Ellis Cashmore

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ellis Cashmore DICTIONARY OF RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS Fourth Edition ROUTLEDGE BOOKS BY ELLIS CASHMORE The Black Culture Industry …and there was television Making Sense of Sports Out of Order? Policing black people (with Eugene McLaughlin) Black Sportsmen HIS OTHER BOOKS The Logic of Racism United Kingdom? Class, race and gender since the war Having To—The world of oneparent families No Future: Youth and society Rastaman: The rastafarian movement in England Introduction to Race Relations (with Barry Troyna) Black Youth in Crisis (with Barry Troyna) Approaching Social Theory (with Bob Mullan) DICTIONARY OF RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS FOURTH EDITION ELLIS CASHMORE with MICHAEL BANTON • JAMES JENNINGS, BARRY TROYNA • PIERRE L.VAN DEN BERGHE and specialist contributions from Heribert Adam • Molefi Kete Asanti • Stephanie Athey Carl Bagley • Kingsley Bolton • Roy L.Brooks Richard Broome • Bonnie G.Campodonico Robin Cohen • James W.Covington • Guy Cumberbatch John A.Garcia • Ian Hancock • Michael Hechter Gita Jairaj • Robert Kerstein • Zeus Leonardo Timothy J.Lukes • Peter McLaren • Eugene McLaughlin Robert Miles • Kogila Moodley • Marshall Murphree George Paton • Jan Nederveen Pieterse • Peter Ratcliffe Amy I.Shepper • Betty Lee Sung • John Solomos Stuart D.Stein • Roy Todd • Robin Ward Steven Vertovec • Loretta Zimmerman London and New York First published 1984 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Second edition published in 1988 Third edition published in 1994; reprinted 1995 Fourth edition published in 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 © Routledge & Kegan Paul 1984, 1988 This edition © Routledge 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-43751-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-74575-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-15167-8 (hb) 0-415-13822-1 (pb) CONTENTS Contributors vii Introduction x Dictionary 1 Index 389 v In memory of BARRY TROYNA 1952–1996 A pioneering scholar and a beloved friend CONTRIBUTORS ELLIS CASHMORE Professor of Sociology Staffordshire University PRIMARY CONTRIBUTORS MICHAEL BANTON Professor Emeritus of Sociology University of Bristol JAMES JENNINGS Professor of Political Science University of Massachusetts BARRY TROYNA Professor of Education University of Warwick PIERRE VAN DEN BERGHE Professor of Anthropology & Sociology University of Washington SPECIALIST CONTRIBUTORS HERIBERT ADAM Simon Fraser University MOLEFI KETE ASANTI Temple University, Philadelphia STEPHANIE ATHEY Stetson University CARL BAGLEY Staffordshire University KINGSLEY BOLTON University of Hong Kong vii viii Contributors ROY L BROOKS San Diego Law School RICHARD BROOME La Trobe University, Melbourne BONNIE G.CAMPODONICO Santa Clara University ROBIN COHEN University of Warwick JAMES W COVINGTON University of Tampa GUY CUMBERBATCH Aston University JOHN A GARCIA University of Arizona IAN HANCOCK University of Texas MICHAEL HECHTER University of Arizona/Oxford University GITA JAIRAJ Freelance Writer London ROBERT KERSTEIN University of Tampa ZEUS LEONARDO University of California TIMOTHY J LUKES Santa Clara University PETER McLAREN University of California EUGENE McLAUGHLIN Open University Contributors ix ROBERT MILES University of Glasgow KOGILA MOODLEY University of British Columbia MARSHALL MURPHREE University of Zimbabwe GEORGE PATON Aston University PETER RATCLIFFE University of Warwick AMY I SHEPPER University of South Florida JOHN SOLOMOS University of Southampton STUART D STEIN University of the West of England BETTY LEE SUNG City College of New York ROY TODD University of Leeds STEVEN VERTOVEC University of Warwick ROBIN WARD Formerly of Nottingham Trent University LORETTA ZIMMERMAN University of Portland INTRODUCTION What makes race so intractable, so resilient to every known policy, program or provision? More than thirty years after the first legislation designed to reduce the effects of discrimination, we find ample proof of the presence of race in public and private life. Since the publication of the third edition of this book, four key episodes have reawakened us to the fact that race remains a relentless, enervating issue of our times. There can be few, if any, issues that command so much attention and effort with so little yield. Each time, we relax our concentration, a new disclosure reveals the complexity, virulence and sheer obduracy of what has become arguably the problem of the late twentieth century. As the trial of O.J.Simpson