Analysis of Displays Attributes for Use in Avionics Head up Displays
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Cathode-Ray Tube Displays for Medical Imaging
DIGITAL IMAGING BASICS Cathode-Ray Tube Displays for Medical Imaging Peter A. Keller This paper will discuss the principles of cathode-ray crease the velocity of the electron beam for tube displays in medical imaging and the parameters increased light output from the screen; essential to the selection of displays for specific 4. a focusing section to bring the electron requirements. A discussion of cathode-ray tube fun- beam to a sharp focus at the screen; damentals and medical requirements is included. 9 1990bu W.B. Saunders Company. 5. a deflection system to position the electron beam to a desired location on the screen or KEY WORDS: displays, cathode ray tube, medical scan the beam in a repetitive pattern; and irnaging, high resolution. 6. a phosphor screen to convert the invisible electron beam to visible light. he cathode-ray tube (CRT) is the heart of The assembly of electrodes or elements mounted T almost every medical display and its single within the neck of the CRT is commonly known most costly component. Brightness, resolution, as the "electron gun" (Fig 2). This is a good color, contrast, life, cost, and viewer comfort are analogy, because it is the function of the electron gun to "shoot" a beam of electrons toward the all strongly influenced by the selection of a screen or target. The velocity of the electron particular CRT by the display designer. These beam is a function of the overall accelerating factors are especially important for displays used voltage applied to the tube. For a CRT operating for medical diagnosis in which patient safety and at an accelerating voltage of 20,000 V, the comfort hinge on the ability of the display to electron velocity at the screen is about present easily readable, high-resolution images 250,000,000 mph, or about 37% of the velocity of accurately and rapidly. -
Off the Grid
IOP PUBLISHING NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 335703 (7pp) doi:10.1088/0957-4484/24/33/335703 Improved accuracy and speed in scanning probe microscopy by image reconstruction from non-gridded position sensor data Dominik Ziegler1, Travis R Meyer2, Rodrigo Farnham3, Christoph Brune4, Andrea L Bertozzi2 and Paul D Ashby1 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Molecular Foundry, 1 Cyclotron Road, 94720 Berkeley, CA, USA 2 Department of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1555, USA 3 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, 90840-1001, USA 4 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Munster,¨ Einsteinstrasse 62, D-48149 Munster,¨ Germany E-mail: [email protected] Received 16 March 2013, in final form 3 July 2013 Published 26 July 2013 Online at stacks.iop.org/Nano/24/335703 Abstract Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has facilitated many scientific discoveries utilizing its strengths of spatial resolution, non-destructive characterization and realistic in situ environments. However, accurate spatial data are required for quantitative applications but this is challenging for SPM especially when imaging at higher frame rates. We present a new operation mode for scanning probe microscopy that uses advanced image processing techniques to render accurate images based on position sensor data. This technique, which we call sensor inpainting, frees the scanner to no longer be at a specific location at a given time. This drastically reduces the engineering effort of position control and enables the use of scan waveforms that are better suited for the high inertia nanopositioners of SPM. -
Graphics Systems
Graphics Systems Dr. S.M. Malaek Assistant: M. Younesi Overview Display Hardware How are images displayed? Overview (Display Devices) Raster Scan Displays Random Scan Displays Color CRT Monirors Direct View Storage Tube Flat panel Displays Three Dimensional Viewing Devices Stereoscopic and Virtual Reality System Overview (Display Devices) The display systems are often referred to as Video Monitor or Video Display Unit (VDU). Display Hardware Video Display Devices The primary output device in a graphics system is a monitor. Video Monitor Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 1. Electron Guns 2. Electron Beams 3. Focusing Coils 4. Deflection Coils 5. Anode Connection 6. Shadow Mask 7. Phosphor layer 8. Close-up of the phosphor coated inner side of the screen Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Refresh CRT Light emitted by the Phosphor fades very rapidly. Refresh CRT: One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam back over the same points. Electron Gun Electron Gun Heat is supplied to the cathode by the filament. Electron Gun The free electrons are then accelerated toward the phosphor coating by a high positive voltage. High Positive Voltage A positively charged metal coating on the inside of the CRT envelope near the phosphor screen. A positively charged metal High Positive Voltage An accelerating anode . Electron Gun Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by setting voltage level on the control grid. Electron Gun A smaller negative voltage on the control grid simply decrease the number of electrons passing through. Focusing System Focusing System The focusing system is needed to force the electron beam to converge into a small spot as it strikes the phosphor. -
