Meeting Global Challenges: Discovery and Innovation

AAAS ANNUAL REPORT 2014 The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is the world’s largest general scienti c society and publisher of the journal Science (www.sciencemag.org) as well as Science Translational Medicine (www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org), Science Signaling (www.sciencesignaling.org), and a digital, open-access journal, Science Advances (www.scienceadvances.org). AAAS was founded in 1848 and includes nearly 250 a liated societies and academies of science, serving 10 million individuals. Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed general science journal in the world. The non-pro t AAAS (www.aaas.org) is open to all and ful lls its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initiatives in science policy, international programs, science education, public engagement, and more. For the latest research news, log onto EurekAlert!, www.eurekalert.org, the premier science-news Web site, a service of AAAS. See www.aaas.org.

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On the Cover: As it takes flight in Kenya, this Eurasian roller (Coracias garrulous), with its magni cent blue and teal-colored wings, o ers a reminder of the promise of discovery and innovation for improving human welfare.

Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO emeritus, captured this photograph in early 2015. Table of Contents

Welcome Letter by Phillip A. Sharp and Rush D. Holt ...... 2 Public Statements on Key Issues ...... 4 Communication and Public Engagement ...... 8 International Engagement ...... 11 Science, Policy, and Society ...... 14 Government Relations ...... 17 The Science Family of Journals ...... 19 Improving Science Literacy ...... 23 Education, Outreach, and Careers ...... 25 AAAS Divisions ...... 2 7 Advancing Science Through Philanthropy ...... 29 AAAS Awards and Prizes ...... 31 AAAS Fellows ...... 3 4 Acknowledgment of Contributors ...... 36 Financial Summary ...... 51 AAAS Board of Directors, O cers, and Information...... 52 Welcome

From the AAAS Chair, Phillip A. Sharp, and the CEO, Rush D. Holt

Science-based innovations policymakers. (For more information on AAAS have never been more science policy activities, see pages 14–18.) central to solving global Given the global nature of our most challenges such as climate pressing problems, the association change, disease, poverty, continued in 2014 to promote science and hunger. By mid-century, diplomacy and international research the world’s population is collaboration. U.S. President Barack Obama expected to hit 9 billion. established new diplomatic ties with Climate change has already Cuba in 2014. AAAS applauded the policy resulted in rising sea levels, heat waves, change, and it forged a landmark agreement and heavy precipitation events, exacerbat- with the Cuban Academy of Sciences to ing an agricultural crisis. The atmosphere encourage cooperation between scientists has warmed by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit from both nations. AAAS also implemented over the past 100 years, and unless we can an ambitious Global Innovation through slow the production of greenhouse gases, Science and Technology (GIST) competition, additional heating of 4 to 8 degrees F is convening 30 young entrepreneurs from expected by 2100. Science promises solu- 23 developing nations. The program, tions in the form of alternative energies, established by the U.S. Department of new energy-e cient technologies, and crops State at Obama’s direction, showcased capable of resisting drought and pests. If science-based innovations such as a mobile such discoveries are to truly improve human application to reduce infant and maternal welfare, however, we must nd more e cient mortality in Uganda, and a bicycle-powered ways to speed innovation and its practical cell phone charger for people in Malawi. applications. (See pages 11–13.) In 2014, an array of AAAS programs The e¬ ective communication of science focused on accelerating the pace of is critical for ensuring public trust in the scienti c discovery in service of society. integrity of science, and scientists. Toward Along with dozens of other leading that end, AAAS released an influential report, organizations, for example, AAAS advocated in English and Spanish, to spell out the to “Close the Innovation De cit.” In written extensive body of scienti c evidence related testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on to human-caused climate change (8–10). Appropriations, the coalition pointed out The “What We Know” report, approved by that U.S. federal research and development a committee of leading experts, including expenditures as a share of the nation’s Nobel laureate Mario Molina, was supported economy have remained nearly flat over the by the Rockefeller Family Fund, Lawrence last decade. By comparison, investments H. Linden, and others. Also in 2014, the have increased by nearly 50 percent in association organized a series of popular South Korea and by nearly 90 percent in Communicating Science workshops for China. “Our nation is losing ground by scientists and engineers (10), and the AAAS- insu ciently investing in scienti c research Lemelson Invention Ambassadors program and education and shackling itself with highlighted the importance of invention and visionless continuing [funding] resolutions,” inventors (25–26). the group wrote in a subsequent letter to The devastating Ebola outbreak posed

2 major public-health and communication for All Americans—an influential call to challenges. In response, AAAS quickly action on U.S. science literacy and national assembled a special, freely accessible education standards in science, technology, collection of authoritative research and engineering, and mathematics (STEM). AAAS news articles from the Science family of also joined forces with other organizations journals. The association also co-sponsored to set forth recommendations for improving a Washington, D.C., conference on global undergraduate STEM education. health security issues related to Ebola, (See pages 23–24.) and separately, AAAS S&T Policy Fellows The association has meanwhile positioned convened experts to identify key needs itself to achieve even greater impacts in the most heavily a¬ ected regions of on society in the future, by launching a Africa. On 29 August, Science published the far-reaching, strategic Transformation sequencing of 99 Ebola virus genomes from Initiative as well as a new online open- West African patients. The results provided access journal, Science Advances. Through insights into how the Ebola virus had entered the Transformation Initiative, AAAS has West Africa, where it had never been before, moved beyond its print-centric roots to setting the stage for improved diagnosis become a multimedia, multiplatform science and treatment. (See pages 19–22 for more communication enterprise with a “digital- Science highlights on the avian genome, the rst” mindset. Those e¬ orts in 2014 included Rosetta spacecra¯ ’s encounter with a comet, testing of a new digital communication and much more.) and collaboration platform, Trellis (www. Preparing the next-generation of trelliscience.com). At the same time, AAAS innovators is critical to scienti c discovery. has prioritized advocacy and other member- AAAS therefore remains dedicated to focused activities, while Science Advances improving science education, while also has increased the volume of high-quality helping to diversify the science and research available to the public. With your technology pipeline. Project 2061, the help, we will continue to promote innovation science-education reform initiative at AAAS, and scienti c discovery to improve quality of celebrated the 25th anniversary of Science life worldwide.

Phillip A. Sharp Rush D. Holt AAAS Chair (2014–2015) and AAAS CEO and Executive Publisher, Institute Professor, Koch Institute Science, Science Translational Medicine, of Integrative Cancer Research, Science Signaling, and Science Advances Massachusetts Institute of Technology

3 Public Statements on Key Issues

AAAS continued in 2014 to advocate for the scienti c enterprise through testimony, letters to policymakers, op-ed articles, and other outreach e¬ orts. In particular, the association urged adequate, sustained U.S. federal support for research and development; action to address global climate change; broader international research cooperation; advances in science education; and more.

Advocacy for the Scienti c Enterprise 28 January. In a letter to Capitol Hill, AAAS 13 January. An op-ed in Politico, co-authored noted that “professional conferences bene t by then CEO Alan I. Leshner and Paul Sto¬ els, all scientists, including federal researchers M.D., chief scienti c o cer and worldwide and their agencies, by exposing them to nd- chairman of pharmaceuticals for Johnson ings from their colleagues.” While acknowl- & Johnson, praised U.S. policymakers for a edging the duty of the U.S. government to bipartisan budget deal, but urged further prevent wasteful spending, AAAS opposed steps to counteract a decades-long decline e¬ orts to severely limit the number of scien- in federal funding for research and develop- ti c conferences that federal employees are ment. The op-ed noted that U.S. federal R&D allowed to attend. expenditures declined by 16.3 percent, in constant dollars, between scal years 2010 27 February. Neuroscientists are poised to and 2013. It also pointed out that federal sup- make dramatic advances in understanding AAAS op-ed in port for science as a share of the economy the brain and its disorders, but research Politico Magazine. stood at its lowest point in 50 years. e¬ orts must be carefully coordinated and adequately funded, AAAS testi ed during a U.S. House of Representatives appropriations subcommittee hearing. The launch of two large, multidisciplinary collaborations—the European Commission’s Human Brain Project and the U.S. BRAIN Initiative—should help to accelerate progress in understanding the brain and brain disorders, then AAAS CEO Alan I. Leshner said.

29 April. AAAS contributed testimony for a U.S. Senate committee hearing on innovation. “Beyond the lives saved from cancer, the wonders and conveniences of technologi- cal innovation, and the security provided by cutting-edge defense research,” the testimony said, “investing in scienti c research has a remarkable return on investment.” Although federal R&D investments help drive innovation and economic growth, AAAS reported, government support for science over the past decade has not kept pace with

4 inflation. The situation has, in turn, had nega- basic research across a broad spectrum of AAAS What We Know tive impacts on U.S. education as well as the disciplines. climate-change communication report, in production of published research. English and Spanish. See 12 November. With other leading organiza- whatweknow.aaas.org. 23 May. Bipartisan support for basic research tions, AAAS urged Congress to “close our directed by the National Science Founda- nation’s innovation de cit” by increasing tion (NSF) “reflects a commitment to future scal year 2015 investments in scienti c generations of scientists, engineers, and research and higher education. AAAS, the innovators,” AAAS wrote in a letter of thanks Association of American Universities, and to two appropriators who had supported the other groups asked policymakers to pass NSF budget. a single, sweeping “omnibus” bill to fund science-related agencies in 2015, rather 23 June. AAAS contacted policymakers to than a series of resolutions that would express concern about the Secret Science simply continue funding at 2014 levels. Reform Act, which could have unintended (See www.innovationde cit.org.) negative impacts on scienti c advancement. The bill would prevent the U.S. Environmental Communicating Climate Change Protection Agency from making decisions 18 March. The AAAS “What We Know” based on “science that is not transparent or climate-change report set forth three key reproducible.” AAAS noted, however, that messages: (1) human-caused climate change this language could preclude the use of data is real, and the vast majority of climate sci- from one-time events such as the Deepwater entists agree; (2) we risk pushing our climate Horizon oil spill, or from very long-term stud- toward abrupt changes with highly damaging ies that must be replicated using statistical impacts; and (3) the sooner we respond, the models, rather than by reproducing experi- better. The initial release of the report gener- mental results. Earlier in 2014, AAAS had also ated extensive media coverage by English urged lawmakers to change the so-called and Spanish-language media outlets. “Sound Science Act,” within the Farm Bill, (See pages 8–9.) because it included language that could hamstring and overburden science agencies. 7 November. In an op-ed in the Austin American-Statesman of Texas, then AAAS CEO 11 September. AAAS sent a letter to Senator Alan I. Leshner and climate scientist Camille John D. Rockefeller IV (D-West Virginia, Parmesan urged Texas education o cials retired), commending his reauthorization of to reject dra¯ textbooks, unless they were the America COMPETES Act. The association revised to correct the facts about climate noted that the legislation would help change. Leshner and Parmesan cited an key science agencies sustain support for analysis by the National Center for Science

5 Education, which had described some pro- Cuba prompted a statement of commenda- posed language in the textbooks as “deeply tion from AAAS. The new policy will expand concerning,” and “scienti cally inaccurate.” travel to Cuba and facilitate the scienti c The textbook language was subsequently exchange of research across educational changed. In addition, one of the publishers institutions, AAAS noted. The policy change (McGraw Hill) requested and was granted a “will allow scienti c peers to build collabora- license by AAAS to use its “What We Know” tive activities that will enhance our scienti c climate-change report in future textbooks. understanding in elds that go beyond poli- tics and borders,” the AAAS statement said. International Research Cooperation “Examples include atmospheric research 6 June. In an editorial in Science, three mem- regarding hurricanes in the Gulf; avian flu bers of the AAAS leadership team pointed to and the emergence of new diseases such the long-ago collaboration between a Cuban as the chikungunya virus; and the impact scientist, Carlos Finlay, and a U.S. scientist, of natural disasters on marine life.” Jesse Lazear, as an example of cross-border work with tremendous bene ts—speci cally, Science Education and Opportunities e¬ ective methods for combating mosquito- 13 May. In a statement to the United Nations borne yellow fever. The authors called for Commission on Science and Technology for policy changes to ease restrictions on joint Development, Shirley Malcom, director of Ed- U.S.-Cuban research e¬ orts. Earlier in 2014, ucation and Human Resources at AAAS, said a delegation from AAAS had visited Havana that e¬ orts to develop capacity in science, in- to sign a landmark agreement with the Cuban novation, technology, and engineering (SITE) Academy of Sciences, outlining plans to ad- must include “girls and boys, women and vance scienti c cooperation between Cuban men.” Malcom, co-chair of the Commission’s and U.S. scientists. Gender Advisory Board, expressed support for initiatives such as GenderInSITE, a strat- 17 December. U.S. President Barack Obama’s egy for inclusive, sustainable development in plan to establish new diplomatic ties with developing regions.

21 May. AAAS, together with a large coalition of science, business, and education leaders, wrote to members of Congress to support the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Educa- tion Act. Citing a need for more skilled workers to ll in-demand jobs, the letter noted that career and technical education programs “provide greater opportunity for America’s youth and adults.”

1 July. “Gender equality should be part of any scientist’s basic training,” Shirley Malcom of AAAS wrote in an op-ed for SciDev.Net. “It should also be part of the culture and ethos of science.” Sadly, several studies have shown that both men and women who assess the quality of researchers’ work for funding, publication, or employment purposes give men a higher rating, even when the same

6 credentials are being evaluated. Broader adopted by the United Nations in December training as well as tailored awards, network- 2006. “A majority of the world’s nations have ing, and mentoring can all help to boost subsequently become a party to the Conven- women in science, she said. tion,” AAAS noted.

4 November. In a report issued by the Asso- 10 September. In a letter to U.S. senators, ciation of American Colleges & Universities, AAAS wrote that the Convention on the Rights the Coalition for Reform of Undergraduate of Persons with Disabilities “explicitly recog- STEM Education—including sta¬ members nizes the rights of persons with disabilities from AAAS and other leading academic and to enjoy equal access to medical facilities, research organizations—concluded that there education, workplaces, and communications has been disappointingly little incorporation technologies.” AAAS urged policymakers to of proven teaching methods in undergradu- bring the treaty to the Senate floor for debate ate STEM classrooms, despite decades of and a vote. research on successful teaching practices. (See http://www.aacu.org/pkal/sourcebook.) 30 October. In 1974, the United Nations Educational, Scienti c and Cultural Orga- 18 December. U.S. Census data should con- nization (UNESCO) issued a wide-ranging tinue to include information on each respon- statement that explained how and why dent’s undergraduate eld of study, AAAS governments should support and encourage wrote in response to proposed changes in scienti c research. In 2014, AAAS advised In an op-ed on SciDev. Net, Shirley Malcom, survey procedures. Such information “allows UNESCO on how best to update this seminal director of Education federal agencies, universities, industry, and statement “so that it reflects better today’s and Human Resources at non-pro t organizations to make more in- concerns about science in relation to soci- AAAS, wrote that gender equality in science will formed decisions in the development of new ety.” Revisions to the landmark Statement on require broader training programs, the recruitment of STEM gradu- the Status of Scienti c Researchers should for scientists as well as tailored awards, ates, and the determination of investment emphasize scientists’ responsibilities as well networking, mentoring, opportunities,” AAAS said. as their rights and freedoms, AAAS said. and other steps.

Scienti c Rights, Responsibilities, and Freedoms March 31. Rapid advances from the eld of neuroscience have legal and ethical impli- cations, AAAS wrote in a letter to the Presi- dential Commission for the Study of Bioethi- cal Issues. New insights to the science of memory may raise questions about the fair- ness of eyewitness testimony, for example, while ndings on human brain development and impulse control may a¬ ect legal cases against minors. AAAS urged a “human-rights based approach” to evaluating ethical and legal questions raised by neuroscience.

7 April. In a statement approved by its Board of Directors, AAAS strongly urged the U.S. rati cation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a treaty

7 Communication and Public Engagement

AAAS multiplies the value of scienti c endeavor by helping to broadly communicate its progress. Through a dynamic annual meeting that attracts scientists, journalists, and families, AAAS lays out the world of science for all to experience. By providing information to the media on scienti c breakthroughs, and training for researchers, AAAS promotes better understanding of the natural world.

2014 Annual Meeting The conference program included sessions Attendees at the 2014 AAAS Annual Meeting’s on new approaches for targeting tumors, the Family Science Days—many of them students science of mothers’ milk, and the brain in in grades K–12—numbered more than 3,300. solitary con nement. Going from exhibit to exhibit, the kids ex- The meeting accommodated an attendance tracted DNA from bananas, shot swirls of mist of more than 7,000, with 708 newsroom from vortex guns, and experienced entertain- registrants covering news of scienti c ing presentations by scientists, including one breakthroughs announced at the event for called “Your Brain on Video Games.” audiences all over the world. The two days geared toward young people were just one part of the Chicago meeting, Communicating About Climate Change which was the 180th hosted by AAAS. Then AAAS embarked on a major initiative in 2014 AAAS President Phillip A. Sharp (Chair, to inform the public and policymakers about 2014–15), a Nobel laureate, developed the risks of climate change, publishing a the conference theme: “Meeting Global clear statement of current climate science in Challenges: Discovery and Innovation.” In a report, and on a website, entitled “What We his opening address, Sharp urged scientists Know” (whatweknow.aaas.org). to “continue to talk about the link between “We believe we have an obligation to research and innovation, and economic and inform the public and policymakers about global need.” He also referred in a discussion what science is showing about any issue with journalists to the “underappreciated in modern life, and climate is a particularly AAAS Family Science Days o¬ ered hands-on need” for transforming scienti c discoveries pressing one,” said Alan I. Leshner, then science fun. into valuable, widely accessible products. AAAS CEO.

8 The initial release of the report—which was Other initiatives included an onsite media Le¯ : Actor Alan Alda, developed by a panel of climate scientists event in Tokyo, which announced news about a plenary speaker at the 2014 AAAS Annual chaired by Nobel laureate Mario Molina; an unusually bright supernova, and 14 news Meeting, checks out Diana Wall of Colorado State University; and teleconferences on research published in attendees’ notes on why James McCarthy of Harvard—resulted in very Science about, for instance, fossils revealing they love science. extensive media coverage, including several that a dinosaur, Spinosaurus aegyptacus, was Right: AAAS in articles in the New York Times. Outreach aquatic. 2014 began testing Trellis, a new digital to Spanish-language media resulted in an The team also held four news communication and additional round of articles in top dailies, and teleconferences on research published in collaboration platform. television segments. Science Translational Medicine, such as This platform—part of the AAAS Transformation AAAS also deployed its Communicating the discovery of an oral drug that blocks a Initiative—was designed Science coaching team to help scientists and measles-like virus. to help connect engineers engage with the public on the topic Top media outlets including the New York participants across disciplines, a liations, of climate change, organizing workshops for Times, the Washington Post, the Associated and geographies so that Colorado State University, the National Park Press, the Boston Globe, and the LA Times they can communicate and work together more Service, the Ecological Society of America, awarded extensive coverage to many of the e¬ ectively. See www. and others. research breakthroughs published in the trelliscience.com. At an event entitled “The Economic and Science family of journals, including the Financial Risks of a Changing Climate,” AAAS international e¬ ort to create the avian tree and Resources for the Future convened lead- of life, and advances in Ebola therapies and ing climate and physical scientists and social vaccines. scientists with expertise in economics and Starting in June 2014, the press package risk. The purpose of the workshop and result- team worked with a web developer to build ing report was to increase the understand- a password-protected portal on EurekAlert!, ing of climate-change risks in nancial and where embargoed materials in forthcoming economic terms, in order to improve public issues of the journal Science Advances could policy. (See www.r¬ .org/ClimateRiskReport.) be promoted to nearly 11,000 reporters worldwide. Communicating Science (and Science) Globally EurekAlert! Redesign Traveling to Shenzhen, China, to hold a multi- Long known as an excellent source of science national, multimedia onsite news conference news, EurekAlert!, the news service of AAAS, about research into the avian genome was made improvements in 2014 in both look just one of the many ways in which the AAAS and functionality. The redesigned site o¬ ers Science press package team brought news of easier navigation and social-media sharing important scienti c breakthroughs to a global for desktop, tablet, and mobile devices, while

ATLANTIC PHOTO BOSTON BOSTON PHOTO ATLANTIC audience in 2014. continuing to provide the latest science news

9 The AAAS Communicating and multimedia to 11,000 science reporters International Science Reporters. This year’s Science program, which and 9,000 public information o cers. winners, from India and China, were invited has so far served 4,492 participants at 76 work- Following EurekAlert!’s relaunch in to cover the AAAS Annual Meeting alongside shops and 53 talks across November 2014, the number of user other journalists from around the world. the United States, was sessions, unique users, and page views had expanded in 2014 to help scientists and approximately doubled by early 2015. The Assessing Attitudes Toward Science engineers engage with multimedia-friendly design has made news AAAS and The Pew Research Center took an public audiences about climate change. of scienti c breakthroughs more engaging. important step toward bridging the com- See www.aaas.org/ EurekAlert! also underwent an munication gap between scientists and the communicatingscience. enhancement of its portal for Japanese public by assessing where the U.S. public media, and 13 prestigious research and scientists stand on challenging issues. universities joined the site. The site’s The assessment showed strong public relaunch seemed to boost interest in support of science and investment in Multilanguage news: Of the 18 Japanese science, but signi cant di¬ erences of news releases posted in 2014, 13 were opinion between scientists and non- accepted following the site redesign. scientists were revealed on key issues, Also in November, AAAS announced including— four winners of EurekAlert! Fellowships for • 37% of the public said that eating genetically modi ed foods is gener- ally safe, compared to 88% of AAAS members. • 65% of the public believes humans and other living things have evolved over time, compared to 98% of AAAS members. The survey and report were conducted by Pew with collaboration by the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Science and Technology, which provides scientists with resources for meaningful conversations with the public. “As new information proliferates in areas such as climate science,” said Ti¬ any Lohwater, director of meetings and public engagement at AAAS, “we also need better information on how scientists and the scienti c community can best contribute to MIAMI / ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE ATMOSPHERIC AND MARINE OF SCHOOL ROSENSTIEL / MIAMI WREN AAAS/KATHY productive exchanges with society.” UNIVERSITY OF UDEL, DIANA µRIGHT¶ MARYLAND; µLEFT¶ UNIVERSITY OF

10 International Engagement

Using science to address societal issues across borders is a crucial aspect of the work of AAAS, particularly since today’s greatest challenges and solutions are o¯ en regional and even global in scope. Recent e¬ orts have helped promote international research collaboration, o¬ ering cross-border approaches to solving shared challenges, bringing together diverse perspectives on global threats, and supporting science- and technology-based innovations in developing countries.

