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A Technics Journa RCA 'VIEW a technics journa RÁDIO AND ELECTRONICS RESEARCH ENGINEERING VOLUME XII SEPTEMBER 1951 NO. 3 Part II www.americanradiohistory.com RCA REVIEW GEORGE M. K. BAKER CHAS. C. FOSTER, JR. THOMAS R. ROGERS Manager Editorial Manager Business Manager SUBSCRIPTIONS: United States, Canada, and Postal Union: One Year $2.00, Two Years $3.50, Three Years $4.50 Other Countries: One Year $2.40, Two Years $4.30, Three Years $5.70 SINGLE COPIES: United States: $.75 each. Other Countries: $.85 each Copyright, 1951, by RCA Laboratories Division, Radio Corporation of America Published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by RCA Laboratories Division, Radio Corporation of America, Princeton, New Jersey Entered as second class matter July 3, 1950, at the Post Office at Princeton, New Jersey, under the act of March 3, 1879 RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA DAVID SARNOPP, Chairman of the Board FRANK M. FoLSOM, President LEWIS MACCONNACH, Secretary ERNEST B. GORIN, Treasurer RCA LABORATORIES DIVISION C. B. JOLLIPPE, Executive Vice President PRINTED IN U.S.A. www.americanradiohistory.com RCA REVIEW a technical journal RADIO AND ELECTRONICS RESEARCH ENGINEERING Published quarterly by RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA LABORATORIES DIVISION in cooperation with INC. RCA VICTOR DIVISION RCA COMMUNICATIONS, BROADCASTING COMPANY, INC. RADIOMARINE CORPORATION OF AMERICA NATIONAL INC. RCA INTERNATIONAL DIVISION RCA INSTITUTES, VOLUME XII SEPTEMBER, 1951 NUMBER 3 PART II CONTENTS PAGE Review 443 FOREWORD The Manager, RCA 445 Methods Suitable for Television Color Kinescopes E. W. HEROLD 466 A Three -Gun Shadow -Mask Color Kinescope H. B. LAW 487 A One -Gun Shadow -Mask Color Kinescope R. R. LAW 503 A 45- Degree Reflection -Type Color Kinescope P. K. WEIMER AND N. RYNN 527 A Grid -Controlled Color Kinescope S. V. FORGUE Development and Operation of a Line -Screen Color Kinescope 542 D. S. BOND, F. H NICOLL AND D. G. MOORE Phosphor- Screen Application in Color Kinescopes 568 N. S. FREEDMAN AND K. M. MCLAUGHLIN Three -Beam Guns for Color Kinescopes 583 H. C. MOODEY AND D. D. VAN ORMER Mechanical Design of Aperture -Mask Tri -Color Kinescopes 593 B. E. BARNES AND R. D. FAULKNER Effects of Screen Tolerances on Operating Characteristics of Aper- ture -Mask Tri -Color Kinescopes 603 D. D. VAN ORMER AND D. C. BALLARD Deflection and Convergence in Color Kinescopes 612 A. W. FRIEND AUTHORS........................ ............................... 645 Index RCA Review is regularly abstracted and indexed by Industrial Arts Science Abstracts (I.E.E.- Brit.), Engineering Index, Electronic Engineering Master Index, Abstracts and References (Wireless Engineer -Brit. and Proc. I.R.E.) and Digest -Index Bulletin. www.americanradiohistory.com RCA REVIEW BOARD OF EDITORS Chairman C. B. JOLLIFFE RCA Laboratories Division M. C. BATSF.L H. B. MARTIN RCA Victor Division Radiomarine Corporation of America G. L. BEERS H. F OLSON RCA Victor Division RCA Laboratories Division H. H. BEVERAGE D. F. SCHMIT RCA Laboratories Division RCA Victor Division I. F. BYRNES Radiomarine S. W. SEELEY Corporation of America RCA Laboratories Division D. D. COLE G. R. SHAW RCA Victor Division RCA Victor Division O. E. DUNLAP, JR. R. E. SHELBY Radio Corporation of America National Broadcasting Company, Inc. E. W. ENGSTROM S. M. THOMAS RCA Laboratories Division RCA Communications, Inc. A. N. GowsMITH G. L. VAN DEUSEN Consulting Engineer, RCA RCA Institutes, Inc. O. B. HANSON A. F. VAN National DYCK Broadcasting Company, Inc. RCA Laboratories Division E. A. LAFOaT I. WOLFF RCA International Division RCA Laboratories Division C. W. LATIMER V. K. ZWORYKIN RCA Communications, Inc. RCA Laboratories Division Secretary GEORGE M. K. BAKER RCA Laboratories Division REPUBLICATION AND TRANSLATION Original papers published herein may be referenced or abstracted with- out further authorization provided proper notation concerning authors and source is included. All rights of republication, including translation into foreign languages, are reserved by RCA Review. Requests for republication and translation privileges should be addressed to The Manager. www.americanradiohistory.com FOREWORD This issue comprises Part II of the September 1951 issue of RCA Review. It consists of 11 papers which originally appeared in the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Considerable effort is being expended by the industry on the study of color television systems. Because of the importance of the tri -color kinescope in a color system, it is felt that the information contained in these papers should be given the widest possible dissemination, and that re- publication for the benefit of RCA Review readers is war- ranted. RCA Review appreciates the courtesy shown by the Institute of Radio Engineers in granting permission to re- produce the material. The Manager, RCA Review www.americanradiohistory.com METHODS SUITABLE FOR TELEVISION COLOR KINESCOPES*t BY E. W. HEROLD Research Department, RCA Laboratories Division, Princeton, N. J. Summary -This paper is