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Stony Brook University SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Mobilization Lessons from Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association A Dissertation Presented by Kenneth A. Pierce to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Stony Brook University August 2015 Copyright by Kenneth A. Pierce 2015 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Kenneth A. Pierce We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Michael Schwartz – Dissertation Advisor Distinguished Teaching Professor, Emeritus – Department of Sociology Norman Goodman – Chairperson of Defense Distinguished Teaching Professor and Distinguished Service Professor – Department of Sociology Naomi Rosenthal Visiting Professor – Department of Sociology Aldon Morris Leon Forrest Professor of Sociology Northwestern University This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Mobilization Lessons from Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association by Kenneth A. Pierce Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Stony Brook University 2015 This study of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) explains the mobilization successes and failures of a major social movement organization and its leader, Marcus Garvey. This research focuses on the roles of the UNIA’s organizational structure and the Black church in explaining why the UNIA was first highly successful and later collapsed. This study applies Morris’ indigenous perspective, which argues that to best understand a social movement, one must account for extant systems of domination, the nature of the conflict between groups, and the culture of the dominated. I demonstrate that these factors operated in concert to facilitate both the growth and decline of the UNIA. The main findings of the study are that centralization of power, a shift toward a more religious organizational frame, and, the deployment of a network prominent black clergymen were most crucial to the growth of the UNIA. The UNIA’s decline can be explained by a hyper-centralization of power, which included the dismantling of this network of clergymen, and Garvey’s failed attempt at frame bridging. These findings provide important new insight into the mobilization and demobilization process, a central issue in social movement theory. iii For Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the First Provisional President of Africa and President General of the UNIA. For Lonnie, Jewel, and Andrew. For Ancestors . For Anthony, Kenya, and Kennedy. For Successors . For Negro Freedom! iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v LIST OF FUGURES ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... viii ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER II ................................................................................................ 3 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER III .............................................................................................. 8 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................ 13 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER V ............................................................................................. 18 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER VI ............................................................................................ 23 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION .................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER II ..................................................................................................................... 28 PERIOD ONE: 1887-1901 ................................................................................................ 29 PERIOD TWO: 1901-1907 ................................................................................................ 31 PERIOD THREE: 1907-1912 ............................................................................................. 34 PERIOD FOUR: 1912-1916 .............................................................................................. 38 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER III .................................................................................................................. 54 BOOKER TALIAFERRO WASHINGTON .............................................................................. 54 ROBERT RUSSA MOTON ................................................................................................. 59 WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT DU BOIS ...................................................................... 61 FIRST VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES ............................................................................... 65 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................... 69 WEST INDIES IN THE MIRROR OF TRUTH ......................................................................... 70 RICHARD ALLEN ............................................................................................................. 76 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR ....................................................... 78 MARTIN DELANY ............................................................................................................ 80 BISHOP HENRY MCNEAL TURNER .................................................................................. 84 BLACK NATIONALISM GROWTH AND LEADERSHIP ......................................................... 87 HARLEM EXPANSION ...................................................................................................... 90 v DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................... 94 PRECONVENTION: 1918-1919 ......................................................................................... 95 THE 1920 CONVENTION .................................................................................................. 98 CHAPLAIN GENERAL: EASON ......................................................................................... 99 CHAPLAIN GENERAL: MCGUIRE ................................................................................... 101 RELIGIFICATION ........................................................................................................... 102 A CASE STUDY OF GROWTH IN GEORGIA ..................................................................... 113 NATIONAL BAPTIST CHURCH ....................................................................................... 117 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER VI ................................................................................................................. 122 SNAPSHOT OF 1922 ....................................................................................................... 122 COMPARISON: 1920 AND 1922 ..................................................................................... 127 1921 CONVENTION ....................................................................................................... 128 1922 CONVENTION ....................................................................................................... 133 CENTRALIZED POWER .................................................................................................. 137 KU KLUX KLAN ............................................................................................................ 139 KU KLUX KLAN, FINANCIAL MISMANAGEMENT, AND EASON ...................................... 145 END OF THE END: 1923-1927 ....................................................................................... 147 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 150 CHAPTER VII ................................................................................................................ 153 CONCLUSION
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