progressed through 1994–5, research indicated a curious difference in interpretation of the evidence and testimony presented. Only five percent of whites polled believed Simpson was innocent, while twenty percent were convinced he was guilty before the trial had even started. Twenty-eight percent of blacks said they were certain Simpson was innocent of the brutal stabbings which took place on the night of June 12, 1994, on the steps of Nicole Simpson’s Brentwood apartment. (See Causes célèbres for more on the Simpson case.) Near the conclusion of the trial, a perverse symmetry began to emerge. Sixty four percent of whites interviewed found the evidence against Simpson convincing and would have returned a guilty verdict had they served on the jury; fifty nine percent of African Americans, when presented with the same evidence, opted for an acquittal. Four years before, a Wall Street Journal/NBC News Poll in 1991 revealed a “chasm in attitudes” between whites and African Americans. Whites saw a country where relations between blacks and themselves had improved over the previous decade; blacks saw exactly the opposite. One of the most emotive issues dividing the two groups was federal government assistance. Many blacks welcomed the government’s efforts, especially affirmative action. But, whites were skeptical of such efforts and encouraged blacks to fend for themselves. Study after study had depicted the United States as what the writer Andrew Hacker called “two nations,” divided by race. The x Introduction xi segregation that had endured long after the end of slavery left an indelible imprint in the form of institutions, customs, beliefs, languages, cuisine, and so on. That was to be expected. Not so understandable was the difference in consciousness, of outlook, of mentality. It was as if blacks and whites were looking at the world through entirely different prisms. Those wishing to explain this difference by reference to natural, as opposed to social, phenomena would have found sustenance in the research of Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, published in 1994, under the title of The Bell Curve. The sensation caused by its publication is the second of the four pivotal events. (See Intelligence and race.) Reheating overcooked dishes rarely produces a satisfactory meal. Doing likewise with scientific debates sometimes has different results. The debate joined by Herrnstein and Murray was started in the 1960s by Arthur Jensen, who soared to international infamy after publishing the results of his research in a respectable scientific journal, the Harvard Educational Review. The title of the article was “How can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?” Jensen’s project had been to unravel the riddle of nature versus nurture. Are we born with intelligence, or do we acquire it as we grow up? he asked, though in rather more erudite terms. Specifically, he wanted to test the intelligence of three groups of children: white, black, and Latino. Jensen found that blacks consistently scored 15 points below whites. Nothing shocking in this: indeed, it would have been a major surprise had African American children fared any better, given the history of slavery and the denial of civil rights they and their forbears would have endured; the impact of this and other factors on intellectual development is plain enough. Jensen, though, did not accept that social, cultural or environmental forces, the nurture side of the equation, were the cardinal causes of the persistently low scores of black children. He concluded that genes bore 80 percent of the responsibility for intelligence. Nature, in his experiments, won hands down. Even if, as Jensen stressed, the motives behind the research were all about the spirit of scientific inquiry, the conclusions could not have been designed better for the truth-seeking racist (if that is not an oxymoron). Caucasians are more intelligent than other groups that have been called races and the reason they are lies in the realm of biology. We can do nothing about it: blacks are naturally inferior. Nobel prize-winner William Shockley threw his scalpel into the arena when he proposed that blacks be sterilized to prevent them xii Introduction from passing on their inferior genes. Unlike Jensen, Shockley did not insist that his motives were pure. Few would have believed him anyway. The notorious article bearing Jensen’s findings drew fire from all quarters and, only years later, after several other studies had produced contrasting results, did the debate die down. Few noticed the embers glowing.