U.S.-Cuba Science Diplomacy Marrakech, Morocco, young innovators from AAAS worked in the forefront toward improved developing countries presented their ideas scienti c cooperation between the United before an international audience, while expe- States and Cuba, signing an important agree- riencing a crash course in startup culture to ment with the Cuban Academy of Sciences better their chances at entrepreneurship. in April 2014. The agreement pointed to four As part of the U.S. Department of State-led promising areas of cooperation between GIST initiative, AAAS brought 30 entrepre- Cuban and U.S. scientists: emerging infec- neurs from 23 countries to the nals of the tious diseases, brain disorders, cancer, and 2014 competition. Their ideas ranged from antimicrobial drug resistance. an inexpensive heat-sensor alert system to In June 2014, Alan I. Leshner, then CEO of control res in South African slums, to an AAAS, and Gerald Fink, who was AAAS presi- app to help midwives with di cult births in dent, joined AAAS Chief International O cer rural Uganda, to an air-conditioning system Vaughan Turekian in an editorial arguing that developed in Mexico that operates with improved relations with Cuba should allow solar power and silica gel. Eighteen men- joint organization of scienti c workshops and tors, recruited by AAAS, coached the young meetings. President Barack Obama’s plan to innovators through four days of pitching their establish new diplomatic ties with the island technologies and re ning their business nation, announced in December, allows such plans. scienti c exchange, AAAS said in commend- The competition was held at the 5th ing the policy change. Global Entrepreneurship Summit, where This AAAS-led group met with hosts at the Cuban Despite economic di culties, Cuba has Vice President Joseph R. Biden said, “When I Academy of Sciences in fostered valuable scienti c progress, particu- travel [in Africa and the Middle East] and the Havana. larly in the areas of medicine and biotechnol- ogy. Cooperation between Cuban and U.S. scientists on such public health threats as dengue and chikungunya, mosquito-borne vi- ral diseases for which no vaccines exist, could prove vital. “Working together more closely will allow scientists from Cuba and the United States to better share data, identify and monitor outbreaks, and develop more coherent responses,” said Leshner.

Spurring Global Innovation At the Global Innovation through Science

AAAS/KATHY WREN AAAS/KATHY and Technology (GIST) Tech-I competition in

11 Above: The 2014 Global entire developing world, I see young people serious outbreak here in the United States is Innovation through with limitless promise to make not only their make sure we get what is a raging epidemic Science and Technology (GIST) Tech-I nalists and countries but the whole world better.” right now in West Africa under control,” said mentors. Aaron Firoved, a former AAAS S&T Policy Fel-

Below: Cynthia Ndubuisi. Ebola and Global Health Security low and now the senior biodefense advisor in AAAS joined the ght against Ebola in 2014, the Department of Homeland Security. co-sponsoring a conference on global health As a public service, Science and Science security in October that claried some of the Translational Medicine made available a factors that worsened the disease outbreak in collection of their news and research on West Africa. The event looked for lessons to Ebola published between 2000 and 2014. prevent similar global health threats. Meanwhile, Science published the report of In November, AAAS Science & Technology a breakthrough sequencing of Ebola virus Policy Fellows organized a forum about the genomes that claried the origin and spread outbreak that brought together members of of the recent outbreak. (See pages 19–22.) the Liberian diaspora and representatives of the federal departments of Defense, State, New Science Diplomacy Course Draws and Homeland Security. “The single most 32 Nations important thing we can do to prevent a more U.S. astronaut David Hilmers has participated in science diplomacy in a spectacular way: Starting in the mid-1980s, the former Marine flew four space shuttle missions, including one in which he and crew members carried out research provided by investigators from 11 di¬erent countries. The mission contributed to international cooperation. “I don’t believe there is any better way of cooperation, and world peace, than through science diplomacy,” Hilmers told participants at the inaugural June 2014 course on the topic organized in Trieste, Italy, by AAAS and The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). More than 50 course registrants and leaders—representing 32 countries, particularly from developing nations—participated in presentations, case studies, and team exercises to develop skills and initiate specic

projects. The short course is being o¬ered AAAS

12 annually as part of a AAAS-TWAS partnership Philippines on a governance structure for Above: Participants in in science diplomacy. the ASEAN-Network for Drugs, Diagnostics, the rst-ever AAAS-TWAS (The World Academy Vaccines, and Traditional Medicines of Sciences) course on Connecting Networks in Latin America Innovation, an information-sharing e¬ort. science diplomacy, held in Trieste, Italy. As a visiting research scholar at the AAAS At a Jakarta orientation event for the Center for Science Diplomacy, Marga Gual fellows, then AAAS science diplomat Norman Below: AAAS Chief Soler, a Spanish microbiologist trained in Neureiter spoke about improving cross- International Ocer Vaughan Turekian. Australia with experience in the United border relations by cooperating on shared Nations, met with policymakers and scientists goals for advancing science. “In any country, from more than 20 countries about oppor- science, technology, and innovation can tunities for advancing science diplomacy in be an essential piece of the development Latin America. Focusing on intergovernmental process,” Neureiter said. “This experiment in research networks involving North and South Southeast Asia, based on the AAAS model, America, Spain, and Portugal, she investi- will provide invaluable information on how gated how the networks have evolved and best to leverage science to enhance regional contributed to regional cooperation, as well development.” as helping to train and support new Latin (For more information on the S&T Policy American scientists. Her research appeared Fellowships, see page 15.) in the December 2014 issue of Science & Diplomacy (published by AAAS).

ASEAN Science and Technology Fellows Five Southeast Asian nations, inspired by the AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow- ships program, deployed eight scientists and engineers in 2014 in a pilot project to expand the use of science, technology, and objective analysis in the political decision-making process. The rst multinational e¬ort to use the AAAS model—involving Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam—the program was launched by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in partnership with the United States Mission to the As- sociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). As an example of a science-based problem,

TOP: EZIO VUCK; BOTTOM: EDWARD W. LEMPINEN W. EDWARD BOTTOM: VUCK; EZIO TOP: fellow Maria Ruth B. Pineda will work in the

13 Science, Policy, and Society

The AAAS Center of Science, Policy, and Society Programs (CSPSP) brings scienti c expertise to the world of public policy through a prestigious annual forum and a fellowships program that places scientists and engineers in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of federal government. CSPSP also supports programs that provide technical expertise on human rights issues, encourage dialogue between science and religion, and promote ethical research practices.

2014 AAAS S&T Policy Forum released in 2014 that details the likely im- Holding up his phone at the AAAS Sci- pacts of climate change in di¬ erent regions ence and Technology Policy Forum, Hunter of the country and in di¬ erent sectors of the Rawlings, president of the Association of economy. American Universities, listed smartphone White House counselor John Podesta technologies that would not have been discussed a report that spells out the scien- possible without basic research in univer- ti c value of big data but calls for enhanced sity and government laboratories: GPS, the privacy protection for consumers. touchscreen, the LCD monitor, rechargeable Education leaders at the forum addressed lithium batteries, integrated circuits, and the strengthening the ties between science and Internet. art; presented active, engaged-learning ap- Rawlings’ illustration was a plea for proaches to STEM education; and rea rmed federal research and development funding, the importance of supporting historically which has dropped by $24 billion since 2011, black colleges, which help to ensure diver- according to 2014 AAAS gures. sity in science and technology by graduating The annual forum, organized by CSPSP, an exceptionally high percentage of students draws more than 400 elected o cials, in those elds. Le¯ : John P. Holdren, government and business leaders, research- science advisor to President Barack Obama. ers, foreign embassy sta¬ , and educators. Geospatial Technologies Project Keynote speaker John P. Holdren, science In the rst comprehensive investigation of Right: White House advisor to President Barack Obama, reiter- the damaged historical treasures in war-torn counselor John Podesta at the 2014 S&T Policy ated White House support for science and Syria, AAAS analysis of satellite images con- Forum. technology, pointing to a climate assessment rmed reports of damage and destruction at

14 ve of six World Heritage sites. The analysis Other events o¬ ered by the AAAS S&T Pol- Between 6 December 2011 (le¯ ) and 10 August 2014 was undertaken by the AAAS Geospatial icy Fellowships program included a sympo- (right), satellite images Technologies Project. sium on the need for neuroscientists to share analyzed by AAAS Among the damaged sites is the ancient the huge amounts of data they generate so revealed extensive damage in war-torn Syria, city of Aleppo, one of the oldest continuously that others might glean additional insights. particularly in Aleppo. inhabited cities in the world, dating to the In addition, a lecture by former fellow and These images showed 2nd millennium B.C. The satellite images indi- AAAS Board member Rosina Bierbaum—a heavy damage to the Ministry of Justice Building cated that the Great Mosque of Aleppo, the member of President Obama’s Council of and the Grand Serail, and Suq al-Madina, the Grand Serail of Aleppo, Advisors on Science and Technology and the near-total destruction of the Khusriwiye Mosque. and other buildings of priceless historical the lead author of the U.S. National Climate value were destroyed. Assessment—advocated simultaneously Another AAAS satellite-image analy- addressing climate change and sustainable sis focused on the Ja¬ na Peninsula in Sri development for the 1 billion people who live Lanka. About 2,000 displaced citizens wish in poverty, without energy or clean water. to return to their homes on the peninsula The fellowships program received two sig- now that a long civil war has ended. Their ni cant honors. The National Science Board petition for return awaits consideration by a awarded its Public Service Award to the Sri Lankan high court. Although the govern- program for building connections between ment and military say that parts of the region science and policy for more than 40 years. are being released from military control for Also in 2014, the rst international, regional public purpose, satellite images show new initiative modeled a¯ er the AAAS program construction but few new public facilities was launched by the Association of South- such as hospitals, and there is evidence of east Asian Nations (ASEAN)—the ASEAN-U.S. new military-run tourist facilities in the area. Science and Technology Fellowships (for more information, see page 13). Science & Technology Policy Fellowships At the height of the Ebola outbreak in West Science, Religion, and Perceptions Africa, current and former AAAS Science & Seeking a deeper understanding of the at- Technology Policy Fellows worked with health- titudes of religious people toward science, care professionals to o¬ er a presentation at AAAS and Rice University conducted a survey AAAS. Organized by the fellows’ Global Health of 10,000 respondents, including evangeli- A nity Group, the event focused on the dire cal Christians, mainline Protestants, Catho- situation faced by healthcare workers—both in lics, and Jews, who were asked about their regard to the deadly illness itself and second- perceptions of the nature of science and ary health problems that went largely untreat- scientists. ed at the height of the crisis—and the need for “Understanding the interests and con-

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15 Le¯ : Experts convened science is key to e¬ ective engagement,” for federal and state judges on the implica- by the Health A nity wrote Jennifer Wiseman and Paul Arveson, tions of advances in neuroscience for the Group of the AAAS S&T Policy Fellowships director and senior program associate with legal system, and four public meetings. program described Ebola the AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and healthcare challenges. Religion. The AAAS program subsequently ELISS Scholars Tackle Societal Problems Right: In Jakarta, Cynthia sponsored community-based workshops Aiming to prepare graduate and professional Robinson, director of around the country that brought together students to solve complicated problems by the AAAS S&T Policy Fellowships program, local scientists and religious leaders. collaborating with experts outside of their joined Teguh Rahardjo elds, AAAS helped launch the Emerging of the Indonesia Promoting Ethical Research Leaders in Science and Society (ELISS) pro- Ministry of Research and Technology and The AAAS Scienti c Responsibility, Human gram in 2014. then AAAS science Rights, and Law Program hosted experts Starting with team building, the students diplomat Norman from the United States and China to discuss chose three issues of concern: mental Neureiter for the kicko¬ of a new fellowships research ethics at a seminar in 2014. They health stigma, food choices and diet-related program, inspired by the acknowledged the need for shared values diseases, and the use of open space for AAAS model. The new fellowships, announced and standards as scientists looking to solve sustainable design. “Problems, from how to by the Association global problems become increasingly col- eat more healthily, to climate change require of Southeast Asian laborative. people to work together across disciplines, Nations (ASEAN), will be managed by the U.S. Extensive e¬ orts by the Chinese Ministry sectors, and geographies,” said Melanie Agency for International of Education are underway to ensure scien- Roberts, a founder of the ELISS program and Development in partner- ti c integrity within a research system that its director. “Traditional graduate education ship with the U.S. Mission to ASEAN. is not only expanding exponentially in terms doesn’t give students many opportunities to of funding and publications, but that re- put their work in a larger context.” wards scientists who publish despite heavy workloads and compliance responsibilities. Ethics training, however, targets students at university or in graduate school, not earlier, and experts at the meeting said other approaches are also needed. “Strengthening academic integrity education for graduate students should be the responsibility of the whole society,” said Diange Yang, Deputy Dean Responsible for Research Work and International Cooperation at Tsinghua University. “It should be done from childhood.” AAAS The program also convened two seminars LEONARDO TERESA RIGHT: ZAMBON; /KAT AAAS LEFT:

16 Government Relations

AAAS Government Relations helps to convey the wide-ranging value of the scienti c enterprise to policymakers, through direct communication with Congress, Capitol Hill brie ngs, and evidence-based science and technology updates. The group also o¬ ers authoritative, ongoing analysis of federal research and development investments.

AAAS Joins Innovation Campaign The rst Catalyzing Advocacy in Science AAAS teamed with dozens of other leading and Engineering (CASE) workshop came about organizations to urge Congress to “close our a¯ er federal budget sequestration measures nation’s innovation de cit” by increasing went into e¬ ect in 2013, cutting critical federal investment in scienti c research and research funding, which graduate students education for scal year 2015. Joining with protested strongly. Seeing the energy of the such groups as the Association of Ameri- students, who formed such groups as MIT’s can Universities, AAAS asked lawmakers to Stand With Science initiative, AAAS joined employ a long-term innovation strategy by with other institutions to create CASE. passing a single, sweeping bill to fund sci- “It’s my duty as a constituent to inform the ence agencies, rather than continuing with people I vote for about the issues that are piecemeal resolutions to hold funding at important to me,” said Laura Shum, a rst- 2014 levels. year student at the University of Rochester The AAAS letter—from national business, Medical Center and one of 63 participants in higher education, scienti c, patient, and the inaugural workshop. other organizations—pointed out that the The workshop drew Capitol Hill sta¬ ers representatives of both political parties and o¬ ered lessons in communicating have “highlighted the need to address the with Congress. “It’s always good to have innovation de cit,” which was described as students come speak to Congress because the “widening gap” between actual science they represent the future,” said workshop Matthew Hourihan, funding levels and the level needed to ensure co-organizer Abby Benson, assistant vice director of the AAAS Research & that the United States continues to be an president of research and federal relations at Development Budget innovation leader. the University of Colorado, Boulder. and Policy program. The letter also said that passing continuing resolutions has “suspended and impaired ongoing research projects, and caused uncertainty to our nation’s scienti c and innovation enterprise” during a time when other nations are ramping up their research funding. (See www.innovationde cit.org.)

Graduate Students Dive into Advocacy AAAS began workshops in 2014 to introduce science and engineering graduate students to the role of science in policy-making and to provide them with the training and tools nec- AAAS LEFT: AAAS /KAT ZAMBON; RIGHT: TERESA LEONARDO TERESA RIGHT: ZAMBON; /KAT AAAS LEFT: essary to advocate for scienti c research.

17 Above, le¯ and right: Golden Goose Awards: Medicine, neuroscience research tells us about sleep. For two days, more than Economics, Physics Four open-to-the-public events were held in 60 students at the rst Catalyzing Advocacy in Researchers whose work led to improved 2014, and featured top experts in their elds, Science and Engineering outcomes for premature infants, the telecom- who shared their latest insights. Another (CASE) workshop got a munications revolution, and the development event, a well-attended Capitol Hill brie ng, crash course in science policy and advocacy. of modern web browsers won Golden Goose focused on possible advances in the treatment They also worked in small Awards in 2014. of autism, which could involve drugs that groups to negotiate a mock federal appropria- Rep. Jim Cooper (D-Tennessee) and a would target the neurochemical messengers tions bill. coalition of organizations including AAAS that are released at the brain’s synapses. launched the awards in 2012 to support federally funded basic scienti c research— Engaging Scientists and Engineers especially research that might have sounded in Policy unusual—as the backbone of American Recognizing the signi cant value of real data innovation, economic growth, health, global and evidence in public policy decision-mak- competitiveness, and national security. ing, AAAS included a session in the 2014 Fo- The winners included Saul Schanberg, rum on Science and Technology Policy focused Ti¬ any Martini Field, Cynthia Kuhn, and Gary on involving scientists and engineers in policy. Evoniuk, who conducted research showing Entitled “Making Science Matter,” the that massage improves the health outcomes session looked at a wide range of ways of children born prematurely; Robert Wilson, to prepare scientists and engineers for Paul Milgrom, and R. Preston McAfee, whose interactions with policymakers. Speakers research on game theory and auctions at the session recommended local-level encouraged the Federal Communications involvement for scientists such as running Commission to auction wireless spectrum for the school board, as well as increased licenses, enabling the telecommunications communication training, particularly at the boom; and Larry Smarr, for his research on the graduate-student level but also for career dynamics of black holes, which later led to the scientists, and participation in a coalition creation of Mosaic, a predecessor of modern called ESEP (Engaging Scientists and web browsers, including Internet Explorer and Engineers in Policy). The new group has Firefox. been compiling fellowship and internship opportunities, and convening scientists and Neuroscience and Society Series engineers to emphasize the value of their With support from the Dana Foundation, AAAS involvement in policy. has continued its Neuroscience and Society Series, examining such issues as the interac- tion of neuroscience with the law, the di¬ erence between good stress and bad, and what LEFT: AAAS/CARLA SCHAFFER; RIGHT: MATTHEW P. SPANGLER P. MATTHEW RIGHT: SCHAFFER; AAAS/CARLA LEFT:

18 The Science Family of Journals

Science headlines encompassed research advances across the biological, physical and social sciences, plus penetrating news and analysis meant to expand our knowledge of rising inequality in the developing world, the biology of parenting and its impacts on o¬ spring even a¯ er birth, how commercial trade is swallowing up America’s fossil riches, and more.

