WASH Data Pilot Survey Report, Kampong

2018 WASH Data Pilot Survey Report Kampong Chhnang Province

Final Report 19th October 2018

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or views of WaterAid. washmatters.wateraid.org

The Royal Government of Cambodia’s vision, outlined in the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH), is that “every person in rural communities has sustained access to safe water supply and sanitation services and lives in a hygienic environment by 2025.” The Ministry of Rural Development’s (MRD) National Action Plan 1 (NAP) for RWSSH 2014-2018 was established as the first phase of the roadmap to reach this goal and set a target for rural water supply and sanitation coverage of 60% by 2018. During 2018, MRD led a sector review in order to measure progress of the NAP1 and the associated Provincial Action Plans (PAP) for RWSSH in each province. During this review, each province gathered and submitted information related to the PAP output indicators. As part of the PAP review in Kampong Chhnang Province, MRD and the Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD) have collaborated with the National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Provincial Department of Planning (PDP), District Administrations and WaterAid to undertake a province-wide survey of the household RWSSH access. The survey utilizes the same methodology employed in the Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) which is the reference document for the NAP baseline. These results provide a snapshot of the RWSSH coverage across the province which can be compared with the PAP baseline in order to measure progress during the PAP 1 period. The survey outlined in this report also included sanitation indicators aligned with the Cambodian Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) which generated useful province- wide sanitation data which MRD and sector actors can utilize to inform planning as we work together towards the Cambodian Sustainable Development Goal of universal safely-managed sanitation services. We would like to express our profound thanks to the NIS, PDRD, MRD, District administrations, the Provincial Department of Planning, and relevant partners in this field who have helped to collaborate, collect data and compile a report for this survey.

Phnom Penh, 30 June 2019

H.E Hang Lina Dr. Lon Sayteng Delegation of the Royal Government of Director of Department of Rural Cambodia in-charge of Director General Health Care of the Ministry of Rural of the National Institute of Statistics Development

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WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 3 Table of Contents Preface ...... 3 Table of Contents ...... 4 List of Figures ...... 5 Acronyms ...... 7 Overview ...... 8 Background ...... 8 WASH Data Pilot Survey Results ...... 8 WASH Pilot Survey Process ...... 8 Introduction...... 9 WASH Survey Objectives ...... 12 Methodology ...... 12 A Multistakeholder Approach ...... 12 Scope and Coverage...... 12 Sampling Design ...... 12 Sampling Strategy ...... 13 Questionnaire ...... 13 Pilot WASH Survey Findings : Analysis and Discussion ...... 14 I. Current state of access to WASH services in Kampong Chnnang ...... 14 II. Supporting subnational authorities to perform WASH data collection and monitoring ...... 29 Recommendations...... 33 References ...... 36 Annexes ...... 37 Annex A – Methodology ...... 37 Annex B- Questionnaire ...... 42 Annex C - WASH Survey Pilot Data (Tables 1 – 24)...... 51 Annex D- Additional Data Charts Disaggregated by District ...... 64

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Box 1 JMP Ladders in the 2030 Agenda 6 Table 1- Definitions of Improved and Unimproved Water and Sanitation 8 Table 2- Sample sizes according to district 10 Chart 1- Improved and Unimproved Drinking Sources, Province 12 Chart 2- Improved Water Sourced by District 12 Chart 3- Types of Drinking Water Sources, Province 12 Chart 4- Water Treatment by Household, Province 13 Chart 5- Water Treatment by Household, Urban 13 Chart 6- Water Treatment by Household, Rural 13 Chart 7- Water Treatment by ID Poor, Province 14 Box 2- JMP Ladder for Water 16 Chart 8- JMP Drinking Water Service Levels, Province 16 Chart 9- Types of Toilet Facilities, Urban 17 Chart 10- Types of Toilet Facilities, Rural 17 Chart 11- Toilet Facilities by ID Poor, Province 18 Box 3- JMP Ladder for Sanitation 20 Chart 12- JMP Sanitation Service Levels, Province 20 Chart 13- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Province 21 Chart 14- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Urban 21 Chart 15- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Rural 22 Chart 16- Self Reported Hand Washing Habits, Province 22 Chart 17- Self Reported Hand Washing Habits, District 23 Box 4- JMP Ladder for Hygiene 24 Chart 18- JMP Hygiene Service Levels, Province 24 Photo 1- Data Collection Teams 28 Photo 2- Reaching floating villages by boat 29 Photo 3- Enumerator and respondent during data collection 30 Chart 19- JMP Water Service Levels by District (Dry Season) 61 Chart 20- JMP Water Service Levels by District (Wet Season) 61 Chart 21- JMP Sanitation Service Levels by District (Dry Season) 62 Chart 22- JMP Sanitation Service Levels by District (Wet Season) 62 Chart 23- JMP Hygiene Service Levels by District 63 Chart 24- Improved / Unimproved Water Sources by District (Dry Season) 63 Chart 25- Improved / Unimproved Water Sources by District (Wet Season) 64 Chart 26- Improved/Unimproved Sanitation by District 64

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CLTS: Community Led Total Sanitation CSDGs: Cambodian Sustainable Development Goals DORDs: District Offices for Rural Development DOPs: District office of Planning JMP: Joint Monitoring Program MOP: Ministry of Planning MRD: Ministry of Rural Development NAP: National Action Plan NIS: National Institute of Statistics PAP: Provincial Action Plan PDP: Provincial Department of Planning PDRD: Provincial Department of Rural Development SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals UN: United Nations

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WaterAid, as part of its Promoting Sustainable WASH Service at Scale (SusWASH) program, is supporting the Kampong Chhnang Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD) to review their current PAP and develop the next phase PAP. To do so, WaterAid worked with the National Institute of Statistic (NIS), the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), the Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD), and the Provincial Department of Planning (PDP) and the survey teams to conduct a 2018 WASH Data Pilot Survey in Kampong Chhnang province. Field data collection was completed through individual household interviews with 2,460 sampled households in 164 villages across all districts and municipality in Kampong Chhnang province.

The survey aims both to create a first province-wide baseline of WASH service levels, which will feed into future PAPs and inform WASH program priorities, and to build the capacity of authorities at provincial and district level to collect and monitor WASH data. WASH Data Pilot Survey Results Overall, the Pilot WASH Survey findings show an urban-rural and income-level divide in access to improved water supply and sanitation across the seven districts (all defined as rural) and one city (Krong Kampong Chhnang) in Kampong Chhnang Province. Households located in rural / remote areas and floating villages and low-income households (ID Poor 1) show lower levels of access to improved drinking water, lower levels of water treatment and higher levels of difficulty accessing water.

They also show higher levels of open defecation, lower access to improved sanitation, namely sanitation that is accessible during the wet season, and lower levels of safe disposal of latrine pits, children’s faeces, and menstrual hygiene products.

Self-reported hand washing habits are similar across districts: they are high after using the toilet and before eating food, and low after changing a baby’s diaper and after touching animals. WASH Pilot Survey Process The main success of the survey process is the cooperation of a wide array of stakeholders: NIS and MRD at national level; PDRD and PDP at provincial level; DORD and DOPs at district level, as well as students and WaterAid staff at central and provincial offices.

Lessons learnt throughout the process include the need for clearer definitions of technical processes such as random household selection and technical terms such as ‘hand washing facility’ to avoid data bias; performing data collection period during the dry season to avoid washmatters.wateraid.org

Going forward, it will be important to train commune level authorities to monitor the data regularly, and disseminate the information on this process to drive WASH stakeholders to produce similar baseline surveys across other provinces in Cambodia. In this regard, knowledge sharing workshops between the data collection teams in Kampong Chhnang and the teams in other provinces can be organized.

Introduction

As part of its National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2011- 20251, The Royal Government of Cambodia envisions to provide access to improved water supply and sanitation (cf. Table 1 hereunder) and ensure the practice of basic hygienic behavior to 100% of rural communities by 2025. This vision falls in line with the United Nation’s (UN) updated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) related to WASH: ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SGD 6). SDG 6 defines two WASH-related targets: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all (target 6.1) and achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls, and those in vulnerable situations (target 6.2) 2 . The SDGs place Box 1- JMP Ladders in the 2030 Agenda emphasis on the level of sanitation, water supply and hygiene services, including a new category for ‘safely managed’ water and sanitation services, and breaking down ‘unimproved’ and ‘improved’ categories more precisely (cf Table 1 hereunder).

In this context, the Royal Government’s Ministry of Planning (MOP) has been working alongside other government departments and development partners to develop the Cambodian Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) and the indicators used to monitor their progress. In order to do this, certain information needs to be collected at household level to measure baseline indicators such as availability of water supply and where households dispose of excreta.

1 Ministry of Rural Development, Brief National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2011- 2025, December 2012, accessible at: https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/Summary_V7_Low.pdf 2 Sustainable Development Goals website: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 washmatters.wateraid.org

WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 9 Water RGC Definition Definition under new SDGs Improved Improved water sources, by The same definition is used, but expanded the nature of their design and to include: water piped in dwelling or on construction, have the public taps/ standpipes, tube wells, potential to deliver safe water. boreholes protected wells or springs, rainwater collection, tanker-trucks, carts These include: water piped in with small tank/drum or bottled water. dwelling or on public taps/ standpipes, tube wells, Improved water sources are broken down boreholes protected wells or into 3 categories. springs, improved rainwater 1. Safely Managed - water is: collection (greater than 3000L capacity and protected) a. accessible on premises b. available when needed c. water supplied should be free from faecal/ chemical contamination. 2. Basic a. Collection time takes 30 minutes or less (round trip including queuing) 3. Limited b. a. Collection time exceeds 30 minutes or less (round trip including queuing) Unimproved Unprotected well and Springs, Unprotected well and Springs unimproved rainwater collection (less than 3000L capacity or uncovered), tanker- trucks, carts with small tank/drum or bottled water. Surface Drinking water directly from a Drinking water directly from a river, dam, Water river, dam, lake, pond, stream, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal canal or irrigation canal

Sanitation RGC Definition Definition under new SDGs Improved Improved water sources are The same definition is used, but Improved those that are likely to be water sources are broken down into 3 protected from outside categories. contamination. These include: 1. Safely Managed – flush/pour flush to piped sewer a. improved facilities are not shared with system, septic tanks or pit other households latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or b. excreta are safely disposed in situ or pit latrines with slabs transported and treated off-site 2. Basic a. improved facilities are not shared with other households

3. Limited

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Unimproved Pour flush (or flush) connected Pour flush (or flush) connected to elsewhere to elsewhere (not pit/tank), pit (not pit/tank), pit latrine without slab or open latrine without slab or open pit, pit, latrine overhanging field or water (field, latrine overhanging field or pond, river, lake, sea) water (field, pond, river, lake, sea) Open Disposal of human faeces in Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, Defecation fields, forests, bushes, open bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste other open spaces or with solid

waste

Table 2- Definitions of Improved and Unimproved Water and Sanitation

Moreover, throughout the course of 2018, the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is reviewing the 2014-2018 National Action Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (NAP) and its associated Provincial Action Plans (PAP). A subsequent Phase 2 NAP will then be developed. Included in the NAP are outcome level indicators such as percentage of rural population with access to improved water supply. The baseline data for the NAP and PAPs comes from the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES), which is conducted at a national level annually, but does not provide provincial or district specific data.

As part of its SusWASH program, which seeks to strengthen the enabling environment for WASH at commune, district and provincial level in Kampong Chhnang province, WaterAid is supporting the Kampong Chhnang Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD) to review their current PAP and develop the next phase PAP. To do so, WaterAid worked with the Ministry of Planning through the National Institute of Statistic (NIS), the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), the Provincial Department of Rural Development (PDRD), and the Provincial Department of Planning (PDP) and the survey teams to conduct a 2018 WASH Data Pilot Survey in Kampong Chhnang province. The findings enable provincial level authorities to measure WASH indicators at sub-national level and feed into the next phase PAP.