the first of a series which covers Radio Cor- poration of America work on color television cathode-ray picture reproducers (color kinescopes) for the home. Minimum reproducer requirements are here considered to be high-light brightness and resolution equal to or exceed- ing that achieved in the present United States black- and -white television system, and large -area three -color fidelity which encompasses the major part of the horseshoe -like area of the chromatièity diagram of the Inter- national Commission of Illumination (I.C.I.). Color phosphors with electron - beam excitation meet the requirements. One color- kinescope method, which requires the beam to be accurately positioned at all times during scanning on a screen of adjacent subele- mental color -phosphor areas, has practical disadvantages. In a second method,. using a similar type of kinescope, the beam position controls the color signal; although accurate scanning is not required, some of the dis- advantages are the same. A third method, which uses adjacent complete picture images, optically combined, has little to offer over the use of three separate color tubes. A phosphor screen, whose color can be changed by a difference in electron -beams velocity or current density, has' attractive fea- tures but is not available in practical form. Methods of considerable in- terest are those whereby either the electron beam is electrically controlled at the phosphor screen for changing color or whereby shadowing techniques are employed to produce a direction-sensitive color screen. All these meth- ods were investigated; subsequent papers of the series will describe some of the tubes which were built and will give information as to their design and operation. INTRODUCTION NVENTORS and scientists have been concerned with television reproduction in color ever since the late 1920's when a number of color television demonstrations were given using scanning -disc techniques.1.2 Although the patent literature and occasional publica- tions indicate that thought was being given to all- electronic means for * Decimal Classification: R583.1. t Reprinted from Proc. I.R.E., October, 1951. 1 J. L. Baird, July, 1928. See R. F. Tiltman, "Television in Natural Colors Demonstrated ", Radio News, Vol. 10, p. 320, October, 1928. 2 H. E. Ives, "Television in Color ", Bell Laboratories Record, Vol. 7, pp. 439 -444, July, 1929. 445 www.americanradiohistory.com 446 RCA REVIEW September 1961 color reproduction, the most successful work of the 1930's continued to use mechanical methods. This work reached its ultimate about 1940 when the field -sequential color television system using a rotating color disc was extensively demonstrated and publicized.$ Although the color -disc method, by adding the cathode -ray tube, eliminated some of the more complex moving parts of the mechanical scanning system, there were inherent limitations in reproduction, namely, the inability to provide color sequences at a sufficiently rapid rate for other than frame- or field -sequential methods and the inherently small -size picture which resulted from any practical direct -view receiver. Recognition of these limitations stimulated efforts toward electronic solutions. Work in this direction by the Radio Corporation of America led, early in 1940, to a demonstration to the Federal Communications Commission of color reproduction using three optically- superimposed images from three cathode -ray tubes, thereby eliminating all moving parts.' By 1942, J. L. Baird, in England, also demonstrated all -elec- tronic color pictures, but by means of a single cathode -ray tube produc- ing two adjacent images, optically combined to give a two -color effects His British patent application of 1942 and 19436 showed that he had more ingenious tubes in mind. One of these, using a two -sided phos- phor screen for a two -color picture, was actually demonstrated in principle by Baird in 1944. At the same time he described a more complex tube suitable for three colors.? RCA engineers also continued to study the single -tube color reproducer during this period, but it was not until after World War II that such factors as improved high - voltage and deflecting systems, metal kinescopes, aluminized phosphors, etc., provided the key to some of the problems. As a result of this progress, it finally became possible, early in 1950, to demonstrate a E P. C. Goldmark, et al, "Color Television ", Part I., Proc. I.R.E., Vol. 30, pp. 162 -182, April, 1942; and Part II, Proc. I.R.E., Vol. 31, pp. 465 -478, September, 1943. 4"See Television in Color- Members of F.C.C. Visit Plants of RCA and Philco ", The New York Times, p. 18, February 6, 1940; also "Television in Color Demonstrated by RCA ", The Philadelphia Inquirer, p. 18, Feb- ruary 6, 1940. 5 "J. L. Baird's Improved Colour Television ", Electronic Engineering, Vol. 15, p. 137, January, 1943. See also Wireless World, Vol. 49, p. 41, February, 1943. 6 J. L. Baird, British Patent 562,168 (provisional specification left July 25, 1942, complete specification left July 23, 1943). 7 "J. L. Baird's Telechrome ", Jour.
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