2014 Research News Sheet, the Thwaites Glacier, suggest that Sequencing Ebola Strains to Understand the early-stage collapse of this glacier has al- Epidemic Researchers sequenced 99 Ebola ready begun. Their results further reveal that virus genomes from patients in West Africa, rapid and irreversible collapse of this glacier the site of the largest Ebola outbreak ever is likely to begin in the next 200 to 1,000 recorded. Their results provided insights into years, propagating to adjacent areas and how and when Ebola virus entered human undermining much of the ice sheet cover- populations in the 2014 outbreak, and may ing West Antarctica. (Joughin et al., Science, guide approaches for managing Ebola’s published early online, 12 May) spread and understanding therapeutic targets. (Gire et al., Science, published early online, 28 August)

Discovering A Distant Planet Rather Like Earth Scientists scouring the sky found a planet roughly Earth’s size that could theoretically host liquid water. This was a landmark on the road to discovering habit- able planets orbiting stars besides our Sun. (Quintana et al., Science, 18 April)

Estimating an Unhinged Glacier’s Evolu- tion Researchers investigating a particularly

LEFT: AAAS/CARLA SCHAFFER; RIGHT: MATTHEW P. SPANGLER P. MATTHEW RIGHT: SCHAFFER; AAAS/CARLA LEFT: unstable member of the West Antarctic Ice

19 Le¯: By transplanting Building the Avian Tree of Life Scientists oil and gas extraction processes at a small stick insects from their conducted a comparative analysis of 48 number of highly active state wells. preferred plant hosts to alternative hosts avian genomes, with results that help to (Keranen et al., Science, published early and studying how their explain why bird genomes are about 70 online, 3 July) genomes changed, percent smaller than those of mammals. researchers shed light on how new insect species The scientists also identied specic re- Uncovering New Capabilities of a Gene evolve. gions of the birds’ genomes that have been Editing Tool Two Science papers revealed Right: The bio-inspired conserved for more than 100 million years, the flexibility of a gene-editing tool known climbing robot shown as the animals adapted to similar environ- as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced here can work with other ments. (Zhang et al., Science, 12 December) short palindromic repeats), showing that it such robots to build user- requested structures. can be used to screen for and identify genes Sampling Comet Water to Know Our essential for important cellular processes, Oceans’ Origin Direct measurements of the and cancer. (Shalem et al. and Wang et al., deuterium-hydrogen ratio in water from Science, published early online, 12 Decem- the Jupiter Family comet 67P/Churyumov- ber, 2013) Gerasimenko suggest that asteroids (not comets) were the original reservoir Designing a Drug to Protect Against Marburg for Earth’s oceans. The European Space Virus A drug given at the onset of disease Agency’s Rosetta space mission landed its symptoms saved the lives of monkeys with Philae probe on the duck-shaped comet in Marburg virus, a deadly virus closely related November of 2014. (Altwegg et al., Science, to Ebola virus. This study is the rst to show published early online, 10 December) protection against Marburg-Angola virus at a late stage of infection. (Geisbert et al., Engineering a Computer Chip to Mimic the Science Translational Medicine, 20 August) Brain Researchers designed a computer chip with brain-like wiring and architecture that Discovering How Worms Subvert Plant Attack can perform sophisticated tasks in real-time, A type of reactive molecule known to boost while consuming very little energy. The chip plants’ immunity to pathogens might also paves the way for the design of computer de- help some pathogens be more e¬ective, sci- vices suited to tasks conventional computer entists discovered. The reactive oxygen spe- chips can’t do well. (Merolla et al., Science, cies not only plays a positive role for plants 8 August) during infection, fending o¬ parasites, but also gives a boost to the parasite invaders. Evaluating Wastewater Disposal’s Link to (Siddique et al., Science Signaling, 1 April) Earthquakes Scientists reported that some of the recent surge in earthquake activity in Other Science Highlights central Oklahoma potentially resulted from Powerful Special Issues: Science published

the disposal of wastewater generated during 15 substantive special issues on a range GRINNELL ELIZA OF COURTESY RIGHT: MUSCHICK; MORITZ OF COURTESY LEFT: CALDWELL L. ROY OF COURTESY RIGHT: ARCE; CHAVEZ ROBERTO OF COURTESY LEFT:

20 of topics, from “Vanishing Fauna” to “The completion. Scientists and career advisors Le¯: Though the rst Aging Brain” to “Parenting.” On 23 May, for developed myIDP as a way to guide trainees Americans and Native Americans are thought to example, a special issue on “The Science of through the challenging process of career have come from di¬erent Inequality” explored various facets of eco- planning. Currently, the tool has about homelands, researchers nomic inequality, including how it can make 68,000 registrants, more than the U.S. popu- found a Late Pleistocene- age human skull in an impression at an early age, even prena- lation of 63,415 postdoctoral researchers, Mexico bearing a mix of tally. Science’s news department contributed who increasingly must look beyond academia features that suggests the two groups derived from a 20 pages of news to the special issue that for rewarding career paths. single source population. discussed the origin of the 1 percent in prehistory; health inequalities; and, a surprise Honors we brought in Right: Mantis shrimp rely on a unique color vision to many economists, the egalitarian nature of Four Science news reporters received presti- system that involves 12 the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. gious journalism prizes. For her story about photoreceptors. Using On 6 August, Kent Anderson, a past presi- polio eradication in northern Nigeria, Sci- this system, the shrimp can quickly recognize dent of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, ence Deputy News Editor Leslie Roberts was basic colors without was named Publisher of the Science family of awarded the 2013 Award for Excellence in comparing wavelengths of the visible spectrum in journals. Among Anderson’s initial endeavors Health Care Journalism from the Association their brains. was the launch of AAAS’s rst open-access of Health Care Journalists. Science corre- journal, Science Advances. Spanning science, spondent Pallava Bagla received the 2013 technology, engineering, mathematics, and Chaudhary Charan Singh Award for Excellence the social sciences, the new digital publi- in Journalism in Agricultural Research and cation leverages Science’s uniquely broad Development. Indian Prime Minister Nar- scope to help speed scientic progress by endra Modi presented the award. For “Sail- promoting the rapid communication of cur- ing Sinbad’s Seas,” a complex story on the rent research. prehistory in the Indian Ocean, contributing Science in the Classroom, a program writer Andrew Lawler won the Gene S. Stuart launched in October 2013 with support from Award, presented in recognition of outstand- the National Science Foundation, continued ing e¬orts to enhance public understand- to help students across the country better ing of archaeology. Eli Kintisch’s “Into the understand core science concepts. The freely Maelstrom,” a prole of a climate scientist, available site, still under development with was selected for the annual Best American the help of a high-level advisory team, fea- Science and Nature Writing anthology. tures specially developed learning exercises AAAS’s Oce of Publishing, Marketing, and Science research articles annotated by and Sales (OPMS) won a MarCom Platinum student volunteers. Award and two MarCom Gold Awards. An award-winning online career-planning The MarCom Awards were created by the tool called myIDP, launched in 2013 at the Association of Marketing and Communication Science Careers website, was further en- Professionals. AAAS won the Platinum Award

LEFT: COURTESY OF MORITZ MUSCHICK; RIGHT: COURTESY OF ELIZA GRINNELL ELIZA OF COURTESY RIGHT: MUSCHICK; MORITZ OF COURTESY LEFT: CALDWELL L. ROY OF COURTESY RIGHT: ARCE; CHAVEZ ROBERTO OF COURTESY LEFT: hanced with a new printable certicate of for its “Every scientist has a story” booklet,

21 Le¯ : Cancer research- which curated the best of AAAS Member ers with the AAAS Martin and Rose Wachtel ers Je¬ rey Tyner of the Central’s articles. The “Greatest Innovators Cancer Research Award. The prize was shared Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health & Science in History” T-shirt campaign won a MarCom by Je¬ rey Tyner of the Knight Cancer Institute University, and Li Ma of Gold Award through its hand-drawn sketches at Oregon Health & Science University and the University of Texas MD showing Leonardo Da Vinci’s flyer, Jonas Li Ma of MD Anderson Cancer Center at the Anderson Cancer Center received the AAAS Martin Salk’s polio vaccine, and Alexander Graham University of Texas. This $25,000 prize recog- and Rose Wachtel Cancer Bell’s telephone. OPMS’s launch campaign nizes outstanding work by young scientists Research Award. for AAAS’s new open-access journal, Science performing breakthrough cancer research. Right: Scott W. Emmons Advances, also garnered a Gold with the print Tyner leveraged both functional and genomic (far right) and other ad, “This is the start of something big.” screening methods to discover regions of winners of the Newcomb Cleveland Prize were the genome that are particularly sensitive to recognized for their com- Honors we gave out anti-cancer drugs, while Ma uncovered new prehensive reconstruction, The Grand Prize winner of the international molecular determinants of breast cancer published in Science, of the neuronal circuits for competition for the Science & SciLifeLab progression, like the microRNA miR-10b and mating behaviors in the Prize for Young Scientists was Liron Bar- the enzyme PTEN. adult male roundworm. The Newcomb Cleveland Peled of the Massachusetts Institute of The 2013 AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize Prize is supported by Technology, recognized for his research into was awarded to Travis A. Jarrell, Yi Wang, Scott The Fodor Family Trust. how mammalian cell size is influenced by W. Emmons and colleagues for the report, its environment. Established in 2013, the “The Connectome of a Decision-Making $25,000 prize is awarded annually to one Neural Network,” published in Science on 27 young scientist for outstanding life science July, 2012. This paper provides a comprehen- research. Bar-Peled’s winning essay, “Size sive reconstruction of the neuronal circuits Does Matter,” tries to answer a fundamental that influence mating behavior in adult male question in the area of cell and develop- roundworms. The researchers used a series mental biology: how eukaryotic cell growth of 5,000 electron micrographs to reconstruct is regulated by the environment. His results every neuron and synapse, including chemi- provide a better understanding of immune cal synapses and gap junctions, in a male diseases and certain cancers, and may roundworm’s tail ganglia. The resulting net- eventually be used to identify new ways of work helps to explain how sensory neurons diagnosing and treating them. The prize is a interpret signals from the environment and coordinated e¬ ort of Science/AAAS and four translate them into mating behavior. Swedish universities comprising the Science for Life Laboratory, a Swedish national center for molecular biosciences with a focus on health and environmental research. On 2 July, AAAS and the journal Science

Translational Medicine honored two research- BOSTON PHOTOGRAPHY ATLANTIC RIGHT: SCHAFFFER; AAAS/CARLA LEFT:

22 Improving Science Literacy

Through its long-term science-education initiative Project 2061, AAAS carries out research and development designed to improve the quality of K–12 science curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Collaborating with other organizations devoted to science education, Project 2061 promotes an approach to learning in which students build their scienti c knowledge by being actively engaged in the kinds of activities that scientists use every day to answer questions about the world.

Science for All Americans English-language learners answer them. As states adopted the Common Core for math This work is considered especially important and English and the NextGeneration Science as the number of English learners grows in Standards (NGSS), AAAS was celebrating the the United States, and as Common Core and 25th anniversary of a book that rst articu- NGSS, developed by a consortium of 26 states lated what Americans should know about and science education organizations including science, mathematics, and technology. AAAS, are adopted. The new educational norms Science for All Americans, a publication of emphasize written and oral communication AAAS’s Project 2061, helped introduce the in models and engineering solutions, and in concept of science literacy and set education obtaining and evaluating scienti c evidence. standards for science, technology, engineer- According to George DeBoer, principal Jo Ellen Roseman, director of Project 2061, and ing, and mathematics. investigator for the grant and deputy director George de Boer, associate “Science for All Americans took a new of Project 2061, the new standards also director, with a copy of position on science literacy,” said Jo Ellen require new kinds of test items, like the ones Science for All Americans, a landmark book that Roseman, director of Project 2061, which in the AAAS database that ask students to “go continues to influence today continues to help teachers implement beyond facts to applying appropriate scienti c science-education reform, science-education reforms, many of which principles.” Understanding how items like this a quarter-century a¯ er it de ned the concept of were influenced by Science for All Americans. work with English learners is critical. science literacy. “Everyone needs some level of science knowledge and habits of mind so that when reading about a scienti c report in the newspaper, for example, one would think about it in a more critical way.”

Test Items for English-Language Learners Project 2061 began a study in 2014 of whether students learning English score lower on standardized science tests because of the language complexity of test questions. Working with educational research center WestEd, Project 2061 received a grant from the National Science Foundation to study the linguistic and cognitive complexity of middle-school test questions in an extensive AAAS database. The next step was to examine whether there was a correlation between the

LEFT: AAAS/CARLA SCHAFFFER; RIGHT: ATLANTIC PHOTOGRAPHY BOSTON PHOTOGRAPHY ATLANTIC RIGHT: SCHAFFFER; AAAS/CARLA LEFT: SCHAFFER AAAS/CARLA questions’ linguistic complexity and how well

23 “There is now greater awareness that curriculum study group BSCS in Colorado increasing reliance on test scores to make Springs, supported by a grant from the high-stakes decisions about students may U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of not be so appropriate in the context of an Education Sciences. increasingly diverse student population,” said grant co-principal investigator Sharon Evaluating Computer-Based Testing Nelson-Barber, WestEd’s director of Although computer-based science testing of- language, culture, and eco-literacy. fers signi cant advantages, testers should be In the grant’s third year, investigators will sure that students are familiar with the test- apply what they have learned to rewrite some ing technology being used in order for it to of the test questions to see if the changes be an e¬ ective measure of their knowledge, improve English learners’ performance. said a study organized by AAAS and WestEd educational research center. Teachers Test New Middle-School As online testing becomes more popular— Curriculum particularly for such subjects as biology, AAAS released eld-test results of a new where animations of organisms interacting middle-school science curriculum developed let students manipulate data and design by Project 2061, saying the new six-week unit experiments—researchers pointed out that improved students’ ability to use evidence students in the study at rst had di culty and science principles to correctly explain with the most interactive and dynamic As computer-enhanced everyday phenomena involving chemical versions of tests. While those versions science testing has become more popular, a new reactions from the rusting of a nail, to the enabled testing of more complex reasoning study, organized by AAAS growth of a human baby. skills, a desired goal, researchers are calling and WestEd, a California- based research and The Toward High School Biology for pre-assessment tutorials to make sure the development agency, con- curriculum, which integrates chemistry and students are not put at a disadvantage. rmed the advantages of biology, signi cantly improved students’ interactive, online science testing while also nding understanding of key science concepts. In Workshops for Educators a number of areas where an earlier test, seven middle-school teachers Project 2061 o¬ ered ve practical, hands-on caution may be warranted. were able to boost their students’ test educator workshops in 2014. Reaching 120 As an example of an interactive online science scores, compared with students in a control educators working across a spectrum from test item, this screen group who used their school district’s usual classroom teaching to curriculum develop- prompts students to click curriculum. ment, the sessions focused on two important the names of organisms in a mountain lake. Project 2061 is working with the and timely topics. Project 2061’s assessment workshops focused on the project’s approach to developing valid science assessments aligned to the learning goals speci ed in the AAAS Benchmarks for Science Literacy and the new NGSS. It o¬ ered an introduction to the AAAS Science Assessment website, which includes national data on student performance and common student misconceptions about science, as well as a create-and-take online test tool. Project 2061 also o¬ ered workshops to help K–12 educators begin to understand and implement the NGSS using Project 2061 tools and resources. For example, participants used the project’s new Toward High School Biology unit to learn about what it takes to align curriculum to NGSS.

24 Education, Outreach, and Careers

Improving education and opportunities for students and professionals in the sciences is a primary goal of AAAS, both for the sake of the individuals who bene t personally, and for society, which needs a science-literate citizenry, as well as a well-trained science and technology workforce. The Education and Human Resources team at AAAS is working to ensure that the STEM workforce leverages society’s full spectrum of potential talent, by reaching out to girls, women, and underrepresented groups.

AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassadors “Evidence is growing every day on how In a partnership with The Lemelson Founda- active engagement by faculty in the teaching tion, AAAS has developed a program to pro- and learning process makes a di¬ erence to mote invention, invention education, and the student success in the classroom, especially mechanisms for driving new ideas to the mar- for students coming from disadvantaged back- ket. The program selects inventors to promote grounds,” said Shirley Malcom, head of Educa- a message to key audiences that invention tion and Human Resources programs at AAAS. creates new jobs, strengthens the economy, and improves lives. Classify It! Mobile App “Throughout the world, we face substantial Starting with 70 living things—including a polar challenges that can only be e¬ ectively ad- bear, broccoli, and an amoeba—a new mobile dressed if creative minds invent the products app asks children which of the organisms t that will meet those challenges,” said Carol into groups such as those that lay eggs, build Dahl, executive director of the The Lemelson nests, or use sunlight to make their own food. Foundation. “We hope to recognize and equip Science NetLinks, a K–12 STEM education today’s great inventors.” program produced by AAAS and funded by the The 2014 ambassadors hold about 150 Verizon Foundation, created the app, which is patents collectively, for inventions in such targeted at children in fourth through eighth areas as health, neuroscience, food safety, and grades. Just one day a¯ er its release, Apple nanotechnology. selected it as a “Best New App.”

Improving Undergrad STEM Education Less than 40 percent of U.S. students who enter college intending to major in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) earn a degree in one of those elds. According to a 2014 report by a STEM education reform coalition including AAAS, faculty, campus leaders, and funding organizations need to work together now to incorporate proven STEM teaching methods “to make e¬ ective practice the norm rather than the exception.” According to a report from the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, reasons for college-level STEM attrition include “uninspiring” introductory courses and an unwelcoming atmosphere from faculty.

25 Le¯ : Ana Aceves was one “The ability to group organisms in mul- Paired with a mentor at the Robert D. and of two AAAS Mass Media tiple ways based on observed similarities Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Science and Engineering Fellows to be placed at a and di¬ erences is one of the building blocks Health Care Delivery at Mayo Clinic, Neiman Spanish-language media of biology and life science education,” said participated in a project on the FDA’s drug outlet, a rst for the program, which dates to Suzanne Thurston, AAAS project director. approval process and a study about shared 1974. “Classify It! teaches kids about the diversity decision-making between patients and doc- of life through engaging game play.” tors. He also worked on a paper about total Right: AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassadors knee replacement, for which he was given described their “stories Mass Media Fellowships Hit 40 credit as rst author. of invention” at AAAS. The AAAS Mass Media Science & Engineering The fellowship “really con rmed that this Fellowship program celebrated 40 years of is the eld I want to be in,” Neiman said. sending science- and engineering-oriented Entry Point! began in 1996, recruiting students into newsrooms in 2014, while for students with disabilities who are studying the very rst time placing fellows at Spanish- science, engineering, mathematics, computer language media outlets. Also in 2014, the science, and some elds of business. The Minority Science Writers Internship at Science program’s partners have included NASA, IBM, magazine celebrated ten years. Lockheed Martin, Dow Chemical, Merck, Ball Between 1974 and 2014, AAAS placed 620 Aerospace, and others. Mass Media Fellows. Many went on to distinguished careers in journalism and science L’Oréal USA and Women in Science communication. Others continued in science, Five women won L’Oréal USA For Women in becoming researchers and using their media Science Fellowships in 2014—for research skills to communicate about their work. into the diagnosis of infections in newborns, In the preliminary version of a survey of mass spectrometry diagnosis of cancer, alumni conducted by Project Director Dione antibiotic properties of Amazonian dart frogs, Rossiter, 76 percent of respondents said that new ways to get DNA into a cell for gene ther- the fellowship program was “extremely” or apy, and the formation of the galaxy. In their “very” important to their success, and 37 per- spare time, the winners all work with younger cent said it completely changed their careers. women and girls interested in science. Managed by AAAS, the awards o¬ ered a Entry Point! Internships Support Careers $60,000 grant for post-doctoral research to Twenty-one interns worked in government each winner. Scientists in the candidates’ and academia in 2014 through the Entry respective elds evaluated their award Point! summer research fellowship program applications according to four key criteria. for students with disabilities, including Joseph Neiman, an aspiring physician inter- AAAS ested in how health services are delivered. AAAS RIGHT: ROSSITER; AAAS/DIONE LEFT:

26 AAAS Divisions

The three divisions of AAAS serve as regional networks for scientists, promoting their work and publications. Through their annual meetings and other events, the Divisions also provide a forum for scientists and local communities about issues that bene t from scienti c input. In 2014, AAAS Divisions tackled bioprospecting in the Caribbean, adaptation strategies in the changing Arctic, and innovation in the western United States.

Caribbean: Science and the Sea Arctic: Adapting to Change A common seaweed in the Caribbean has The Arctic region is undergoing dramatic been found to contain anti-cancer com- transformation, a¬ ected by climate change, pounds, said the keynote speaker at the the demand for oil and natural gas, indus- 2014 annual meeting of the AAAS Carib- trial development, and tourism. bean Division. In fact, said biochemist The 2014 Arctic Science Conference, Simone Badal McCreath, of the University organized by the AAAS Arctic Division, had of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica, the as its theme “Resilience and Adaptation: Biochemist Simone Badal seaweed is just one of six plants endemic Interdisciplinary Research, Communities, McCreath and colleagues to the region that have shown promise as and Health.” The public event addressed at the University of cancer ghters. the importance of cultural values as rural West Indies, Jamaica, isolated compounds from While much more research is neces- Yupik communities cope and preserve hope a seaweed, Cympolia sary and bringing such plant compounds for their future. Another session looked at barbata, and tested them in human cells. Two of to the drug market is complicated, Badal Alaskan Native perceptions of food, health, the compounds blocked McCreath’s speech highlighted the theme and community well-being. cancer-causing pathways of the meeting: “Harvesting the Ocean for Larry Du¬ y, AAAS Arctic Division in colon cancer cells, McCreath reported at the Biologically Active Compounds.” executive director, said that the papers pre- AAAS Caribbean Division The open-to-the-public event, which drew sented at the University of Alaska Fairbanks meeting. about 100 scientists, students, and educators to Puerto Rico’s University of Turabo, revolved around a melding of science and tk the region’s natural resources as a source of new discoveries and economic growth. “The question is, right now, how can we bring R&D to Puerto Rico?” said José Lasalde, vice president for research and technology at the University of Puerto Rico, in an interview before the meeting. Lasalde’s university has built a $72 million Molecular Sciences Building to help attract and support bio- technology research. “The whole economy here will depend on how we bring more investment in our science and technology.” Other presentations explored the promise of algae as biofuel, fungal contributions to industrial microbiology, and the San Juan AAAS LEFT: AAAS/DIONE ROSSITER; RIGHT: AAAS RIGHT: ROSSITER; AAAS/DIONE LEFT: Bay Estuary.