Field data collection was completed through individual household interviews with 2,460 sampled households in 164 villages across all districts in Kampong Chhnang province. In total, 50 enumerators and supervisors from PDP, PDRP, DOPs (District Planning Offices) and DORDs (District Rural Development Offices) were recruited by WaterAid and trained on data collection by NIS with support from WaterAid and MRD. NIS, MRD and WaterAid also ensured quality control of the data collection process. Upon completion of the survey field work, the questionnaires were processed and validated by NIS.

This report will analyze both (i) the WASH Pilot Survey findings on access to safely managed water sources, sanitation, and current hygiene behaviors, and (ii) the multistakeholder data collection process which aims to increase the capacity of authorities at subnational level to collect and monitor WASH data. washmatters.wateraid.org

The WASH Pilot Survey objectives are divided in two sections:

i. To provide the first province-wide baseline of WASH service levels, which will feed into the annual review of the PAP and NAP, support the development of the next phase PAP, and inform WASH program priorities;

ii. Beyond data collection, the pilot survey aims to build the capacity of authorities at the provincial and district level to collect and monitor data on safely managed water and sanitation, as well as build collective action and engagement of WASH sector stakeholders around WASH data monitoring.

Methodology A Multi-stakeholder Approach The WASH Pilot Survey is the result of a novel multi-stakeholder approach including NIS and MRD at national level; PDRD and PDP at provincial level; DRDO and DPOs at district level, as well as students and WaterAid staff at central and provincial offices. NIS took the lead in designing the survey questions, supported by WaterAid who provided JMP / SDG related questions, and facilitated two consultative workshops with technical officers from NIS, MRD, PDRD, and PDP. WaterAid was responsible for the recruitment of 50 enumerators and supervisors for the data collection, drawn from PDP, PDRP, DOPs, DORDs and students. NIS took the lead on training the enumerators and supervisors with technical support from MRD and WaterAid. The supervisors (PDP and PDRD) coordinated the data collection teams and supported them in the household interviews. NIS, MRD and WaterAid worked together to ensure field supervision and data quality control during data collection through regular monitoring visits and spot checks. Upon field work completion, NIS processed the data. This level of cooperation at national and subnational level is one of the key successes of the Pilot WASH Survey. Scope and Coverage The pilot WASH survey was conducted to provide reliable estimates of variables relating to WASH indicators at provincial and district level, both urban and rural. The survey covers all of the villages and normal households in Kampong Chhnang Province. The survey involved a sample of 2,460 households from 164 sampled villages. The 164 villages are located across all districts in the province, and a sub-sample of 15 households in each selected village was distributed across all 164 villages. Sampling Design The list of villages was taken from the 2008 Population Census with updated information from the Commune Data Base (CDB) provided by PDP. The frame was partitioned into eight separate frames so as to provide data by district. The sample sizes of villages were then determined according to the consideration of minimum required precision, budget constraint, as well as the number of villages per district. The district size and its allocated sample size of villages are summarized in the table below. washmatters.wateraid.org

No. of Dist. Total No. of No. of No. of Sampled Size (No. Sampled Dist. Househo Sampled Household District Name of Household Code lds Villages s per Villages) s (X ) (n ) Village (N ) d d (mn ) d (m) d 01 Baribour 64 14,555 20 15 300 02 Chol Kiri 29 8,024 16 15 240 Krong Kampong 03 Chhnang 26 8,974 16 15 240 04 Kampong Leaeng 44 12,418 16 15 240 05 Kampong Tralach 103 23,970 30 15 450 06 Rolea B'ier 135 27,122 30 15 450 Sameakki Mean 07 Chey 90 19,579 20 15 300 08 Tuek Phos 78 16,192 16 15 240

Total 569 130,834 164 2,460

Table 2- Sample sizes according to district Sampling Strategy The survey was conducted via a stratified two-stage sampling design: selection of villages, followed by selection of households. Villages were selected using the Systematic Probability Proportional to Size sampling technique with the number of households in each village as the size of measure. 15 households were selected in each previously selected village, using the Circular Systematic Random Sampling scheme, using a principal landmark as the starting point in the selection process.

The detailed methodology can be found in Annex A. Questionnaire The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) developed the questionnaire through two consultative workshops with technical officers from NIS, MRD, PDRD, PDP and WaterAid. WaterAid supported NIS in questionnaire development and workshop organization and facilitation.

The questionnaire is based on the Cambodian Socio Economic Survey, The Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2014, The Population Census 2008, the WATSAN section for the upcoming 2019 Population Census as well as SGD 6 targets related to WASH and updated JMP indicators. The full questionnaire can be found in Annex B.

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I.1 Objectives The objective of the WASH Data Pilot Survey is to provide the first province-wide baseline of WASH service levels, which will feed into the annual review of the PAP and NAP, support the development of the next phase PAP, and inform WASH program priorities.

I.2 Pilot Survey Findings Overall, the Pilot WASH Survey findings show an urban-rural and income-level divide in access to improved water supply and sanitation across Kampong Chhnang Province. According to NIS’ definition of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ in the Cambodian Socio Economic Survey, all districts are considered rural and ‘krongs’ are considered urban. As such, there are seven rural districts and one urban city, Krong Kampong Chhnang, across the province Households located in rural / remote areas and floating villages (Baribour, Chol Kiri, Sameakki Mean Chey, Kampong Leaeng) and low-income households (ID Poor 1) show lower levels of access to improved drinking water, lower levels of water treatment and higher levels of difficulty accessing water. They also show higher levels of open defecation, lower access to improved sanitation, namely sanitation that is accessible during the wet season, and lower levels of safe disposal of latrine pits, children’s faeces, and menstrual hygiene products.

Overall, self-reported hand washing habits are similar across districts: they are high after using the toilet and before eating food, and low after changing a baby’s diaper and after touching animals. The highest percentages of self-reported hand washing are in Baribour and Kampong Leaeng and the lowest are in Kampong Tralach.

The survey findings are hereunder divided into three categories: access to improved water sources, access to improved sanitation and hygiene behaviors. Each category includes an introduction to what the data collected would look like under the new SDG indicators for SDG 6, based on the JMP Ladders.

a. Access to Improved Water Sources

This section covers the different types of drinking water sources, treatment and storage of drinking water, persons responsible and time spent fetching water, water expenditure, as well as difficulty accessing water.

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The survey shows

Chart 1- Improved and Unimproved Drinking Chart 2- Improved Water Sourced by District Sources, Province

53.1% of households have access to improved drinking water province-wide during the wet season (cf. Table 2, Annex C). These overall findings are similar in the dry season, with a slightly higher increase to 54.4% of households having access to improved drinking water province-wide. However, the overall percentage shows a wide range throughout the districts, from 4% in Baribour district to 98.9% in Krong Kampong Chhnang (wet season) (cf. Chart 2). Baribour is a strong outlier with only 4% and 4.8% of households who have access to improved sources in wet season and dry season, respectively. Overall, only half of the districts surveyed show improved drinking water coverage over 50% (cf. district level charts, Annex D).

With regards to improved access to drinking water, while 76.4% of households in Krong Kampong Chhnang have piped water into dwelling, a majority of persons throughout the province use a tube well or a borehole. Of the persons who do not have an improved drinking water source, water is mostly supplied through unprotected wells or pond, rivers or streams.

Chart 3- Types of Drinking Water Sources, Province

Treatment of drinking water

The survey shows 61.1% of households province-wide always treat drinking water and 23.6% never treat drinking water (cf. Table 3, Annex C). The overall percentages show urban-rural disparities of water treatment. Firstly, 82.8% of urban households and 59.5% of rural households always treat water. Secondly, across the province, 23.6% of households never treat drinking water, however this figure is 25.2% in rural areas and only 1% in urban areas. Sameakki Mean Chey is an outlier with only 34% of households who always treat drinking water and 38.4% who never treat drinking water. washmatters.wateraid.org

Chart 4- Water Treatment by Household, Province

Chart 5- Water Treatment by Household, Urban

Chart 6- Water Treatment by Household, Rural washmatters.wateraid.org

The survey also shows an income-divide in water treatment: 61.9% of non-ID Poor and 61.2% of ID Poor 2 (poor) households always treat drinking water, compared to only 56.6% ID Poor 1 (very poor) (cf. Table 10, Annex C). Similarly, 30.7% of ID poor 1 households never treat drinking water, compared to 22.7% of non-ID Poor and 23.4% of ID Poor 2 households.

Chart 7- Water Treatment by ID Poor, Province

The survey shows 74.9% of persons boil their water as a treatment method (cf. Table 12, Annex C). Numbers are relatively similar across non-ID poor, ID Poor 1 and ID Poor 2 households: 75.1%, 79.1%, and 69% respectively. A higher number of Non ID Poor (28.4%) and ID Poor 2 (24.7%) households use biosand filters compared to ID Poor 1 households (21.5%).

Water treatment by water source

Of those who have an improved water source, 65.2% always treat drinking water across the province. The range varies from 51.7% (persons using a public tap or standpipe) to 68.5% (persons who have a protected well) (cf. Table 11, Annex C). Overall, 21% of persons with an improved water source never treat drinking water. The range varies between 17% (persons who have piped in dwelling or water on premises) and 27.5% (persons using a public tap or a standpipe).

Of those who have an unimproved water source, 56.5% of persons always treat drinking water. The range varies between 18.9% (persons who use an unprotected spring) and 60.1% (persons with an unprotected well). Overall, 26.5% of persons with an unimproved water source never treat drinking water. Similarly, the range varies between 24.1% (persons with access to a pond, river or stream) and 74.5% (persons using bottled water).

Storage of treated drinking water

Across the province, the most common method for storing treated water is transferring it to a covered container (56.9.% province-wide)(cf. Table 13, Annex C). 27.8% of persons transfer water to a kettle and 25.1% of persons store it in a bottle, although the latter is more common in in Baribour (58.2%) and Krong Kampong Chhnang (39.3%). Only 13.7% of persons store water in filters, with higher percentages in Krong Kampong Chhnang (25.7%) and in Kampong Leaeng (25.7%)

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Across the province, 41.8% of female heads of households are responsible for fetching water during the dry season, compared to 40.7% of male heads of households (cf. Table 8, Annex C). During the wet season, the share of the females responsible for fetching water increases to 43.4%, whilst the share of men decreases to 40.2%.

While more than twice as many females than males take on the responsibility in Krong Kampong Chhnang (50.5% and 57.6% of women compared to 22.4% and 24.2% of men during dry and wet season, respectively), the responsibility is shared more equally in rural areas (41.1% for males and 41.6% for females during dry season, and 40.5% for males and 43.1% for females in the wet season). As for children, 12.5% of them take on this responsibility during dry season, and 12% during wet season.

Time spent fetching drinking water

Across the province, 65.4% of households have water on premises during wet season and 59.4% during dry season (cf. Table 9, Annex C). A higher number of rural households have water on premises (65.8% during wet season and 59.8% during dry season) than urban households (47.3% during wet season and 42% during dry season). Chol Kiri is an outlier with 15.5% households who have access to water on premises during wet season, decreasing to only 4.9% in the dry season.

Of the households who do not have water on premises, a large majority spend 30 minutes or less fetching drinking water: 27% in wet season and 28.1% in dry season. During the wet season, the percentage of households spending 30 minutes or more fetching water increases from 6.4% to 10.5% compared to wet season, province-wide.

Difficulty Accessing Water

The survey shows 12.2% of persons have difficulty accessing water province-wide; however, the rates are higher in Chol Kiri (14.9%) in Sameakki Mean Chey (17.4%) (cf. Table 15, Annex C). In general, the heads of households are the ones who have the most difficulty accessing water. In Chol Kiri, however, children (sons and daughters) bear this difficulty more than their parents.

Water expenditure by water source (dry season)

Tube wells and boreholes are one of the most cost-effective improved water sources, costing on average 10,686 Riel per month province-wide (cf. Table 14, Annex C). Water piped into dwelling costs on average 28,200 Riel per month, province-wide. Bottled water is one of the most expensive water sources, averaging at 51,760 Riel per month across the province. Overall, the findings show that people using hand pumps and wells spend relatively little and those who buy the water into the premises spend more. The reported expenses may also include spending for non-drinking purposes, such as transportation. As such, persons who use tanker truck spend on average 82,572 Riel per month and those who use a cart with a small tank/drum 39,410 Riel per month: these numbers are higher than other methods, but it is probable that the transportation costs are divided between multiple households.