Popular Electronics Build a Subwoofer Let Your Home Theater Roar and Rumble
PRIMESTAR. THE DBS ALTERNATIVE Popular Electronics Build A Subwoofer Let your home theater roar and rumble The Truth About Speaker Cables What's really inside those expensive audiophile cables? Designing Speaker Crossovers Create your own great -sounding speakers d SBk'BDCCH.xux.xx 5-DIGIT 60506 Random -at Image k6O506C+HM997GA006M FEB96 P73 Make 3 -D images that pop o ROBERT RAHM RESP of your computer's screen 116 997 GRAND AUE AURORA IL 60506 -2513 $3.50: U.S. $3.95 CAN. FrJEL1t;Aricarí www.americanradiohistory.comAmericanRadioHistory.Com MIXED-MODE POWER Design & Verify Faster with Electronics Workbench® More Power s Simulate bigger and more Electronic complex circuits. Faster. On average, Electronics Analog, Digital & e nch Workbench Version 4 is o rb more than 5 times faster l compbner Mixed Circuits in a lab than Version 3. Electronics Workbench" The electronics Version 4 is a fully integrated schematic capture, simulator and graphical waveform More Parts generator. It is simple to Multiple parts bins mix analog and digital parts contain over twice the in any combination. components of Version 3. Design and Verify Circuits... Fast! More Models Electronics Workbench s Over 350 real world analog simple, direct interface and digital models are helps you build circuits included free with in a fraction of the time. Electronics Workbench. Try `what if' scenarios and And, if you need more, an fine tune your designs additional 2,0(X) models painlessly. are available. Electronics Workbench delivers the power you need to design and verify analog, digital and true mixed mode circuits. Over 20,000 customers have already put Electronics Workbench to the test. -
What Is Computer Graphics?
What is Computer Graphics? A set of tools to create, manipulate and interact with pictures. Data (synthetic or natural) is visualized through geometric shapes, colors, textures. Exploits the pattern recognition capabilities of the human visual sys- tem. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) - means to interact with complex applications Scientific, Engineering, Business and Educational applications. ITCS 4120-5120 1 Introduction What can we do with Computer Graphics? A core technology and infrastructure for drawing programs. Pervasive across scientific, engineering, business and educational applications. ITCS 4120-5120 2 Introduction Applications: 2D/3D Plotting ITCS 4120-5120 3 Introduction Applications:Computer-aided Drafting and Design (CAD) ITCS 4120-5120 4 Introduction Applications:Scientific Data Visualization Bio-Medicine (CAT Scan, MRI, PET), Biology. Biology (molecular structure/models), Bioinformatics (Gene sequences, proteins). Weather Data Environmental Data - pollution data.. ITCS 4120-5120 5 Introduction Applications:Medical Visualization: Visible Human Project From CT From the Physical Data ITCS 4120-5120 6 Introduction Applications:Computer Interfaces ITCS 4120-5120 7 Introduction Applications:Computer/Video Games ITCS 4120-5120 8 Introduction Applications: Entertainment (movies, animation, advertising) ITCS 4120-5120 9 Introduction Virtual and Immersive Environments ITCS 4120-5120 10 Introduction Virtual and Immersive Environments ITCS 4120-5120 11 Introduction What Disciplines does CG draw on? Algorithms Mathematics -
Basics of Video
Basics of Video Yao Wang Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY11201 [email protected] Video Basics 1 Outline • Color perception and specification (review on your own) • Video capture and disppy(lay (review on your own ) • Analog raster video • Analog TV systems • Digital video Yao Wang, 2013 Video Basics 2 Analog Video • Video raster • Progressive vs. interlaced raster • Analog TV systems Yao Wang, 2013 Video Basics 3 Raster Scan • Real-world scene is a continuous 3-DsignalD signal (temporal, horizontal, vertical) • Analog video is stored in the raster format – Sampling in time: consecutive sets of frames • To render motion properly, >=30 frame/s is needed – Sampling in vertical direction: a frame is represented by a set of scan lines • Number of lines depends on maximum vertical frequency and viewingg, distance, 525 lines in the NTSC s ystem – Video-raster = 1-D signal consisting of scan lines from successive frames Yao Wang, 2013 Video Basics 4 Progressive and Interlaced Scans Progressive Frame Interlaced Frame Horizontal retrace Field 1 Field 2 Vertical retrace Interlaced scan is developed to provide a trade-off between temporal and vertical resolution, for a given, fixed data rate (number of line/sec). Yao Wang, 2013 Video Basics 5 Waveform and Spectrum of an Interlaced Raster Horizontal retrace Vertical retrace Vertical retrace for first field from first to second field from second to third field Blanking level Black level Ӈ Ӈ Th White level Tl T T ⌬t 2 ⌬ t (a) Խ⌿( f )Խ f 0 fl 2fl 3fl fmax (b) Yao Wang, 2013 Video Basics 6 Color -
New Color Patterning Techniques for OLED Displays