27 Above: Student winners of meeting would be interdisciplinary, “bring- people from so many di¬ erent elds,” said the AAAS Paci c Division ing together the science and policy issues Roger Christianson, executive director Awards of Excellence. that are a¬ ecting Alaska and the circumpo- of the division, “there will be a very rich Below: Cympolia barbata, lar countries of the Arctic.” exchange of ideas that fosters new avenues also known as tu¯ ed of research to better inform our world into joint algae, was a focus of discusion at the 2014 Pacific: Cross-Fertilization of Ideas the future.” AAAS Caribbean Division Grouped under an umbrella theme of “Inno- Held at the University of California, meeting. vation for a Changing World,” topics at the Riverside, the meeting included a set of 2014 AAAS Paci c Division’s Annual Meet- workshops and symposia on education ing covered everything from whether nature in science, technology, engineering, and photography distorts environmental reali- mathematics (STEM) elds, including a ties, to climate change, to the mechanisms presentation by Shirley Malcom, director of of tumor progression and cancer therapy. Education and Human Resources programs “We hope that by bringing together at AAAS. The event, which is attended by science enthusiasts from around the western United States, also o¬ ered eld trips to Southern California’s natural history highlights and special hour-long lectures. The lectures, free and open to the public, included “And Ever the Twain Shall Meet: An Exposé of Sexual Di¬ erences” and “Two Revolutions: Copernicus and Darwin,” by Francisco Ayala, a Nobel laureate and past AAAS president. EPNAC.COM TOP: COURTESY A.J. GALINDO; BOTTOM: FLICKR/DANYBOTICA BOTTOM: GALINDO; A.J. COURTESY TOP:

28 Advancing Science Through Philanthropy

Philanthropic support allows AAAS to speak up on behalf of science, engineering, and society as opportunities and challenges arise. Our donors demonstrate strong vision and a deep committment to the future of science through contributions to our Flexible Action Fund and support for speci c programs.

New Alan I. Leshner Leadership Institute immediate past AAAS Board Chair Phillip A. for Public Engagement Honors Retired CEO Sharp, AAAS CEO Rush D. Holt and Margaret The AAAS Board of Directors led a campaign Lance eld, AAAS Treasurer David Evans to honor retiring CEO Alan I. Leshner by Shaw, and Board member Stephen P.A. seeking contributions to further his commit- Fodor and the Fodor Family Trust, among ment to public engagement with science. others. Leadership gi¯ s have also been A long-time advocate for scientists’ par- received from Daniel Pinkel, Past AAAS ticipation in productive, two-way dialogue Presidents Alice Huang and David Baltimore, on science-society issues, Leshner founded Sibyl R. Golden, Benjamin Hammett, and the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Kenneth A. Cowin. Science and Technology in 2003. His focus Gi¯ s to the tribute fund celebrate and on public engagement reflected his view advance Leshner’s vision to help sharpen that “simply trying to educate the public scientists’ public-engagement skills in order about science-based issues is not working.” to encourage civic dialogue around key The Alan I. Leshner Leadership Institute— science-society issues. established through contributions made in To support the Leshner Leadership his honor—will empower leading scientists Institute, visit www.supportaaas.org/ Alan I. Leshner, and engineers to communicate e¬ ectively AlanLeshnerFund. AAAS CEO emeritus. about the most important issues of our day, reaching more than 50,000 people in its rst ve years, plus many others through traditional and social media. Each year, a cohort of 15 scientist-leaders will be chosen to address critical science-society issues, convening for a week of intensive public- engagement and science-communication training and public-engagement plan development. The scientist-leaders will return to their institutions with a renewed commitment to develop and implement public- engagement activities, an online forum and tools for training other scientists in their communities, and increased capacity for public-engagement leadership. At press time in April 2015, nearly 150 gi¯ s and pledges totaling $520,000 had EPNAC.COM TOP: COURTESY A.J. GALINDO; BOTTOM: FLICKR/DANYBOTICA BOTTOM: GALINDO; A.J. COURTESY TOP: been committed. The e¬ ort was led by

29 Past AAAS President Endows complete understanding of agriculture “Gilbert Omenn Grand Challenges as the most basic human endeavor, Address” at the AAAS Policy Forum and to enhance agriculture through A substantial 2014 gi¯ from AAAS Past increased scienti c knowledge. President Gilbert Omenn and his wife, • The Early-Career Award for Public Martha Darling, will endow the new Gilbert Engagement Fund supports an annual S. Omenn Grand Challenges Address. The prize recognizing early-career scientists Omenn Address—the rst named, endowed and engineers who have demonstrated lecture to be given at the annual AAAS Forum excellence in their contributions to pub- on Science and Technology Policy—will lic engagement with science activities. examine “particularly challenging topics at • The Joshua E. Neimark Memorial Travel the intersection of science and society.” Assistance Endowment provides travel The endowment builds on Omenn’s 2006 assistance for young investigators to AAAS Presidential Address, and its publication attend the AAAS Annual Meeting. in Science on 15 December 2006. “The concept and promotion of Grand Challenges can help AAAS Edison Society Established energize not only the scienti c and engineer- Philanthropic support is becoming increasing community, but also students, journalists, ingly important to AAAS, ensuring that the the public, and their elected representatives, work of the association can be timely and to develop a sense of the possibilities, an ap- responsive in the face of challenges and preciation of the risks, and an urgent commit- opportunities that face science—and society ment to accelerate progress,” he explained. as a whole. Other notable named funds and endow- The founding members of the AAAS ments at AAAS include: Edison Society—recognized on page 36— • The William T. Golden Endowment Fund demonstrated leadership in giving to AAAS for Program Innovation, which inspires with contributions totaling $10,000 or more new program ideas by funding activi- in 2014. ties not supported by the AAAS general budget. • The Marion Milligan Mason Fund, established with a $2.2M bequest, supports For More Information research by early-career women in the Do you want to learn more about making a special chemical sciences. gi¯ in honor of a colleague, friend, or loved one; • The AAAS Kavli Science Journalism supporting activities through an endowment; or Awards, established in 1945, have becoming a part of the Edison Society? Contact been permanently endowed by the the AAAS Development O ce at 202-326-6636, Kavli Foundation to honor excellence or developmento [email protected]. in science journalism. • The Martin L. and Rose Wachtel Memo- rial Fund underwrites an annual award recognizing outstanding work by an early-career investigator in the eld of cancer research. • The Revelle Fund supports AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellows in the area of domestic or international environmental issues. • The Charles Valentine Riley Memorial Endowment supports an annual

lecture to promote a broader and more WWW.SYSTEMSBIOLOGY.ORG/GILBERTÆOMENN

30 AAAS Awards and Prizes

The AAAS awards celebrate the achievements of extraordinary scientists, engineers, educators, and journalists. We congratulate each of our distinguished winners.

Bruce Alberts Omid Kokabee AAAS PHILIP HAUGE AAAS AWARD FOR ABELSON PRIZE SCIENTIFIC FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

The Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, established The AAAS Award for Scienti c Freedom and in 1985, is awarded either to a public servant Responsibility, established in 1980, honors in recognition of sustained exceptional con- scientists, engineers, and their organizations tributions to advancing science, or to a sci- whose exemplary actions, sometimes taken entist whose career has been distinguished at signi cant personal cost, have served to both by scienti c achievement and by other foster scienti c freedom and responsibility. notable services to the scienti c community. Mr. Omid Kokabee was honored for his Dr. Bruce Alberts was recognized for his steadfast courage in defending scienti c career as a distinguished research scientist freedom by his refusal to participate in and teacher, as well as for his service as weapons-related research in Iran. Editor-in-Chief of Science, President of the National Academy of Sciences, and as U.S. Science Envoy to the Muslim world. Shane Bergin AAAS EARLYÆCAREER AWARD FOR PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT Zafra Lerman WITH SCIENCE AAAS AWARD FOR SCIENCE DIPLOMACY The AAAS Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science, established in 2010 through the generosity of several AAAS Established in 2012, the AAAS Award for donors, recognizes early-career scientists Science Diplomacy recognizes an individual and engineers who demonstrate excellence or a limited number of individuals working in their contribution to public engagement together in the scienti c and engineering with science activities. or foreign a¬ airs communities to make an outstanding contribution to furthering Dr. Shane Bergin was recognized for his science diplomacy. commitment and demonstrated impact to engaging the public in science through Dr. Zafra Lerman was recognized for her innovative methods that bring science into e¬ orts to foster scienti c cooperation the daily lives of his local community. in the Middle East in order to encourage understanding and peace in a region

WWW.SYSTEMSBIOLOGY.ORG/GILBERTÆOMENN facing political and societal tensions.

31 James Kakalios Barbara A. Horwitz AAAS AWARD FOR PUBLIC AAAS MENTOR AWARD ENGAGEMENT WITH SCIENCE FOR LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT

The AAAS Award for Public Engagement The AAAS Mentor Award for Lifetime Achieve- with Science, formerly the Award for Public ment, established in 1991, honors AAAS Understanding of Science and Technology, members who have mentored signicant was established in 1987 and recognizes numbers of students from underrepresented working scientists and engineers who groups or who have changed the climate of make outstanding contributions to the a department, college, institution or eld “popularization of science.” to signicantly increase the diversity of students pursuing and completing doctoral Professor James Kakalios was recognized for studies in the sciences. This award is directed the unique ways he communicates the ideas toward individuals with more than 25 years and excitement of physics and stimulates the of success in mentoring students. general public to learn more about the science and technology that shape their lives. Dr. Barbara A. Horwitz was recognized for her transformative impact and contributions toward creating a diverse doctorate workforce in the eld of physiology. Juan E. Gilbert AAAS MENTOR AWARD

AAAS NEWCOMB CLEVELAND PRIZE The AAAS Mentor Award, established in 1996, Supported by The Fodor Family Trust honors AAAS members who have mentored signicant numbers of students from under- The Association’s oldest award, the AAAS represented groups or who have changed the Newcomb Cleveland Prize was established climate of a department, college, or institu- in 1923 with funds donated by Newcomb tion to signicantly increase the diversity of Cleveland of New York City. Now supported students pursuing and completing doctoral by The Fodor Family Trust, the Prize acknowl- studies in the sciences. This award is directed edges an outstanding paper published in toward individuals in the early- or mid-career the Articles, Research Articles, or Reports stage who have mentored students for less sections of Science. than 25 years. The 2013–2014 Newcomb Cleveland Prize Dr. Juan E. Gilbert was recognized for facilitat- was awarded to Lulu Xie, Hongyi Kang, ing dramatic education and research changes Qiwu Xu, Michael J. Chen, Yonghong Liao, that are leading to a signicant production Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John of African-American doctorates in computer O’Donnell, Daniel J. Christensen, Charles science. Nicholson, Je¬rey J. Ili¬, Takahiro Takano, Rashid Deane, and Maiken Nedergaard for their outstanding report, “Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain,” published in Science 18 October 2013, pp. 373–377.

32 AAAS/SUBARU SB&F PRIZES AAAS KAVLI SCIENCE JOURNALISM AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE BOOKS These awards, endowed by the late Fred Kavli and The Kavli The AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prizes for Excellence in Science Foundation, recognize excellence in reporting for a Books, established in 2005, celebrate outstanding science general audience and honor individual reporters for their writing and illustration for children and young adults. coverage of the sciences, engineering, and mathematics.

CHILDREN’S SCIENCE LARGE NEWSPAPERÇCIRCULATION OF ¼»»,»»» OR MORE PICTURE BOOK George Johnson Tiny Creatures: The World of Microbes The New York Times Nicola Davies, Author Emily Sutton, Illustrator SMALL NEWSPAPERÇCIRCULATION LESS THAN ¼»»,»»» (Candlewick Publishing) Matthew LaPlante and Paul Christiansen Salt Lake City Weekly

MAGAZINE MIDDLE GRADES David Dobbs SCIENCE BOOK Paci c Standard Mission: Mars Pascal Lee TELEVISION SPOT NEWS/FEATURE REPORTING (Scholastic) Michael Werner KCTS 9/QUEST

TELEVISION INÆDEPTH REPORTING Michael Rosenfeld, David Dugan, Neil Shubin YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE BOOK Tangled Bank Studios/Windfall Films for PBS Extreme Medicine: How Exploration Transformed Medicine in the RADIO Twentieth Century Rob Stein Kevin Fong NPR (The Penguin Press) ONLINE Amy Dockser Marcus The Wall Street Journal

CHILDREN’S SCIENCE NEWS HANDSÆON SCIENCE BOOK Mara Grunbaum The Kid’s Guide to Exploring Nature Scholastic Science World Brooklyn Botanic Educators (Brooklyn Botanic Garden)

33 AAAS Fellows

AAAS Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for meritorious e¬ orts to advance science or its applications. Fellows have made signi cant contributions in areas such as research, teaching, technology, services to professional societies, and the communication of science to the public. The following members, presented by Section a liation, were elected Fellows in fall 2014. AAAS congratulates them and thanks them for their services to science and technology.

SECTION ON Frank J. Wentz Je¬ rey M. Friedman Je¬ rey C. Murray Thomas Edwin Bitterwolf AGRICULTURE, FOOD, Diane E. Wickland Haian Fu David L. Nelson Bruce S. Brunschwig AND RENEWABLE David J. Gar nkel Phillip Allan Newmark Michelle V. Buchanan RESOURCES SECTION ON BIOLOGICAL Deborah E. Goldberg Ian C.T. Nisbet Jef Karel De Brabander SCIENCES Andrew F. Bent Margaret A. Goodell Michael J. Oglesbee Henry C. Foley Douglas R. Call Alan A. Aderem Dan Graur Mark D. Ohman Heinz M. Frei Russ B. Altman Andrew D. Hanson Marilyn R. Gunner Ian Michael Orme Michael T. Green Scott Allen Armstrong Daniel A. Herms Marnie E. Halpern Mary Ann Ottinger Brian A. Gregg Bernard P. Arulanandam Ann M. Hirsch T. Kendall Harden Tao Pan Patrick L. Holland Alan D. Attie Harold Corby Kistler Wallace Hayes Patricia Ann Peyser Timothy F. Jamison David Mans eld Bader Ian H. Mather Chuan He Sara C. Pryor David M. Jonas Gregory F. Ball Bruce A. McPheron John R. Hepler B. Franklin Pugh Christopher W. Jones Marisa Susan Bartolomei Charles Michael Smith Oliver Hobert Richard Anthony Silvia Sabine Jurisson Steven A. Benner Rachubinski Christopher K. Tuggle Stefan Hohmann Christine Dolan Keating Christoph Benning Danny F. Reinberg Diane E. Ullman Richard L. Hoover John Z. Larese Aviv Bergman Daniel Martin Roberts Esther van der Knaap Ya-Ming Hou Richard Alan LeSar Je¬ rey D. Blaustein Roy Martin (Marty) Roop II Elizabeth Ehrhardt Howell Arumugam Manthiram SECTION ON Richard Merrill Breyer Jocelyn Kenneth Trey Ideker Thomas J. Meade ANTHROPOLOGY Craig Eugene Cameron Campbell Rose W. Gray Jerome Deane Fremont Mosher, Jr. David G. Anderson Lon R. Cardon Barry Philip Rosen Teh-hui Kao Vincent T. Remcho Robert L. Anemone Douglas R. Cavener Stanley J. Roux Jack H. Kaplan David Duncan Roberts Robert G. Franciscus Aravinda Chakravarti Peter A. Rubenstein Paul Andrew Karplus Laurel L. Schafer Dale L. Hutchinson Cheng-Ming Chuong Paolo Sassone-Corsi Tom Klaus William Charles Albert Bertis Britt Little Gino A. Cortopassi Todd A. Schlenke Kerppola Schmuttenmaer Dwight W. Read Robert J. Cousins Jon Seger Shohei Koide Richard R. Schrock Daniel H. Sandweiss Richard D. Cummings K. Krishna Sharma Stephen F. Konieczny Yang Shao-Horn Pauline W. Wiessner Stephen P. Daiger Sanjay S. Shete C. David Sherrill Bruce R. Korf Ann Dean Robert H. Singer Mikiko Sodeoka Robert G. Kranz SECTION ON ASTRONOMY Lynn Eleanor DeLisi Michael Snyder Mark T. Spitler Lee Kroos Tom Abel Ronald A. DePinho Benjamin C. Stark George G. Stanley David Landsman Andreas J. Albrecht Burton F. Dickey Rainer Storb Judith Stein David H. Ledbetter Stanislav George Valerian V. Dolja William S. Talbot JoAnne Stubbe Brendan Lee Djorgovski David C. Dorman Stephen E. Ullrich Lai-Xi Wang Michael J. Leibowitz Martin S. Elvis Gregory Roland Dressler Karen M. Vasquez Shi-Qing Wang Norman G. Lewis Paul G. Kalas Daniela Drummond- Leslie B. Vosshall Bert Weckhuysen Barbosa Erwin London Margaret Meixner Pamela J. Weathers David W. Wright Josée Dupuis Manyuan Long Theodore G. Wensel Jin Zhang SECTION ON Geo¬ rey M. Duyk William L. Lowe, Jr. Mark Winey ATMOSPHERIC AND Irene Anne Eckstrand Bruce J. MacFadden Edward W. Yu SECTION ON DENTISTRY HYDROSPHERIC SCIENCE Sean R. Eddy Nicholas Gordon Martin AND ORAL HEALTH William D. Collins Alan N. Engelman Andrea M. Mastro SECTION ON CHEMISTRY SCIENCES Kelvin K. Droegemeier Peter J. Espenshade U. Thomas Meier Nancy L. Allbritton Matthew J. Doyle Willard S. Moore Rosann A. Farber Karen L. Mohlke Jerry L. Atwood Ophir David Klein Drew T. Shindell Joanna Floros Andrew W. Murray Bill J. Baker Ann Progulske-Fox

34 SECTION ON EDUCATION Steven C. Cande SECTION ON Donald H. Rubin Carlos Henrique de Cynthia Margaret Bauerle Kenneth H. Coale MATHEMATICS Nancy Hartman Ruddle Brito Cruz Bianca L. Bernstein Thomas Cronin James M. Crowley David J. Salant Alan T. Dorsey Elizabeth S. Boylan Rane L. Curl Charles L. Epstein Erica Ollmann Saphire John Harte Elaine A. Johnson Samantha B. Joye Nataša Jonoska P. Sarita Soni Mary Y.P. Hockaday David E. Lopatto Michael Keller Kirk E. Jordan David Samuel Stephens David Larbalestier Patricia A. Marsteller Kenneth P. Kodama Yuri Tschinkel Patrick J. Stover Marvin L. Marshak David Hillyer Voorhees Daniel A. Lashof Howard (Howie) Weiss Bruce Alan Sullenger Roberto Daniel Merlin Daniel A. Wubah David López-Carr James Ward Thomas II Mark Newman Derek R. Lovley SECTION ON MEDICAL Kevin J. Tracey Harrison B. Prosper SCIENCES SECTION ON ENGINEERING Melanie A. Mayes Jan Vijg Bruce Arne Sherwood John S. Baras Nora No¬ ke Lynne V. Abruzzo Paul A. Welling Milton Dean Slaughter Edward J. Berbari Harry H. Roberts Naji N. Abumrad Christopher Michael Roger T. Bonnecaze George D. Stanley, Jr. Rexford S. Ahima SECTION ON Sorensen NEUROSCIENCE Lance R. Collins Brian William Stump Andrew Arnold Nancy L. Thompson Placid M. Ferreira Thomas William Swetnam Linda Gwen Baum Richard Warren Aldrich Amir Yacoby Shekhar Garde James W.C. White Jeremy M. Boss Silvia Arber SECTION ON PSYCHOLOGY Brendan A. Harley Carol M. Wicks Myles A. Brown Rita Balice-Gordon John T. Bruer Gilbert V. Herrera David Michael Center Francisco Bezanilla Robert S. Feldman Mark C. Hersam SECTION ON HISTORY AND Je¬ rey S. Chamberlain Samuel A. Deadwyler PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Wilma Koutstaal Yun Hang Hu Bandana Chatterjee Daniel J. Goldman Stanley Abraham Kuczaj II David A. KoÈ e Cathryn Carson Xinbin Chen David M. Holtzman Nan Bernstein Ratner K. Lu Robert J. Malone Je¬ rey I. Cohen Christof Koch Eric Wanner Joseph William Lyding Joseph C. Pitt Ronald B. Corley Alex Leo Kolodkin Manos Mavrikakis C. Kenneth Waters Christopher M. Counter Michael Stephen Levine SECTION ON SOCIAL, Jules L. Dienstag David G. Morgan Karen Anne Moxon ECONOMIC AND SECTION ON INDUSTRIAL Mary C. Dinauer Debbie A. Niemeier Ronald William POLITICAL SCIENCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Je¬ rey M. Drazen Oppenheim Christopher Kemper Ober Julia Ingrid Lane Cammy R. Abernathy Garth D. Ehrlich Marina R. Picciotto Vilupanur A. Ravi Dudley L. Poston, Jr. Liyuan Liang Agnes B. Fogo Je¬ rey D. Schall Clinton T. Rubin Barbara Schneider J. Stephen Rottler Scott Laurence Friedman Masatoshi Takeichi Ka-Yiu San Mitchel B. Wallerstein Justin Schwartz Sanjiv Sam Gambhir Stephen Francis Traynelis Wolfgang M. Sigmund Michael Joseph White Katherine Amberson Hajjar Fan Wang Igal Szleifer SECTION ON Barbara C. Hansen George D. Yancopoulos George Alexander Truskey INFORMATION, SECTION ON SOCIETAL Charles Zuker Marjolein Christine H. COMPUTING & Christopher Charles IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND van der Meulen COMMUNICATION William Hughes ENGINEERING Rakesh K. Jain SECTION ON Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic Francine Berman Elizabeth A. Chornesky Robert Gordon Kalb PHARMACEUTICAL Norman J. Wagner Ahmed K. Elmagarmid SCIENCES T. Taylor Eighmy Fadlo Raja Khuri Anthony Fainberg Ge Wang Thomas D. Garvey Suresh V. Ambudkar Margaret Kielian Micah Daniel Lowenthal Robert K. Whitman Peter D. Karp Douglas A. Bayliss Richard N. Kitsis Jessica O. Winter Madhav V. Marathe Peter Buchwald Carol Ann Kumamoto SECTION ON STATISTICS Mohammed A. Zikry Eric Mjolsness Alice M. Clark Stephen B. Liggett Susmita Datta Dan Roth Varsha Gandhi SECTION ON GENERAL Jay S. Loe¬ ler Mark Andrew Espeland William H. Sanders Randy A. Hall INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND Joseph Loscalzo Robert Jackson Hardy Thomas L. Sterling Stephen S. Hecht ENGINEERING Simon Alexander Mallal William Q. Meeker, Jr. Sung Wan Kim John Katzenberger SECTION ON LINGUISTICS John Mendelsohn Paula Karen Roberson Gary R. Matzke Mary K. Miller & LANGUAGE SCIENCES Dennis W. Metzger John P. Sall Peter N. Spotts Je¬ rey J. Molldrem Ralph W. Fasold SECTION ON PHYSICS James J. Schlesselman Lise Menn David R. Piwnica-Worms Stephanie Shipp SECTION ON GEOLOGY & Andrew J. Baker Pamela Munro Fernando P. Polack Cli¬ ord Spiegelman GEOGRAPHY Robert Allen Bartynski Katya Ravid Rodey Batiza Philip G. Collins Barrett Jon Rollins Hilary H. Birks Priscilla B. Cushman

35 Acknowledgment of Contributors and Patron Members

The AAAS Board of Directors gratefully acknowledges the individuals and organizations whose commitment to AAAS has sustained our e¬ orts to advance science in the service of society and supported new activities in 2014.