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Under the new SDG framework, data will be monitored under the following categories: safely managed, basic, limited, unimproved, and surface water (see Table 1 for definitions). The results for Kampong Chhnang Province are detailed hereunder (cf. Table 5, Annex C).

Box 2- JMP Ladder for Water Chart 8- JMP Drinking Water Service Levels, Province

• 23.9% persons have access to safely managed water in dry season and 24.8% in wet season. • The overall percentages show a wide range between remote/rural districts and urban and more densely populated and developed districts (cf District Level Charts, Annex D). • The highest levels of safely managed water services are in Krong Kampong Chhnang (urban), as well as in Kampong Tralach and Rolea B’ier, which have areas of higher density and development, including factories located alongside National Road 5. • 21.2% and 22.1% of persons use a basic water service in the dry season and wet season, respectively. A majority of them use a tube well or borehole. • 23.8% and 24.3% of people have unimproved access to water services during the dry and wet season, respectively. Almost all of them use unprotected wells. • In Chol Kiri, only 0.8% of persons use safely managed water services during the wet season and 0.4% during the dry season. 72.7% use surface water during the dry season (71.4% during the wet season).

Note: Four criteria must be measured to differentiate ‘basic’ and ‘safely managed’ water sources: (i) improved/unimproved source, (ii) water availability, (iii) access (time), and (iv) quality. WaterAid and the data collection teams did not have the time, capacity or resources to test the water quality during this survey; instead, respondents were asked to describe the quality of their water. As such, the safely managed category here is ‘perceived’. Moreover, the high percentage of insufficient data is linked to the design of the survey: when respondents answered ‘never treating water’ in Q19, they then skipped the question about quality of water in Q22., and thus for these responses the results were unable to be categorized between basic or safely managed. washmatters.wateraid.org

This section covers access to toilet facilities including sanitation seasonality, latrine pit emptying and children’s faeces management, as well as difficulty accessing sanitation.

Access to Toilet Facilities

Chart 9- Types of Toilet Facilities, Urban

Chart 10- Types of Toilet Facilities, Rural

The survey shows 62.9% of persons have access to an improved facility province-wide (cf. Table 4, Annex C). The overall percentage shows an urban-rural disparity in access to improved facilities with 89.3% access in urban areas and 60.9% in rural areas (cf. district level charts, Annex D).

Of the persons who have access to an improved facility, a majority of them (58.6%) use a pour flush to a septic tank or pit, and only 10.3% - all urban - have a flush connected to sewerage. Of the 37.1% of persons who have an unimproved toilet facility, a large majority of them - 34.8%- practice open defecation. The highest rates are in Chol Kiri where 62.4% of persons practice open defecation. washmatters.wateraid.org

ID poor 1 households have lower access to an improved facility (33.3%), of which 28.9% use a pour flush or flush to a septic tank or pit (cf. Table 17, Annex C). Open defecation rates are highest for ID Poor 1 households (62.5%), compared to ID Poor 2 (46.5%) and 29.4% for non ID Poor households. Chol Kiri is an outlier with 66.8% of ID Poor 1, 74.2% of ID Poor 2 and 62.4% of non ID Poor practicing open defecation. Chart 11- Toilet Facilities by ID Poor, Province

Latrine Pit Emptying Practices

82.2% of households have never emptied their latrine pit across the province (cf. Table 18, Annex C). The overall percentage shows an urban-rural divide: 84.3% in rural areas and 61% in urban areas have never emptied their latrine pit.

Of the persons who have emptied their latrine pit, 45.9% of them removed waste by tanker truck (cf. Table 19, Annex C). This practice is also more common in urban areas (64.9%) than in rural areas (40.6%). Other methods include manual pit emptying and disposal (16.4% in urban areas and 27% in rural areas). In rural areas, 25.7% of households dispose of their latrine pit in an open pit, land, water, or other place. This practice is much less common in urban areas (3.7% of persons).

Difficulty Accessing Sanitation

The survey shows 9.9% of persons have difficulty accessing sanitation province-wide, which increases to 13.5% in Krong Kampong Chhnang and 13.7% in Sameakki Mean Chey (cf. Table 15, Annex C). Of those who have difficulty accessing sanitation, male heads of households reported having more difficulty, followed by female heads of households and/or children. In Sameakki Mean Chey, children bear this difficulty the most (4.7%), followed by 4.1% of male and 2.2% of female heads of households.

Sanitation Seasonality

Across the province, 91% of respondents reported toilets which can be used all year around, and 9% of them can be used during the dry season only (cf. Table 16, Annex C). Households in floating village areas such as Kampong Leang face more difficulties as their latrines flood during the wet season; 23.7% of households can use their latrine during the dry season only. Furthermore, 18.9% of households in Sameakki Mean Chey and 17% of households in Chol Kiri cannot access their latrines at certain times of the rainy season (district officials specifically identified during the month of July), as their household is located on land that is lower than the water level, thus affected by seasonal flooding.

However, by only taking into account the households having reported having a toilet (table 4), we find that 21.4% of households who have a toilet cannot use it during the wet season. washmatters.wateraid.org

Children’s Faeces Management

The survey shows 38.2% of persons dispose of children’s faeces in the toilet province-wide (cf. Table 20, Annex C). However, the overall percentage shows a wide range throughout districts, from 22.3% in Chol Kiri to 81.2% in Kampong Chhnang. The average rate of disposal in the toilet in rural areas is of 34.8%. A majority of people in rural areas (50.8%) dispose of children’s faeces in a pit, compared to only 8.5% in urban areas. 8.7% of persons in rural areas dispose of children’s faeces in the jungle, although this number is higher in Chol Kiri (22.2%) and in Kampong Leaeng (15%).

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Under the new SDG framework, data will be monitored under the following categories: safely managed, basic, limited, unimproved, and open defecation. The results for Kampong Chhnang Province are detailed hereunder (cf. Table 6, Annex C).

Box 3- JMP Ladder for Sanitation Chart 12- JMP Sanitation Service Levels, Province

• 45.6% of persons use safely managed sanitation services during the dry season, with a slight decrease to 43.1% during the wet season. The overall range shows a disparity between high service levels in urban (Krong Kampong Chhnang) and more densely populated areas in close proximity to national roads and factories (Kampong Tralach and Rolea B’ier) and lower service levels in rural and more remote districts (cf. district level charts, Annex D). • Chol Kiri and Teuk Phos have the lowest levels of safely managed sanitation services: 28.7% in dry season / 26.3% in wet season for Chol Kiri, and 29.2% in dry season / 26.5% in wet season for Teuk Phos. • There is a 34.8% open defecation rate province-wide in the dry season. • Open defecation rates are the highest in Chol Kiri: 62.4% in dry season, and 11.6% in wet season. However, the decreases during wet season are directly linked to the increase in insufficient data available. The high percentage of insufficient data during wet season concerns respondents who cannot use their latrine during the wet season, but who did not identify what type of sanitation they use instead. It is expected most of the households categorized under ‘insufficient data’ are seasonally open defecating in the wet season. The likely open defecation rate during the wet season therefore increases to 39.7% province-wide, with a maximum of 66.2% in Chol Kiri. • In Kampong Leaeng – where many floating villages are located- the open defecation rate is 47.4% in the dry season; and increases to 58.3% (likely) in the wet season, due to latrine flooding. washmatters.wateraid.org

This sections covers menstrual hygiene practices, self-reported hand washing practices, as well as households’ participation in hygiene promotion activities.

Menstrual Hygiene Practices

A majority of persons - 63.2% - bury their menstrual products in a pit (cf. Table 21, Annex C). However, this overall percentage shows an urban-rural divide, with 21.1% in urban areas and 66.3% in rural areas. This practice is particularly high in Baribour (72%), Sameakki Mean Chey (69.3%) and Kampong Leaeng (66.9%). In urban areas, the most common method for menstrual product disposal is throwing them away in the garbage or in a plastic bag (43.9%). This practice is uncommon in rural areas and concerns only 4.3% of persons.

Chart 1- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Province

Chart 2- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Urban

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Chart 3- Menstrual Hygiene Management, Rural

Self-reported hand-washing practices

Chart 16- Self Reported Hand Washing Habits, Province

Across the province, self –reported hand-washing practices are high after using the toilet (87.2%) and before eating food (90.2%) (cf. Table 22, Annex C). Self-reported hand-washing practices are low after changing a baby’s diaper / washing a baby’s bottom (25.3%) and after touching animals (23.2%).

Baribour and Kampong Leaeng have the highest percentages of self-reported hand-washing habits and Kampong Tralach has the lowest. Overall, only 2.7% of people report never washing their hands: 2.9% in rural areas and 0.2% in urban areas.

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Chart 17- Self Reported Hand Washing Habits, District

Household engagement in hygiene promotion activities

Across the province, 59.8% of households say they are engaged in hygiene promotion activities in an irregular way (cf. Table 23, Annex C). This number is higher in urban areas (68.1%) than in rural areas (59.2%).

Across the province, 26.4% of households have never been engaged in a hygiene promotion activity. This number is much higher in rural areas (28%) compared to urban areas (4.4%). It is highest in Kampong Leaeng, where 34.2% of households have never been engaged in a hygiene promotion activity. Households in Kampong Chhnang are the ones who participate in hygiene promotion activities the most often, with 6.9% of households participating in an activity once a week.

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Box 4- JMP Ladder for Hygiene Chart 18- JMP Hygiene Service Levels, Province

• Throughout the province 62.3% of persons have basic hygiene services. • The overall percentage shows important urban-rural disparities: 93.0% of people have a basic hand washing facility in Krong Kampong Chhnang compared to 30.0% in Kampong Leang, where over half of households do not have a hand washing facility ( cf district level charts, Annex D). • Though located in a rural area, 72.5% of households in Baribour have basic hand washing facilities.

I.3 Discussion of findings

Overall, the survey shows important disparities between the eight districts in accessing improved water sources and sanitation, as well as hygiene behaviors. Patterns illustrate lower access to improved water and sanitation in remote/rural districts and districts with high proportions of floating and flooding villages. However, hygiene behaviors are more varied across districts.

Water sources

Overall, access to improved drinking water sources remains low, with only half of the districts surveyed showing improved drinking water coverage over 50%. Access to improved water sources is particularly low in remote areas and districts with many floating and flooding villages. In Chol Kiri - a remote district located across the river from city of Kampong washmatters.wateraid.org

Drinking water treatment habits illustrate both an urban-rural divide as well as an income- divide. Overall, lower-income and remote households show lower percentages of water treatment. Further, ID Poor 1 households (very poor) are less likely to treat their drinking water than ID Poor 2 (poor) and non-ID Poor households. Inaccessible districts such as Chol Kiri - regardless of income levels- show high percentages of households who treat their drinking water. Finally, households with unimproved water sources show lower rates of water treatment, highlighting higher risk of contamination and impact to health.

Sanitation

Overall, access to improved sanitation illustrates an urban-rural divide, with 89.3% access in urban areas and 60.9% access in rural areas.

Open defecation remains a central issue, with a 34.8% rate of open defecation throughout the province. Open defecation rates are correlated both to income and geographical remoteness. Across the province, twice as many ID Poor 1 households practice open defecation than non-ID Poor households. Inaccessible districts such as Chol Kiri have the highest open defecation rates regardless of income level.

Latrine pit and children’s faeces disposal also remains a concern, notably in rural areas. Disposal of children’s faeces in the jungle is most common in remote areas and floating villages, where open defecation rates are also highest. Households in rural areas also have much higher rates of latrine pit disposal into open pits, land, water or other places, compared to households in urban areas.

Remote districts such as Chol Kiri, Sameakki Mean Chey and villages in Kampong Leaeng all show higher rates of difficulty in accessing sanitation, which is caused by flooding of latrines during the wet season. Indeed, during wet season, 9% of households across the province cannot access their latrines.