Recommended publications
  • Antigua and Barbuda an Annotated Critical Bibliography
    Antigua and Barbuda an annotated critical bibliography by Riva Berleant-Schiller and Susan Lowes, with Milton Benjamin Volume 182 of the World Bibliographical Series 1995 Clio Press ABC Clio, Ltd. (Oxford, England; Santa Barbara, California; Denver, Colorado) Abstract: Antigua and Barbuda, two islands of Leeward Island group in the eastern Caribbean, together make up a single independent state. The union is an uneasy one, for their relationship has always been ambiguous and their differences in history and economy greater than their similarities. Barbuda was forced unwillingly into the union and it is fair to say that Barbudan fears of subordination and exploitation under an Antiguan central government have been realized. Barbuda is a flat, dry limestone island. Its economy was never dominated by plantation agriculture. Instead, its inhabitants raised food and livestock for their own use and for provisioning the Antigua plantations of the island's lessees, the Codrington family. After the end of slavery, Barbudans resisted attempts to introduce commercial agriculture and stock-rearing on the island. They maintained a subsistence and small cash economy based on shifting cultivation, fishing, livestock, and charcoal-making, and carried it out under a commons system that gave equal rights to land to all Barbudans. Antigua, by contrast, was dominated by a sugar plantation economy that persisted after slave emancipation into the twentieth century. Its economy and goals are now shaped by the kind of high-impact tourism development that includes gambling casinos and luxury hotels. The Antiguan government values Barbuda primarily for its sparsely populated lands and comparatively empty beaches. This bibliography is the only comprehensive reference book available for locating information about Antigua and Barbuda.
    [Show full text]
  • View Document
    8/28/2020 An Appeal to the Soul of White America | Alexander Street Front Matter Frontispiece https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389507#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 1/271 8/28/2020 An Appeal to the Soul of White America | Alexander Street Title Page and Credits PHILOSOPHY AND OPINIONS OF MARCUS GARVEY https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389507#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 2/271 8/28/2020 An Appeal to the Soul of White America | Alexander Street Compiled by AMY JACQUES GARVEY PART II Sons and Daughters of Ethiopia! Let nothing deter you in your duty Toward bleeding Mother Africa. -A. J. G. Truth crushed to earth shall rise again, The eternal years of God are hers; But Error, wounded, writhes in pain And dies among his worshippers. -Bryant. DEDICATED TO THE TRUE AND LOYAL MEMBERS OF The Universal Negro Improvement Association and The Friends of the Negro Race In the Cause of African Redemption A Request Not to be read with the eye or mind of prejudice, but with a righteous desire to find the truth, and to help in the friendly and peaceful solution of a grave world problem for the betterment of humanity. Errata https://search-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C4389507#page/1/mode/1/chapt… 3/271 8/28/2020 An Appeal to the Soul of White America | Alexander Street Page xiv For "Geroge Aexander" read "George Alexander" 11 line 8 For "practicing"
    [Show full text]
  • Yearbook American Churches
    1941 EDITION YEARBOOK s of AMERICAN CHURCHES (FIFTEENTH ISSUE) (BIENNIAL) Edited By BENSON Y. LANDIS Under the Auspices of the FEDERAL COUNCIL OF THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA Published by YEARBOOK OF AMERICAN CHURCHES PRESS F. C. VIGUERIE, (Publisher) 37-41 85TH ST., JACKSON HEIGHTS, N. Y. PREVIOUS ISSUES Year of Publication Title Editor 1916 Federal Council Yearbook .............. H. K. Carroll 1917 Yearbook of the Churches................H. K. Carroll • . 1918 Yearbook of the Churches................C. F. Armitage 1919 Yearbook of the Churches................C. F. Armitage 1920 Yearbook of the Churches.............. S. R. Warburton 1922 Yearbook of the Churches................E. O. Watson 1923 Yearbook of the Churches............... E. O. Watson 1925 Yearbook of the Churches............... E. O. Watson 1927 The Handbook of the Churches....... B. S. Winchester 1931 The New Handbook of the Churches .. Charles Stelzle 1933 Yearbook of American Churches........ H. C. Weber 1935 Yearbook of American Churches.........H. C. Weber 1937 Yearbook of American Churches.........H. C. Weber 1939 Yearbook of American Churches.........H. C. Weber Printed in the United States of America COPYRIGHT, 1941, BY SAMUELWUEL McCREA CAVERTCAVEf All rights reserved H CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................... iv I. The Calendar for the Christian Years 1941 and 1942 .................... v A Table of Dates A h e a d ....................................................... x II. Directories 1. Religious