Lifetime Giving Society The Lifetime Giving Society recognizes individuals who have contributed a cumulative total of $100,000 or more during the course of their involvement with AAAS.

Richard M. Forester† Edith D. Neimark The Roger & Ellen Revelle Family Sibyl R. Golden Gilbert S. Omenn & Martha A. Darling David E. Shaw & Beth Kobliner Shaw Fred Kavli† The Pitts Family William F. Ward† Alan I. & Agnes F. Leshner

Edison Society The Edison Society was launched in 2014 to recognize individuals who pave the way for the success of AAAS and our e¬ orts on behalf of science and society through their leadership gi¯ s throughout the year. $100,000 $50,000–$99,999 $25,000–$49,999 $10,000–$24,999 and above Stephen & Janelle Fodor Alan I. & Agnes F. Leshner Janet J. Asimov Richard M. Forester† Alice S. Huang and David Ellen Scherl Harbus Kenneth A. Cowin Sibyl R. Golden Baltimore David Evans Shaw Gregory S. Ferriss Fred Kavli† Phillip A. & Ann H. Sharp Benjamin C. Hammett Gilbert S. Omenn & David E. Shaw & Pauline P. Lee, in memory of Martha A. Darling Beth Kobliner Shaw Bernard S. Lee William F. Ward† Marion T. Milligan Mason† Claire E. Perry Ximena & Daniel Sessler, Ruth & Je¬ rey Bernstein, and Jonathan Sessler in memory of Andrew M. Sessler

36 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. President’s Circle Each year, contributions from our President’s Circle donors support our most timely and important activities.

$5,000–$9,999 $1,000–$2,499 Naomi C. Franklin Marcia K. McNutt Richard B. Silverman Gordon Freeman David Meinke Henry B. Sinclair Phillip L. Blair Edwin L. Alderman Ron Frieman John & Frances Melone Maxine & Daniel Singer Fred A. Blum Pablo I. Altieri Donald P. & Frances R. John T. Melson Jack Sjostrom Chet & Marie Britten Anonymous (6) Gaver Richard A. & Martha R. Bret Snyder T.T. & W.F. Chao Family David R. Atkinson Terry L. Gilmore Meserve Edward S. Spoerl Helen R. Churella* David Atlas Howard Gobstein Orlando J. Miller Juli Staiano & Marc Eloise E. Clark David P. Bahner David J. Goldston O. Eugene Millhouse Washington Je¬ rey A. Cooper* Bonnie L. Bassler Mary L. Good Paul & Karen H. David Stonner Claire M. Fraser Gary & Fay Beauchamp Je¬ rey C. Gore Montgomery Colleen Struss Phil George May R. Berenbaum David A. Goslin Gordon E. & Betty I. Moore F. William Studier Randal J. Kirk Charles E. Bidwell* Mark L. Green William A. Murphy, Jr. Roselyne Swig Fred Mason Peter D. Blair Laura H. Greene Elisabeth A. Murray Diane E. Tachmindji Ronald D. Miller Felix H. Boehm Jon Hauxwell Paul E. Neiman Barbara B. Torrey Norman & Georgine Robert M. Boling Donald H. Henley Jeanne M. Nerbonne Michael Tourtellot Neureiter Peter Boyer Donald E. Henson Richard A. & Joan F. Philip C. Trackman Andrew D. Sinauer Monica M. & E. James Thomas L. Henson Newmark Gertrude M. Tyce Dusan Stefoski & Bradford Kim Q. Hill John E. Niederhuber Daniel C. Upp Craig Savage Alan R. Brash Ralph Hillman Ronald & Joan Nordgren James M. Utterback Scott Stone Richard G. Brennan Richard D. Holland Judith K. Nyquist Eugene J. Van Scott Richard E. Stuckey Hal E. Broxmeyer William F. Holmes Peter O’Donnell, Jr. George F. Vande Woude Harold E. Burkhart Rush Holt & Margaret Raymond L. Orbach Inder Verma $2,500–$4,999 Jean B. Burnett Lance eld Carolyn L. Orthner Dan Vickery Anonymous, in memory Robert L. Byer Gordon R. Hough Vivian Pan & Mark Norell Bailus Walker, Jr. of Myrtle Ray Zeiber, Peter Byers Owen M. Hubbard Claire L. Parkinson Robert J. Weimer Jill Sharon Sheridon, William J. Canady Tucker Hake David C. Humm Edward E. Penhoet William J. Welch Carlton M. Caves Nicholas A. Begovich Joan M. Hutchins Roger M. Perlmutter Thomas E. Wellems Maarten J. Chrispeels Jerry A. Bell & Mary Ann Leon Hyman, M.D. & Alex Joseph G. Perpich & Cathy Matthew West* Helena L. Chum Sulzberger Stepp* B. Walters, Ph.D. Corwith C. White Kathleen K. Church Je¬ rey W. Pferd Hans Bergstrom Nina G. Jablonski & Ralph R. Widner John M. Clough, Jr. George Chaplin Charles C. Philipp Nathaniel Chafee Thomas & Cynthia Edward H. Coe, Jr. Chi-Hing Christina Cheng Irwin & Joan Jacobs Daniel Pinkel Woolsey Jonathan C. Coopersmith Jerolyn A. Coen Anthony A. James Thomas G. & Maryann Bruce W. Worster Troy E. Daniels PoleÈ a Roy Curtiss III Michael A. Janssen Philip & Carolyn Wyatt Vincent Jo Davisson Glenn D. Prestwich Jean E. de Valpine George G. Johnston Charles Yanofsky Je¬ rey S. Dean Kathleen Priebe Albert T. Dosser Valerie F. Kaplan Oran R. Young John T. Deane Moishe Pripstein David Douglas & Pamela Junichi Kawada Fernando J. Gannon George E. DeBoer Bruce L. Larson David A. Randolph Zúñiga-y-Rivero Peter Kunstadter Hans G. Dehmelt Victor W. Laurie Edward K. Rice S. David Leonard Bernice & Loyal Durand Ryan V. Lawson Charles & Kelly Rickards $500–$999 Henry L. Ehrlich Ren L. Ridol Robert B. Litterman Catherine & George Ledec John D. Aach Charles W. & Shirley Thomas C. Rindfleisch David H. Marlowe Mark T. Lewellyn* Ashley J. Aberg Eigenbrot Mark K. Robinson Cherry A. Murray Thomas R. Ligon Edward M. Acton Larry & Kas Eldridge Antonio H. Romano Je¬ rey W. Pferd John Lummis Heman P. Adams Andreas Ernst Jo Ellen and Mark Stephen Roper & Nirupa Carol B. Lynch Ernest Z. Adelman Chaudhari Federico Faggin Roseman Craig C. Malbon Mihran S. Agbabian Pamela C. Ronald Mary C. Farach-Carson Robert Rosenthal Maria Julia Marinissen John A. Agnew Warren B. Weisberg Gerald R. Fink Arnold Roy J. H. Marshall Larry Ahle Charles M. Weiss Gerald J. Fishman Glenn E. Schweitzer Jim & Sue McCarthy Nancy W. Alcock-Hood* Elias A. Zerhouni Robert C. Forney Steven & Gail Shak Layton L. McCoy Edith B. Allen Mark & Marlene Frankel Harold T. Shapiro

37 Edward Anders Robin Davisson Samuel Gubins Daniel J. Lew Kerry Phillips John C. Angus Alicia & Darryl De Vivo Barry M. Gumbiner Harlan L. Lewis Jerry C. Pierce Anonymous (3) David H. de Weese & Anne Duane E. Haines Bai-lian Li Diana E. Pinover Ronald L. Ariagno C. Heller Alfred W. Hales Philip Lichtenberg Daniel Porte Ersen Arseven Kenneth A. DeGhetto David H. Hall Frances & George Ligler Arthur M. Poskanzer Steven Ashby Robert J. DeLap Robert L. Hamilton John T. Lis John W. Poston Reuben Auspitz Anthony Dennis Daniel A. Hamlin Margaret I. Lomax Jerome S. Puskin Diola Bagayoko Charles C. Dickinson III Alexander Harcourt & Kelly Iris L. Long Margaret S. Race D. James Baker Bruce L. Dietrich Stewart Joan F. Lorden R.K. & G.J. Rains David P. Balamuth Grace M. Donnelly Donald P. Harrington* Jane Lubchenco Stephen Rayport Mary C. Barber Terrence M. Donohue, Jr. William C. Harris Russell Luke Janardan K. Reddy Wayne Barnes Richard D. Drake William K. Hart Allan J. Lundeen Doug Redelman Thomas R. & Robert A. Dudley Hans Hasche-Kluender Arthur Lustig* Jane B. Reece Johanna K. Baruch Melvyn Dutton John H. Hash Merritt C. Maduke James C. Register Shelly Baur Ira Dyer Roy M. Havenhill Artur Mager Gary Reiness Lawrence S. Bazel Elizabeth D. Earle Mark Hay Suzanne M. Mahoney Charles M. Rice III Roger N. & Terry Beachy Elizabeth E. Ehrenfeld Fernand A. Hayot John C. Makemson Geraldine Richmond Julianne Beall Lynn W. & Kathleen Robert & Margaret Hazen Shirley & Horace Malcom Burton Richter Edwin D. Becker Enquist Lizbeth K. Hedstrom David J. March Richard Ridgway Thomas L. Benjamin Victor S. Fang Peter K. Hepler Paul D. Marko Barbara K. Rimer Leo L. Beranek Gillian M. Fenton Charles E. Hess Donald J. Marsh Robert J. Ringlee Paul Berg Alicia Fernandez John R. Hess Christopher L. Martin Neil Risch Herman Birch Craig & Alison Fields John E. Hiatt Randall & Kathleen S. Michael S. Robertson C. John Blankley John F. Finerty Manju Hingorani Matthews Thomas S. Robison Stuart Bondurant Thomas H. Finlay Paul J. Ho¬man Susan A. Matthies Juan G. Roederer John G. Bordie Eric Firing Jacquelyn Hoke Chris L. McAulie Fritz Rohrlich James N. Bradbury Delbert A. Fisher Raymond W. Holton Rob McConnell James L. Rosenberger John Brademas Rosemary Flora Sarah L. Hudson* John M. McGhee Donald G. Ross* Robert F. Brammer Samuel C. Florman Kay Huebner John R. Menninger Thomas A. & Bonnie M. Richard Brandsha¯ Daniel W. Foster Mien-Chie Hung Frederick J. Meyers Rosse Robert M. Brenner Richard A. Frankel Helen M. Hunt Dennis F. Miller Lynn Rozental Duncan A. Buell John A. & Mary Frantz David W. Ignat Don S. Miyada Sean Sanders Joost A. Businger Adam Friedlander Andre T. Jagendorf Robert L. Molinari* Allan R. Sanford Bruce A. Carlson Joel M. Friedman Karen S. Jakes Edward Moses Tamiko Sato Dana Carroll Paul J. Friedman Marjorie L. Jennings Stewart L. Moses Woody & Lyn Savage Carolyn L. Cason Richard Friedman Clark Johnson Steven C. Moss P. J. Schad Gary L. Cecchini Carol M. Fuller Alwyn N. Johnson C. Dan Mote Peter Schlosser Victor T. Chang Deborah J. Fulton Michael M. Kaback John Q. Murray Kirk D. Schmitt Tom D. Chin Shannon Gabriel-Griggs John R. Kane Deepak Narayan Barbara Schoeberl Purnell W. Choppin Charles G. Gaines Elaine Kant Venkatesh Narayanamurti Sara L. Schupf Henrik Christensen James I. Garrels & Joan Brian D. Keith Billie C. Nelson John & Ellen Schwab Jon C. Clardy Brooks John L. Kelland Jared Nichols Gwendolyn B. Scott Thomas E. Clemente Frederick R. & Nancy David E. Kerley Concepcion R. Nierras* Jose P. Segundo Gehlbach Mary E. Clutter John H. Kim Jerrold G. Norton Cecily C. Selby Sandra J. Gendler J. John Cohen Thomas Kinraide* Daniel J. O’Connell* Bert L. Semler Terrence M. Gerlach Garry T. Cole Miles V. Klein George N. & Martha Oetzel Earl H. Sexton Terry T. Gerritsen Jack H. & Rita R. Colwell Jerome Kutliro¬ C. H. Palmer Bassam Z. & June Anne E. Giblin Bruce P. Conrad Peter J. Lang Robert E. Palmer & Mary Shakhashiri Henry N. Ginsberg Ernest D. Courant D. Terence Langendoen Christman Thomas D. Sharkey Eli Glatstein James D. Cox Vinnedge M. Lawrence Rudolph Pariser Charles J. Sherr Sirie Godshalk Lucas Cox Gerald & Phyllis LeBo¬ Donald Pauley John Shigeoka Erwin Goldberg Richard H. Cox Myron C. Ledbetter John Peoples Nobumichi Shimizu Jesus Gomez-Navarro Lois S. Cronholm Cecil E. & Mary Leith Brent Perkins Eric M. Shooter Albert E. & Mary E. Goss James E. Dahlberg Richard E. Lenski Betty L. Petrie Jean’ne M. Shreeve Kim L. Graham J. D. Danielson Richard A. Lethin Judith A. Petroski & Saul J. Silverstein Henry T. Greely Trisha N. Davis & Eric Howard Leventhal William Wiegand Joseph V. Simone Irene Greif Muller Richard A. Levinson Ralph H. Petrucci David J. Simons Louis J. Gross

38 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. Bruce M. Simonson William M. Whitney Joseph Cerny Jan T. Galkowski Joseph J. King Jonathan B. Skinner James D. Willett Walter J. Chazin Juan C. Gallardo Toichiro Kinoshita James L. Smith John S. & Judith Willis Peter Cherbas S. Raymond Gambino Harvey L. Kliman Lillian Smith George E. Woody Hillel J. Chiel R.H. & Ann C. Garstang Kurt Klitzke* Richard G. Smith Andrew & Greta Wright Steven Chu Paul H. Gebhard Barry G. Knapp W. R. Smith-Vaniz Jessica A. Wright Ellen W. Clayton Neil Gehrels James J. Knierim Judson Somerville* Xiaoping Yang David R. Coahran Richard E. Gelinas Jane Q. Koenig George C. & Maradel B. Wayne W. Zachary James & Stella M. Coakley Walter Gerhard Kenneth M. Koester Sonnichsen E. William Colglazier, Jr. Michael A. Gibson Rajiv Kohli Dorothy G. Spiewak Barry S. & Bobbi Coller Deborah Glotzer Charles E. Kolb Marcy C. St. John We are grateful to the C. Robert Cooke Robert G. Goelet Edward J. Kormondy Neil Stahl following donors for their Philip Coppens David E. Golan Eileen Kowler Albert T. Steegmann contributions of $100 or more: Patricia F. Cottam Kathleen L. Gould Edward A. Kravitz Q. D. Stephen-Hassard Thomas A. Cotton Patricia A. Grady Bernard E. Kreger Judith S. Stern $250–$499 James K. Coward Donald M. Green Frederick A. Kundell William G. Stevenson Cyrus H. Adams Mark S. Cushman Richard L. Greene David LaVine Mark F. Stinski Philip D. Aines Gregory Cybul* Brian A. Gregg Walter R. Lawson Edward C. Stone Gordon Aitken William H. Danforth Jean M. Gudas David R. Lay Rainer F. Storb Ramesh K. Akkina Jan W. Dash C. D. Gutsche Margaret A. Le Mone Herbert T. Streu Caitilyn Allen Gary S. David Albert L. Hale F. Thomas Ledig Stephen D. Stroupe John E. Alter David L. Davies Forrest G. Hall* Chuan-Pu Lee John L. Sullivan Anonymous (19) Richard O. Davis* Robert W. Hall* Douglass B. Lee Janet B. Svirsky Kenneth B. Armitage Igor B. Dawid Joseph G. Hancock Lela A. Lee & Norman Donald A. Swanson Wikner Samuel Aronson Paul K. Day-Lucore Gail R. Hansen G. M. Swanson Norman Levine Arthur Ashkin Chester W. Delong Michael Harryman* Michael Swartz Ulrike Lichti Balasubramania H. Charles E. Dinsmore Caroline S. Harwood William B. & Annette Athreya Joe B. Dixon Daniel Hauptman Ira A. Liebson Provine Marc S. Atkins Andrea K. Dobson Daniel B. Hawkins Richard L. Lindroth Rees D. Thomas William S. Augerson Michael P. Doyle Arthur F. Hebard Rulon K. Linford William A. Thomas Ann E. Aulabaugh Estia J. Eichten Eric Hequet* Christopher J. Lingle Jeremy W. Thorner David S. & Kathleen N. Reha Elci Conrad C. Hinckley John H. Litcheld Maury Tigner Ayres Robert S. Erdmann Susan M. Hinkins David G. Livi Alvin V. Tollestrup Timothy N. Ayres Michael J. Erpino Donna Holmes Richard Longnecker William P. Tompkins David Babineau Orville W. Erringer John Horst Steven T. Lott Keiko U. Torii William A. & Marjorie G. Eric T. Espenhahn Lansing C. Hoskins Paul Lovoi* Michael Troemel Bardeen Edwin P. Ewing Richard F. Howard Jack Lowenthal Henry L. Upjohn William E. Barkley Robert Fairclough Ke C. Hsieh Allan J. Lundeen John Urquhart Paul A. Bartlett Richard Fallin Vicki D. Hu¬ Charles A. Lundquist* Kalliat T. Valsaraj Jean Beard William E. Farrell Thomas K. Hunt William L. Lupatkin Martin Vanderlaan R. P. Belden Allison F. Fentiman J. S. Hunter Daniel J. Luthringer Allen Varney Harvey E. Belkin James P. Ferris Michael J. Hutzler Carl Lynch Stephen G. Vasso Charles F. Bennett Herbert C. Field* Eileen Ja¬e Robert L. Lynch William J. Vaughan Ilan Ben-Zvi Leonard L. Fischman Arthur R. Jameson William B. Lyons* Veronica J. Vieland William C. Bianchi Margaret L. Fonda Awad Jarrar Cli¬ord K. Madsen Diana H. Wall Ikaros Bigi Stephen P. Fortmann Samson A. Jenekhe Catherine Magill* Dinghua Wang Mordecai P. Blaustein Mark A. Fortuna A. D. Johnson John J. Majnarich Vassie C. Ware Gary E. Booth Helen L. Foster John E. Johnson John D. Mangus Jonathan R. Warner Allan Brandt William C. Fothergill Lawrence W. Jones Jack S. Margolis Donald J. & Beverly Waters Esther Breslow Reba B. Fournier Peter C. Jordan Leland D. Marks Dallas E. Weaver William F. Brinkman Jon Fourre Thomas Kagle Thomas J. Marlowe Alfons Weber Ralph L. Brinster Terry R. Freund Solomon A. Kaplan Wineld Massie Molly H. Weinburgh Michael F. Briselli Dennis G. Fryback William B. Kaufmann Martin M. Matzuk John D. Weinland Elisabeth M. Brown Gerard J. Fryer James M. Kendall Gregory May & Guillerma Berthold W. Weinstein Susan G. Brown Kwok S. Fung Kern E. Kenyon Lozano Kim R. Wennerberg* Susan V. Bryant James M. Furukawa Ellen D. Ketterson Ellen McHugh Elizabeth D. Whitaker Patricia R. Burchat Mary K. Gaillard Roger J. Neill & Sylvia Gilbert W. Meier* Garnett B. Whitehurst* Peter D. Carragher* Patrick & Debye Galaska* Kihara Luke Mellon