Physical ability is another factor of households’ difficulty accessing sanitation. It is estimated that this issue affects predominantly households in the city of Kampong Chhnang , where rates of difficulty accessing sanitation are also high. This can be explained by the fact that homes in the city have multiple stories, thus increasing difficulty in accessing toilets located upstairs. Further, parents moving in with their children in the city tend to be of older age, which can increase their level of difficulty in accessing sanitation.

Hygiene Habits

Menstrual Hygiene Management remains an issue namely in rural areas, where a majority of persons (66.3%) bury their menstrual hygiene products in a pit and only 4.3% of persons dispose of them in the garbage or a plastic bag.

While self –reported hand washing practices are high after using the toilet and before eating food, they are lower after changing a baby’s diaper / washing a baby’s bottom and after touching animals. Hygiene habits do not illustrate an urban-rural divide; rather, rural districts such as Baribour and Kampong Leaeng have the highest percentages of self-reported handwashing habits.

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WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 28 However, self-reported hand washing habits are high in comparison to the assessment of hand-washing facilities under the new SDGs (JMP Ladder) and to households’ engagement in hygiene promotion activities. Kampong Leaeng shows one of the lowest percentages of hand washing facilities and the highest percentage of people who have never been engaged in a hygiene promotion activity, yet it also shows the highest percentages of self-reported hand washing. This is in part due to the fact that data collection teams were not using the exact same definition of the term ‘hand washing facility’, which created data bias. This resulted from differing advice from MRD and NIS field supervisors, as each ministry has a different definition of what constitutes a ‘hand washing facility’. There are therefore more hand washing facilities in reality than identified in the survey. However, this also sheds light on the inaccuracy of self-reported hand washing habits as an indicator for hygiene habits.

II. Supporting subnational authorities to perform WASH data collection and monitoring

II.1 Objectives Beyond data collection, the WASH Data Pilot Survey aims to build authorities’ capacity at provincial and district level to collect and monitor data on WASH as well as build collective action and engagement of sector stakeholders around WASH data monitoring.

II.2 Process overview and discussion The process adopted for the WASH Pilot Survey is the first of its kind in the Kingdom: NIS led the process alongside MRD at the national level, PDRD and PDP at the provincial level, and DORD and DOPs at the district level, with support from WaterAid in terms of technical input, coordination and quality control. All actors collaborated during each step of the process, hence setting up a learning, management and support system with defined roles and responsibilities.

Feedback on the different steps of the process (questionnaire development, training of enumerators and facilitators, data collection, data processing) as well as input on future monitoring of the data was obtained through interviews with NIS and WaterAid as well as a feedback workshop with enumerators and facilitators conducted in Kampong Chhnang in October 2018.

a. Questionnaire Development

Overview

NIS took the lead in designing the survey questions, supported by WaterAid who provided JMP / SDG related questions, and organized/ facilitated two consultative workshops with technical officers from NIS, MRD, PDRD, and PDP. The questionnaire is based on the Cambodian Socio Economic Survey, The Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2014, The Population Census 2008, the WATSAN section for the upcoming 2019 Population Census as well as SGD 6 targets related to WASH and updated JMP indicators,

Successes

Considering that national-level WASH indicators continue to be based on MDG indicators, the latter were used throughout the questionnaire. Updated SDG indicators for WASH / JMP washmatters.wateraid.org

Lessons learnt

According to NIS, challenges in questionnaire development included adapting existing tools and survey questions to the context of Kampong Chhnang, including in terms of floating communities and flood-related issues.

Moreover, issues arose with certain questions on the JMP ladders, leading to high levels of ‘insufficient data’; this needs to be rectified in future questionnaires.

• Only households who treat their water were asked if they perceive their water as good quality or not. In the future, this question must be asked to all households. • For households who cannot use their latrine during the wet season, a follow-up question on where they defecate during that time must be asked. b. Enumerator / Supervisor Training

Overview

A three-day day training session was conducted from 9th-11th May by NIS with support from WaterAid and MRD, to train district level enumerators (from DORD and DOPs, as well as some local university students) and experienced provincial level supervisors (from PDRD and PDP) on data collection. In total, 50 enumerators and supervisors were recruited (by WaterAid) and trained over a period of three days. The first day provided background on the objectives of the survey and training on household selection for interviews. The second day Photo 4- Data Collection Teams provided training on the core sections of the household questionnaire and participants practiced interviewing one another. The third day was dedicated to practical interviews in the field, including village mapping and household selection. Upon the three-day training, minor modifications were made to finalize the questionnaire.

Successes

The overall successes of the training include quality leadership from NIS, active cooperation from all stakeholders (NIS, MRD, WaterAid and participants), and a thorough increase in participants’ knowledge and capacity to conduct data collection.

3 It must be noted that, for the purpose of this survey, water quality sampling which would be required to fully assess the safely managed aspect in line with JMP was not undertaken, and instead the water quality is defined by the perception of respondents. The Water Service Levels are therefore also defined as ‘perceived’. washmatters.wateraid.org

Participants reported facing difficulties in understanding and autonomously conducting random household selection, namely when the respondents they had initially selected were absent on the day of data collection. This resulted in confusion about which household respondents they were able to select without creating data bias.

Participants also faced difficulties in understanding technical terms, namely when translated from Khmer into English. On this point, technical terms such as ‘latrine’, ‘handwashing facility’, or ‘water treatment’ were not clearly defined in the same manner by all actors, leading to confusion and erroring during data collection. For instance, certain data collectors considered households to have a handwashing facility only if they were in possession of a formal handwashing basin (‘Labobo’) while others took into consideration other types of handwashing facilities such as scoops and buckets. This results in a lower number of handwashing facilities in the survey than exist in reality, according to the SDG and MRD definitions.

Further, training participants were not made to sign an agreement committing to perform data collection activities after attending the training, resulting in unexpected dropouts between training and data collection. This was namely an issue in Boribour district where six data collectors were originally trained, but only four performed data collection, resulting in a lack of human resources and causing delays in data collection, as well as strain on the team members.

Finally, the third day of training in the field was conducted in districts in proximity to the city; participants did not fully anticipate the challenges they would face collecting data in more remote areas.

Overall, participants reported that the quality of the training was good, but did not give them enough time to understand and master the data collection process; they would have preferred a longer training period (4 days).

c. Data Collection Process

Overview

The data collection took place from 15th-31st May 2011 across all districts. The enumerators and supervisors conducted the data collection. NIS technical officers undertook visits to the villages where the survey teams carried out interviews, providing quality checks and feedback. WaterAid at provincial and central offices also provided survey operations inspections and supported logistics.

Successes

Cooperation between field supervisors and enumerators proved to be highly successful. Upon the first week of data collection, teams greatly increased their capacity both in terms of interview quality and time and resource management.

The teams recruited are inhabitants of the districts where data collection was conducted and therefore familiar with the household respondents, generating both commitment from data collectors and trust from respondents.

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Lessons Learnt

As the villages in which data was collected are geographically spread out, transportation from one village to another was lengthy and at times, difficult. As data collection was conducted during the beginning of the rainy season, the teams faced difficulties accessing villages, namely in remote areas and floating villages that took a certain amount of time to reach and where transport by motorbike was impossible. This resulted in lost time and energy for the teams in areas such as Kampong Leaeng (floating villages) and Chol Kiri (located across the river from Krong Kampong Chhnang). Teams were given one day per village to conduct household interviews, which proved to be too short for larger-sized villages in which they would have needed to stay overnight.

Photo 5- Reaching floating Certain teams reported facing difficulties with the local villages by boat authorities that did not have time to coordinate with them regarding data collection, or expected compensation to do so. Further, though respondents generally showed trust in the data collectors whom they were familiar with, some households did not grant access to their property or were not home during the scheduled interview time, resulting in a loss of time and resources. Certain villagers were reluctant to answer the questionnaire as they did not understand the objectives of the survey clearly or were suspicious of being swindled, claiming it is common practice from fraudulent door-to-door business providers.

d. Data Processing

Data processing and editing was carried out by NIS from 11th - 22nd June 2018. Certain questions (namely Q23: Do you think your household has been sick because of drinking unsafe water? And Q4: What type of diseases? ) required qualitative answers that were then coded into categories. However, the nature of the question was too broad and caused issues during coding. As such, it would be best to pre-code categories of diseases.

Moreover, calculating the SDG indicators and formulating the JMP tables from the data collected has proven itself a complex task, as it is the first time it is being performed. As such, there was a certain amount of trial and error formulating these tables correctly. Lessons learnt can be integrated in future questionnaires for measurement of SDG indicators.

e. Going forward: data monitoring at subnational and national level

Performing data monitoring

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Another suggestion includes integrating the survey questions into PDRD’s surveys at provincial level.

Building subnational staff’s capacity to collect and monitor data across other provinces

The main suggestion around training sub national counterparts in WASH data collection and monitoring is to organize knowledge sharing workshops across the province during which the data collectors will share their experience and lessons learnt in terms of technical data collection, methodology, and time and resource management.

Overall, the data collection process illustrated fruitful cooperation from all actors and high quality household interviews. As such, the process can be replicated across other provinces with an aim to collect data at provincial level throughout the whole country.

Recommendations

Based on the WASH Pilot Survey findings, the following recommendations focus on supporting the next phase NAP and PAP as well as programmatic approaches for WASH services across Kampong Chhnang Province.

• Water Sources- Due to their geographical remoteness and lower access to improved water sources and sanitation, rural / remote areas such as Sameakki Mean Chey, inaccessible areas such as Chol Kiri – located across the river from the city of Kampong Chhnang- and floating villages such as those in Kampong Leaeng need to prioritized in WASH policies and programs. WASH sector actors should actively promote the use of improved water sources in areas of high vulnerability and the promotion of and adoption of safely managed water services where such services exist.

• Sanitation- The WASH sector must focus on the dissemination of appropriate sanitation facilities in challenging environments including remote areas and washmatters.wateraid.org

• Increase sanitation marketing to incentivize households to purchase an improved latrine, thus reducing open defecation rates, namely in rural areas where open defecation rates are highest, whilst supporting lowest-income households (ID Poor 1) in their efforts to purchase an improved latrine through subsidies.

• Pursue behavior change campaigns on the health risks directly associated with open defecation and unsanitary disposal of latrine pits, children’s faeces and menstrual hygiene products, namely in remote communities who do not usually benefit from such actions. Where possible, adopt a Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach.

• Increase the accuracy of monitoring handwashing habits by implementing the new SDG indicator on hygiene service levels, counting handwashing facilities on premises (including soap and water) as a further step to asking households to self- report their habits.

• Pursue promotion of safe hygiene habits throughout communities, especially after changing babies’ diapers and after changing animals.

• Encourage WASH sector actors to focus on inclusive WASH, taking into account households living in challenging environments such as floating village or persons who face marginalization in their access to WASH, so as to ensure equal opportunities in accessing improved water and sanitation.

Based on feedback obtained from process stakeholders, the following recommendations focus on ways in which to improve the data collection process for roll-out in other provinces, as well as ways in which to engage relevant stakeholders to monitor WASH data at national and subnational level.

1. Improving the Data Collection Process

• Ensure coherent definition and understanding of processes and technical terms. Technical processes such as random household selection and technical terms such as ‘handwashing station’ must be defined and understood in the same way by trainers and data collectors so as to avoid confusion and data bias.

• Reduce dropout rates between training and data collection by ensuring that training participants agree to commit to participate in data collection post-training.

• Ensure active cooperation with village chiefs for the organization of data collection, resulting in smoother processes.

• Perform data collection during the dry season, after the harvest, around February. This will reduce the challenges faced by the data collection teams in accessing remote/flooded villages because of heavy rains, thus affecting the quality of data collection (households made inaccessible or families absent because they have moved somewhere safer for the season) and team morale. Post-harvest, the washmatters.wateraid.org

• Increase household survey quality by interviewing respondents in their homes and not at their workplace (marketplace/ fields), hence enabling respondents to answer all of the questions fully and adequately.