New Color Patterning Techniques for OLED Displays by Yoshitaka Kajiyama A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2015 ©Yoshitaka Kajiyama 2015 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are light emitting devices consisting of a stack of organic semiconductors sandwiched by electrodes. Since the first report of a high-efficiency device by Tang and Van Slyke in 1987, OLEDs have attracted considerable attention, particularly for use in flat panel displays. OLEDs provide these products improved power consumption, contrast, response speed, viewing angle, and compatibility with flexible displays. The performance of OLEDs has improved considerably, especially in terms of stability and efficiency, so they can now meet the requirements for some display products. However, the commercialization of OLED displays remains limited and is hampered primarily by manufacturing issues. These issues include low manufacturing yield, high fabrication cost, and low display quality. Manufacturing issues are largely attributed to difficulties with the color patterning process, the fabrication process by which arrays of red, green and blue (RGB) OLEDs can be made side-by-side on one substrate in order to obtain a full-color display. Currently, RGB color patterning is done by sequential vacuum deposition of red, green and blue materials through a pre-patterned shadow mask, which is typically made of a thin metal sheet. -
A Comparative Study on Shadow Compensation of Color Aerial Images in Invariant Color Models Victor J
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 44, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 1661 A Comparative Study on Shadow Compensation of Color Aerial Images in Invariant Color Models Victor J. D. Tsai Abstract—In urban color aerial images, shadows cast by a normalized hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI) color space. cultural features may cause false color tone, loss of feature in- Susuki et al. [11] presented a method that applies separation formation, shape distortion of objects, and failure of conjugate of spatial frequency components and probabilistic shadow image matching within the shadow area. This paper presents an automatic property-based approach for the detection and com- segmentation in the red, green, and blue (RGB) space and pensation of shadow regions with shape information preserved in compensations of intensity and saturation values to improve complex urban color aerial images for solving problems caused by the visibility of features in shadowed regions while retaining cast shadows in digital image mapping. The technique is applied nonshadowed regions and the natural tint of shadowed regions. in several invariant color spaces that decouple luminance and Recently, Huang et al. [12] presented an imaging model of chromaticity, including HSI, HSV, HCV, YIQ, and YC C models. Experimental results from de-shadowing color aerial images of a shadows based on Phong illumination model [13] and em- complex building and a highway segment in these color models are ployed thresholding on the hue, blue, and green-blue difference evaluated in terms of visual comparisons and shadow detection components sequentially to detect shadowed areas, which were accuracy assessments. The results show the effectiveness of the then compensated by applying the Retinex technique to both proposed approach in revealing details under shadows and the shadowed and nonshadowed areas separately. -
Characterization of Color CRT Display Systems for Monochrome Applications
Characterization of Color CRT Display Systems for Monochrome Applications G. Spekowius Soft-copy presentation of medical images is becoming presented frequently on color CRT display systems. more and more important as medical imaging is Particularly, if general-purpose workstations or strongly moving toward digital technology, and health care facilities are converting to filmless hospital and PCs are used for medical viewing, color monitors radiological information management. Although most are more or less standard. These common computer medical images are monochrome, frequently they are graphic displays ate applied without any further displayed on color CRTs, particularly if general- modification. This is in contrast to the medical purpose workstations or PCs are used for medical monochrome monitors, which normally are devel- viewing. In the present report, general measurement oped especially to fulfill the high image quality and modeling procedures for the characterization of color CRT monitors for monochrome presentation are requirements of medical imaging. Because the total introduced. The contributions from the three color number of medical displays is small in comparison channels (red, green, and blue) are weighted accord- to consumer applications, there is little incentive ing to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye for for the consumer display industry to develop spe- photopic viewing. The luminance behavior and the cial color CRTs for medical imaging. Hence, the resolution capabilities of color CRT monitors are ana- lyzed with the help of photometer and charge-coupled limitations of the consumer monitor CRT also device (CCD) camera measurements. For the evalua- apply to medical usage and might limit the image tion of spatial resolution, a two-dimensional Fourier quality for some applications. -