39 James E. Melvin Julian L. Roberts Robert D. Westfall John A. Armstrong Kyle D. Bayes Rita A. Mercille Cynthia Robinson Guy M. Weyl Derrick Arnelle Peter A. Beak Elizabeth Michael Elizabeth Roemer Irvin L. White Edward M. Arnett Edward W. Beals Charles D. Michener John W. Rose Stanley A. White* Mary C. Arnold William T. Beck Jerry W. Miller Michael Roytburd John P. Williams William Aron Julian Beckford Marcia Miller William B. Russel Carmen M. Yampierre Arthur I. Aronson David Z. Beckler Paul Mitchell John E. Savage William Young Yukio Asato Ruth E. Beeton William C. Mobley Elihu Schimmel Anne S. Zimmerman William C. Ashby John C. Behrendt Sandra O. Moose Jerry A. Schneider Roger P. Zimmerman Laurence D. Ashley Alvin L. Beilby Lorenza Moro Linda A. Schuler Larry P. Atkinson George A. Bekey Edward C. Mozley Steven Schwalbe $100–$249 Alan Attie Leslie Z. Benet Lisa Mueller Irving M. Shapiro James S. Aagaard Ronald K. Atwood Boyce Bennett Thomas W. Mullikin Carleton B. Shay Neal B. Abraham Thomas R. Ayres Richard Beresford Erik H. Murer Emma Shelton S. C. Abrahams Daniel L. Azarno¬ Lars Berglund Peter B. Myers Stephen V. Sikes Thomas W. Abrams Robert Babcock Ernest L. Bergman David L. Nanney Jerry E. Sipe* David Aceti* William W. Bachovchin Antony N. Beris Lyle E. Nelson Monroe G. Sirken Ernest C. Adams Tadeusz Bacia Herbert L. Berk Clayton R. Nichols* Bernard Smith Gerald Adams Je¬rey L. Bada Gerald Berkelhammer Christer E. Nordman Eliot R. Smith J. Alexander Adams, Jr. Thomas A. Badgwell Aron M. Bernstein William T. Norton Rush A. Snyder Mary B. Adams* Philip S. Bailey Richard K. Bernstein Berl R. Oakley Frank B. Soults Jill P. Adler-Moore William H. Bailey R. S. Berry John P. O’Connell John K. Spitznagel W. Richards Adrion Stanley Bailis Harry S. Berryman Donald D. O’Dowd Stephen Spotte Peter Agre Kevin H. Baines Viktors Berstis John R. O’Fallon Donald E. Stanley Leif A. Ahrens Mary A. Baker Kevin P. Bertrand Lynn L. Ogden Irving C. Statler M. Aksoy Susan C. Baker Anatole Besarab Carmen Olito Kim A. Stelson Dolly Al Kobossy* Raimo Bakis Sylvia L. Betcher Douglas L. Oliver* Peter F. Stevens Gary Albrecht Chuck Baldwin Hans A. & Rose S. Bethe Philip W. Oppenheimer Norman R. Stewart David L. Alexander Samuel F. Baldwin Erwin P. Bettinghaus Richard J. Otter James Stolzenbach S. H. George Allen N. Addison Ball Robert F. Betts Lauren M. Pachman James P. Stone David Allison Dana S. Balser Joseph P. Bevak Victor R. Palmeri Shepard B. Stone W. Anthony Allison Karen J. Bame David M. Bezek Lee Y. Park Truman Storvick Charles E. Alpers Clarence K. Banks Robert Bick Joseph C. Parker, Jr. Roy F. Stratton Norman J. Alvares Martin S. Banks Daniel Biemesderfer William G. Parzybok P. R. Sundaresan Barbara M. Alving Ronald E. Banks Eula Bingham Robert D. Patterson James A. Sweigard Margaret Amara Joseph C. Barbaccia Mary L. Bird Udo Pernisz Edward Tarbuck Chris Amaris Thomas D. Barber* Nirendra N. Biswas† Glen Perry James Y. & Edith Y. Robert G. Amundson Jack D. Barchas Peter E. Black Terry M. Peterson Thoburn Arthur O. Anderson Tamar Barkay Meredith Blackwell Julia M. Phillips Heriberto V. Thomas* Bertin W. Anderson Barbara Barna Donald Blake Ronald A. Pieringer Anne M. Thompson David Anderson Franklin L. Barnes Scott Blanchette William H. Plotkin† Eric J. Thorgerson Gordon W. Anderson Franklin H. Barnwell Frederick A. Bliss Jonathan A. Plucker* Darwin Thorpe Larry J. Anderson John Baronian Marshall E. Bloom James W. Porter Franklin H. Top Linda M. Anderson Carla Barrett William M. Bloomquist Mary Poss Thomas K. Toyama Lloyd L. Anderson Monique Barrett Phillip I. Blumberg Bernal F. Powers* Milton C. Trichel Paul C. Anderson Michael Barry Herbert Blumenthal Edward R. Rang Barbara C. Turner Paul M. Anderson Lawrence S. Bartell Hans R. Bode Mala S. Rangadass Michael S. Turner Weston Anderson Andrzej Bartke George Bodner Donald G. Rea William J. Tuszynski Ed Andrews John E. Bartlett Stephen Bolger* Francis Repas Russell H. Tuttle Anonymous (63) Michael Bass Harry F. Bomberger* Mary E. Rice Arthur Uhlir Rudi Ansbacher William A. Bassett Leonard Bond Robert E. Ricklefs Francis Vojik Charles Antholt Rebecca Bates Martha W. Bond Henry M. Rines Charles Walcott Frederick J. Antosz William M. Bateson Peter D. Bond Steven J. Ring Michael W. Walker Evan H. Appelman Anna Battenhouse Jane F. Bondi Timothy Rittof Mark F. Walton Daren R. Appelt Gary Batungbacal William B. Bonvillian Cristina Roark Michael S. Waterman Meredithe L. Applebury Ursula Batz Bruce Bornfleth Daniel Roarty Mark E. Weaver Michael W. Arenton Diana J. Bauer David Borton Jean A. Robbins Luiz Weksler Petros Argyres Sheldon Baumrind William Borucki

40 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. Randy J. Bos* Mary F. Burke Kuo Chiang Chen Brendan Cornelison Gerald W. Devries Paul M. Botting Marvin D. Burkhart* Anthony G. Chila Albert E. Cosand Michael Di Battista Milton J. Boyd Bret Burns Wai-Yim Ching Ozeas S. Costa Sidney Diamond W. R. Bradford John M. Burns Reginald C. Chisholm Diane T. Coulopoulos James Dickey Michael Bradie Ronald G. Burns Keith Choate Christopher Counter David B. Dickinson Herbert W. Bradley Stephen H. Burns Peter Choyke Timothy L. Cover Tim Dickinson Brian B. Brady Phillips B. Burnside Stanley H. Christensen Jack D. Cowan Paul W. Dickson Roscoe R. Braham Cynthia Burrows & Scott Robert L. Christiansen Liana Crabtree C. J. Dicuollo Karl R. Braithwaite Anderson Helen Christou William A. Craig Paula Diehr Steven J. Brams Dale K. Burtner Neal Chuang Arthur R. Crampton John L. Diener Elbert Branscomb Philip S. Burton* Paul W. Chun David H. Crandall Eric Dietrich Klaus R. Brasch William D. Burton Fan Chung Bernd Crasemann Gilbert R. DiLeone David Brauer Donald G. Buth Leo T. Chylack Gwyneth Cravens Mihaela Dinu Miriam S. Braunstein Ruth A. Butler Richard C. Cicone Perry B. Cregan Linda Discotto Larkin Breed Susan B. Butts Shaun F. Clancy Craig M. Crews Omer Divers Rolf A. Brekken Stephen E. Buxser Barry G. Clark Gloria Crook Brian G. Dixon Michael Brenner Nancy Byrd Crandon F. Clark Gay M. Crooks Robert Dixon Michael R. Brent* Bob Calder George A. Clark John H. Crowe* Winifred W. Doane David K. Brice Tina M. Calderon Robert A. Clark Alfred J. Crowle Theodore E. Donaldson Joe L. Bridger Michael J. Calderwood Theodore G. Clark Kenny S. Crump Russell Donnelly Frederick A. Briggs* Larry D. Caldwell Roy S. Clarke Will E. Cummings David C. Donoho Josephine P. Briggs Richard L. Calendar Dale Clayton August O. Curley W. G. Donovan Ethan Brock Patrick J. Call Don B. Clewell Douglas Currin John Doty C. Brown R. A. Cameron William Cliett James L. Curtis Eric Dowell* Charles S. Brown James D. Campbell Robert J. Cli¬ord Vikram Dalal Alexander J. Dragt David Brown Art Campeld Lynn F. Cline Andrew Dancis Robert D. Drennan Dennis J. Brown Andrew Cap Robert J. Cochran Joseph A. D’Anna Mary A. Dressel Donald J. Brown James M. Carhart George G. Cocks Marcia E. Danne George B. Driesen Frank Brown William C. Carlson Elmon L. Coe Robert L. Danner Donna M. Driscoll James A. Brown John H. Carman* Michael D. Coe Jerome A. Darsey Gary J. Drtina Joseph L. Brown* George Carmany Steve Co¬ey Benjamin Davies Lina Duan Robert D. Brown Richard I. Carp C. R. Coggins Charles F. Davis Karen Duca Robert E. Brown* John Carpenter D. Walter Cohen Paula Dawson Lawrence K. Du¬y E. W. Browne Roscoe O. Carter III Michael P. Cohen Richard N. Day Thomas H. & Sylvia John C. Browne Benjamin R. Cary Sheldon H. Cohen John P. De Neufville Dunning W. Brownell Robert A. Cary Taya Cohen* Anneli M. De Paolis Janice P. Dutcher Robert E. Bruccoleri Herbert Caskey Joseph M. Colacino Bart De Stasio Anindya Dutta Stephen Bruenn John M. Cassady Shirley Cole-Harding Charles H. Debrovner John A. Dutton Michael F. Bruist Gordon C. Certain Piers Coleman Hans W. Decker* Richard W. Dutton Danny Brunson Francis M. Cevasco Sam Colgate William P. Deiss Marcus Duvall Barbara Bryant John C. Chabala Matthew Colless Kirk Deitsch Eli Dwek Karen Buchkovich* Peter C. Chabora David Collier Debra del Castillo Peter S. Eagleson Evan Buck Joan Chamberlain Robert E. Collier Thomas F. DeLaney Walter F. Eanes Barry Buckland John H. Chamberlain Keith Collins Stephan C. Delaveaux Joseph E. Earley Robert Budic Carolyn Chambers Kevyn Collins-Thompson Charles J. Delp Samuel Earp William A. Buehring Jagdish Chandra Michael S. Colman Marco A. Delpiano Kirk A. Easley Dennis E. Buetow Barbara Charton* Dale K. Colyer Robin L. Dennis Timothy Eck Robert F. Bulleit Prescott B. Chase Eugene D. Commins John M. Denoyer Donald A. Edwards Esther A. Bullitt Theodore Chase Ralph H. Condit Peter R. Denwood Gerald E. Edwards Jonathan S. Bullock Rama Chellappa Tom Connelly Henry L. Dequasie Robert L. Edwards Robert W. Bundtzen Lin X. Chen R. James Cook William A. Deskin Howard Ehlers Charles Burger Reh-Lin Chen Lynn Cooley David P. Dethier Gunther L. Eichhorn Peter C. Burger Stacey Y. Chen Edgar E. Coons James K. Detling Roger Eichhorn John R. Burgess Jonathan Cherno¬ Leon N. Cooper David Dettman Lincoln Ekstrom Gordon M. Burghardt Donald B. Chesler Walter Cooper John Devereux Kimberley Elcess Joseph C. Burgiel Alice E. Chew Eugene C. Corbett William Deville Mark P. Elenko Robert Burk Edwin M. Chewning* Mary R. Corcoran David H. DeVorkin Julie Ellefson

41 Vernon S. Ellingstad Joel G. Flaks Pablo Gejman William M. Greenstadt* David B. Harrison Nancy A. Elliott Alison A. Fleming Ross Gelbspan Richard Grier-Reynolds Melvin A. Harrison David K. Emmel David J. Fletcher* Herbert Geller Richard E. Grindeland Richard L. Harrison Bradford M. Endicott John Flowers Aaron J. Gellman Jonathan Grindlay Michael Hart Bernard T. Engel Frank M. Floyd Richard J. Gentile Rena C. Gropper* Jared W. Haslett Donald M. Engelman J. T. Flynn Dwight C. German Carol A. Gross Daniel F. Hasman, Jr. George A. Englesson Garner L. Foley Roland Sidney E. Grossberg Bill Hassinger, Jr. Ozlem Equils Ronald R. Forand Gerritsenvanderhoop Gordon L. Grosscup Patricia J. Hatton Robert L. Erickson Dennis G. Ford Ronald L. Gester Erich Grotewold Louis C. Haughney Susan G. Ernst Peter C. Ford Joe C. Giam David L. Groves Michael G. Hauser W. G. Ernst Thomas A. Ford Sandra H. Gianturco Ronald L. Growney Hershel J. Hausman Frederick Esch Miriam A. Forman Holly Gibbs Robert R. Gruetzmacher Bruce Hawkins W. H. Eshbaugh Fred Fox James Gibbs Reed H. Grundy Sheila W. Hedges Tatiana V. Esipova J. L. Fox* James A. Gibbs Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. Jason P. Heese Asher Etkin Richard L. Fox David M. Gibson Lan Guan John S. Hege Randal S. Evans Renny Franceschi David T. Gibson Ron Gugliotti* David A. Heiser Phyllis B. Eveleth Bruce H. Frank James E. Gibson Howard J. Gunderson Earl R. Heithaus Fred P. Ewald Judy R. Franz Todd Gierman Sidney Gutstein Jenna J. Hellack Reginald J. Exton Larry D. Fredendall Mark L. Gilberstadt William Guyette Leon Heller Extreme Reach Samuel Fredman John C. Gille Jack M. Gwaltney William M. Heller Jane A. Fagerland William B. Freedman Glenn Gilyard Benjamin C. Hablutzel George Hendrey Davis A. Fahlquist Dan Freeman Benjamin M. Gimarc Richard A. Hackel Nancy R. Hendricks Michael Fain William J. French Robert N. Ginsburg Robert Hackenburg Paula I. Henry Roger Falcone Susan K. Fried W. Cli¬ord Girard John Hackwell Robert K. Herman William H. Fales John A. Friede Alexander J. Glass Nir Hacohen Pablo M. Hernandez Darrell D. Fanestil J. S. Friedlaender Alan H. Glasser Stephen C. Hadler Alfred O. Hero Jay P. & Barbara Farber George J. Friedman Charles R. Glassey Nicholas Hadley J. T. Herron† Thomas A. Farley Robert M. Friedman Albert S. Glickman Catherine E. Hagan Davis Hershey Robert Fay Steven G. Fritts Martin E. Gluckstein Michael Hageman Jerome M. Hershman Kaye H. Fealing William E. Fry Richard Gnaendinger Gordon Hager Howard Hertz Joel Fedder Robert Frye* Ramanathan Frederick D. Haldane Robert Hertzog Gnanadesikan Richard S. Fein Yoshitaka Fukunaga Albert L. Hale* Charles M. Herzfeld Kenneth W. Gobalet Benedict Feinberg Bill & Julie Fulkerson Dwight H. Hall Warren D. Heston Edward J. & Judith Goetzl Stephen M. Feinstone John Funai Eric S. Hall Peter G. Heytler Allen M. Gold Andrew E. Feiring Susan Gaidos John E. Hall Mary Lu M. Hickman Anne C. Goldberg Yoseph Feit Mitchell H. Gail Mary B. Hall Paul I. Hicock William Goldman Edwin L. Ferguson Harold Gainer Richard L. Hall* Daniel Higgins Lynne Goldstein Henry C. Ferguson Steven D. Gaines Robert B. Hall David P. Hill Edward D. Gomperts Shelagh Ferguson-Miller Jay L. Gainsboro Rosine W. Hall Eric Hill Rafael A. Gonzalez E. Ferrari Joseph G. Gall David A. Hammer Norwood O. Hill Bernard Goodman* Chad Fertig Mary O. Gallwey James E. Hammerberg William E. Himwich Richard E. Goodman Victoria L. Fetter A. K. Ganguly Katherine A. Hammond Melissa A. Hines Howard A. Gordon Isaiah J. Fidler & Margaret Roger E. Ganschow Willis B. Hammond Sandra L. Hines L. Kripke Robert E. Gansser Jennifer Gordon Richard L. Handy Karl Hinrichs Robert W. Field Janet B. Garber Joel S. & Marlene R. Gerald R. Hankins Peter Hippensteel Gordon Gregg Fields Georgine M. Garbisch D. Alan Hansen* David C. Hoaglin Malcolm S. Gordon John B. Fieser Turkan K. Gardenier Richard Hanson Martha L. Hochberg Rudolf N. Gorokhovsky* Robert L. Fine Murray B. Gardner Jan Hardenbol Morris Hodara Harold C. Graboske Harvey V. Fineberg William G. Gardner Hector Harima Edward Hogan Paul Grannis C. D. Fischer† David E. Garn Wesley H. Harker Raymond D. Hokinson Lester D. Grant David Fischer David J. Garnkel Franklin M. Harold Samuel S. Holland Howard C. Graves & Julie Milton Fischer Joe Hollstein Margaret A. Garnjost Baller Stanley D. Harpstead Alan S. Fisher Richard F. Holm Alfred J. Garrett Mitchell H. Grayson Roy A. Harrell Frank W. Fitch David P. Holman Michael E. Garst Geo¬rey D. Green David L. Harrington Lewis T. Fitch Eric W. Holman H. Garton Michael V. Green Jack Harris James E. Fitzgerald Harry D. Holmgren Marco M. Garza William L. Green Lauren Harris Paul A. Fitzpatrick Barbara Holmquist David M. Gates Frederick D. Greene Leonard Harris