• Produce a communications package to ensure data collection teams can convince reluctant respondents of the importance and trustworthiness of the household interviews. This package could be comprised of a reader-friendly document or short video summarizing the benefits and importance of the data collection / monitoring process.

2. Going forward: collecting and monitoring WASH data at the subnational level

• Sustainable monitoring of WASH data- Provincial and district-level authorities should train commune-level authorities to monitor the WASH indicators at commune-level on a regular basis.

• Disseminate the results of the WASH Pilot Survey Process, driving WASH-sector stakeholders to perform similar data collection across the other provinces in the country, with an aim to create nationwide WASH data disaggregated by province, district and commune. As such, knowledge sharing workshops between the data collection teams from Kampong Chhnang and the data collection teams across other provinces should be organized to transfer skills and lessons learnt.

• Pursue advocacy for standardized national indicators for water supply and hygiene. In the past, no standardized indicators were being used by NIS and MRD. Going forward, thanks to combined advocacy from UNICEF and WaterAid, standardized sanitation indicators will be integrated in the 2019 Population Census. Reaching standardized indicators for water supply and hygiene will enable to collect and monitor consistent data at national and subnational level, including in commune data bases where local-level monitoring is performed.

• Encourage MRD and others to develop a clear definition of the terms ‘improved’ and ‘unimproved’ and highlight any differences between RGC and JMP definitions.

• Trial integrating water quality testing into a government-led household WASH survey to gather results on water quality aligning with the SDGs

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Policies

Ministry of Rural Development, Brief National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2011-2025, December 2012, accessible online at: https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/Summary_V7_Low.pdf

Websites

Sustainable Development Goals website: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6

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Chapter 2 Survey Methodology

This chapter describes about the methodology used in this first provincial WASH survey. It explains the scope and coverage of the survey, concepts and definitions, sampling design, field operations, and data processing.

2.1 Scope and Coverage The pilot WASH survey was conducted to provide the reliable estimates of variables relating to WASH indicators at provincial, urban and rural, and district levels. This survey covers all villages (village survey) and all normal households (household survey) in Kampong Chhnang Province.

The survey involved a sample of 2560 households from the 164 sampled villages. This sample of 164 villages were allocated across all districts in the province, and a sub-sample of 15 households in each selected village were distributed across all 164 villages.

2.2 Concepts and Definition (See in instruction manual)

2.3 Questionnaire (See in instruction manual and final report)

2.4 Sampling Design 2.4.1 Sampling Frame, Sample Size, and Sample Allocation The list of all villages in Kampong Chhnang Province from the 2008 Population Census with the information updated in the Commune Data Base (CDB) provided by the provincial department of planning was used as the sampling frame for the selection of sampled villages. Since the reliable estimates are required at district levels, the whole frame was then partitioned into eight separate frames. Each frame constitutes each district frame.

The sample sizes of villages were determined and allocated according to the consideration of both the minimum required precision and the budget constraint as well as the size of each district in term of its number of villages. The district size and its allocated sample sizes are summarized as in the following table: washmatters.wateraid.org

Dist. No. of No. of Total No. of Size No. of Sampled Dist. Sampled Sampled District Name (No. of Households Households Code Villages Households Villages) (Xd) per Village (nd) (mnd) (Nd) (m)

01 Baribour 64 14,555 20 15 300 02 Chol Kiri 29 8,024 16 15 240 Krong Kampong 03 Chhnang 26 8,974 16 15 240 04 Kampong Leaeng 44 12,418 16 15 240 05 Kampong Tralach 103 23,970 30 15 450 06 Rolea B'ier 135 27,122 30 15 450 07 Sameakki Mean Chey 90 19,579 20 15 300 08 Tuek Phos 78 16,192 16 15 240 Total 569 130,834 164 2,460

Table 1- Sample sizes according to district

2.4.2 Sampling Strategy The WASH survey was conducted under a stratified two-stage sampling design: 1). Selection of villages, and 2). Selection of households. Initially, after the whole provincial frame had been prepared, the whole frame was then stratified into eight separate frames of which would serve as the individual district sampling frame for the selection of its own independent sample of villages.

Stage 1: Selection of Villages: After the above stratification, an implicit stratification was also done in each district frame by sorting all villages in the district by their orders of location. The sample of villages basing on the allocated sample sizes (ndi) in Table 1 was then selected independently in its stratum by using the Systematic Probability Proportional to Size (Sys. PPS) sampling technique with the usage of the number of households in each village (xdij) as the size measure.

Stage 2: Selection of Households: In this stage, 15 households were selected in each selected village from stage 1. The selections of these households were carried out in the field by the field supervisors. The selection was done under the Circular Systematic Random Sampling (CSRS) scheme using the housing unit of village chief or a principle landmark in the village as the starting point in the household selection process. The process of household selection is summarized as follows:

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WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 38 a). Let M* be the number of housing units4in the selected village, and the number of households to be selected in each village is 15 then the sampling interval (I) is calculated as M*/15 and rounds it off to the nearest two decimal point. b). Take a random start between 1 and M from the random number table together with the instruction provided in data collection manuals. Suppose that a random start was taken, say R then the set of selected households are: R, R + I, R+2*I, R+3*I, ……………., R+i*I, ……….., R + 14*I Note: 1. If any (R+ i*I) > M, then take [(R+ i*I) – M] 2. If (R+ i*I) has a decimal point, rounds it up the nearest integer. 3. The sampling interval (I) constitutes an equal jump from one sampled housing unit to another throughout the village. 4. The only household or the principle household in the selected housing unit would be considered as the selected household.

2.4.3 Sampling Weight 2.4.3.1 Designed Weight Stage 1: Selection of villages

The probability of villagej in district i to be selected (Pdij) was represented by:

Pdij = ,where:

- ndidenotes the number of village in district i to be selected as the sample.

- Xdi denotes the total number of households in district iaccording to the

frame. That is, Xdi= .

- xdij denotes the number of households in village j of district i according to the frame.

The sampling weight for the stage 1 is represented by:

4The number of households “M” in each selected village was also recorded for the adjustment in the household weight calculation, and the housing unit was used in this case as proxy of the household because the household listing was not done so as to reduce the cost and to maintain the coverage of sample throughout the village. washmatters.wateraid.org

Stage 2: Selection of 15 households in each village selected in the first stage.

The probability of the household kto be selected in village j of district i(Pdijk) was represented by: Pdijk= , where:

- Mdij denotes the total number of household in village j of district i that was actually reported by the village chief in the data collection day. If there is no change in the number of households between the time of recording in

2017 CDB data and this WASH survey, Mdijwould be equal to xdij. The weight for the second stage was represented by:

Wdijk = =

The sampling designed weight ( ) of the survey would be calculated as:

= Wdij* Wdijk = *

2.4.3.2 Sampling Weight Adjustment

The adjusted sampling weight for non-response ( )was computed as:

= * , wheremdij denotes the number of sampled householdsto be actually interviewed in village j of district i. If there is no non- response, then mdij would be equal to 15. The above adjusted weight would then be calibrated to account for the differences between the total number of households reported in frame and the recently updated data on the total number of households which was available in the first quarter of the official statistics of Kampong Chhnang Province at district level to be the final household weight. The calibration factor for each sampled household was calculated as:

Cdijk =

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= * Cdijk

2.4.4 Estimation Method

To estimate the survey findings at district level, assume that xdijk and ydijk were the two variables collected from household k in village j of district i. The ratio of these two variables were estimated by:

= , where

= , and

The variance of this ratio estimate was estimated by: = { – + }

And the estimates of the survey findings at provincial level were represented by:

= , where

= , and

The variance of provincial ratio estimate was estimated by:

= { – + }

washmatters.wateraid.org

CONFIDENTIAL Pilot Survey on Drinking Water and Sanitation for All information collected in this

survey is strictly confidential and Kampongchhang Province 2018

will be used for statistical purposes

only

QUESTIONNAIRE

General Information A. To be completed by interviewer

Province /Capital

Dis trict/City/Khan

Commune/S ankat

Sample Village

S ector (Urban=1, Rural=2)

Sample reference number of household

B. To be completed by interviewer

Na me of house hold he a d Phone:

Address (house No., street….) of other identification)

Team Number In te rv ie we r’s Id :

In te rv ie we r’s n a me : In te rv ie we r’s s ig n a tu re :

Inte rvie w's d a te In te rv ie we r’s p h o n e n o :

Number of household members Ma le : Female: Total members:

C. To be completed by supervisor after checking completed questionnaire

Supervisor’s name: Supervisor’s Id:

Supervisor’ s signature: Date checked by supervisor

Supervisor’ s phone no:

washmatters.wateraid.org

Q1 What is your name ?

Q2 What is your sex ? 1= Male Code: 2= Female

Q3 How many numbers in your households ?

Ma le Female Total

Q4 How many numbers of children under 5 years old in your households ?

Ma le Female Total

Q5 Do your household has ID poor card ? 1= Yes Code: 2= No (=>>Q7) 3= Don't know (=>>Q7)

Q6 What type of ID Poor card that your household has ? 1= Poor1 Code: 2= Poor2 3= Don't know

2. Drinking water sources Q7 What is the main source of drinking water of your household in wet season? DRINKING WATER SOURCE CODES IN WET SEASON 01=Piped into dwelling (=>>Q11) 02=Piped into compound, yard or plot(=>>Q11) 03=Public tap / standpipe 04=Tube Well, Borehole Code: 05=Protected well 06=Unprotected well 07=Protected spring 08=Unprotected spring 09=Rainwater collection(=>>Q11) 10=Tanker-truck 11=Cart with small tank / drum(=>>Q11) 12=Surface water (river, stream, dam, lake, pond, canal, irrigation channel) 13=Bottled water 14=Other (specify) washmatters.wateraid.org

ME TE R S :

Q9 Which members of your household are fetching drinking water in the wet season?

Relationship to the head Code:

01=Head 09=Nephew/Niece

02= Spouse 10= Son/Daughter-in-law

03= Son/Daughter 11=Brother/Sister-in-law

04=Stepchild 12=Parent-in-law

05= Adopted child/Foster child 13= Other relatives

06=Parent 14= Servant

07= Sibling 15=Other non-relative including boarder

08=Grand child

Q10 How many minutes per day do they spend in total on fetching drinking water in wet season?

1=water on premise

2=Less than 30 minutes Code:

3=More than 30 minutes

4= Don't know

Q11 What is the main source of drinking water of your household in dry season? DRINKING WATER SOURCE CODES IN DRY SEASON 01=Piped into dwelling (=>>Q11) 02=Piped into compound, yard or plot(=>>Q11) 03=Public tap / standpipe 04=Tube Well, Borehole Code: 05=Protected well 06=Unprotected well 07=Protected spring 08=Unprotected spring 09=Rainwater collection(=>>Q11) 10=Tanker-truck 11=Cart with small tank / drum(=>>Q11) 12=Surface water (river, stream, dam, lake, pond, canal, irrigation channel) 13=Bottled water 14=Other (specify)

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Q12 What is the distance from home to the main drinking water source in dry season ? ME TE R S : Q13 Which members of your household are fetching drinking water in the dry season? Relationship to the head Code:

01=Head 09=Nephew/Niece 02= Spouse 10= Son/Daughter-in-law

03= Son/Daughter 11=Brother/Sister-in-law

04=Stepchild 12=Parent-in-law 05= Adopted child/Foster child 13= Other relatives

06=Parent 14= Servant 07= Sibling 15=Other non-relative including boarder 08=Grand child

Q14 How many minutes per day do they spend in total on fetching drinking water in dry season? 1=water on premise

2=Less than 30 minutes Code: 3=More than 30 minutes

4= Don't know

Q15 The main source of drinking water located into the dewelling/on premise ? 1=Yes Code: 2=No

Q16 Do the main source of drinking water for using in your household enough throughout the year? 1=Yes 2=Available only for wet season Code:

3=Available only for dry season

Q17 How many liters of the main source of drinking water do your household drink per day? Total liters per day

Q18 Is any member of your household have difficulty fetching the main source of drinking water ? Relationship to the head Code: 01=Head 09=Nephew/Niece

02= Spouse 10= Son/Daughter-in-law

03= Son/Daughter 11=Brother/Sister-in-law

04=Stepchild 12=Parent-in-law

05= Adopted child/Foster child 13= Other relatives

06=Parent 14= Servant

07= Sibling 15=Other non-relative including boarder washmatters.wateraid.org 08=Grand child 99= None

Q20 How did your household usually treat drinking water ? 1=Yes 2=No a. Boil water? b. Filter water?

c. Filter water? (Biosand) Code: d. Stir white alum? e. Stir chlorine ? f. Use filter cloth ?