Prepared by Dr.P.Sumathi
COMPUTER GRAPHICS 18BIT53C UNIT I: Overview of Graphics System – Display Devices – CRT – Random Scan and Raster Scan Monitors – Techniques for Producing Colour Display – Beam – Penetration and Shadow – Mask Methods – DVST – Plasma – Panel Displays – Hardcopy Devices – Printers and Plotters – Display Processors – Output Primitives – DDA and Bresenham’s line drawing algorithms – Antialiasing lines – Bresenham’s Circle Algorithm – Character Generation. UNIT II: Two-dimensional Transformations – Scaling, Translation and Rotation – Matrix Representations – Composite Transformations – Reflection – Shearing – Other Transformations. Windowing and Clipping – Concepts – Cohen and Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm – Midpoint Subdivision. UNIT III: Three dimensional Concept- Three-Dimensional object representations – polygon surfaces – polygon tables- plane equations - Three-Dimensional geometric transformations – translation – rotation – scaling – other transformations. UNIT IV: Three-Dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline - Display Techniques – Parallel Projection – Perspective Projection – Hidden-Surface and Hidden-Line removal – Back face removal – Depth Buffer Method – Scan Line Method – BSP Tree Methods – Depth-Sorting Method – Area-subdivision Method – Octree Methods – Comparison of Hidden-Surface Methods. UNIT V: Colour models and colour applications – properties of light – standard primaries and the chromaticity diagram – xyz colour model – CIE chromaticity diagram – RGB colour model – YIQ, CMY, HSV colour models, conversion between HSV and RGB models, HLS colour model, colour selection and applications. TEXT BOOK 1. Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker, “Computer Graphics”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001. Prepared by Dr.P.Sumathi 1 COMPUTER GRAPHICS Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help of programming. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for the generation and manipulation of images. -
Method of Making a Shadow Mask Verfahren Zur Herstellung Einer Schattenmaske Procédé De Fabrication D'un Masque D'ombre
Europäisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 0 209 346 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int. Cl.7: H01J 29/07 of the grant of the patent: 01.03.2000 Bulletin 2000/09 (21) Application number: 86305399.7 (22) Date of filing: 14.07.1986 (54) Method of making a shadow mask Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schattenmaske Procédé de fabrication d'un masque d'ombre (84) Designated Contracting States: • Tokita, Kiyoshi DE FR GB 1-1, Shibaura 1-chome Minato-ku Tokyo (JP) • Kida, Kaneharu (30) Priority: 17.07.1985 JP 15598185 1-1, Shibaura 1-chome Minato-ku Tokyo (JP) (43) Date of publication of application: (74) Representative: 21.01.1987 Bulletin 1987/04 Kirk, Geoffrey Thomas et al BATCHELLOR, KIRK & CO. (73) Proprietor: 102-108 Clerkenwell Road KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA London EC1M 5SA (GB) Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken 210-8572 (JP) (56) References cited: (72) Inventors: EP-A- 0 139 379 EP-A- 0 156 427 • Koike, Norio GB-A- 2 080 612 US-A- 3 760 214 1-1, Shibaura 1-chome Minato-ku Tokyo (JP) US-A- 3 878 428 US-A- 4 558 252 • Matsuda, Hidemi 1-1, Shibaura 1-chome Minato-ku Tokyo (JP) • The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, vol.7, page 218 ("lead") Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. -
Field-Sequential Colour Television Receiver
Wireless World, Seplember 1971 443 Field-sequential Colour Television Receiver I-Introduction and basic principles by T. J. Dennis, B.A. All systems of colour TV in general use higher than the flicker-fusion rate of the normal broadcast colour transmissions. today have as their display a system eye, a highly variable quantity found on A standard PAL decoder4 provides whereby the three primary coloured average in the region of 30Hz. the three (narrow band) colour difference pictures are spatially superimposed, For this reason it is normally considered signals. These are then switched in turn whether by projection of the red, green and necessary to increase the basic field rate to the grid of a monochrome c.r.t., the blue images using the Schmitt system, by from that of, say, a 50 field monochrome change taking place during the field blank the use of three c.r.ts and half-silvered standard to 150 fields per second in order ing period (see Fig. 1). The luminance mirrors or with the three pictures on one to maintain the original luminance rucker (wideband) signal is fed to the c.r.t. cathode c.r.t. whose screen consists of triads of rate. This demands a trebling of the signal as usual, after its passage through a 60005 independently controllable phosphor dots, bandwidth, other factors being constant. delay tine. This is practically the only as in the R.C.A. Sbadowmask' tube. Noting the discouraging comments of major modification needed to the mono All three systems are capable of others on the subject of f.s.