    [Show full text]
  • Elementary Functions, Student's Text, Unit 21
    DOCUMENT RESUME BD 135 629 SE 021 999 AUTHOR Allen, Frank B.; And Others TITLE Elementary Functions, Student's Text, Unit 21. INSTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif. School Mathematics Study Group. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 61 NOTE 398p.; For related documents, see SE 021 987-022 002 and ED 130 870-877; Contains occasional light type EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$20.75 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTO2S *Curriculum; Elementary Secondary Education; Instruction; *Instructional Materials; Mathematics Education; *Secondary School Mathematics; *Textbooks IDENTIFIERS *Functions (Mathematics); *School Mathematics Study Group ABSTRACT Unit 21 in the SMSG secondary school mathematics series is a student text covering the following topics in elementary functions: functions, polynomial functions, tangents to graphs of polynomial functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, and circular functions. Appendices discuss set notation, mathematical induction, significance of polynomials, area under a polynomial graph, slopes of area functions, the law of growth, approximation and computation of e raised to the x power, an approximation for ln x, measurement of triangles, trigonometric identities and equations, and calculation of sim x and cos x. (DT) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthodox Mission Methods: a Comparative Study
    ORTHODOX MISSION METHODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY by STEPHEN TROMP WYNN HAYES submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject of MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter: Professor W.A. Saayman JUNE 1998 Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the University of South Africa, who awarded the Chancellor's Scholarship, which enabled me to travel to Russia, the USA and Kenya to do research. I would also like to thank the Orthodox Christian Mission Center, of St Augustine, Florida, for their financial help in attending the International Orthodox Christian Mission Conference at Holy Cross Seminary, Brookline, MA, in August 1996. To Fr Thomas Hopko, and the staff of St Vladimir's Seminary in New York, for allowing me to stay at the seminary and use the library facilities. The St Tikhon's Institute in Moscow, and its Rector, Fr Vladimir Vorobiev and the staff, for their help with visa applications, and for their patience in giving me information in interviews. To the Danilov Monastery, for their help with accom­ modation while I was in Moscow, and to Fr Anatoly Frolov and all the parishioners of St Tikhon's Church in Klin, for giving me an insight into Orthodox life and mission in a small town parish. To Metropolitan Makarios of Zimbabwe, and the staff and students of the Makarios III Orthodox Seminary at Riruta, Kenya, for their hospitality and their readiness to help me get the information I needed. To the Pokrov Foundation in Bulgaria, for their hospitality and help, and to the Monastery of St John the Forerunner in Karea, Athens, and many others in that city who helped me with my research in Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Malcolm X and Christianity
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS MALCOLM X AND CHRISTIANITY FATHIE BIN ALI ABDAT (B. Arts, Hons) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 Acknowledgements I extend my sincerest gratitude first to the National University of Singapore (NUS) for granting me the Masters Research Scholarship that enabled me to carry out this undertaking. Also, my thanks go out to the librarians at various universities for assisting me track down countless number of primary and secondary sources that were literally scattered around the world. Without their tireless dedication and effort, this thesis would not have been feasible. The NUS library forked out a substantial sum of money purchasing dozens of books and journals for which I am grateful for. In New York, the friendly staff at Columbia University’s Butler Library, Union Theological Seminary’s Burke Library and Schomburg Centre for Research in Black Culture provided me access to newspaper articles, FBI files, rare books and archival materials that provided much content for my work. In Malaysia, the staff at the University of Malaya enabled me to browse through Za’aba’s extensive private collection that included the journal, Moslem World & the U.S.A. In the process of writing this thesis, I am indebted to various faculty members at the Department of History such as Assoc. Prof. Ian Gordon, Assoc. Prof. Michael Feener and Assoc. Prof. Thomas Dubois, who in one way or another, helped shape my ideas on Malcolm X’s intellectual beliefs and developed my skills as an apprentice historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Booklet, No Cover