Q21 How did your household is usually stored water treatment for drinking? 1=Yes 2=No a. Store in filters b. Transfer into a cover container Code:

c. Transfer into a uncover container d. Transfer into kettle e. Ports in a bottle f. O th e r (s p e c ify)

Q22 What is the taste of the drinking water? 1=Delicious Code: 2=Not delicious 3=Other (specify)

Q23 Do you think that your household has been sick because of drinking unsafe water? 1=Yes Code: 2=Never (=>>Q25)

Q24 If yes, what type of diseases?

Q25 How much water charges did your household pay last month? (Put "0" for not buying water source)RIELS:

Q26 Did your household have enough water for drinking? Code: 1=Yes 2=No

Q27 How did your household keep/store the water for drinking? 1=Not available Code: 2=Closed devices (improved) 3=Closed devices (unimproved) 4= Other (specify)

washmatters.wateraid.org

dwelling)? (please observe the toilet facilities) 1=None 2=Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage Code: 3=Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 4=Pour flush (or flush) to elsewhere (i.e. not a sewer or pit/tank) 5=Pit latrine with slab 6=Pit latrine without slab or open pit 7=Latrine overhanging field or water (drop in the field, pond, lake, river, sea) 8= Other (specify)

Q29 Does your household used this toilet facility with the other household? 1=Yes, we shared Code: 2=No Q30 Is any number of your household have difficulty using toilet facility? Relationship to the head Code:

01=Head 09=Nephew/Niece

02= Spouse 10= Son/Daughter-in-law

03= Son/Daughter 11=Brother/Sister-in-law

04=Stepchild 12=Parent-in-law

05= Adopted child/Foster child 13= Other relatives

06=Parent 14= Servant

07= Sibling 15=Other non-relative including boarder

08=Grand child 99= None

Q31 How many minutes does your household spend from dewelling to the toilet facility ? (two ways) 1=Toilet on premise

2=Less than 30 minutes Code:

3=More than 30 minutes

4= Don't know

Q32 What is the distance from toilets to the main source of drinking waterME TE ? R S :

Q33 Does your household's toilet facility could uesd in the wet season? 1=Yes Code: 2=No

Q34 Does your family used to pump/empty tank or pit latrines? 1=Yes, used to pump/empty Code: 2=No, never pump/empty (=>>Q36) 3= Don't know (=>>Q36) washmatters.wateraid.org

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1=Remove the feces by using a tanker truck for cleaning sewage Code: 2=Remove the feces by using a recycling Equipment and force 3=Buried in a closed pit 4=Dumped in an open pit / land / water / other places 5=Other (specify) 6= Don't know

Q36 Where does your household keep children's stools under 5 years old? (If not children, please skip this question)

1=In the toilet 2=Buried in a pit Code: 3=Thrown in the jungle 4=Thrown in the garbage / plastic bag 5=Other (specify)

Q37 Where does the female members in your household disposed the sanitary pads ? 1=In the toilet 2=Buried in a pit Code: 3=Thrown in the jungle 4=Thrown in the garbage / plastic bag 5=Other (specify)

Q38 How often does your household received the dissemination on sanitation? 1=Every week 2=Every month Code: 3=Every year 4=Sometimes, but not regularly 5=Never (=>>Q40)

Q39 Does your household received the dissemination on sanitation from whom?1=Yes 2=No 1=Village or Commune\Sangkat authorities

2=Organization\NGOs Code

3=Private Company/Seller

d. Information networks and social media (TV, Facebook,...) e. Other (specify)

Q40 Does your family know the seller or the distributer of toilet facility? 1=Yes Code: 2=No

washmatters.wateraid.org

4. Hygie ne practice s Q41 Did you ever known/understanding how to wash your hands with soap? 1=Yes Code: 2=No

Q42 Do you wash your hands with soap regularly? 1=Yes, regularly Code: 2=Yes, sometimes 3=No (=>>Q45)

Q43 When do you wash your hands with soap? (answer more than one) 1=Yes 2=No a=After using toilets b=After changing baby's diapers or washing baby's buttocks Code: c=Before eating food d=After touching animals

Q44 Please observe the hand washing facility in the bathroom or into compound? 1=There is availability of handwashing facilities with water and soap 2=There is availability of handwashing facilities with water but no soap Code: 3=There is availability of handwashing facilities with no water and soap 4= Not availabe of handwashing facilities

Q45 How often does your household cleaning the house or compound? 1=Every day Code: 2=Every week 3=Every month 4=Every year 5=Never Q46 How often does your household received the dissemination on hand washing?

1=Every week

2=Every month Code: 3=Every year 4=Sometimes, but not regularly

5=Never (=>>Q48) Q47 Does your household received the dissemination on hand washing from whom? 1=Village or Commune\Sangkat authorities

2=Organization\NGOs Code 3=Private Company/Seller d. Information networks and social media (TV, Facebook,...)

e. Other (specify)

Q48 Is there availability of Water and Sanitation Using Group (WSUG) in your community/village? washmatters.wateraid.org1=Yes Code 2=No

WaterAid3=Don't is a registered know charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 50 Annex C - WASH Survey Pilot Data (Tables 1 – 24)

Table 1: Results Framework for Provincial Action Plan for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2014-2018 Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Acess to improved water supply 4.0 26.8 98.9 12.9 70.1 75.5 33.6 61.7 51.3 Piped into dwelling 0.0 4.2 76.4 0 11.6 3.4 6.1 1.2 9.3 Piped into compound, yard or plot 0.0 21 0 0 6.9 0 4.9 0 3.3 Public tap / standpipe 0.0 0.4 0 0.4 1.6 0.4 3.2 0 0.9 Tube Well, Borehole 2.1 1.2 22.5 11.3 38.2 67.7 18.1 58.7 34.1 Protected well 1.9 0 0 1.2 11.8 4 1.3 1.8 3.7 Protected spring 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Acess to improved latrine 71.7 36.1 89.3 46.4 64.7 68.9 66.6 48.8 62.8 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage 0.4 3.8 10.3 2.5 10.1 0.3 1.4 0 3.3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 70.9 30.1 79 41.4 52.8 68.4 65.2 47.6 58.6 Pit latrine with slab 0.4 2.2 0 2.5 1.8 0.2 0 1.2 0.9

Hand washing with soap (a,b & c) 35.5 35.1 22.6 43.1 10.9 10.9 12.6 27.6 21.2

Using appropriate water treatment methods 76.2 63.4 82.8 52.7 60.1 73.4 34 55.5 61.1

Improved latrine access for poor households 50.6 26.6 79.3 20 45.1 49.9 52.5 38.2 45.8 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage 0 2.8 7.3 0 6.8 0 1.2 0 2.1 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 50.6 20.8 72 17.1 35.3 48.9 51.3 36.4 42.3 Pit latrine with slab 0 3 0 2.9 3 1 0 1.8 1.4

Table 2: Main sources of drinking water by wet season and geographical domain, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Improved 4.0 28.2 98.9 15.1 71.3 76.2 39.9 62.1 53.1 Piped into dwelling - 4.2 76.4 - 11.6 3.4 6.1 1.2 9.3 Piped into compound, yard or plot - 21.0 - - 6.9 - 4.9 - 3.3 Public tap / standpipe - 0.4 - 0.4 1.6 0.4 3.2 - 0.9 Tube Well, Borehole 2.1 1.2 22.5 11.3 38.2 67.7 18.1 58.7 34.1 Protected well 1.9 - - 1.2 11.8 4.0 1.3 1.8 3.7 Protected spring ------Improved rainwater collection - 1.3 - 2.1 1.3 0.7 6.3 0.4 1.7 Unimproved 96.0 71.8 1.1 84.9 28.7 23.8 60.1 37.9 46.9 Unprotected well 79.8 - 0.9 26.7 16.2 17.2 18.8 27.3 24.1 Unprotected spring - - - - - 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 Pond river or stream 13.1 71.4 0.2 40.0 9.9 4.4 8.4 3.6 13.9 Unimproved rainwater collection 2.4 0.4 - 13.1 2.4 0.4 26.6 5.4 6.8 Tanker-truck ------2.3 - 0.4 Cart with small tank / drum 0.7 - - 5.2 0.2 0.3 2.7 1.2 1.2 Bottled water - - - - - 1.1 1.0 - 0.4 Other (specify) ------Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Unimproved 95.2 72.7 1.1 87.4 27.5 22.7 54.4 36.5 45.6 Unprotected well 80.2 - 0.9 28.6 14.5 16.4 18.8 23.9 23.4 Unprotected spring 0.4 - - - - 0.4 1.3 - 0.3 Pond river or stream 12.5 72.7 0.2 34.7 11.0 4.4 15.5 9.9 15.6 Unimproved rainwater collection 0.4 - - - 0.7 0.2 2.3 - 0.6 Tanker-truck - - - - 0.4 0.2 6.2 0.4 1.1 Cart with small tank / drum 1.1 - - 23.7 0.4 - 8.8 1.9 4.0 Bottled water 0.6 - - 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.3 0.4 0.7 Other (specify) ------Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 3: Households treating drinking water by geographical domain, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural Always treat drinking water 76.2 63.4 82.8 52.7 60.1 73.4 34.0 55.5 61.1 82.8 59.5 Sometimes treat drinking water 16.0 14.7 16.1 10.9 16.5 7.8 27.6 13.3 15.3 16.1 15.2 Never treat drinking water 7.8 21.9 1.0 36.4 23.4 18.9 38.4 31.2 23.6 1.0 25.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 4: Toilet facilities by geographical domain, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural Improved 71.6 36.1 89.3 46.3 64.7 68.9 66.6 48.8 62.9 89.3 60.9 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage 0.4 3.8 10.3 2.5 10.1 0.3 1.4 0 3.3 10.3 2.8 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 70.9 30.1 79 41.4 52.8 68.4 65.2 47.6 58.6 79 57.1 Pit latrine with slab 0.4 2.2 0 2.5 1.8 0.2 0 1.2 0.9 0 1.0 Unimproved 28.4 63.9 10.7 53.7 35.3 31.1 33.4 51.2 37.1 10.7 39.0 Pour flush (or flush) to elsewhere (i.e. not a sewer or pit/tank)0.0 0 0.8 0.4 1 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.6 Pit latrine without slab or open pit 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Latrine overhanging field or water (drop in the field, pond, lake, river, sea)7.5 1.5 3.5 5.9 0 0 0.3 0 1.7 3.5 1.6 None 21.0 62.4 6.4 47.4 34.3 30.4 32.7 49.9 34.8 6.4 36.8 Other (specify) 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Basic 2.9 1.7 47.6 12.3 30.4 32.5 23.7 11.2 22.1 Piped in dwelling or on premises - 1 31 - 6 0 2 - 4 Public tap / standpipe - - - - 1 0 1 - 0 Tube Well, Borehole 1 - 17 3 15 28 7 10 12 Protected well 0 - - 1 6 3 1 - 2 Protected spring ------Rainwater collection 2 0 - 6 2 1 11 1 3 Tanker-truck ------0 - 0 Cart with small tank / drum - - - 3 - 0 1 - 0 Bottled water - - - - - 0 - - 0

