a flow of more than 500 liter per second fell within the mandate of the DSİ while smaller surface flows fell within the mandate of the GDRS which was dissolved in 2005. SPAs (Special Provincial Administrations) have taken over the responsibilities of GDRS. A lmost one third of Turkey’s total area is arable land which is 28 Çumra Postalcık Regulator / KONYA million hectares. Comprehensive studies points out that, 8.5 million First Irrigation constructed by State (1907–1913) hectares (Mha) of the arable land is economically irrigable. As of 2013, 5.9 Mha of economically irrigable land have been equipped with Turkey’s Agricultural Land Potential irrigation facilities. By 2023, irrigation network of 2.1 Mha has been Surface Area of Turkey :78 M ha planned to be completed by DSİ. DSİ is major state institution Arable Land :28 M ha developing irrigation projects in the country excluding the abolished Economically Irrigable Area: 8,5 M ha GDRS (General Directorate of Rural Services). In addition to this, Dry Irrigated Land there are farmer based small scaled irrigation networks that accounts Farmi… Irrigate 5.9 million ha for about one million ha. These types of irrigations are called as d … individual farmer irrigations usually located near the water courses, around the lakes and reservoirs. Unirrigated Land 4.2 Agriculture and Irrigation in Turkey Since the amount of fresh water is not enough to meet the increasing 2.6 million ha demands of world population, fresh water sources are regarded as As of 2013, Current Irrigation Status strategically important commodity at the present time. In the future, Irrigated Land 5.9 million ha the most important factor affecting the use and quality of water Irrigation Network resources will be the population. In 2013, the world population has DSI : 3.6 million ha been 7 Billion and it is estimated to be 9.1 billion in 2050. In other Rural Services : 1.3 million ha words, the world population will increase 30% by 2050. Even today, Community : 1.0 million ha TOTAL : 5.9 million ha 73 CHAPTER 4 - IRRIGATION total annual food production in the world seems not to be enough in As Per DSI Regional Directorate Main Crop Pattern (2013) meeting the world food consumption. Furthermore, there are differences in the amount of food production per capita among the regions in the world. In developed countries, less than 5% of general population involves in agriculture sector and a farmer family besides its own needs can meet the food requirements of 50 people who are active in non-agricultural sectors. In developing countries, 60% of general population is active in agricultural sector; above mentioned figure is just limited to 2 people. Therefore, agricultural sector is important for economic and social development of the country and food security as well. Water in irrigation is one of the most important inputs in the agricultural sector. It enables the agriculture partly independent upon climatic conditions, creates additional employment, improves income distribution in rural areas, makes fertilizer use possible, increases a variety of production, and results in yielding more than one crop depending on the length of the growing season. Increased crop yield with irrigated agriculture contributes greatly to food security of the country, provides important inputs to the agricultural industries, and halts migration to big cities and