    Journal of African Christian Biography Vol. 3, No. 1 (January 201 8) A Publication of the Dictionary of African Christian Biography With U.S. offices located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University Boston, Massachusetts: Dictionary of African Christian Biography 2018 The Journal of African Christian Biography was launched in 2016 to complement and make stories from the on-line Dictionary of African Christian Biography (www.DACB.org) more readily accessible and immediately useful in African congregations and classrooms. Now published quarterly, with all issues available on line, the intent of the JACB is to promote the research, publication, and use of African Christian biography within Africa by serving as an academically credible but publicly accessible source of information on Christianity across the continent. Content will always include biographies already available in the database itself, but original contributions related to African Christian biography or to African church history are also welcome. While the policy of the DACB itself has been to restrict biographical content to subjects who are deceased, the JACB plans to include interviews with select living African church leaders and academics. All editorial correspondence should be directed to: [email protected] and [email protected]. Editor: Jonathan Bonk Associate Editors: Dana Robert, Lamin Sanneh Managing Editor: Michèle Sigg Book Notes Editor: Frances (Beth) Restrick Contributing Editors: Gabriel Leonard Allen Jesse Mugambi James N. Amanze Philomena Njeri Mwaura Deji Isaac Ayegboyin Paul Nchoji Nkwi Edison Muhindo Kalengyo Thomas Oduro Jean-Claude Loba Mkole Evangelos E. M. Thiani Madipoane Masenya ISSN 2572-0651 The Journal of African Christian Biography is a publication of Dictionary of African Christian Biography, located at the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University School of Theology, 745 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaican Folk Religion, 1919-1929
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/71099 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Shadow worlds and “superstitions”: an analysis of Martha Warren Beckwith’s writings on Jamaican folk religion, 1919-1929 by Hilary Ruth Sparkes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in History University of Warwick, Department of History February 2015 Contents Acknowledgements and Declaration and Inclusion of Material from a Prior i Thesis Abstract ii Introduction 1 i.) Martha Warren Beckwith in the academic scholarship 5 ii.) Her methodology 7 iii.) Secondary literature 16 iv.) My methodology 19 v.) My terminology 26 vi.) Chapter plan 28 Chapter 1: Jamaica: folk culture, race and identity 32 i.) Jamaica as it was 33 ii.) Growing radicalisation 39 iii.) Religion and resistance 45 iv.) The black middle classes 47 v.) Evolution of a national identity 49 vi.) Jamaica and the United States 53 vii.) Race and anthropology in the United States 57 viii.) Folk culture and national identity 65 Chapter 2: Obeah: ‘religion of the shadow world’ 73 Obeah and Obeah lore 73 i.) Obeah: questions of etymology and origins 74 ii.) Obeah practice 78 iii.)
    [Show full text]
  • 2Bbb2c8a13987b0491d70b96f7
    An Atlas of Rare & Familiar Colour THE HARVARD ART MUSEUMS’ FORBES PIGMENT COLLECTION Yoko Ono “If people want to make war they should make a colour war, and paint each others’ cities up in the night in pinks and greens.” Foreword p.6 Introduction p.12 Red p.28 Orange p.54 Yellow p.70 Green p.86 Blue p.108 Purple p.132 Brown p.150 Black p.162 White p.178 Metallic p.190 Appendix p.204 8 AN ATLAS OF RARE & FAMILIAR COLOUR FOREWORD 9 You can see Harvard University’s Forbes Pigment Collection from far below. It shimmers like an art display in its own right, facing in towards Foreword the glass central courtyard in Renzo Piano’s wonderful 2014 extension to the Harvard Art Museums. The collection seems, somehow, suspended within the sky. From the public galleries it is tantalising, almost intoxicating, to see the glass-fronted cases full of their bright bottles up there in the administra- tive area of the museum. The shelves are arranged mostly by hue; the blues are graded in ombre effect from deepest midnight to the fading in- digo of favourite jeans, with startling, pleasing juxtapositions of turquoise (flasks of lightest green malachite; summer sky-coloured copper carbon- ate and swimming pool verdigris) next to navy, next to something that was once blue and is now simply, chalk. A few feet along, the bright alizarin crimsons slake to brownish brazil wood upon one side, and blush to madder pink the other. This curious chromatic ordering makes the whole collection look like an installation exploring the very nature of painting.