Limited - - 1.3 0.4 0.2 1.8 2.0 2.9 1.2 Piped in dwelling or on premises ------Public tap / standpipe ------Tube Well, Borehole - - 1.3 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.7 2.5 0.8 Protected well - - - - - 0.2 - 0.4 0.1 Protected spring ------Rainwater collection ------Tanker-truck ------1.3 - 0.2 Cart with small tank / drum ------Bottled water - - - - - 0.4 - - 0.1

Unimproved 79.8 - 0.9 26.7 16.2 17.6 19.2 27.7 24.3 Unprotected well 79.8 - 0.9 26.7 16.2 17.2 18.8 27.3 24.1 Unprotected spring - - - - - 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2

Surface water (Pond, river, or stream…) 13.1 71.4 0.2 40.0 9.9 4.4 8.4 3.6 13.9 Insufficient Data 0.3 9.7 1.0 9.2 16.1 13.4 24.6 20.3 13.6 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

washmatters.wateraid.org

Basic 2.0 1.3 48.4 14.4 29.4 32.0 18.4 11.2 21.2 Piped in dwelling or on premises - 1.3 31.0 - 7.3 0.2 4.0 - 4.2 Public tap / standpipe - - - - 1.1 0.2 1.1 - 0.4 Tube Well, Borehole 0.7 - 17.4 3.0 16.8 29.0 8.1 11.2 13.3 Protected well 0.2 - - 0.8 3.6 2.2 1.0 - 1.4 Protected spring 0.4 ------0.0 Rainwater collection - - - - 0.2 0.2 1.0 - 0.2 Tanker-truck - - - - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.1 Cart with small tank / drum 0.4 - - 10.2 - - 2.9 - 1.4 Bottled water 0.4 - - 0.4 - 0.2 - - 0.1

Limited 0.3 - 0.8 0.4 0.5 3.3 4.9 3.7 2.1 Piped in dwelling or on premises ------Public tap / standpipe ------0.3 - 0.0 Tube Well, Borehole 0.3 - 0.8 0.4 0.2 2.2 1.8 3.3 1.3 Protected well - - - - 0.2 0.4 0.3 - 0.2 Protected spring ------Rainwater collection ------Tanker-truck - - - - - 0.2 2.6 0.4 0.5 Cart with small tank / drum ------Bottled water - - - - - 0.4 - - 0.1

Unimproved 80.6 - 0.9 28.6 14.5 16.7 20.2 23.9 23.8 Unprotected well 80.2 - 0.9 28.6 14.5 16.4 18.8 23.9 23.4 Unprotected spring 0.3 - - - - 0.4 1.3 - 0.3

Surface water (Pond, river, or stream…) 12.5 72.7 0.2 34.7 11.0 4.4 15.5 9.9 15.6 Insufficient Data 0.6 9.3 1.0 12.2 17.0 12.9 23.0 18.9 13.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 6: Joint Monitoring Program Sanitation Service Levels (SDG service levels), by geographical domain, by dry season Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Safely Managed 52.6 28.7 68.7 41.2 51.5 48.8 41.7 29.2 45.6 2 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage 0.3 2.9 5.4 2.5 8.8 0.3 1.0 - 2.6 3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 51.9 23.6 63.4 36.3 41.9 48.4 40.7 28.4 42.3 5 Pit latrine with slab 0.3 2.2 - 2.5 0.9 0.2 - 0.8 0.7

Basic 2.0 2.0 8.5 0.9 1.4 2.7 3.4 6.5 3.1 2 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 2.0 1.6 8.3 0.9 0.9 2.7 3.0 6.5 3.0 5 Pit latrine with slab ------

Limited 16.9 5.3 12.1 4.2 11.8 17.4 21.5 13.1 14.1 2 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage - 0.4 4.8 - 0.9 - - - 0.5 3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 16.9 4.9 7.3 4.2 10.0 17.4 21.5 12.7 13.4 5 Pit latrine with slab - - - - 0.9 - - 0.4 0.2

Unimproved 7.5 1.5 4.3 6.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.3 2.4 4 Pour flush (or flush) to elsewhere (i.e. not a sewer or pit/tank) - - 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.6 6 Pit latrine without slab or open pit ------7 Latrine overhanging field or water (drop in the field, pond, lake, river, sea) 7.5 1.5 3.5 5.9 - - 0.3 - 1.7

Open Defecation 21.0 62.4 6.4 47.4 34.3 30.4 32.7 49.9 34.8 Insufficient Data 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

washmatters.wateraid.org

Basic 1.7 1.6 8.0 0.4 1.4 2.5 2.0 6.5 2.7 2 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage - - 0.2 - 0.4 - - - 0.1 3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 1.7 1.6 7.8 0.4 0.9 2.5 2.0 6.5 2.7 5 Pit latrine with slab ------

Limited 15.1 4.5 11.7 3.4 11.2 17.2 16.7 11.2 12.6 2 Pour flush (or flush) connected to sewerage - - 4.8 - 0.7 - - - 0.4 3 Pour flush (or flush) to septic tank or pit 15.1 4.5 6.9 3.4 9.6 17.2 16.7 10.8 11.9 5 Pit latrine with slab - - - - 0.9 - - 0.4 0.2

Unimproved 7.1 1.5 2.6 3.8 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 1.9 4 Pour flush (or flush) to elsewhere (i.e. not a sewer or pit/tank) - - 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.6 6 Pit latrine without slab or open pit ------7 Latrine overhanging field or water (drop in the field, pond, lake, river, sea) 7.1 1.5 1.8 3.4 - - - - 1.3

Open Defecation 7.7 4.5 4.4 1.6 10.3 6.4 4.3 5.2 6.1 Insufficient Data 16.9 61.7 6.1 56.7 26.0 25.2 40.0 49.4 33.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 7: Joint Monitoring Program Hygiene Service Levels (SDG service levels), in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Basic 72.5 47.5 93.0 30.0 59.9 74.0 58.4 56.5 62.3 Limited 11.9 39.2 6.0 9.3 6.2 10.0 13.0 12.4 11.7 No Facility 15.5 11.3 .8 58.1 33.2 14.4 23.0 22.7 23.2 Insufficient Data 0.0 2.1 .2 2.5 .7 1.6 5.6 8.4 2.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Japan: 特定非営利活動法人ウォーターエイドジャパン(認定 NPO 法人) WaterAid Japan is a specified non-profit corporation (certified NPO corporation). Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). USA: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. 55 Table 8: Household members responsible for fetching water, by dry season, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural Head 45.2 28.7 22.4 63.5 53.1 27.4 51.7 28.0 40.7 22.4 41.1 Spouse 37.1 53.6 50.5 14.9 29.7 56.9 29.1 56.4 41.8 50.5 41.6 Son/Daughter 14.1 12.1 12.8 17.8 9.5 11.6 11.8 14.0 12.5 12.8 12.5 Stepchild 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 .2 0.0 0.8 0.3 3.6 .2 Adopted child/Foster child 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Parent 1.0 0.0 1.8 .6 3.4 .9 1.4 0.0 1.2 1.8 1.2 Sibling .4 0.0 1.8 .6 1.4 .2 .9 .0 .6 1.8 .5 Grand child 1.1 1.1 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 .9 Nephew/Niece .7 1.7 1.8 0.0 .3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.8 .2 Son/Daughter-in-law .4 1.6 0.0 1.1 .3 .5 1.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 .6 Brother/Sister-in-law 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .1 Parent-in-law 0.0 1.1 5.3 .5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 5.3 .2 Other relatives 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .6 .2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .2 Servant 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .4 .0 .1 0.0 .1 Other non-relative including 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .3 .9 3.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 .7 boarder Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 8: Household members responsible for fetching water, by wet season, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural Head 44.6 28.5 24.2 63.2 54.9 27.1 49.7 26.1 40.2 24.2 40.5 Spouse 38.4 55.3 57.6 18 28.9 57.3 33 58.9 43.4 57.6 43.1 Son/Daughter 14.1 12.3 12.5 15.1 9.4 11.7 8.6 14.2 12 12.5 12 Stepchild 0 0 2.1 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0.2 2.1 0.1 Adopted child/Foster child 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parent 0.7 0 1.8 0.5 3.4 0.9 2.6 0 1.3 1.8 1.3 Sibling 0.4 0 0 1 1.4 0.2 1.8 0 0.7 0 0.7 Grand child 1.1 1.1 0 0.5 0.6 1.2 0 0.5 0.7 0 0.7 Nephew/Niece 0.4 1.2 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.2 0 0.2 Son/Daughter-in-law 0.4 1.6 0 1 0 0.5 1.3 0 0.5 0 0.5 Brother/Sister-in-law 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 Parent-in-law 0 0 1.8 0.5 0 0 0 0.4 0.1 1.8 0.1 Other relatives 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.2 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 Servant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other non-relative including boarder 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.7 3.1 0 0.6 0 0.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Table 9: Time spent by households to fetch drinking water, by wet season, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural water on premise 81.8 15.5 47.3 39.6 78.4 76.0 38.1 73.4 65.4 47.3 65.8 Less than 30 minutes 17.8 83.9 46.5 40.9 15.9 19.0 41.7 19.1 27.0 46.5 26.6 More than 30 minutes .4 .5 6.2 19.5 1.7 5.0 15.6 7.5 6.4 6.2 6.4 Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 9: Time spent by households to fetch drinking water, by dry season, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural water on premise 81.5 4.9 42.0 24.6 68.5 74.1 38.5 66.0 59.4 42.0 59.8 Less than 30 minutes 17.6 94.6 53.6 50.2 23.5 18.2 27.2 19.1 28.1 53.6 27.5 More than 30 minutes .9 .5 4.4 25.2 3.4 7.7 25.2 14.9 10.5 4.4 10.6 Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 9.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 10: Water treatment by ID Poor, in percent Poor1 Poor2 No ID Poor Total (All responses) Always treat drinking water 56.6 61.2 61.9 61.1 Sometimes treat drinking water 12.7 15.3 15.4 15.3 Never treat drinking water 30.7 23.4 22.7 23.6 Total 100 100 100 100

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Table 12: Water treatment method by ID Poor, in percent ID Poor1 ID Poor2 Non ID Poor Total (All responses) Boiling 79.1 69 75.1 74.9 Ceramic filter 12.2 12.7 12.8 12.8 Biosand filter 21.5 24.7 28.4 26.9 Add white alum 4.8 2.8 2.3 2.6 add chlorine 2.1 2.2 1.4 1.5 Filter cloth 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 Never treat water 30.7 23.4 22.7 23.6

Table 13: Storage of treated drinking water, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Store in filters 11.7 17.6 25.7 25.7 16.8 3.5 12.2 13.2 13.7 Transfer to coverd container 84.4 77.6 41 42.6 46.2 70.7 34.6 50 56.9 Transfer to uncoverd container 8.9 5.2 2.6 5.8 2 2 6 15.3 5.4 Transfer to kettle 36.4 25.9 20.7 30 27.8 17.8 41.8 26.8 27.8 Store in a bottle 58.2 16.5 39.3 34.9 25.6 12.1 13.6 10.4 25.1 Other 1.9 4.2 0.6 1.2 8 3.4 9.9 0.5 4.2 Never treat water 7.8 21.9 1 36.4 23.4 18.9 38.4 31.2 23.6

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Province

No of HHs Riels Piped into dwelling 12,846 28,200 Piped into compound, yard or 5,292 29,735 plot Public tap / standpipe 1,367 27,681 Tube Well, Borehole 47,899 10,686 Protected well 3,739 15,515 Unprotected well 31,075 10,628 Protected spring 53 10,000 Unprotected spring 432 21,819 Rainwater collection 1,641 8,885 Tanker-truck 1,497 82,572 Cart with small tank / drum 5,246 39,410 Surface water (river, stream, 20,623 27,950 dam, lake, pond, canal, irrigation channel) Bottled water 900 51,760 Other (specify) - Total 132,610 18,366