42 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. Sidney Honig Frank Johnson Philip S. Khoury Donna R. Kuroda Bruce V. Lewenstein Ray Hood H. R. Johnson Ray E. Kidder Julio Kuroiwa Charles A. Lewis E. B. Hooper Neal F. Johnson Imre Kifor Martin Kushmerick H D. Lewis Lora Hooper Richard Johnson Elise Kimble Charles L. Kutscher H. Lewis Charles W. Hoover Robert G. Johnson Aaron A. King Massako K. Kutyna Hugh B. Lewis Michael H. Horn Steve Johnson Bohun B. Kinloch* John E. Kutzbach John B. Lewis Peter V. Hornbeck Stewart W. Johnson James H. Kinsey* Lee F. Kuyper Ronald Lewis David D. & Barbara Willa Johnson Edward O. Kinzie Yvon Lacasse Tommy Libby Houghton Brian H. Johnston* Andrew Kippenberger Miriam R. Lacher Ann E. Lichens-Park David C. Houle William V. Johnston George W. Kipphut Robert C. Ladner E. James Lieberman Larry B. Howard Charles M. Jones† Kate P. Kirby David S. La¬erty John Light Richard E. Howard Edwin R. Jones William H. Kirchho¬ Je¬rey C. Lagarias Herman S. Lilja Paul C. Howell Irene M. Jones Carl H. Kirksey Duane B. Lakings Lasse A. Lindahl Thomas Hoxie Je¬rey B. Jones David E. Kissel Vasudevan Paul A. Lindberg Chang-li Hsieh Lucy W. Jones Thomas A. Kitchens Lakshminarayanan John P. Linderman Bo Huang Robert Jones John Kitzmiller Peter A. Lamal Quentin W. Lindsey Joel A. Huberman Elke Jordan Michael Klagsbrun Michael E. Lamm Stephen C. Linn Michael J. Huerkamp Michael A. Jordan Johan B. Klassen Susan Landau Edward C. Linsenmeyer Denise Hui Alexandra L. Joyner Michael S. Klassen Neal F. Lane Nelson R. Lipshutz Randall G. Hulet Taylor B. Joyner G. Kling Dennis Lange Joseph R. Liszka Jerry Huller Chung Jui Tsai Je¬rey D. Klinger Stephan Lange Craig B. Little David R. Hunt A. J. Jull Karin L. Klingman James S. Langer Todd D. Little Charles E. Huntington Bobby R. Junker Richard W. Kluklas Thomas E. Lantz Marvin M. Litvak J. T. Hupp Silvia Jurisson Mark A. Knepper Joseph S. Lappin* Phillip C. Liu Alan Hurd Ronald Kaback Michael F. Koehl Jean K. Largis Stephen C. Liu Gerald Hurowitz Bruce Kabako¬ James T. Kofron Ralph J. Larson David A. Lloyd Omar A. Hurricane Ronald L. Kaiserman William F. Kohler Joyce C. Lashof Raul Lobo Mark Hurych James W. Kalat Stephen C. Kolakowsky Carol L. Lassen Felix J. Lockman Michael A. Huston Burton S. Kaliski C. R. Koons Eaton Lattman Robert B. Lo¯eld† David E. Illig Aimee A. Kane* Will J. Kopachik Allan H. Laufer Merry Lojkovic Antonino Incardona Norval M. Kane Victor Korenman Richard A. Laursen Irving M. London Rebecca Irwin Paul T. Kantz* Virginia L. Kortes Robert N. Lausch Norman W. Lord Jener D. Isbister Daniel Kaplan Robert J. Kosinski Renata Laxova* Richard J. Loveless Justin Isherwood Isaac R. Kaplan Anthony A. Kossiako¬ John S. Lazo Derek Lowenstein Rebecca Ives Amy Kapp Sasha Koulish Don Leaver Joyce H. Lowinson Allen Ivey Sadashiv Karanth Lena Kourkoutis James H. Lecky Je¬rey R. Lucas Craig M. Jackson Chris A. Karlovich Susan Kovats David J. Ledden Paul A. Luciw Patricia H. Jackson Peter D. Karp Boyd Kowal Albert C. Lee Stanley D. Luck Mary Jacob Jerey W. Karpen Bruce A. Kowert Michael Lee Robert L. Lucke George T. Jacobi Susan Kasper Theodore R. Kozlowski Peter Lehner Louise M. Luckenbill Joseph P. Jacobson Mary Jo Kasten Michael S. Krangel Pamela Lein Steven C. Luckstead Mike Jacobson David L. Kaufman Jane M. Krauhs Jean M. Lenard Thomas W. Ludlam Michael Ja¬e Dean L. Kavanagh William G. Kraybill Wayne I. Lencer Bubs Lumetta Bernard W. Janicki Paula B. Kavathas Robert A. Kreber Peter Lengyel* Joan Lunney Judith Jansen Robert Keefe Patty A. Kreikemeier Edwin D. & Judith Leonard Stephen E. Lyke Siegfried Janson Edward Keenan Stephen Kresovich Zafra Lerman Harvard Lyman Richard Jantz Bettie F. Kehrt W. J. Kress Khingkan William C. Lynch Luis R. Jaramillo Rodney Kellems Mitchell Kronenberg Lertratanangkoon Aj Lyndemere Kurt R. Jarnagin G. Randy Keller Richard L. Kronenthal Richard A. Lesar Ken MacDonald Stephen A. Jarowski Paul Keller John S. Kronholm William A. Lester Robert C. MacDonald Thomas W. Je¬ries William E. Kelly William Krovatin Alexander H. Levi Ronald D. MacFarlane Arthur J. Jelinek John P. Kempton Ralph T. Kubo Herbert W. Levi Robert H. Mach Randall M. Jeter Ann M. Kenney Gustav Kuelbs Roger Levien Vivian L. Mackay Yishi Jin Robert Kenworthy Steven A. Kuhl Robert E. Levin Fred T. Mackenzie Lawrence John Alan G. Kepka J. Kulkosky Stephen M. Levin Douglas E. MacLaughlin Alvin C. Johnson Anthony M. Kerdock Priyank Kumar Mortimer Levitz Jordan Maclay* Colby S. Johnson Keith Ketner Ernest A. Kurmes William S. Lewellen Albert T. Macrander

43 Marcos F. Maestre Christopher F. McKee James D. Moore Elizabeth F. Neufeld Andre J. Ouellette Bassett Maguire* Gertrude A. McKee Julia A. Moore Howard J. Newby* George Oulundsen Maurice J. Mahoney Joe McKenzie Thomas E. Moore Michael J. Newchurch Robert H. Page C. Maillet Mark McKinlay Thomas G. Moore Je¬ery L. Newmeyer Chang H. Paik Lawrence V. Majovski Ellen McManus J. Cli¬ord Moos Gary Newsom Joseph W. Palca Danuta Malejka-Giganti John B. McManus Michael J. Moratto Chester W. Newton Christine Palermo Gladys R. Maley* Donald P. McNamara David W. Moreland Geo¬rey B. Newton Allison R. Palmer Arun Malhotra Glenn D. McNeill Carlos S. Moreno Thomas W. Newton John D. Palmer Daniel C. Maneval David W. McShane Max Morgan Johanna Nichols Neil H. Palmer* Richard Mankin Margory L. Meacham James T. Morris Charles P. Nicholson* Nicholas Palmer Marilyn S. Mann Larry R. Medsker Bob Morrison Martinus H. Nickerson John M. Palms Jane Manniello William A. Meezan A. Leslie Morrow Paul H. Nielsen G. C. Parikh Jan W. Mares Thomas A. Mehlhorn Herbert C. Morse Michael Niemack & Maren David C. Parker Richard Margolin Douglas Meikle Robert A. Morse* Vitousek Devra A. Parks Hans M. Mark Ulrich Melcher J. Thomas Mortimer Thomas M. Niesen Thomas N. Parks Mark Markham Cli¬ord W. Mendel Daniel Morton Linda C. Niessen Albert F. Parlow Morgan A. Marks Isaac Mendyuk Stephen D. Morton Elena O. Nightingale David D. Parrish Janet Marott Renee M. Menegaz-Bock Christopher Motley A. H. Nishikawa Richard M. Parry Leonard A. Marowitz Joseph F. Merklin* Patricia H. Moyer Lillian Niu David W. Parsons Roberto A. Marques Ethan A. Merritt Forrest Mozer Raymond P. Nolan Stanley M. Parsons Jonathan Marsh Frank S. Merritt William H. Muchnic Richard C. Nolen- Frank R. Parth Hoeksema Stephanie Marshall Gary Merson George E. Mueller Robert Partin Larry D. Nooden Patricia A. Marsteller James Z. Metalios Elizabeth H. Muench Arie A. Passchier Frank Novak Mary V. Marston-Scott* Travis Metcalfe* J. Fraser Muirhead Neela Patel Donald & Carolyn Novin Dean F. Martin Alfred F. Michael Stanley A. Mulaik Sunil Patel Derek Nowak William J. Martone Gavin Michaels Edward J. Mullaney Suresh S. Patil Marilyn Nowlan Milton Martyny Joel E. Michalek David Muller Duncan T. Patten Victor Nussenzweig Robert A. Maslansky Jon J. Michnovicz Miklos Muller James F. Patterson Osborne B. Nye John M. Mason Richard H. Milburn Catherine L. Munera Jean Patterson Diana Obanda Ronald J. Mason Donald H. Miller Robert D. Munson Ara G. & Shirley Paul Tim Oberholtzer Diane F. Matesic Henry L. Miller Wayne A. Murphy T. A. Pauls Je¬rey F. Oda William Mathews I. George Miller Cecil Myers Mary B. Paxton Brian O’Donnell Mary Matthews Katherine R. Miller Philip N. Myers William T. Peake* Janis M. O’Donnell Bill Mattox Michael A. Miller Stephen E. Myers Mark E. Peeples William M. O’Fallon Carl May Robert J. Miller Martin S. Nachbar Marian Peleski Bruce O’Gara David S. May William M. Miller Benjamin Naecker Chin-Tzu Peng Alice S. Oglesby Michael L. May Mark J. Mills George B. Na¬ Edna R. Pereira* John J. Ohala Michael M. May Jack Minker Koji Nakanishi John Perepezko Ilya Okun Richard T. Mayer Katrina M. Miranda Rattan Nath* John S. Perry Bjorn R. Olsen Elizabeth Maynard Dragan Mirkovic Carl F. Nathan Joseph W. Perry Khris B. Olsen Paul Mc Hugh Vil S. Mirzayanov Constance Nathanson Philip R. Perry Robert W. Olsen John H. McAdoo Donald A. Mitchell Bernard J. Nebel John R. Person Link Olson Gene McCall Ichiro Miyagawa James W. Neel Narayanan Perumal Richard K. Olsson Michael E. McCarville Gunnard W. Modin Jim Neely Peter Pesheck Silvio J. Onesti Kevin M. McCauley Jon Moehlmann Larry B. Neisess Murray Peshkin Jan M. Orenstein Justin McCollum Karen Mohlke Howard L. Nekimken Leon Petelle Gordon H. Orians John McConnell N. C. Molina Edwin B. Nelson† Michael P. Petelle Stuart H. Orkin Joe McCoy George W. Moll Joseph Nelson Alea Peters Frederick T. Ormand Dick McCray Lloyd J. Money Mitchell Nelson Kurt E. & Carol Petersen Gyula Oros Michael M. McCrea Raymond J. Monnat Peter Nelson Blake Peterson Donald S. Orth Robert E. McCurry Vincent M. Monnier Richard S. Nelson & Carol Don H. Peterson Nimet E. Oruc Harry E. McDonald Jean I. Montagu Enkoji John E. Peterson Henry H. Osborn James M. McDonald David A. Moon Walter L. & JoAnn M. Mary A. Peterson Nelson Lee K. Osborne Kirk McDonald David Moore Norman C. Peterson Martin J. Nemer Joseph O’Sullivan James McGoodwin Gerald L. Moore Rada Petrinjac-Nenadic John R. Nesselroade John L. Otis Anthony D. McGuire Grace W. Moore William T. Petuskey James J. Nestor Timothy E. O’Toole Wilbert J. McKeachie Kevin & Angelyn Moore Richard H. Pfau

44 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. Jane E. Phillips-Conroy John D. Randall Thomas D. Rognlien Edward M. Schaefer Alexander Shor Al Pickett Caterina Randolph Scott Rohrbaugh Sandra Scham James F. Short* Alburt E. Pifer Douglas W. Rankin George Ronay David Schatz Carol Shoshkes-Reiss John T. Pigott Samuel M. Rankin Sheila R. Ronis Richard C. Schauer Patrick E. Shrout Dennis R. Pilarczyk M. M. Rao Michael Root PB Schechter Charles H. Shultz Robert Pilcher Buddy D. Ratner Elise Rose Louis K. Sche¬er Scott W. Sides Wellington J. Pindar R. R. Rau Hugh Rose Myra J. Scheglo¬ Matt Sigman David Pines Donald A. Rauh Kenneth L. Rose W. Robert Scheidt Charles J. Sih Jack L. Pinkus Virginia R. Rausch Mark D. Rose Patrick Schelling Barry Silberg Christiane T. Piselli Elio Raviola Robert Rosecrans Thomas C. Schelling Bernard G. Silbernagel David Piston Leonard Rawicz Leonard Roseman Robert J. Schier* Edward Silha Gwen Planet George Rayl Nancy Roseman Thomas Schindler Samuel C. Silverstein Andrew G. Plaut Andrew F. Read Herman S. Rosenbaum Bradley Schlaggar Charles A. Simenstad Karl Poetter Elizabeth Reagh Jerome Rosenberg Jurgen Schmandt J. Matthew Simon Joseph C. Polacco* Robert D. Reasenberg Norman J. Rosenberg Christopher O. Schmidt Robert E. Simon Roberto Polakiewicz Bruce A. Rector William Rosenberg Deborah Schmiel Donald M. Simons Erwin Poliako¬ Robert Redeld Ralph Roskies Raymond W. Schmitt Lawrence A. Singer Henry Pollack Kenneth J. Reed David A. & Edith H. Ross Patrick Schnable George D. Skidmore James S. Pollin Don D. Reeder David W. Ross George F. Schnack Carol B. Skinner Joshua Pomeroy Raymond Reeves Caren M. Rotello Norman J. Schnayer Lana Skirboll Richard Ponte S. P. Regenstreif Victoria F. Roth Barbara L. Schneider William J. Skocpol Steven W. Popper Paul B. Reichardt Richard L. Rotundo John H. Schneider Eugene B. Skolniko¬ Oscar F. Porter Peter J. Reichl Stanley J. Roux Lawrence B. Schonberger David B. Slautterback Mark Post Paul W. Reid Roger D. Rowland* A. W. Schuetz James Slinkman Francis M. Pottenger Marcus M. Reidenberg Thomas C. Royer Gertrud M. Schupbach Pamela L. Small Paul E. Potter Leonard Rei¬el Laurens N. Ruben Harvey Schussler J. Howard Smart Richard C. Potter Eric Reimund Bernard Rubin Nathan A. Schwadron Margaret Smiley Robert M. Potter Eric A. Reiner Herman Rubin Benjamin D. & Susan C. Laura Smilowitz J. E. Pournelle G. V. Reklaitis Manfred Ruddat Schwartz Alan J. Smith Cedric J. Powell Minocher C. Reporter Klaus Ruedenberg Silvan S. Schweber Barbara H. Smith Samuel C. Powell Paul R. Reynolds Daniel Rugar Dorie W. Schwertz Benjamin Smith Victoria Powers Vincent M. Riccardi Je¬rey A. Runge Charles Scudder C. Russell Smith Rex F. Pratt Joanne S. Richards L. M. Russako¬ Robert E. Scully James C. Smith Ruth Preminger Kathryn E. Richardson George K. Russell Gilbert R. Seely Lex B. Smith Joy L. Pretcher Hal B. Richerson John J. Russell David W. Self Michael R. Smith Thomas Prettyman Nancy Richter Yousef Saad Scott Sellars Orville A. Smith Edward Prince Sam H. Ridgway Oswald Saavedra Francis Sellers R. Peggy Smith Charles H. Pritchard Robert G. Rinker Michael Sadowitz Bernard Z. Senkowski Sidney R. Smith William Pritchard John Robb Asaf Salamov F. D. Sentilles Stewart E. Smith Darwin J. Prockop Paula K. Roberson Asaf A. Salamov Robert E. Servis Dale R. Snider Lisa R. Prostak Eugene Roberts Bernard Salanie Vidya S. Sethi J. Josh Snodgrass Philip Protter John D. Roberts David J. Salant John Sevenair Dean R. Snow Donald Pulitzer Theodore G. Roberts William R. Salzman DM Shah Peter B. Snyder Joseph J. Pysh David Robertshaw Gary E. Sanger Xiaonan Shan Michael Sogard Yanmei Qi H. T. Robertson Derek Sant’Angelo Joel H. Shaper Anne Soll Douglas Quamme Annie L. Robinson Rose-Mary Sargent Robert Y. Shapiro Sheldon Solomon John M. Questel Arthur R. Robinson Je¬rey Sarno¬ Jane E. Sharer Maier Ronald E. Somerby Edward J. Quilligan Stephen Robinson Edward Sarver John Sharp Frank J. Sonleitner William Rabinowitz Linda Rockli¬, in memory Jan R. Sass Robert W. Shaw Wooi Chee Soo Anthony D. Radice of Burton W. Rockli¬ Lawrence J. Satkowiak Walter Shearer Davison E. Soper Mark S. Radomski Maxine L. Rocko¬* Louella R. Saul William R. Shek Nino Sorgente Meghan Radtke Benjamin P. Rode Je¬rey J. Saunders Robert K. Shelly Barbara Sorkin Stephen C. Ragatz James Rodgers Virginia Sawin Paul F. Shepard Tobin Sosnick Yueh-Erh Rahman B. D. Roebuck Jack Sawyer Gerson S. Sher Costas M. Soukoulis D. W. Rains Andrey Y. Rogachev Ashish Saxena Kenneth D. Sherrell James Sowinski William E. Ramsden Colin Rogers William W. Scales John Sherwell Peter Spacciapoli Clare Ramstedt Karel Rogers Howard K. Schachman Stanwyn G. Shetler Robert C. Spear Lee F. Rogers Eugene A. Shinn

45 Philip C. Spiller Stephen I. Szara R. Rhodes Trussell Jonathan B. Ward Allan N. Williams Eugene Spineto Jack W. Szostak Wen H. Tsien Patricia L. Ward Brown F. Williams* Mohan Srinivasarao Rowland W. Tabor Joan Tucker Robert T. Ward* Carroll B. Williams Joshua D. Staller Mohammed Tabrizi Frantiek Tureek Thomas Ward* David Williams Edward A. Stanley Jay L. Ta¯ Gerard M. Turino John Ware David N. Williams* Richard H. Stanton Clement E. Tagoe June W. Turley Nancy E. Warner Doris C. Williams William R. Staplin Lorey Takahashi Mervyn Turner William B. Warr* James D. Williams Janet M. Stavnezer Kenneth J. Takeuchi William C. Turner Richard M. Warren John A. Williams Robin T. Stebbins Charles R. Tallman Trena Tuse David K. Watkins Mary A. Williams Kelly P. Steele Marlin L. Tanck Donald W. Twohy George E. Watson Norris H. Williams Richard A. Steeves Morris Tanenbaum Eldon Ulrich P. K. Watson Richard B. Williams Carolyn S. Steglich Peter E. Tanguay Brian D. Underwood Jana Watson-Capps Scott Williams Thomas A. & Joan A. Steitz Pieter P. Tans Millard K. Underwood Richard E. Waugh T. W. Williams David J. Stensrud John M. Tarbell Jerry D. Unruh Larry H. Weaver W. G. Williams Craig H. Stephan Kelly Tatchell James Valles Rebecca Webber Joanne M. Williamson Bodo Stern Richard E. Teets Elly Van Gelderen Edward L. Weber Steve Williamson Robert L. & Virginia W. Max Tegmark Walter Van Hamme Margaret A. Weck David L. Wilson Stern Norman M. Tepley Andrew J. Van Horn James L. Weeks Herman Winick Margaret S. Stevens Raymond L. Teplitz W. Karl van Newkirk Toni G. Wegner Donald A. Winkelmann Rosemary A. Stevens Lewis M. Terman Peter Vander Horn Chas D. Weil Isaac J. Winograd Norman C. Stewart Yervant Terzian John P. Vandevender John W. Weil David Wipf John Q. Stilwell Kenneth R. Teter Moshe Y. Vardi Frank A. Weinhold Allen H. Wise Michael Stitelman A.J. Tether Sandor G. Vari Paul A. Weinhold Carol A. Wise James H. Stith Anson B. Thacher Charles Varsel* Elizabeth K. Weisburger John Wiseman Joel Stoddard Philip D. Thacher Kottayil Varughese Je¬rey Weiss Jean G. Witt Eugene E. Stokes David G. Thanassi Ravindra Vasavada Karl Weiss Robin Y. Wolczanski Joshuah Stolaro¬* Jennifer Thebo David Vasholz Mikki Weiss Marc S. Wold Walter C. Stolov James W. Thomas David Vaughn Rainer Weiss Matthew T. Wolfe Jack Stone John H. Thomas Margaret J. Velardo Cara Weitzsacker Douglas R. Woll Ray Stonecipher Roger K. Thomas Cynthia Venn William W. Wells Martin Won Emily Stoneham* David H. Thompson* Lee T. Venolia & John W. John P. Wendell Ki Wong David A. Stonestrom M. E. Thouless Thoman Robert Wenger Maylene Wong Francesca Storici Robert W. Thresher Gordon M. Verber Paul J. Werner & Christel J. W. Woodbury James B. Strait John Tice Steven B. Vik S. Cranston Gordon R. Woodcock James A. Stratton William L. Tietjen Peter Vincent Charles J. Weschler Ruth A. Wooden Alan J. Strauss Robert L. Tinklepaugh John W. Vinson John E. Wessel John F. Woods Karen Street Terry L. Tomcsik Gabriel T. Virella John L. Wetherby Joseph H. Woodside Donald P. Strickert John G. Topliss Helen S. Vishniac Mary C. Wetzel R. Woody Robert Strieter Karen Torrejon Randall T. Voland Lennard Wharton Robert J. Wordinger Richard C. Stroh Nick C. Toscano Alvin Volkman Heather Wheeler R. F. Wormsbecher Joel Strom Don I. Trachtenberg Susan F. Volman Robert Whinnery Ben Wright Robert Strom Frank A. Tracante Carl Von Ende James P. Whipple* Michelle Wright Robert E. Stutz Francesco B. Trama Cecil J. Waddington Martin Whitaker Peter E. Wright Joan C. Suit Khoa Tran Willard R. Wadt Charles O. White Robin L. Wright Barnet M. Sultzer John Tranquada Albert F. Wagner Frank White Shan Wu Mark L. Sundquist O. D. Trapp Caroline S. Wagner Harold B. White William A. Wulf Patrick Suppes Robert J. Traylor Barbara T. Wakimoto John A. White Dong Xu Harold & Madeline J. Nicholas D. Trbovich W. James Waldman Nicholas R. White Xiao M. Xu Sussman Sven Treitel Charles P. Wales Robert M. White J. D. Yager Richard Sustich Virginia Trimble Frances A. Walker Amelia & Thomas Eric Yamashita Glenn W. Suter Alvin W. Trivelpiece Richard J. Walker Whitehead Wei Yang Roderick A. Suthers Glenwood Trivers Margaret R. Wallace Glenn G. Whiteside James Yarger Jhan C. Swanson Terry Troxell William A. Wallace Michael Whitt Robert M. Yeh Richard M. Swanson A. Forrest Troyer Bin Wang Vincent Wickwar Lynn A. Yehle Claude R. Swayze Anthony M. Trozzolo Lai S. Wang Norman E. Wideburg Belinda R. Yen Robert H. Swendsen Dwight D. Trueblood Yuxun Wang Joanne Willey Wayne M. & Lynn Susan Swope Forrest A. Trumbore Leslie Wanner Alexander H. Williams* Yokoyama