    [Show full text]
  • 2-SA19 Giovannetti
    The Elusive Organization of “Identity”: Race, Religion, and Empire Among Caribbean Migrants in Cuba Jorge L. Giovannetti More than two decades ago, Gordon K. Lewis lamented the “linguistic fragmentation that has characterized Caribbean scholarship as well as Caribbean history.”¹ Th at same year, another leading Caribbean scholar, the sociologist Anthony P. Maingot, noted that “the single greatest lacuna” in the study of the Caribbean “is the absence of truly comparative intra-Caribbean studies, especially those which cross linguistic and politi- cal frontiers.”² Th e twenty-two years since these observations were made have witnessed the emergence of a great deal of scholarship in the Caribbean, and indeed, a number of students of the region have, through their research, confronted the dilemma that Lewis and Maingot presented. Yet it is equally true that today most of the work done on the Caribbean remains provincial, linguistically and politically fragmented, and separated by disciplinary boundaries. What is more ironic about this is that the fi rst to cross the linguistic and political barriers within the region were (and are) the actors of whom social scientists and historians speak. Caribbean peoples have for years ignored linguistic and political frontiers and have moved from one island to the other, from their individual countries to the mainland, from the region to the metropolis, and back again. Th is reality is evident to us in multiple ways throughout our past and present his- tory: A Trinidadian may have a Barbadian parent, people from the Dominican Republic 1. Gordon K. Lewis, Main Currents in Caribbean Th ought: Th e Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in its Ideological Aspects, 1942–19000 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), ix.
    [Show full text]
  • Unveiling Christian Motifs in Select Writers of Harlem Renaissance Literature
    UNVEILING CHRISTIAN MOTIFS IN SELECT WRITERS OF HARLEM RENAISSANCE LITERATURE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies by Joycelyn Laverne Collins May 2007 © 2007 Joycelyn Laverne Collins ABSTRACT Prior to the early 1900s, much of the artistic expression of African American writers and artists was strongly steeped in a Christian tradition. With the Harlem Renaissance (roughly 1917-1934), the paradigm shifted to some degree. An examination of several books and articles written during and about the Harlem Renaissance revealed that very few emphasized religion as a major theme of influence on Renaissance artists. This would suggest that African American intelligentsia in the first three decades of the twentieth century were free of the strong ties to church and Christianity that had been a lifeline to so many for so long. However, this writer suggests that, as part of an African American community deeply rooted in Christianity, writers and artists of the Harlem Renaissance period must have had some roots in and expression of that same experience. The major focus of this research, therefore, is to discover and document the extent to which Christianity influenced the Harlem Renaissance. The research is intended to answer the following questions concerning the relationship of Christianity to the Harlem Renaissance: 1. What was the historical and religious context of the Harlem Renaissance? 2. To what extent did Christianity influence the writers and artists of the Harlem Renaissance? 3. Did the tone of their artistry change greatly from the previous century? If so, what were the catalysts? 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Mmmbop Download
    Mmmbop download click here to download Watch the video for Mmmbop from Hanson's Middle Of Nowhere for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Download the song of Hanson — Mmmbop, listen to the track, watch clip and find lyrics. MmmBop: The Collection | Hanson to stream in hi-fi, or to download in True CD Quality on www.doorway.ru If Only (Hanson) - download. Please install flash Mmmbop (Hanson) - download. Please install flash This Time Around (Hanson) - download. Please install. Download Hanson Mmmbop free midi and other Hanson free midi. MMMBop MP3 Song by Hanson from the album MmmBop: The Collection. Download MMMBop song on www.doorway.ru and listen offline. MMMBop MP3 Song by Hanson from the album Middle Of Nowhere. Download MMMBop song on www.doorway.ru and listen offline. Print and download MMMBop sheet music by Hanson. Sheet music arranged for Piano/Vocal/Chords in C Major. SKU: MN Official Hanson Mmmbop lyrics at CD Universe. Oh oh oh oh CD Universe is your source for Hanson's song Mmmbop MP3 download lyrics and much more. Download MmmBop: The Collection by Hanson at Juno Download. Listen to this and millions more tracks online. MmmBop: The Collection. Preview, buy, and download songs from the album MMMBop (From "Greatest Hits") - Single, including "MMMBop (From "Greatest Hits")". Buy the album for $ Hanson - MMMBop - www.doorway.ru Music. MMMBop by Hanson (). Hanson · out of 5 stars 1. Audio CD .. Download Audiobooks · Book. Check out Mmmbop (Single Version) by Hanson on Amazon Music. Stream I downloaded this because it is used in the "Puppy" Minion short film.
    [Show full text]