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Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Head 2.8 2.9 2.1 3.8 7.3 2.2 5.4 3.2 Spouse 0.7 2.5 2.7 1.6 0.7 1.1 3.0 4.0 Son/Daughter 1.3 5.3 2.3 0.9 3.1 1.6 4.5 2.9 Parent 0.6 3.3 2.8 4.2 1.3 3.6 3.9 2.0 Sibling 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 Grand child 0.0 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 Nephew/Niece 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 Son/Daughter-in-law 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Brother/Sister-in-law 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Parent-in-law 0.0 0.4 2.5 1.6 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.0 Other relatives 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 None 94.2 85.1 86.2 88.4 86.9 90.8 82.6 86.4

Table 15: Households with people having difficulty to access sanitation, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Head 1.8 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.2 4.1 3.3 Spouse 1.0 1.7 2.5 1.2 0.7 1.5 2.2 1.5 Son/Daughter 1.4 2.5 0.9 0.4 2.6 1.4 4.7 1.7 Parent 0.6 2.9 4.7 2.9 1.8 2.9 2.6 2.8 Sibling 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 Grand child 0.0 1.2 2.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 Nephew/Niece 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Brother/Sister-in-law 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Parent-in-law 0.0 0.4 1.3 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 Other relatives 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 None 94.9 89.7 86.5 90.9 91.1 90.8 86.3 89.3 Table 16: Sanitation seasonality, in percent (percent of all households so may include households who do not have a toilet at all)

Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Household’s toilet facility can be used year-round 94.0 83.0 95.2 76.3 95.7 97.6 81.1 88.9 91.0 Household’s toilet facility can be used in dry season 6.0 17.0 4.8 23.7 4.3 2.4 18.9 11.1 9.0 only Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Total households with toilets 79.0 37.6 93.6 52.6 65.7 69.6 67.3 50.1 65.2 No toilets (OD) - all year 21.0 62.4 6.4 47.4 34.3 30.4 32.7 49.9 34.8 Wet season, additional cannot access 4.8 6.4 4.5 12.5 2.8 1.6 12.7 5.6 5.8

Wet season, expected OD or insufficient data 25.7 68.8 10.9 59.9 37.1 32.0 45.4 55.5 40.6 Calculated OD or insufficient data 24.6 66.1 10.6 58.4 36.3 31.6 44.3 54.6 39.7

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Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Household’s toilet facility can be used year-round 81.9 51.7 90.1 39.5 88.4 90.5 64.1 76.3 78.6

Household’s toilet facility can be used in dry season only 18.2 48.4 9.9 60.5 11.6 9.5 35.9 23.7 21.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Wet season, expected OD or insufficient data 35.4 80.6 15.7 79.2 41.9 37.0 56.8 61.8 48.7 Calculated OD or insufficient data 24.6 66.1 10.6 58.4 36.3 31.6 44.3 54.6 39.7

Table 17: Toilet facilities by ID Poor, in percent Toilet facilitiess by type of ID Poor Poor1 Poor2 Non ID Poor All Improved 33.3 50.9 68.7 62.9 Pour flush (or flush) connected 2.8 1.7 3.7 3.3 to sewerage Pour flush (or flush) to septic 28.9 47.7 64.4 58.6 tank or pit Pit latrine with slab 1.6 1.5 0.6 0.9 Unimproved 66.7 49.1 31.3 37.1 Pour flush (or flush) to 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.6 elsewhere (i.e. not a sewer or pit/tank) Pit latrine without slab or open 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pit Latrine overhanging field or 3.1 2.5 1.4 1.7 water (drop in the field, pond, lake, river, sea) None 62.5 46.5 29.4 34.8 Other (specify) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100 100 100 100

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Latrine Pour flush (or Pour flush (or overhanging Pour flush (or flush) to Pit latrine Types of ID flush) Pit latrine with field or water Other Improved flush) to septic Unimproved elsewhere (i.e. without slab or None Total District/Province connected to slab (drop in the (specify) Poor tank or pit not a sewer or open pit sewerage field, pond, pit/tank) lake, river, sea) Poor1 37.3 0.0 37.3 0.0 62.7 0.0 0.0 8.8 53.9 0.0 100.0 Poor2 59.8 0.0 59.8 0.0 40.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 29.1 0.0 100.0 Baribour Non ID Poor 78.6 0.5 77.7 0.5 21.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 14.6 0.0 100.0 ALL 71.6 0.4 70.9 0.4 28.4 0.0 0.0 7.5 21.0 0.0 100.0 Poor1 29.3 4.5 20.7 4.1 70.7 0.0 0.0 3.9 66.8 0.0 100.0 Poor2 25.8 2.1 21.3 2.4 74.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 74.2 0.0 100.0 Chol Kiri Non ID Poor 40.1 4.2 34.0 1.9 59.9 0.0 0.0 1.7 58.3 0.0 100.0 ALL 36.0 3.8 30.1 2.2 64.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 62.4 0.0 100.0 Poor1 83.3 20.5 62.8 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 5.7 11.0 0.0 100.0 Krong Kampong Poor2 86.4 4.8 81.5 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 6.6 7.1 0.0 100.0 Chhnang Non ID Poor 93.5 11.6 81.9 0.0 6.5 1.2 0.0 1.3 4.0 0.0 100.0 ALL 89.3 10.3 79.0 0.0 10.7 0.8 0.0 3.5 6.4 0.0 100.0 Poor1 12.0 0.0 9.6 2.4 88.0 2.5 0.0 4.8 80.8 0.0 100.0 Poor2 32.1 0.0 28.6 3.6 67.9 0.0 0.0 10.9 57.0 0.0 100.0 Kampong Leaeng Non ID Poor 57.3 3.5 51.5 2.4 42.7 0.0 0.0 5.3 37.4 0.0 100.0 ALL 46.3 2.5 41.4 2.5 53.7 0.4 0.0 5.9 47.4 0.0 100.0 Poor1 29.3 7.2 19.6 2.4 70.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.7 0.0 100.0 Poor2 55.9 8.5 42.9 4.5 44.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.1 0.0 100.0 Kampong Tralach Non ID Poor 70.3 11.1 57.8 1.4 29.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 28.5 0.0 100.0 ALL 64.7 10.1 52.8 1.8 35.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 34.3 0.0 100.0 Poor1 39.7 0.0 36.4 3.3 60.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.3 0.0 100.0 Poor2 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 100.0 Rolea B'ier Non ID Poor 74.7 0.3 74.3 0.0 25.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 100.0 ALL 68.9 0.3 68.4 0.2 31.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 30.4 0.0 100.0 Poor1 32.3 0.0 32.3 0.0 67.7 5.1 0.0 4.6 57.9 0.0 100.0 Sameakki Mean Poor2 57.0 0.0 57.0 0.0 43.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 0.0 100.0 Chey Non ID Poor 72.0 1.4 70.6 0.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 100.0 ALL 66.6 1.4 65.2 0.0 33.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 32.7 0.0 100.0 Poor1 38.7 0.0 38.7 0.0 61.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.3 0.0 100.0 Poor2 40.1 0.0 36.8 3.3 59.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.9 0.0 100.0 Tuek Phos Non ID Poor 51.8 0.0 50.7 1.0 48.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 46.6 0.0 100.0 ALL 48.8 0.0 47.6 1.2 51.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 49.9 0.0 100.0 Poor1 33.3 2.7 28.9 1.6 66.7 1.1 0.0 3.1 62.5 0.0 100.0 Poor2 50.9 1.7 47.7 1.5 49.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 46.5 0.0 100.0 Province Non ID Poor 68.6 3.7 64.1 0.8 31.4 0.7 0.0 1.4 29.3 0.0 100.0 ALL 62.9 3.3 58.6 0.9 37.1 0.6 0.0 1.7 34.8 0.0 100.0

Table 18: Latrine pit emptying occurrence, in percent Urban Rural Province Yes, has ever 26.2 9.6 11.1 No, has never 61.0 84.3 82.2 Don’t know 12.9 6.1 6.7 Total 100 100 100

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Table 20: Children’s faeces management, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural Dispose in the toilet 40.0 22.3 81.2 31.1 39.6 36.9 32.4 33.7 38.2 81.2 34.8 Dispose in a pit 40.5 47.5 8.5 48.6 50.0 50.6 56.7 57.4 47.7 8.5 50.8 Dispose in the jungle 4.7 22.2 3.2 15.0 4.1 6.2 9.4 8.9 8.3 3.2 8.7 Dispose in the 0.0 2.9 6.2 0.0 4.6 1.4 1.6 0.0 2.0 6.2 1.7 garbage/plastic bag Dispose in the river/Put in the 13.9 5.1 1.0 5.3 1.2 .7 0.0 0.0 2.8 1.0 3.0 rice field Burning/Burn away 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .6 4.1 0.0 0.0 .8 0.0 .9 Don't know .9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .1 0.0 .1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 21: Menstrual Hygiene Practice, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural In the toilet 2.5 1.2 6.2 7.8 .7 2.0 1.4 0.0 2.2 6.2 1.9 Buried in a pit 72.0 57.7 21.1 66.9 73.3 56.2 69.3 67.5 63.2 21.1 66.3 Thrown in the jungle .6 11.5 6.1 16.2 2.7 2.9 9.7 16.2 7.3 6.1 7.4 Thrown in the garbage / 3.4 9.2 43.9 .4 8.9 2.7 4.7 1.2 7.0 43.9 4.3 plastic bag Thrown in the river 6.9 4.0 .5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 .5 1.3 Burning/Burn away 2.5 .8 2.6 2.0 3.3 9.5 2.9 6.9 4.6 2.6 4.7 No body used/Never used 12.0 15.5 19.7 4.2 7.5 23.2 9.3 7.3 12.5 19.7 12.0 Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 3.6 2.7 .8 1.9 0.0 2.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 22: Self-reported handwashing practice, in percent Krong Kampong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Chhnang Leaeng Tralach Rolea B'ier Mean Chey Tuek Phos Province Urban Rural After using toilet 98.0 89.0 91.5 97.1 68.6 90.0 80.4 99.1 87.2 91.5 86.9 After changing baby’s 36.6 42.9 30.3 45.5 18.7 12.2 17.2 30.6 25.3 30.3 24.9 diaper or washing baby’s bottom Before eating food 98.6 81.8 80.6 98.4 77.8 95.3 88.4 99.1 90.2 80.6 91.0 After touching animals 45.6 28.6 17.2 40.9 16.1 2.0 21.5 39.4 23.2 17.2 23.6 Don’t wash their hands 0.0 2.1 .2 2.5 .7 1.6 5.6 8.4 2.7 .2 2.9

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Krong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Kampong Rolea B'ier Tuek Phos Province Leaeng Tralach Mean Chey Urban Rural Chhnang Once a week .7 2.1 6.9 0.0 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.0 1.9 6.9 1.5 Once a month 14.3 7.0 6.2 .8 6.0 8.3 4.6 .9 6.1 6.2 6.1 Once a year 7.7 17.5 14.4 4.2 6.6 4.2 3.0 .4 5.9 14.4 5.2 Sometime but not regular 73.6 61.0 68.1 60.8 58.9 59.2 46.3 60.4 59.8 68.1 59.2 Never 3.7 12.4 4.4 34.2 26.3 26.5 44.0 37.3 26.4 4.4 28.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 24: Total Number of Households Krong Kampong Kampong Sameakki Baribour Chol Kiri Kampong Rolea B'ier Tuek Phos Province Leaeng Tralach Mean Chey Urban Rural Chhnang 14,576 8,065 8,989 12,134 24,325 27,497 20,327 16,697 132,610 Number of Weighted Households 8,989 123,621

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1. JMP Water Service Levels by District

Chart 19- JMP Water Service Levels by District (Dry Season)

Chart 20- JMP Water Service Levels by District (Wet Season) washmatters.wateraid.org

Chart 21- JMP Sanitation Service Levels by District (Dry Season)

Chart 22- JMP Sanitation Service Levels by District (Wet Season)

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Chart 23- JMP Hygiene Service Levels by District

4. Improved and Unimproved Water and Sanitation by District

Chart 24- Improved /Unimproved Water Sources by District (dry season)

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Chart 25- Improved/Unimproved Water Sources by District (wet season)

Chart 26- Improved/Unimproved Sanitation by District

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