46 †Deceased *Sustainer (monthly donor) Italicized names — Decade Club members have supported AAAS for 10+ consecutive years. Charlie A. Yparraguirre Oscar Delong James J. McCarthy Corporations and Heising-Simons Hongtao Yu* Gregory C. Donadio Steven Melander-Dayton Foundations Foundation Stuart Yuspa Albert Dosser Richard Melmon Helmsley Charitable Trust 3M Company Michael J. Zacharkow Jaquelin Dudley Richard A. Meserve HelpAge International Abbott Laboratories Jerrold H. Zar* Peter Eckel Ernest J. Moniz Hewlett-Packard Company Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Michael A. Zaslo¬ John Edgcomb Fernando Morris Foundation American Academy of Arts Martin Zatz James Ellis Cherry Ann Murray Hitachi, Ltd. & Sciences David Zelmon Joseph Engenito Maureen Neitz Howard Hughes Medical The Amgen Foundation Institute Clive S. Zent Eldon Enger Peter Neupert Annual Reviews IBM Liang Zhang Akbarpoor Fatemeh Mark Nockleby Argosy Foundation Independent Project Yong Zhong Zhao Robert Fay Jacques Nor The Baltimore Family Fund Analysis, Inc. Jiamin Zhuo Alison Fennessy Fields Don O’Brien The Barkley Fund Indo-US Science & Richard E. Zigmond Peter Fruhstorfer P. O’Keefe The Benevity Community Technology Forum Richard H. Zimmerman R. Gaeke William Paradise Impact Fund Inkling Incorporated Marian Zlotkiewicz Curtis Galloway Charles Patton Bill & Melinda Gates The Irving S. & Alwyn Stewart P. Zobian Thomas Giroux Robert Paul Siemann Foundation N. Johnson Family Paul E. Zorsky* Howard Gobstein Kerry Phillips The Boeing Company Foundation Haibo Zou Sheila Ha¯er Gray Dennis Pilarczyk Boston Foundation The Irwin and Joan Jacobs Fund of the Jewish Earl Zwicker Richard Green Daniel Pinkel Burroughs Wellcome Fund Community Foundation Laura Greene Anthony Previte California Resources Je¬rey and Ruth Bernstein Wilhelm Gruissem Larry Rairden Production Corporation Patron Members Family Fund Samuel Gubins John Reed Canon U.S.A., Inc. Edward Aboufadel Jewish Communal Fund Nancy Haigwood Jill Roberts Carnegie Corporation of R. Paul A¯ring John Templeton New York Asma Amleh Alexander Harcourt Alexandra Roosevelt Foundation CaseIH Albert Anderson John Harkins J. Rowe The Joyce Foundation Chubb & Son Dale Bachwich Susan Harrington Chris Rufer The Kavli Foundation Connecticut Innovations Mary Barber Hanns Hasche-Kluender William Saucier Landmark Graphics Consolidated Chemical May R. Berenbaum Charles Hawkins Robert Schneider Laura and John Arnold Works, LTD Kathleen Berger Rudy Henninger Richard M. Schoen Foundation Dana Foundation J. Michael Bishop Thomas Henson Marc J. Schwob Leidos The David and Lucile Robert Hess Ronald C. Searls Leo L. Beranek Foundation Jerome L. Bleiweis Packard Foundation Brandon Huneycutt Abdulalim Shabazz The Lemelson Foundation John Brademas The Drake Bettner William Bradley Ryan Jense Bruce Simonson Foundation Litterman Family Foundation Eric Brinseld Joseph Johnson Judson Somerville DuPont L’Oréal USA David Brooks Mari-Vaughn Johnson David Staal EMJAYCO LP Lundeen Foundation Joan Brooks George Johnston Dusan Stefoski Ergodic Resources LLC Mars, Incorporated Bruce Browning Arthur Kamm Richard Steiner The Fodor Family Trust MBIA Foundation, Inc. Edward Bruck Michael Kelley Rick Stephens Ford Foundation Merck Partnership For Eric Burger Jack Kerns Shepard Stone Forney Family Foundation Giving Julia Butters Randal Kirk S. D. Stroupe Foundation for Polish Network for Good Donald Cameron Robert Kirshner G. Marie Swanson Science New York Presbyterian Mark Campbell Stephen Knight Susan Taylor Ganguly Family Hospital Daniel B. Caplan Maria Kovacs Douglas Thomas Foundation Noyce Foundation Marc Carrasco Anton O. Kris Glenn Thomas The GE Foundation Oak Foundation Carlton Caves Christophe Laudamiel Kirsten Vadheim Gladys Sessler Charitable Trust Open Society Foundations Andrew Chong John Linderman James Vancik Godshalk Family Charibale The Pew Charitable Trusts Austin Church Mark Logsdon Lydia Villa-Komaro¬ Foundation Pzer Foundation Charles Clark James Lundblad Robert Walsh Golden Family Foundation Matching Gi¯s Program Barbara Clemmensen Deborah Maclean Warren Weisberg Goldhirsh Foundation Phase 2 Medical Taya Cohen Gregory Mako¬ Ralph Wharton Manufacturing Inc. Gordon and Betty Moore Scott Manske Daniel Wiese Emery Conrad Foundation Piersol Foundation Inc. Scott Margolin Dara Wilber Donald Cook Grainger Matching Pitts Family Foundation Edmund Crouch Mark Markham Isaac J. Winograd Charitable Gi¯s PoleÈa-Brigida Charitable Kenneth Crumley Edward Matalka Mary Woolley Program Fund H. Clay Daulton Gail Mattson Arnold Zwicky GlaxoSmithKline The Provine Family Paul Day-Lucore F. Maurrasse Hamill Family Foundation Charitable Fund Kenneth De Ghetto Michael May Hazen Foundation Qualcomm Incorporated

47 Razoo Foundation The Rockefeller Science-Metrix Subaru of America, Inc. Verizon Foundation Richard Lounsbery Foundation Seattle Foundation Sunset Laboratory Inc. Vintage Production Foundation Rosse Family Charitable Sentry Dynamics, Inc.* Ting Tsung and Wei Fong California LLC Rita Allen Foundation Foundation Silicon Valley Community Chao Foundation The Zerhouni Family Robert Wood Johnson Sano Aventis R et D Foundation Torrey Revocable Living Charitable Foundation, Foundation Schnader Harrison Segal Sinauer Associates, Inc. Trust Inc. Rockefeller Family Fund & Lewis LLP

Government Agencies and Other Organizations

Agency for Healthcare Carnegie Institution for National Institutes of South Dakota State U.S. Geological Survey Research and Quality Science Health University United States Institute of American Chemical Cornell University National Oceanic The International Society Peace Society CRDF Global and Atmospheric for Optical Engineering Universities Space Administration American Geophysical Crop Science Society of The Materials Research Research Association Union America National Science Society University of Arkansas Foundation American Geosciences Federal Bureau of The Minerals Metals and University of Delaware Institute Investigation Oak Ridge Associated Materials Society University of Kansas Universities American Institute of Federation of Animal The Optical Society University of Maine Physics Oklahoma State Science Societies U.S. Agency for University of Nebraska American Mathematical University International Geological Society of University of New Society Population Association of Development America Hampshire American Meteorological America U.S. Army Corps of George Washington University of North Society Rhode Island Research Engineers University Carolina American Nuclear Society Alliance U.S. Department of Institute of Electrical and University of Oklahoma American Physical Society Electronics Engineers Rhode Island Science and Agriculture Technology Advisory University of Pittsburgh American Psychological King Abdulaziz City for U.S. Department of Council University of Rhode Island Association Science and Technology Defense Society for Advancement University of Southern American Psychological Maine Technology U.S. Department of of Chicanos and Native California Society Institute Education Americans in Science University of Utah American Society of Materials Research U.S. Department of Energy (SACNAS) Agronomy Society U.S. Department of Health University of Vermont Society for Mining American Society of Plant MDI Biological Laboratory & Human Services University of Washington Metallurgy and Biologists U.S. Department of University of Wyoming Michigan State University Exploration American Society for Homeland Security Utah State University Montana State University Society for Research in Microbiology U.S. Department of State Museum of Science Child Development Vermont Genetics American Society of U.S. Department of the Network National Academy of Society for the Mechanical Engineers Interior Sciences Psychological Study of WestEd U.S. Environmental American Sociological National Aeronautics and Social Issues Association Protection Agency Space Administration Society of Industrial and U.S. Fish & Wildlife American Veterinary National Council for Applied Mathematics Medical Association Service Science and the Soil Science Society of Brigham Young University Environment America U.S. Food and Drug Administration

48 Alan I. Leshner Leadership Institute for Public Engagement As of 30 April 2015, the following donors have pledged or contributed more than $500,000 to fund the Leshner Leadership Institute in its rst ve years.

Kent R. Anderson Michael B. Friedman Simon & Carol Levin Dr. & Mrs. David Sabatini Tim Appenzeller Howard Frumkin Bruce V. Lewenstein Caroline Seaback Mary C. Barber Charles G. Gaines Elizabeth Lo¯us Cecily Cannan Selby Bonnie L. Bassler Chris Gaston Margaret Lowman Bassam & June Shakhashiri Mark L. Batshaw Herbert Geller Arthur Lupia Ira & Nancy Shapiro Gary & Fay Beauchamp Jay Gershen Merritt C. Maduke Phillip A. & Ann H. Sharp Jerry A. Bell & Mary A. Stepp Isabelle Giap Suzanne M. Mahoney David E. Shaw & Beth Kobliner May R. Berenbaum Howard Gobstein Hilda & Ed Maibach Shaw Shay & Susan Bilchik Sam and Patti Goldberg Shirley & Horace Malcom David Evans Shaw Phillip L. Blair Sibyl R. Golden Elizabeth Marincola Eric M. Shooter Mordecai Blaustein David J. Goldston Maria Julia Marinissen Patricia Sias Monica M. & E. James Bradford Jesus Gomez-Navarro Jim & Sue McCarthy Maxine & Daniel Singer Jeanne Braha Albert E. Goss Marcia K. McNutt Jonathan B. Skinner Robert M. Brenner Robert Gould John & Frances Melone Society for Science & the Public Joost A. Businger Laura H. Greene Richard A. & Martha R. Meserve Juli Staiano & Marc Washington Vint Cerf Benjamin C. Hammett Don S. Miyada Leah Steinberg Thomas E. Clemente Theresa Harris Julia A. Moore Robert & Virginia Stern Mary E. Clutter Erin Heath Stewart Lee Moses David M. Stonner Garry T. Cole Kim Q. Hill C. Dan Mote, Jr. Linda Stroud Rita & Jack Colwell Manju Hingorani Nalini Nadkarni Colleen Struss Robert Cook-Deegan Rush Holt & Margaret Lanceeld Venkatesh Narayanamurti Cathy Sulzberger & Joe Perpich Richard H. Cox Gordon R. Hough Jeanne M. Nerbonne Brian L. Sweeney Roy Curtiss III Alice Huang & David Baltimore Norm & Georgine Neureiter Maury Tigner William H. Danforth Joan M. Hutchins Kathie L. Olsen Robert & Judy Trachtenberg Gary S. David Martin Y. Iguchi Raymond L. Orbach Michael S. Turner Major General Arthur T. Dean James S. Jackson & Toni C. Vivian Pan & Mark Norell Kalliat T. Valsaraj George E. DeBoer Antonucci Julia M. Phillips Inder M. Verma Edward G. Derrick Shirley Ann Jackson Daniel Pinkel Lydia Villa-Komaro¬ & Anthony L. Komaro¬ Judith Dornstreich Madeleine Jacobs John & Amy Porter Valda Vinson Henry F. Dylla III Andre T. Jagendorf Donald & Terri Rea Diana Harrison Wall Henry L. Ehrlich John R. Kane Ryan Rexroth Jenny Wang Rita V. Elmore Nancy Knowlton Geraldine Richmond Tom Wang Peter & Barbara Farkas Alan Kraut & Jane Steinberg Amy Rick Mary Woolley Craig & Alison Fields Neal F. Lane Charles Valentine Riley Memorial Thomas A. & Cynthia W. Woolsey Gerald R. Fink Donald & Patricia Langenberg Foundation Michael J. Worth Kevin Finneran Debra R. Lappin Laurie Robinson & Sheldon Krantz Jessica Wyndham The Fodor Family Trust Pauline P. Lee Jo Ellen & Mark Roseman Hezekiah E. Zeiber Steven Forrester S. David Leonard Beth A. Rosner Fernando J. Zúñiga-y-Rivero Mark & Marlene Frankel Mike & Johanna Leshner Sue V. Rosser Richard A. Frankel Sarah Leshner Carvalho & Arnold Roy Rodrigo Carvalho Lynn Rozental * Gis to the Alan I. Leshner Leadership Claire M. Fraser Institute for Public Engagement were William A. Lester, Jr. Joshua Freeman Tom Ryan made in both 2014 and 2015.

49 Andrew M. Sessler Fund for Science, Education, and Human Rights The Sessler Fund was established by a generous gi¯ from Dr. Sessler’s children and 2014 contributions from the following donors, recognizing both his remarkable career as a physicist and his leadership in bringing the voice of scientists to global concerns of human rights and intellectual freedom.

M. Agbabian Steven Chu Hershel Hausman Gary Merson Ximena & Daniel Sessler Peter Agre Seth Cohen Robert Hazen Susan Messinger Bassam Shakhashiri Kenneth Armitage Leon Cooper Susan Hinkins Jack Minker John Sherman David Ayres Ernest Courant Donald Hopkins Oliver Moles Jason Smith James Banta Bernd Crasemann Ke Hsieh James Moore Sidney Smith James Bartholomew Joe Dixon David Illig Elena Nightingale Davison Soper Ilan Ben-Zvi Russell Donnelly Creighton Jensen Frederick Ormand John Surr Joel Berger Alexander Dragt Lawrence Jones Udo Pernisz Rowland Tabor Ernest Bergman Norman Edelstein Isaac Kaplan Robert Pollack Peter Todd Antony Beris Henry Ehrlich Ray Kidder James Porter Alvin Tollestrup Herbert Berk Lincoln Ekstrom Mark Knepper Arthur Poskanzer John Tranquada Ruth & Je¬ rey Bernstein W. Eshbaugh Edward Kormondy Joel Primack Virginia Trimble Ikaros Bigi Roger Falcone Lena Kourkoutis Moishe Pripstein William Turner Harry Bomberger Bruce Fetter Zafra Lerman Serban Protopopescu Andrew Van Horn Peter Bond Alan Fisher William Lester D. Rains Frances Walker Ross Brazee Miriam Forman Derek Lowenstein Caterina Randolph Joel Weisberg Phillips Burnside William Fulkerson Henry Lubatti Don Reeder Glenn Whiteside Cynthia Burrows Mitchell Gail Paul Luciw Cheryl Ritenbaugh Richard Williams Robert Byer Juan Gallardo Joan Lunney Fritz Rohrlich Herman Winick Sydney Cameron David Gates Douglas MacLaughlin Nancy Roman Stanislaus Wong Joseph Carson Allan C. Goldstein Fred Maienschein Peter Ryan Robert Yager Joseph Cerny Sidney Grossberg J. McDonald Harold Salwen Jagdish Chandra David Hammer James Melvin Jonathan Sessler

Endowments & Named Funds

The AAAS Kavli Science The Early-Career Award The Gilbert S. Omenn The Joshua E.Neimark The Revelle Fund Journalism Awards for Public Engagement Grand Challenges Memorial Travel The William T. Golden Endowment Fund Endowment Assistance Endowment Endowment Fund for The Charles Valentine The Fund for Honesty in The Marion Milligan The Martin L. and Rose Program Innovation Riley Memorial Scienti c Research Mason Fund Wachtel Memorial Fund Endowment The John P. McGovern Endowment

50 Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 ($ in thousands) 2014 2013 ASSETS Cash 5,860 5,949 Accounts receivable, net 2,929 3,145 Grants and contributions receivable, net 6,316 9,130 Prepaid expenses and other 2,307 2,569 Investments 92,335 91,609 Property, plant and equipment 58,046 59,100 Total assets 167,793 171,502

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 13,169 10,109 Deferred dues, subscriptions revenue and other 24,465 24,424 Bonds payable, net 9,209 10,925 Total liabilities 46,843 45,458

Net assets: Unrestricted 93,986 98,435 Temporarily restricted 17,776 18,761 Permanently restricted 9,188 8,848 Total net assets 120,950 126,044 Total liabilities and net assets 167,793 171,502

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 ($ in thousands) 2014 2013 Revenues: Member dues 9,914 10,391 Publishing 49,748 48,070 Grants and other program support 29,077 29,506 Leasing, investments and other 11,771 9,677 100,510 97,644 Expenses: Publishing 46,711 42,280 Education, policy and other programs 38,987 37,630 General and administrative expenses 15,642 15,688 101,340 95,598 Operating income, before tax (830) 2,046 Provision for income tax 221 100 Nonoperating revenue and expense (3,399) 2,161 Change in unrestricted net assets (4,450) 4,107 Change in restricted net assets (644) 6,762 Change in net assets (5,094) 10,869 Net assets, beginning of year 126,044 115,175 Net assets, end of year 120,950 126,044 51 AAAS Board of Directors, O cers, and Information

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2014–2015 AAAS MANAGEMENT (continued) ASSOCIATION INFORMATION

Chair Center of Science, Policy and Society Association Headquarters Phillip A. Sharp Programs www.aaas.org Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Edward Derrick, Chief Program Director American Association for the Advancement of Science President Development 1200 New York Avenue, NW Gerald R. Fink Juli Staiano, Director Washington, DC 20005 USA Whitehead Institute/MIT Tel: 202-326-6400 Digital Media Group President-Elect Rob Covey, Chief Digital Media O cer AAAS Annual Meeting Geraldine Richmond Dates: 11–15 February 2016 University of Oregon Education and Human Resources Location: Washington, D.C. Shirley M. Malcom, Director Treasurer www.aaas.org/meetings Find future and past meeting information. David Evans Shaw Executive O ce Black Point Group Chris Gaston, Chief of Sta¬ and Director, AAAS Programs Executive Operations (2015) Chief Executive O cer www.aaas.org/programs Gretchen Seiler, Director, Executive O ce (2014) Supporting science and engineering capacity, Rush D. Holt (2015) careers, public engagement, science Alan I. Leshner (2014) Finance diplomacy, science policy, and more. Colleen Struss, Chief Financial O cer/ OTHER MEMBERS Chief Legal O cer Bonnie L. Bassler Princeton University Human Resources ONLINE RESOURCES Alison French, Chief Human Resources O cer May R. Berenbaum AAAS University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign International and Security A¡ airs www.aaas.org Vaughan Turekian, Chief International Find breaking AAAS news and membership Carlos J. Bustamente O cer and Director, AAAS Center for information. University of California, Berkeley Science Diplomacy Science Journals Claire M. Fraser Information Technology www.sciencemag.org/journals University of Maryland School of Medicine Michael Savelli, Chief Technology O cer Science, Science Translational Medicine, Laura H. Greene Science Signaling, and Science Advances. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Membership Beth Bush, Chief Membership O cer Science Careers Elizabeth Lo¯ us www.sciencecareers.org University of California, Irvine Multimedia Strategies Look for career advice, how-to information Josh Freeman, Senior Advisor and more. Raymond Orbach University of Texas at Austin O ce of Government Relations EurekAlert! Joanne Carney, Director www.eurekalert.org Inder M. Verma Read breaking research news in multiple Salk Institute for Biological Studies O ce of Public Programs languages. Ginger Pinholster, Director Trellis O ce of Publishing, Marketing, www.trelliscience.com AAAS MANAGEMENT and Sales (OPMS) A digital communication and collaboration Kent R. Anderson, Publisher platform. Chief Executive O cer and Executive Publisher Project 2061 MAKE A GIFT Jo Ellen Roseman, Director Rush D. Holt www.aaas.org/giving Be a catalyst for change—donate online. Chief Operating O cer Science Editorial Marcia McNutt, Editor-in-Chief Phillip Blair JOIN AAAS Monica Bradford, Executive Editor www.aaas.org/join Advance science, serve society, and read Science News Science, too. Tim Appenzeller, News Editor This report is based on content written by various members of the AAAS O ce of Public Programs sta¬ during 2014. Writing assistance was provided by Michaela Jarvis. The design 52 was developed by AAAS Design Services. Thank You

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